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南林07年英语真题

南京林业大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)

Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.

Passage 1
We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generation of vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.
We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tended until it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, the vines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.
It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spent in the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From the start we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.
We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain just before harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.
There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business. A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a year and every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …
[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost made us lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of a possible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …
… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!
There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.
1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the couple
A. thought creating a winery would be busy
B. wore clothing that was too big
C. strapped their belongings together and moved
D. prepared for the difficult work ahead
2. The grapes are harvested on a date that
A. may vary.
B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.
C. is traditionally set.
D. is determined by availability of pickers.
3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled by
A. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
B. unexpected changes in temperature.
C. the sugar content of the grapes.
D. the tempo of the seasons.
4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers she
A. never got the answer.
B. never got a simple answer.
C. could make no sense of the answer she got.
D. could not understand the answer she got.
5. The writer thinks that the legal profession
A. strives to protect consumers.
B. does a good job of policing its members.
C. is part of an incorruptible system.
D. includes rapacious attorneys.

Passage 2
There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageous for the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in the far more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buy with it and do with it.
6. We may infer that the author probably lived in the
A. 1960’s in the United States
B. early days of British industrialization
C. 18^th-century France
D. England of King Arthur
7. According to the passage, the individual should be particularly concerned with
A. how much wealth he can accumulate
B. the acquisition of land property rather than money
C. charging the customer a fair price
D. the quality of goods which he purchases with his funds
8. It can be inferred that in regard to the accumulation of wealth the author
A. equates the rich with the thief
B. indicates that there are few honest businessmen
C. condones some dishonesty in business dealings
D. says that the robber is a benefactor
9. The passage implies that
A. “A stitch in time saves nine”.
B. “It is better late than never.”
C. “None but the brave deserve the fair.”
D. “All’s well that ends well.”
10. What is the “main question for the poor” referred to by the author in the passage?
A. the use to which the laborer can put his money
B. the methods by which capital may be accumulated
C. the results of their work and their lack of authority to determine to what ends their work shall be put
D. whether full measures of recompense shall be accorded to the laboring person for the investment of his time in worthy work
11. According to the views expressed in the passage, which of the following should people be doing with happiness?
A. mining ore for the manufacture of weapons
B. cleaning sewage ponds at a treatment plant
C. waiting tables for a rich man
D. helping a poor man do his job

Passage 3
However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.
Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.
Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.
To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.
If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work.
Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.
What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.
In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.
12. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that
A. home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parents
B. teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school
C. parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives
D. parents have a responsibility to help students to do their homework
13. The author directly discusses the fact that
A. parents drill their children too much in arithmetic
B. a father can help his son construct articles at home
C. a parent’s misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels
D. there is not sufficient individual instruction in the classroom
14. It can be reasonably inferred that the author
A. is satisfied with the present relationships between home and school
B. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program
C. feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present
D. is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation
15. A method of parent-teacher communication NOT mentioned or referred to by the author is
A. classes for parents
B. new progress report forms
C. parent-teacher interviews
D. demonstration lesson
16. The author implies that
A. participation in interesting activities relatede to a school subject improves one’s achievement in that area
B. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parents
C. only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic
D. teachers should occasionally make home visits to parents
17. The author would most approve of which of the following parental activities to assist in the learning of composition and writing skills?
A. one hour of supervised writing exercises nightly
B. encouraging the child to write letters to relatives
C. reviewing all the child’s written school work
D. giving the child money for good grades on written work
18. It is most reasonable to infer that the author is a(n)
A. elementary-school teacher
B. parent
C. college teacher
D. professor of education

Passage 4
Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide(CO₂), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gases such as CO₂from the burning of fossil fuels may be threatening the system’s tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale.
While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate CO₂in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space.
There is evidence that volcanoes’ stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree Celsius, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.
19. According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds because
A. the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environmental effect than that of volcanic explosions
B. clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ash clouds
C. a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converse
D. the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but not those of ash clouds
20. The passage suggests that the effects of volcanic carbon dioxide on the environment differ from those of sulfurous gases in that
A. carbon dioxide tends to alleviate environmental haze, while sulfurous gases usually increase it
B. carbon dioxide tends to increase temperatures by trapping sunlight, while sulfurous gases tend to decrease temperatures by blocking it
C. sulfurous gases have played an even more significant role than carbon dioxide in pushing environmental temperatures outside the habitable range
D. sulfurous gases tend to decrease the level of solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere, while carbon dioxide plays only a negligible role
21. The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25-26) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points?
A. The deep and enduring effect that volcanic eruptions have on the environment
B. The process by which classic volcanic eruptions tend to occur
C. The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcanic eruptions
D. A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are compared
22. Which of the following best describes the organization the third paragraph of the passage?
A. A theory is proposed, considered, and amended.
B. Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.
C. A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.
D. A view is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.
23. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if volcanic eruptions did not take place?
A. Greenhouse effects on rising global temperatures would likely be somewhat less worrisome than those postulated by scientists today.
B. Acid rain by heavy industry would likely be more of a problem than it currently is, given the tendency of volcanic eruptions to hasten atmospheric cycles.
C. Global warming effects caused by human activities would be more substantial than they are today if volcanic cooling effects ceased to take place.
D. The environment would likely be cooler, for the atmosphere would contain fewer sulfurous gases and ash clouds.
24. Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage?
A. The influence of volcanic eruptions on global weather patterns is almost completely understood at present.
B. Scientists have only begun to understand, however, the effects of these wavelengths of light on the global environment.
C. The human warming activities ameliorate by volcanic eruptions include those produced both by heavy industry and agriculture.
D. The reason that sulfate aerosols take an unusually large time to disperse owes primarily to meteorological factors, including the jet stream.

