(2)动词have第三人称用has,其余人称都用have。 .kDJuJ^
(3)第三人称单数需要在动词词尾加-s或-es。 |PLWF[+t8
2)基本用法 ~|`jIqU
(1)用于表示客观真理、科学事实或习惯性的动作以及存在的特征、状态,常用的时 lq)[
间标志是:often, always, sometimes, usually, every day ( week, month, year, morning ) , 4aG}ex-s|
seldom等。例如: zHvW@A'F
The sun rises in the east. R78lV-};Q
He usually goes to work by bus. 0y/P
The Jones always go to church on Sunday. 8*(|uX
(2)表示按计划或安排好的将来的动作,常用的词有:go, be, start, arrive, stay等。例 Aj@t*3
如: g|)yM^Vqr6
The plane arrives in Beijing this afternoon. Njs'v;-K
The project starts early this year. .IORvP-M&
There is a conference tonight. [3(lk_t
(3)由if, when 引导的条件和时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如: HO39>:c
When you see him, please say hello to him for me. ks<+gL{K|i
If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing. 6Xt c3
2 、一般过去时 Bet?]4\_
1)构成:动词过去式 O)}5`0@L
2)基本用法 !ziO1U
用于表示过去某一时刻或时期内发生的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有: Us8nOr>5
yesterday, then, later, next day, just now, a moment ago,ago, last year (week, month)或由 l~GcD
when, while等引导的表明过去时间的状语从句。例如: /QVhT
He died five years ago. bH_zWk
In those days we sowed the wheat by hand. <0H^2ekd
He has given up smoking, but a year ago he =' #yG(h
smoked 100 cigarettes a week. >6
6v+
When he was a child, he sold newspapers for a living. k!sk\~>YO
3 、一般将来时 s;YuB#Z
1)构成 T3^(I~03
will +动词原形 ~ ^)4*@i6
2)基本用法 xtRHb''FX
用于表示将来的动作或状态。常用的时间标志词有:the day after tomorrow in等。
$oH?7sj
例如:They will have a final examination this afternoon. X?q,m4+
3)表示将来时的其他形式 _.3O(? p,
(1) “be going to + 动词原形”表示很快就要发生的 事或打算要做的事或有迹象表 g;G.uF&
明即将发生的事。例如: r
WPoR/M
The director is going to call on a meeting to discuss it. Y%)@)$sK
(2) “be to +动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止或 w;KNS'
可能性。例如:
+`Ypc
The Prime Minister is to speak on TV tonight. ?ZT+4U00U
(3) “be + 现在分词”表示一个最近按计划或安排要 进行的动作,常用于表示位 `'M}.q,k~
置转移的词,如go, come,arrive,leave, start等,或其他动词。例如: Cw&U*H
We're leaving on Friday. 8yn}|Y9Fu
They're moving to another hotel the day after tomorrow. hha^:,
(4)“be about + 动词原形”表示即将做某事。可译 成汉语“将要,正要”。例如: 0|@*`-:VO
He is about to retire. o<8=@ ^T
4 、现在进行时 UqaV9
1)构成:由 “am, is, are + 现在分词”构成。 xdd;!HK,
2)基本用法 u.L{3gkT
(1) 用于此刻正在进行的动作。例如: ([L5i&DT
What are you doing ? I'm writing a report. &Ew{ {t;"
Hurry up!We’re all waiting for you. Id;YIycXe
(2) 与always, continually, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用,表示某种带有感情色彩 {%Q&CQG_
(赞叹、抱怨、厌烦等)的现阶段经常发生的动作。例如: {P@OV1
He is constantly complaining about his job. XhEd9>#
She’s always borrowing and forgetting to pay me back. 9py*gN#
5 、现在完成时 V8{5 y
<Y>
1)构成: 由“have / has 十过去分词”构成。 UN6Du\)]d
2)基本用法 rYYAZ(\8
表示动作已经完成或刚刚完成或过去开始的动作一直持续到现在,而且可能持续下 S.X*)CBB
去。常用的时间标志词有:already, before, ever, just, once, recently, yet 等或由since m?Qr)F_M
引导的短语或从句和for引导的表示一段时间的短语。例如: ME%W,B.|"s
We’ve just back. b 5X~^L
We have studied English for more than ten years. ypK1
sw
He has lived here since 1995. l3C%`[MB
I have played the piano since 1 came to England. u!VAAX
Have you booked your hotel yet
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注意:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 * vMNv
(1)过去与现在的关系 5VG[FY6Pl
这两种时态都表示过去发生过的动作,但前者强调的是过去的动作对现在的影 U,w J8
响,后者只表示过去某一时间发生过的动作而与现在无关,即不强调该动作对现在 Rg!Fu
造成的影响。 8aHs I(
(2)时间状语不同 rL/e
一般过去时带有明确的表示过去时间的状语,现在完成时带有already, yet, just, \Gk4J<
ever, never 等表示不定时间的状语以及表示到现在为止这段时间的状语,如 up till Gcseq
now, so far, recently, this morning ( week, term ) 等。例如: |_^A$Hv
I have just opened the door.(现在门是开着的。) N5%zbfKM
I opened the door just now. ( open 只是过去发生的一个动作,门现在不一定是 }bxW@(bs
开着的。) x!08FL)
6 、过去进行时 "
tUS>c/
1)构成:由“was / were +现在分词”构成。 q{?ku!cL
2)基本用法 K9YD)351t
表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。其时间标志是:带有表示过去时间的状语从句或通过上下文判断的过去时间。例如: ymxYE#q
I was reading a newspaper when he came in last night. o`8dqP
They were having a meeting at this time yesterday. e /4{pe+,
7 、过去完成时 JQhw>H9&
1)构成:由“had 十过去分词”构成。 Xo{|m[,
2)基本用法 zIyMq3
表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,表示的是“过去的过去”。常用的 ^ MUSq(
时间标志是by, before 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句。例如: g0P^O@8
I had just finished the work when Peter phoned me yesterday morning LXIQpD,M
The plane had taken off when we got to the airport. 8$H_:*A?
