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楼主发表于: 2015-07-19

倒序阅读 ┊ 只看楼主 ┊ 小中大

2015年考博英语阅读理解精讲20篇

the protest's target
　　The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its roots
　　lie in ancient Greek philosophy)， the designation is nonetheless telling： people tend to credit Thoreau， an American， with the idea because civil disobedience， is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand， and the imperatives of civil law on the other， forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.
　　What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First， an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second， it requires as its target a specific law or policy， rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement， for example， first targeted discrimination on public transportation， then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third， the act must be done publicly， because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally， those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail——us-ually jailing——and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion， since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.
　　21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.
　　A) inappropriate
　　B) revealing
　　C) insignificant
　　D) challenging
　　22. In the passage，the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.
　　A) focused its early efforts on public transportation
　　B) did not always practice civil disobedience
　　C) started in nineteenth century
　　D) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model
　　23. According to the passage， for which of the following reasons should civil protests be donepublicly?
　　A) To alter the legal system in radical way.
　　B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.
　　C) To stimulate public support for a cause.
　　D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.
　　24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.
　　A) it helps convince the public to support their cause
　　B) they usually do so unwillingly
　　C) it is because their protest has not gone according to plan
　　D) they are always released almost immediately
　　25. In the 2nd paragraph， the author ________.
　　A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessary
　　B) provides an extensive history of civil disobedience
　　C) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedience
　　D) defines the concept of civil disobedience

　　文章大意：
　　这篇文章一开始用著名哲学家梭罗引入“非暴力抵抗”这个概念。虽然这是一个古老的名词，但是它说明人们是想向梭罗表达敬意，因为“非暴力抵抗”一直是美国道德和政治的一个标志性的词语。在第二段中作者解释了什么行为是非暴力抵抗。首先，要求有由政府强制实施的正式法律体系。其次，这种行为针对的是某一个特定的法律或政策，而不是整个法律体系。第三，这种行为必须是公开的，因为它的有效性正是依靠激发民众的情绪。最后，抗议者必须理解他们的行为可能带来的惩罚，通常是坐牢，并且愿意接受这样的惩罚。

　　答案解析：
　　[21)B第一段第二句说明虽然这个概念由来已久，但是这种指示却能说明问题：人们是在赞扬梭罗，因为这个词一直是美国伦理和政治的标志性词语。
　　[22]A第二段第五句表明美国公民权运动在早期是针对公共交通方面存在的歧视。
　　[23]C第二段第六句表明这种抗议的效果主要是动员(mobilize)公众反对抗议的目标。
　　[24]A第二段最后两句说明抗议者必须明白他们的行为可能带来的惩罚，经常是坐牢。而且要愿意接受这种惩罚。这一点更增强了对公众的影响，使人们更加支持他们去反对抗议的目标。
　　[25]D第二段用设问句开始，下面分四点回答了什么是“非暴力抵抗”。

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沙发发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

they would prefer to eschew entirely

　　African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990sthere has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due toa very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than　anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate　for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,why have they not received full scale support7　Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films .

　　Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of A Nation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment. These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also season them with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerous enough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these films also validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as a kind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of innercity drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music in　film is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner.

　　What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather than market development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screens　in one week, only to totally disappear in less than a month. This restricted body of film products erodes the genre's long-term viability, particularly with the more fickle non-African-American-can audiences and foreign audiences. Furthermore, when African-American actors begin to emerge as stars, their projects are usually designed to be "more" than a black film, such that any success that follows is therefore perceived not as a reflection of the viability of African-American filmmaking but as the broader pursuit of celebrity.

　　46. According to the passage, all wise managers think that ___

　　A) the industry of black film would increase in the future

　　B) the industry of black film would decrease in the future

　　C) the industry of black film would not receive full scale support

　　D) the industry of black film is bound to win full scale support(考试大)

