英语倍数句型及其译法 [X ]\^
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: S}gUz9ks
倍数增加 ^N#kW-i
$)\%i =
(一) A is n timesas great(long,much,…)as B.(①) VQ5T$,&
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) tQ_;UQlX
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) )_"Cz".|9
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. oe_l:Y%
1dh_"/
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. >gM|:FG
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 D{'x7!5r
)28Jz6.I
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。
yS p]+
an={h,
(二)increase to ntimes(④) } R!-*Wk
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) Ay;=1g)8+f
increase by n times(⑥) /1:`?
% ,2
increase by a factor of n(⑦) p/>}{Q )Y
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 a97A{7I&
oRFHq>-.g
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times ascompared with last year. YdX#`
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986. ,pE{N&p9
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 Os'
7h
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times. O&!>C7
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 c7X5sMM,
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four. XSC._)ztEE
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 r7o63]
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 Z
y _A3m{
j:B?0~=
(三)There is an-fold increase/growth…(⑧) S
{gB~W
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: s9svuFb
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. |S[Gg
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 zC#[
ku3Vr\s
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) ,0
O9!^
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. [t/7hx"2t
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 FB-?{78~
T(zERWo
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: '1{co/Y
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) DjUif "v
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 \9TCP;{
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. B|U*2|e
【= A is one and ahalf times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11)
b$\3Y'":
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 dlk
xA^
vpu20?E>5z
倍数减少 ,?g}->ZB
N
GP}Z4
(一)A is n times assmall (light,slow,…)as B.(12) $?RxmWsP
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) gz8>uGx&V!
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 EwDFU K
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. T pXbJ]o9
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 7`-f N|
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. sbn|D\p
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 .:gZ*ks~
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 W2cgxT
1KwUp0%&
(二)decrease ntimes/n--fold (14) 1t7 vP;
decrease by n times(15) eT8(O36%
decrease by a factor of n(16) ('k;Ikut
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 m/}(dT
;
lS<T|:gz@
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 W~(4t:hp
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. z+IHt(
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 L[v-5u)
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by tentimes. w}2 ;f=
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 K(bid0Y
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. `-Yo$b;:
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 9?M>Y?4
(三)There is an-fold decrease/reduction… >IZ|:lsxE
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) *\W
*,D.I
这个句型还有其它一些形式, j;%RV)e
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. OJX* :Q
发现迅速减少到1/7。 w.v yEU^
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 08*O|Ym,
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 C|"BMam
z +NxO!y
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 s^O>PEX&<I