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楼主  发表于: 2019-09-19   
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2017 年上海交通大学考博英语语法

(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 n3qRt  
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 DsD? &:  
2)基本用法 ez)Ks`  
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 j)Kd'Va  
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , LafBf6wds  
seldom等。例如: 8G9( )UF.  
The sun rises in the east. }$r]\v  
He usually goes to work by bus. xU6dRjYhH9  
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. K5\l (BB  
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 6l &!4r@}  
如: Yx,7e(AI`  
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. uJeJ=7,EO  
The project starts early this year. VeZd\Oe  
There is a conference tonight. )0"T?Ivp]  
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: 8lS RK%  
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. n2Mpo\2  
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. IiE^HgM  
2 、一般过去时 $J,$_O6  
1)构成:动词过去式 ,8d&uR}x  
2)基本用法 |"9vq<`  
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: $#3[Z;\  
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 [McqwU/Q  
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: csxn" Dz\  
He died five years ago. QnS#"hc\a  
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. `P-d. M6Oa  
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he 3>73s}3  
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. jG)66E*"  
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. s {V&vRr  
3 、一般将来时 &0:Gj3`  
1)构成 pF8:?p['z  
will +动词原形 p>:.js5.a  
2)基本用法 ua &uR7  
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。 8ph1xQ'  
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. -U?%A:,a|  
3)表示将来时的其他形式 9F6dKPN:  
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 @\xEK5SG  
明即将发生的事。例如: 5J&Gc;  
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. fQg^^ZXe"  
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 b&1hj[`)  
可能性。例如: 4gdXO  
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. [fb9;,x`  
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 K V?+9qa,  
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: 6"}F KRR  
We're leaving on Friday. kApDD[ N  
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. {TMng&  
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: /RxqFpu|.  
He is about to retire. b].U/=Hs  
4 、现在进行时 NiE`u m  
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 |UQ [pas  
2)基本用法 EGFPv'De  
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: o54=^@>O<j  
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. lb=fS%  
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. ?@`5^7*  
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 XbFo#Pwk  
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: HJpx,NU'  
He is constantly complaining about his job. [)I W9E v  
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. d.B<1"MQ  
5 、现在完成时 2_?VR~mA#  
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 ,+gtr.  
2)基本用法 Qx!Bf_,J  
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 '%*hs8s  
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since pI>GusXg  
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ! /|B4Yv  
We’ve just back. H/8u?OC  
We have studied English for more than ten years. ^%g 8OP  
He has lived here since 1995. O(.eHZ=  
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. UX|3LpFX&I  
Have you booked your hotel yet Y(K`3? A  
注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 _2 5PyG  
(1)过去与现在的关系 =_Z.x&fi  
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 G2@'S&2@s  
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 CR#-!_=4  
造成的影响。 H&k&mRi  
(2)时间状语不同 0X yPG  
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, 6ZjY-)h  
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till HFz;"s3lWM  
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: ozHL'H  
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) ^d(gC%+!u  
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 6vJ S"+ <  
开着的。) XJq]l6a:  
6 、过去进行时 ']OT7)_  
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 uo|:n"v  
2)基本用法 eU]I !pI<  
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: N1vA>(2A  
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. -G=.3 bux  
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. rO/Sj<0^  
7 、过去完成时 !)}z{,Jx  
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 7s}F`fjKP  
2)基本用法 %Z*)<[cIE0  
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 {)Wa"|+  
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: PVmePgF   
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning YNp-A.o W@  
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. cnG>EG  
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. Upg8t'%{op  
8 、过去将来时 } R hSt]  
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 BcQw-<veu  
2)基本用法 RYl\Q,#  
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 5.kKg=a  
时的宾语从句中。例如: iI*qx+>f?  
He said he would stop smoking next month. Vk76cV D  
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. 2xB h  
9 、将来完成时 OO,%zwgt  
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 .n?i' 8  
2)基本用法 J10&iCr{r*  
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: mQK3YoC)  
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. OE}c$!@  
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. wDBU+Z  
10 、现在完成进行时 `+UBl\j  
1)构成 C MGDg}  
2)基本用法 WO^]bR  
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 b,(<74!#8  
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 .9<euPrz  
状语连用。例如: ]XYD2fR2qA  
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. +NOq>kH@  
He has been studying English for years. OY!WEP$F-C  
He has been playing computer games since early morning. zzT4+wy`  
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 1IK*j +%  
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: LftGA7uGJ)  
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) \GGyz{i  
They have built a ship.(已完成) <anU#bEuQ  
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) X %`:waR  
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! }rWg ']  
(表达不满情绪) JDO n`7!w  
II. 动词的语态 sAF="uB  
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 U.N& ~S  
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: `?"r\Qo<  
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 $3eoZ1q'U-  
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called M L7vP  
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called Q>L.  
将来 shall/will be 5wv7]F<  
called V&lx0Dy  
------ shall/will have been called \[wbJ  
应注意的事项: SPtx_+ Q)S  
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 TW1#'G_#  
He was beat severely by the gunman. m'uFj !  
The cup was broken by Tom. ( F4c0  
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 IL"N_ux~w~  
或副词。例如: U~oGg$  
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. O! _d5r&,  
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. 2M+ *VO  
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 cV4Y= &  
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: lZ) qV!<  
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) 1*trtb4F  
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) ^^*Ia'9   
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) ciFqj3JS  
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 XaMsIyhI  
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: (?"z!dgc  
We were made to work twelve hours a day. Au:R]7   
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. 3h}i="i   
5) 表示被动的其他形式: ieXi6^M$  
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: Jw{ duM;]  
She got her purse stolen. f{P?|8u  
I must get my hair cut. ! w;/J^  
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 2)-4?uz~  
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: {P )O#  
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. /NxuNi;5  
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. _7dp(R  
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, dAy\IfZX=  
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: g2A#BMe'.$  
The book sells very well. ]kF1~kXBe  
The parachute opens easily. FOjX,@x&  
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: :@-.whj  
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; $xjfW/k?M  
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 *eI{g  
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