　　47. It is suggested by the analysts that ___

　　A) black films can be very successful

　　B) black films can win prestige, glamour, or celebrity

　　C) black films are mysterious

　　D) black films can never be the road to prestige

　　48. It can be inferred from the passage that ___

　　A) the black community is wild

　　B) the black youth may learn from the films and commit crimes

　　C) the black films reflect the real life of the black

　　D) the black community is flourishing

　　49. The word "viability" ( in line 4, para. 4) could best be replaced by ______

　　A) productivity

　　B) vitality

　　C) celebrity

　　D) prestige

　　50. This passage mainly discusses ______.

　　A) the productivity of black films

　　B) the limitations of black films

　　C)the myth of American-African

　　D)the prestige of American-African

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　文章大意：

　　本文讨论了美国黑人电影未被普遍认可的原因。文章首先指出，虽然黑人电影的现状令人羡慕，前景看好，但是还不是人人趋之若鹜。文章接下来分析了原因。一些分析家认为黑人电影只是自娱自乐、自我满足的神话，并不能使人声名斐然，因为电影业的大亨们尽量避免有关意识形态的争议的题材。此外，大批的制片人、导演和作家用电影加深了模式化的消极黑人形象，并佐以美国黑人真实生活的点滴，其宣扬的打斗、吸毒等题材教会了黑人年轻的一代。电影作品的题材的局限性影响了其生命力。文章最后提到，即使冒出一些黑人影星，他们的影片却不被作为黑人电影的成功而认可，只不过是白人名人的对事业的拓展。

　　答案解析：

　　[46]A参阅文章第一段最后一句：任何一个有理性的企业首脑都认为，这个行业是有望拓展的首选行业，但是，如果黑人电影用有限的生产和销售成本做得那么好，为什么还不能得到所有人的认可呢?

　　[47]D参阅文章第二段第一句。“Vehicle”此处意为“媒介物”。考试大

　　[48]B文章第二段三，四句指出，黑人社会被影片、小说描写为城市的野性王国，渲染了其生活的悲剧性魅力，声名斐然的毒品交易者和匪徒。这些对黑人青年一代有很大。

　　[49]B从该词的上下文可推断，该词意为“生命力，生机”。

　　[50]B文章主要讨论了黑人电影的局限性。

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板凳发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

Ringtones no longer ringing the tills

　　The days of making easy money from ringtones short clips of music for mobile phones are over.

　　What has been a hugely profitable business is coming under pressure from　a narrowing of the craze to a smaller group of mostly younger people， a shift in the nature of ringtones themselves， and growing competition among distributors.

　　In the UK and other European countries， where the fad first took hold， many of the people who once paid￡2 ($3.5) or more for a 10-second clip have given up buying ringtones，said Chris Jones， an analyst at Canalys，a technology industry consultancy： People were doing it because it was a new thing to do. That has worn off with a big part of the market. In the US， where the business is at a much earlier stage，the craze appears to have stalled even before it has reached a mass market. Only about one in 10 mobile subscribers is buying ringtones. That is the same proportion as a year ago，according to InfoSpace，a US ringtone company that claims 47 percent of the US market， though it adds that reliable statistics about the market are difficult to come by.examda

　　At the same time， the new band of distributors that sprang up to sell ringtones is finding the fat profits much harder to come by. Users are starting to switch away from the familiar polyphonic renditions of famous tunes to short clips of the original music known in the industry as truetones or realtones.

　　Most of the profits from these go straight to the record labels， not the middlemen who made a killing from earlier， cruder versions.

　　一、参考译文

　　靠一小段手机音乐铃声轻松赚钱的日子已经过去了。

　　这一迄今利润丰厚的业务正面临压力，原因包括：对铃声狂热的群体在缩小，目前多数是年纪比较小的人;铃声的性质发生了变化;以及经销商之间的竞争日益加剧。

　　高科技行业咨询公司Canalys分析师克里斯。琼斯(Chris Jones)说，英国和其它欧洲国家是手机铃声热潮的发源地，这里的许多年轻人此前曾为了一段10秒钟的铃声花上2英镑(合3.5美元)或更多钱，现在他们不再购买铃声。“人们当时这么做，是因为它是个新鲜事物。现在人们对此兴趣逐渐淡薄，很大一块市场随之消失。”在美国，手机铃声业务还处在相当初级的阶段，铃声热潮甚至在席卷大众市场前就已停滞不前。仅有十分之一的手机用户在购买音乐铃声。美国手机铃声公司InfoSpace称，这一比例与一年前相同，尽管它补充指出，难以取得关于这一市场的可靠数据。InfoSpace据称占据美国47%的铃声市场。考试大

　　同时，出现一批新的铃声经销商，它们正逐渐发现，现在要实现高额利润比以前难多了。用户从熟悉的著名曲子的“和弦”演奏转向原版的音乐短片断，后者在业内称为“真实铃声”(truetone)或“原音铃声”(realtone)。