The boy had chased the cow away before it did more damage. f"=1_*eH
8 、过去将来时 Z*}5M4
1)构成:由“should/would +动词原形”构成。 i9qn_/<c
2)基本用法 )L*6xTa~
表示过去某一时刻之后将要发生的动作或情况,通常用于主句谓语动词是一般过去 hf/6VlZ
时的宾语从句中。例如: G/2| *H
He said he would stop smoking next month. ZZ<uiN$
We wanted to know when the English class would begin. bF#* cH
9 、将来完成时 |]dA`e&y
1)构成:由“shall (will) + have + 过去分词”构成。 D{]t50a.
2)基本用法 jb!R
表示将来某一时刻之前完成的动作。例如: \
B0,?_i
By this time next year I will have opened my first book store. (QPfrR=J4
Hurry up! Otherwise the train will have left before we get to the station. Ye '=F
10 、现在完成进行时 TV~<1vj
1)构成 (8(7:aE$
2)基本用法 H8V${&!ho
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能还会继续下去或是 lzQmD/
i*
到说话的时候刚刚结束,但强调到说话时为止动作一直进行着。常常与表示一段时间的 TTS.wBpR,
状语连用。例如: u7_IO
I have been reading this novel the whole morning. S1iF1X(+?X
He has been studying English for years. %Ts6M,Fpp
He has been playing computer games since early morning. y#4f^J!V
注意:现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别 v
o9DmW
1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。例如: Xndgs}zz
They have been building a ship.(在进行中) Hh_Yd)
They have built a ship.(已完成) j4ARGkK5B
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.(我还有很多信要写。) YEL,TU
2)现在完成进行时能够表达情感。例如:I’ve been waiting there for about two hours! q~[@(+zP5
(表达不满情绪) jE
/pba4R
II. 动词的语态
5'JONw'\
英语中,语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be + 动词的过去分词”构成。 :^c' P<HM
现以call为例将被动语态的不同时态列表如下: |i)7jG<
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 I7b_dJD;*
现在 is/are/am called is/am/are being called have/has been called K.y2 $b/
过去 was/were called was/were being called had been called (;f7/2~`
将来 shall/will be Q\pTyNAYn
called |v,5s=}7
------ shall/will have been called RoV^sbWFt
应注意的事项: 3 34UMH__
1) 只有及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。 V'kCd4
He was beat severely by the gunman. S7{L-"D=y
The cup was broken by Tom. {s=n "*Qp)
2) 句子的谓语为动词短语改为被动语态时要注意保留完整的动词短语,不要丢掉介词 S,9}p1
或副词。例如: vx:MLmZ.
The child will be taken good care of when you are away. Who7{|M\'
The meeting has been put off till June 1st. t<_Jx<{2
3) 双宾语结构的句子改为被动语态,一般把间接宾语改为主语。如若把直接宾语改为 !ke_?+8sY
主语的话,注意表达方式的变化。例如: yc./:t1at>
I gave him a new watch as a Christmas gift. (主动语态) $D`~X`
He was given a new watch (by me) as a Christmas gift. (被动语态) 5|&:l8=
A new watch was given to him as a Christmas gift.(被动语态) X bF;
4) 不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补语的主动语态改为被动语态时,动词不定式还原to。 tc go
'V
常用的动词有:make, have, see, believe, notice, find 等。例如: 2_^{Vez@I
We were made to work twelve hours a day. d>ltL`xn
The old lady was seen to cross the road and come into a store. KfC8~{O-
5) 表示被动的其他形式: 4vri=P 2%
A)“get +过去分词”。例如: 0_Gi1)
She got her purse stolen. ]<9=%m
I must get my hair cut.
Gp=X1 F
B) need, require, want 这三个词的后面常用动名词的主动形式表被动或直接用动 /u9Md 3q*'
词不定式的被动形式表被动。例如: 6pkZ8Vp:
My electric fan needs fixing immediately. <E2+P,Lgw
My electric fan needs to be fixed immediately. k+X=8()k
C) 有些动词习惯上用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的词有:sell , open , close, wash, )@-v6;7b0
lock, read, shut, wear, write 例如: r 5!ie!5gE
The book sells very well. "CYh"4]@rD
The parachute opens easily. 19 h7 M
6) “It’s + 过去分词十主语从句”结构中,常用动词所构成的句式有: . &dh7`l
It’s said (据说) ; It’s known (据悉) ; It’s reported (据报道) ; It’s claimed (据称) ; 1WGcv O)<
It’s estimated (据估计) ; It’s supposed (据推测) 。 +Eil:Jz