I. 攻读博士学位考试大纲词汇量要求: aIsT"6A~{
清华大学博士生入学时其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生水平。根据《研究生英语教学大纲》中的规定:硕士生应领会式掌握词汇5500个,其中大部分为实义词,如:名词、动词、形容词、副词。动词所占比例最大,约占五分之一;名词应不亚于动词,而且词汇级别越高名词的比例就越大。但这并不意味介词、连词就可以忽略。 <6(&w9WY
掌握一定数量的常用词组。 N-Jp; D
掌握一定数量的常用词缀,并能根据构词法和语境意思识别常见的派生词。 z:+fiJB_
II. 词汇部分的考试形式及重点: 4a6WQVS
形式:10个单句有下划线,选出同下划线意义相同的单词;10个单句选择填空以完成句子。 WdvXVF
题量: 20个句子(10%),每道题0.5分,共10分。 ='"hB~[
重点:是对名词、动词、形容词、短语及固定搭配的判断和理解,其中包括区分同义词、近义词、反义词等。如: = "N?v-
In order to achieve your goals, you must work hard. ]=EYju@
A. make B. accomplish C. require D. develop u+
?Wm40E
As they can’t afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary _____. FWJhi$\:D]
A. decisions B. sides C. directions D. steps E2Jmo5yJR
The first, second, and third prizes went to Jack, Tom and Harry ______. BWHH:cX
A. equally B. differently C. similarly D. respectively / ~\ I
III. 单词记忆方法: o8A1cb4<T
通过阅读记单词 <RFT W}f!
通过做练习题记单词 w$2Z7S
通过联想方式记单词: 邻近联想:lightening-thunder-storm; winter-freeze- snow-frost; spring-blossom-awake; 类比联想: result-effect-impact; because of, on account of, due to; 对比联想: stupid-clever-smart; advance-backward等.。 TjswB#
分类记忆单词:根据单词的词性、词义、读音等方式将单词分类。如按意义分类:vehicle, truck, jeep, taxi 等。按单词词性分类:reduce, decline, decrease, fall, drop等。 $ZEwz;HNo
掌握构词法:如,前缀、后缀、词根。 Pgp`g.$<
IV. 四种命题方式: [IgB78_$
1.近形词题目:考单词辨认、近形词辨认的能力。如: f#mcWL1}
The problem is caused _____ by a lack of money. 3cH`>#c
A. prominently B. profoundly C. primarily D. proportionally <PayP3E
The new director of the television station wants to _____ its program. M~uX!bDH
A. divide B. decide C. diversify D. divert M'"@l$[QM
2. 近义词题:词义相近、用法不同。如: U fzA/
Generally ____, that city is less crowded than the others in the same state. hj_%'kk-A
A. talking B. speaking C. saying D. telling l^$8;$Rq
In the big flood, only 20 % of the people in that village ______. \~O}V~wE
A. remained B. stayed C. lived >n^| eAH
D. survived @0mR_\u\
语境词汇题:根据单词所处的具体语言环境,确定正确选项。 #go!"HL
In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _____ ceased. Gd]!D~[1
A. rotation B. suspension C. emission D. motivation zxV,v*L)
As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ____ it. F*bmV>Qq
A. innovate B. inhabit C. integrate D. inherit n.a55uy
固定搭配:动词与介词或副词的搭配,形容词与名词的搭配等。 9\aR{e,1
Not all persons arrested and ____ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law. +frkC| .