　　来自这些铃声的大部分利润直接进了唱片公司的口袋，而不是中间商。此前这些中间商依靠比较粗糙的铃声赚了一大笔钱。

　　二、重点词汇

　　clip n.夹子，回形针，子弹夹

　　vt.夹住，剪短，修剪

　　profitableadj.有利可图的

　　distributorn.发行人

　　analystn.分析家，分解者

　　consultancy n.顾问(工作)

　　subscriber n.订户，签署者，捐献者

　　proportionn.比例，均衡，面积，部分

　　vt.使成比例，使均衡，分摊

　　polyphonicadj.有许多声音的，对位法的，复调的

　　rendition n.表演，演唱，翻译

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地板发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

China reins in economic expansion

　　China's growth in fixed-asset investment and its money supply slowed considerably in August，providing firm evidence that the government's tightening measures were reining in the country's rapid economic expansion.examda

　　Urban fixed-asset investment in August rose 21.5 per cent compared with a year ago，a marked slowdown from the 30.5 per cent expansion from January through July and the slowest for a single month since December 2004. M2，the broad indicator for money supply， rose 17.9 per cent last month compared with 18.4 per cent in July and June.

　　China's economy has been growing at a record pace，expanding by 11.3 per cent in the second quarter. Beijing officials and many economists are concerned that such growth rates are not sustainable in the longer term.

　　The latest economic data，which were released by Qiu Xiaohua，commissioner of China's National Bureau of Statistics，suggest Beijing has been able to control excessive lending and investment to sectors such as real estate that are especially at risk of overheating.

　　Beijing is using a combination of monetary and administrative controls in its attempts to moderate growth. Since late April，China's central bank has twice raised benchmark lending rates and bank reserve requirements. Yesterday it also mopped up a record Rmb225bn ($28.3bn) in its regular open market operations.examda

　　Su Ning，the deputy central bank governor，said this week at an international conference in Beijing that the country's money supply was slowing dramatically as a result of these measures.

　　At the same time，China's leaders are trying to control unnecessary production - for instance by limiting land rights and enforcing environmental standards in key industries such as steel，cement and automobiles.

　　Beijing is also worried about overlending to urban property projects，including residences，offices and industrial parks，and the threat it could lead to artificially high prices and excess supply.

　　While trying to temper credit and investment growth，Beijing is also attempting to stimulate consumer spending， since it believes a strong middle class will be a key driver of future growth.

　　China's statistics body said August retail sales were up 13.8 per cent，a rate consistent with that of the previous two months. Demand for oil products，jewellery，automobiles and building has been particularly strong.

　　一、参考译文：

　　8月份中国固定资产投资及货币供应量增长速度明显放缓，这有力地证明，政府的紧缩举措，正在抑制中国经济的迅速扩张。

　　8月份，中国城市固定资产投资较上年同期增长21.5%，与1至7月份期间30.5%的扩张速度相比，有明显放缓;同时也是自2004年12月以来，单月增幅最低的一个月。广义货币供应量M2上月增长17.9%，而7月份和6月份的增幅均为18.4%.

　　中国经济一直在以创纪录的速度增长，第二季度的增幅为11.3%.中国政府官员和许多经济学家担心，长远而言，这样的增长速度难以维持。

　　中国国家统计局(National Bureau of Statistics)局长邱晓华发布的最新经济数据显示，中国政府能够控制对房地产等行业的过渡放贷和投资，这些行业尤其存在过热风险。

　　中国政府正通过货币和行政调控手段相结合的方式，努力缓和经济增长。自4月底以来，中国央行已两度上调基准贷款利率和银行存款准备金比率。昨日，央行还在其例行的公开市场操作中，创纪录地完成2250亿元人民币(合283亿美元)的资金回笼工作。

