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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 .kDJuJ^  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 |PLWF[+t8  
2)基本用法 ~|`jIqU  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 lq)[  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 4aG}ex-s|  
seldom等。例如: z HvW@A'F  
The sun rises in the east. R78lV -};Q  
He usually goes to work by bus. 0y/P  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 8*(|uX  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 Aj@t*3  
如: g|)yM^Vqr6  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. Njs'v;-K  
The project starts early this year. .IORvP-M&  
There is a conference tonight. [3(lk_t  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: HO39>:c  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ks<+gL{K|i  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.  6Xt c3  
2 、一般过去时 Bet?]4\_  
1)构成:动词过去式 O)}5`0@L  
2)基本用法 !ziO1U  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Us8nOr>5  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 l~GcD  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: /QVhT  
He died five years ago. bH_zWk  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. <0H^2ekd  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he =' #yG(h  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. >6 6v+  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. k!sk\~>YO  
3 、一般将来时 s;YuB#Z  
1)构成 T3^(I~03  
will +动词原形 ~ ^) 4*@i6  
2)基本用法 xtRHb''FX  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 $oH?7sj  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. X?q,m4+  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 _.3O(?p,  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 g;G.uF&  
明即将发生的事。例如: r WPoR/M  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Y%)@)$sK  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 w;KNS'   
可能性。例如: +`Ypc  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ?ZT+4U00U  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 `'M}.q,k~  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Cw&U*H  
We're leaving on Friday. 8yn}|Y9Fu  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. hha^:,  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 0|@* `-:VO  
He is about to retire. o<8=@ ^T  
4 、现在进行时 UqaV9  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 xdd;!HK,  
2)基本用法 u.L{3gkT  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ([L5i&DT  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. &Ew{{t;"  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. Id;YIycXe  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 {%Q &CQG_  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: {P@OV1  
He is constantly complaining about his job. XhEd9>#  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 9py *gN#  
5 、现在完成时 V8{5 y <Y>  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 UN6Du\)]d  
2)基本用法 rYYAZ(\8   
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 S.X*)CBB  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since m?Qr)F_M  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ME%W,B.|"s  
We’ve just back. b 5X~^L  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ypK1 sw  
He has lived here since 1995. l3C%`[MB  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. u!VAAX  
Have you booked your hotel yet  YYc.e T<  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 * vMNv  
(1)过去与现在的关系 5VG[FY6Pl  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 U ,wJ8  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 Rg!Fu  
造成的影响。 8 aHs I(  
(2)时间状语不同 rL /e  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, \Gk4J<  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Gcs eq  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: |_^A$Hv  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) N5%zbfKM  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 }bxW@(bs  
开着的。) x!08FL)  
6 、过去进行时 " tUS>c/  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 q{?ku!cL  
2)基本用法 K9YD)351t  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ymxYE#q  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. o`8dqP  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. e /4{pe+,  
7 、过去完成时 JQhw>H9&  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 Xo{|m[,  
2)基本用法 zIyMq3  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ^MUSq(  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: g0P^O@8  
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning LXIQpD,M  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 8$H_:*A?  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. f"=1_*eH  
8 、过去将来时 Z*}5M4  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 i9qn_/<c  
2)基本用法 )L*6xTa~  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 hf/6VlZ  
时的宾语从句中。例如: G/2| *H  
He said he would stop smoking next month. ZZ<uiN$  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. bF#*cH  
9 、将来完成时 |]d A`e&y  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 D{]t50a.  
2)基本用法 jb!R  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: \ B0,?_i  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. (QPfrR=J4  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Ye'=F  
10 、现在完成进行时 TV~ <1vj  
1)构成 (8(7:aE $  
2)基本用法 H8V${&!ho  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 lzQmD/ i*  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 TTS.wBpR,  
状语连用。例如: u7_IO  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. S1iF1X(+?X  
He has been studying English for years. %Ts6M,Fpp  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. y#4f^J!V  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 v o9DmW  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: Xndgs}zz  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Hh_Yd)  
They have built a ship.(已完成) j4ARGkK5B  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) YEL, TU  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! q~[@(+zP5  
(表达不满情绪) jE /pba4R  
II. 动词的语态 5'JONw'\  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 :^c ' P<HM  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: |i)7j G<  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 I7b_dJD;*  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called K.y2 $b/  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called (;f7/2~`  
将来 shall/will be Q\pTyNAYn  
called |v,5s=} 7  
------ shall/will have been called RoV^sbWFt  
应注意的事项: 334UMH__  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 V'kCd4  
He was beat severely by the gunman. S7{L-"D =y  
The cup was broken by Tom. {s=n "*Qp)  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 S,9}p 1  
或副词。例如: vx:MLmZ.  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. Who7{|M\'  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. t<_Jx<{2  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 !ke_?+ 8sY  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: yc./:t1at>  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态)  $D`~X`  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 5|&:l8=  
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) X bF;  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 tc go 'V  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 2_^{Vez@I  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. d>ltL`xn  
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. KfC8~{O-  
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 4vri=P 2%  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 0_Gi1)  
She got her purse stolen. ]<9=%m  
I must get my hair cut. Gp=X1 F  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 /u9Md3q*'  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 6pkZ8Vp:  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. <E2+P,Lgw  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. k+X=8()k  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, )@-v6;7b0  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: r 5!ie!5gE  
The book sells very well. "CYh"4]@rD  
The parachute opens easily. 19 h7 M  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: . &dh7` l  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 1WGcv O)<  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 +Eil:Jz  
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