A. sentenced B. accused C persecuted D charged #:5vN-9?
If you are a member of a club, you must _____ to the rules of that club. .YT&V
A. conform B. appeal C. refer D. access >\x
词汇部分的主要词类及要点 ;Rz+4<
在词汇考试中,考生应该重视主要性及其要点,如名词、动词、形容词和副词。 w[A$bqz
名词:名词是词汇考试的一个重要组成部分;考生应注意名词在不同的语境中所体现的不同含义和用法,同时需通过练习熟悉这批名词,以及了解名词的外延和内涵和一定量的同义词。 b&i0)/;
1、除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外,名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。参见III. e. 掌握构词法之名词后缀及成绩词根。 '4L0=G:A<q
2)名词的复数 )Hp{8c
(1) 以-f结尾的名词,构成复数时只加-s,如: BfcpB)N&.K
cliffs(悬崖)gulfs(海湾)proofs(证据) safes(保险箱) y7s:Buyc
有些-f结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。如: ?/SI A9VK
dwarf—dwarfs—dwarves(侏儒) hoof—hoofs—hooves(蹄) JIGoF
(2) 源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来 词的 复数形式仍然保留不变。 ?0{8fGM4
1)来自拉丁语的: {!$E\e^d
stratum / starta(地层) $Ka-ZPy<#
larva /larvae(昆虫的幼虫) +~E;x1&'
stimulus / stimuli(刺激) U|Du9_0
bacterium / bacteria(细菌) zJ*|tw4
2)来自希腊语的: sn4wd:b7%
analysis / analyses(分析) hypothesis / hypotheses(假设) +E{'A7im8=
synopsis / synopses(概要,大意) thesis / theses(论文,论题)
S#kA$yO
criterion / criteria (标准) phenomenon / phenomena(现象) efK|)_i
:
(3) 一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。 0E6tH&
;>
外来词 原有复数 规则复数形式 w;LIP!T#
syllabus(拉) syllabi syllabuses(大纲) D9cpw0{nc
medium (拉) media mediums(媒体) AB!P(
symposium(拉) symposia symposiums(研讨会) )&Bf%1>
(4) 复合名词的复数形式 cVx#dDdA
1)daughter-in-law / daughters-in-law(儿媳) ?!h
jI;_&
2)looker-on / lookers-on(旁观者) : J3_g<@
3)stand-by / stand-bys(可依靠的人或物) *?'^Rc
(5) 一些名词的单复数意义不同。 qqmhh_[T
anxiety(焦虑)/ anxieties(令人忧虑之事) }.nHT
0l
security(安全)/ securities(证券,债券) Zn
v3h
kindness (善意)/ kindnesses(善行) q0Hor
(6) 有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。 BrWo/1b
letter字母;信 letters 字母;信 / 文学,学问 W[+=_B
manner方式,方法 manners方式,方法 / 礼貌 1ZUmMa1(
pain 痛 pains 痛 / 努力 6AM-^S@
color 颜色 colors 颜色 / 军旗 lK}W%hzU
动词: 2|LgUA?<
动词的测试重点: j9V*f
HK
1) 动词的认知能力和辨别能力; i]>)'i
2) 动词的用法; =B+^-2G8
3) 动词的搭配关系。在考试大纲的词汇表中,约有五分之一是动词。因此,掌握好这批词汇直接关系到考试成绩。 t_VF=B^LuR
1. As a result, they had to __________ answering their letter by three days. _a~uIGN
A. decide B. refrain C. surpass D. delay ([mC!d@a
2. The diplomatic relations between the tow countries have _____________. 0u3"$o'R
A. ticked away jjT|@\-u
B. gone out &Z.zem?n
C. broken off *0*1.>Vg
D. rung up /2<1/[#
1) 动词不规则词型变化 QR.] ?t;1
动词原形 过去时 过去分词 a*qf\&Vb|
abide 遵守 abode, abided abode, abided SR+<v=i
arise 升起 arose arisen _o'3v=5T
awake 唤醒 awoke awoke, awaken $@ous4&
bid 表示 bade, bid bidden bid )[w_LHK
I
breed 繁殖 bred bred jt*VD>ji
cast 投、掷 cast cast ;RmL'
creep 爬 crept crept 3U_,4qf
dwell留居 dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled 7%%FYHMO:
forbid 禁止 forbade, forbade forbidden zFR=inI
2) 动词词型相近,词义不同 b8>2Y'X
compliment vt. 赞美 He is complimented for his fine work. MFHc>O
DA
complement vt.补充 They need to complement the factory with more workers. :k-(%E](
affect vt. 影响 award vt. 授予、给予 snl$v
effect vt. 产生、引起 reward vt. 奖赏、报答 MPn
6sf9M
adapt vt. 使适应 contract vt. 缔结、订约 bnm3
cR:h"
adopt vt. 采用 contact vt. 使接触, _:ORu Vk
compress vt. 挤压 confirm v. 证实 3RW3<n
comprise vt. 包括 conform v. 符合 ssWSY(j]
inquire vt. 打听、询问 compel vt. 强迫、迫使屈从 aS7%x>.A!
require vt. 要求、命令 impel vt. 促成、推动 -f4>4@y
ensure vt. 保证、担保 rescue vt. 援救、营救 ;'|Mt)\
insure vt. 给...保险 secure vt. 保护、使...安全 LK?V`J5wY
extinguish vt. 熄灭 respect vt. 尊重 Mzbbr57n
distinguish vt. 区别,辨别 suspect vt. 猜想 ^<