Passage 5
Much has been written about computer terminals and radiation effects, but sitting at the keyboard is now causing problems for many people. Carpal tunnel syndrome, resulting from a compressed nerve of the hand and wrist, affects tens of thousands of Americans each year. It has always been an occupational hazard for workers using drilling and cutting equipment. Now it is moving to officers, afflicting writers, programmers, data processors ---- anyone who spends long hours at a keyboard.
The syndrome occurs when tissues around the base of the wrist swell against the nerve, resulting in numbness and painful tingling in the hands, often happening at night. The condition can cause permanent loss of sensation and motor control.
The fault lies, in part, with poorly designed offices. Work stations that don’t allow employees to sit comfortably may put wrists, shoulders and arms under constant strain. The problem may be aggravated by the fact that people type faster and more continuously on computers, so that the hands and wrists rarely move into other positions. In some cases, surgery can solve the problem by decompressing the pinched nerve.
At the offices of the Los Angeles Times, where some of the reporters are afflicted, work stations are being redesigned, and exercise programs for shoulders, wrists and fingers are being developed, other recommended measurers for those trying to avoid the syndrome: hourly breaks and a five-hour-a-day typing limit.
25. “Radiation effects” in the first line probably refer to _____.
A. radio signals transmitted on the computer line
B. harmful effects of computer screens
C. the boredom of sitting before computers
D. the difficulties in learning to type
26. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Workers using drilling and cutting equipment are using computers now.
B. A virus is spreading diseases among office workers, writers and programmers.
C. Computer users are threatened with sharper competition in getting employed.
D. Anyone who sits for long hours at a computer may develop a special condition.
27. In most serious cases of the problem, one may ______.
A. find his four limbs degenerating
B. have his nerve system damaged
C. lose control of his hand movements permanently
D. become blind and numb
28. The major cause of the problem is ________.
A. strained sitting positions
B. poorly-lighted offices
C. painful tingling in the hands
D. the competitiveness of the job
29. Which of the following is NOT given as a solution to the problem?
A. Surgery.
B. Shorter working hours.
C. More breaks.
D. Slower working pace.

Passage 6
Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several actors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated on occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is a lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lover-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.
Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband’s.
30. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they _______.
A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twenties
B. are inclined to rank family second to work
C. tend to have more quarrels with their employers
D. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves
31. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentration on certain occupations?
A. Social division o labor.
B. Social prejudice against them.
C. Employment laws.
D. Physiological weakness.
32. The word “forgo” in Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.
A. give up
B. drop out
C. throw away
D. cut out
33. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that ______.
A. men’s jobs are subject to change
B. women tend to be employed off and on at the same job
C. men’s chances of promotion are minimal
D. women used to be employed all the year round
34. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.
B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.
C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.
D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.

Passage 7
The urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go. A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, and endured untold hardships --- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites, balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.
The hard way to answer the question, why should Man bother about conquering space, is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power, transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.
35. Exploration of the unknown .
A. often results in Man’s Power of imagination
B. is not common throughout human history
C. is generally sought after by men with courage and strength
D. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man
36. Which of the following best sketches the process of Man’s probe into the unknown world?
A. Surface of the earth, the air and space
B. Waters, mountains and forests, swamps
C. Communications, transportation and conservation
D. Urge, imagination and courage
37. The benefits of space exploration are basically something .
A. well-specified
B. hypothetical
C. practical
D. inevitable
38. According to the passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in_______.
A. its testimony of Man’s courage and resolution
B. the knowledge it may help us to gain about out earth
C. the results it may bring about in the interests of Man
D. Man’s mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space
39. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring space because________.
A. we have directed our attention to the right object of study
B. we have accumulated experience from previous successes in other fields
C. we have found the correct answer to the question of why Man should bother about conquering space
D. we have already made it possible for people to benefit from this endeavor
40. The ideas expressed in this passage can well be used in an argument____.
A. in favor of criticisms on space exploration
B. against spending millions of money on space projects
C. supportive of paralleling man’s conquest of nature with that of space
D. to justify space exploration with its far-reaching significance in man’s life

II. Translation (25%)
Section A
Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (1) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (2)“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
(3)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. Then modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
(4)The centerpiece of the argument of a technology---yes, genius---no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (5)Whether the Governments should increase the financing of pure science at the experience of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

Section B
Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.
人们第一次走进新的文化都会有文化冲击感。所谓的文化冲击感就是某个新文化对刚刚跨入其领域的人的影响。文化的差异会给他们带来预料不到的问题，而这些问题会使他们感到震惊，故此把这样现象叫做文化冲击感。
对大多数人来说，最困难的问题是感情方面的适应。对于新文化，他们一会儿觉得很好，一会儿又觉得不好。所以出国访问者和移民对新的国家往往既恨又爱。如果他们找不到适应感或归属感，很快就会感到孤独和孤立。

III. Writing (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition in no less than 120 words. Write a composition on the information shown in the following table. Write down the conclusions you draw from the figures about the various ways in which people spent their holidays in 2005 as compared with 1995. Attempt to explain the reasons for these differences. You must write your composition in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.

Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays

1995 2005

traveling abroad 12% 24%

going to seaside 38% 31%

camping 10% 36%

staying at home 40% 9%

total 100% 100%

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