英语倍数句型及其译法 .?C%1a&_l
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: "+ "{+k5t
倍数增加 {kI#A?M
Rxpn~QQ
(一) A is n timesas great(long,much,…)as B.(①) -XoP ia2
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) dHnR_.
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) 2 mjV~
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. ajhEL?%D
_K9VMczj
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. xk~IN%\
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 Cz#Z <:
<c[U#KrvJ
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 4] > ]-b
*TW=/+j
(二)increase to ntimes(④) AT
Zhr.
H
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) rf+:=|/_3
increase by n times(⑥) S&nxo
k`e^
increase by a factor of n(⑦) %3;Fgk y
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 txql 2
cN
pe_LvW
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times ascompared with last year. N<|$h5isq
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986. IHfzZHy
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 Q\
^[!|
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times. Gm`}(;(A
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 FxG7Pk+=
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four. @xsP5je]
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 yj6@7@l>A
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 :yT-9Ze%q
a\uie$"cr]
(三)There is an-fold increase/growth…(⑧) uNbH\qd=
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: inPJ2uBD\^
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. EY`H}S!xy
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 .UCt|> $
*MNHT`Y^o
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) ?i\B^uB
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. p5=|Y^g !
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 PeX1wK%f
T@wcHg
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: !U_K&f
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) 5 v^yQ<70
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 j
83? m
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.
Ph&urxH@
【= A is one and ahalf times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) rn@`yTw^
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 3OyS8`
pi( -A
倍数减少 mN`YuR~
4:3rc7_
1
(一)A is n times assmall (light,slow,…)as B.(12) x"kjs.d7[<
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) 14eW4~Mr
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 kEeo5XN
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. Mpue
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 S|V4[ssB
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 4 PLk
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 gC%G;-gm
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 i
LBvGZ<9
t9gfU5?
(二)decrease ntimes/n--fold (14) [,EpN{l
decrease by n times(15) PupM/?57
decrease by a factor of n(16) 2'jOP"G
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 a/Q$cOs
:nHKl
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 c'6g*%2k
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 0Q,g7K<d
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 =.<@`1
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by tentimes. ] G.%Ty
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 k-V,~c
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. `=+^|Y}
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 MfO:m[s
(三)There is an-fold decrease/reduction… ,)+
o
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) [%~
:@m
这个句型还有其它一些形式, "]'?a$\ky:
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. _$NIp `d
发现迅速减少到1/7。 w&$d* E
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. [P zv4+
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 cUqn<Z<n
Dih6mTP{
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 iUMY!eqp