　　本周，中国央行副行长苏宁在北京举行的一个国际会议上表示，由于上述措施，中国的货币供应“明显”放缓。

　　与此同时，中国领导人正试图控制非必要的生产——例如，在钢铁、水泥和汽车等关键行业，限制土地使用权并强制执行各种环保标准。

　　中国政府还对城市地产项目(包括住宅、写字楼和工业园区)上的过度放贷，以及可能由此导致的人为高价和供应过度感到担忧。考试大

　　在努力遏制信贷和投资增长的同时，中国政府还试图刺激消费支出，因为它认为，一个强大的中产阶层，将成为未来经济增长的关键驱动力。

　　中国国家统计局表示，8月份，社会消费品零售总额较上年同期增长13.8%，这一幅度与前两个月持平。石油产品、珠宝、汽车和建筑方面的需求一直特别强劲。

　　二、重点词汇：

　　investment n.投资，可获利的东西

　　evidence n.明显，显著，明白，迹象，根据， [物]证据，证物

　　indicator n.指示器， [化]指示剂

　　sustainable adj.可以忍受的，足可支撑的，养得起的

　　excessive adj.过多的，过分的，额外

　　benchmark[计]基准

　　deputyn.代理人，代表

　　dramatically adv.戏剧地，引人注目地

　　artificially adv.人工(考试大)

　　credit n.信任，信用，声望，荣誉， [财务]贷方，银行存款

　　vt.相信，信任，把……归给

　　previous adj.在前的，早先的

　　adv.(1)在……以前;(2)返回上一级菜单

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地下室发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.

　　City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work　provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.

　　The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.

　　With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of

　　the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.

　　26. What is the passage mainly about?

　　A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.

　　B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.

　　C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.

　　D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.

　　27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?

　　A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.

　　B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.

　　C) The clergy organized them.

　　D) Only the wealthy participated in them.

　　28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuit　of pleasure" ?

　　A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.

　　B) They felt that it was not necessary.

　　C) They felt that it should be productive.

　　D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.

　　29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?

　　A) Very frequent.

　　B) Useful and enjoyable.

　　C) Extremely necessary.

　　D) Positive and negative.

　　30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?

　　A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.

　　B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.

　　C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.

　　D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved

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5楼发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.

　　With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplemented

　　by national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.

　　36. This article is based on the idea that ________.

　　A) people today no longer follow models

　　B) People attach little importance to whoever they follow

　　C) people generally pattern their lives after models

　　D) People no longer respect heroes

　　37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.

　　A) inspiring literate immigrants

　　B) frustrating educated immigrants

　　C) preventing the assimilation of immigrants

　　D) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears

　　38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______

　　A) toward realism

　　B) toward fantasy

　　C) against the teaching of morals

　　D) away from realism

　　39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____

　　A) a logical evolution of ideas

　　B) widespread moral decay

　　C) the influence of the press

　　D) a philosophy of plenty

　　40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

　　A) presentations

　　B) misinterpretations

　　C) influences

　　D) limitations

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6楼发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.

　　The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense―is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.

　　You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.

　　One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.

　　41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____.

　　A) relativistic view of morals

　　B) greater concern with religion

　　C) emphasis on evil

　　D) greater concern with universals

　　42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____

　　A) relative

　　B) unimportant

　　C) constantly in conflict

　　D) dramatically neutralized

　　43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, he

　　is commenting on the ___

　　A) length of the novel

　　B) indifference to the moral behavior of the characters

　　C) monotony of the story

　　D) sensational depravities of the book

　　44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-cause of Paton's ____.

　　A) insight into human behavior

　　B) behavioristic beliefs

　　C) treatment of good and evil as abstractions

　　D) willingness to make moral judgments

　　45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

　　A) shut

　　B) attend

　　C) show

　　D) avoid

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7楼发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990sthere has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due to　a very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than　anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate　for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,why have they not received full scale support7

　　Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.

　　Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of A Nation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment. These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also season them with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerous enough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these films also validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as a kind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of innercity drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music in　film is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner.

　　What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather than market development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screensin one week, only to totally disappear in less than a month. This restricted body of film products erodes the genre's long-term viability, particularly with the more fickle non-African-American-can audiences and foreign audiences. Furthermore, when African-American actors begin to emerge as stars, their projects are usually designed to be "more" than a black film, such that any success that follows is therefore perceived not as a reflection of the viability of African-American filmmaking but as the broader pursuit of celebrity.

　　46. According to the passage, all wise managers think that ___

　　A) the industry of black film would increase in the future

　　B) the industry of black film would decrease in the future

　　C) the industry of black film would not receive full scale support

　　D) the industry of black film is bound to win full scale support

　　47. It is suggested by the analysts that ___

　　A) black films can be very successful

　　B) black films can win prestige, glamour, or celebrity

　　C) black films are mysterious

　　D) black films can never be the road to prestige

　　48. It can be inferred from the passage that ___

　　A) the black community is wild

　　B) the black youth may learn from the films and commit crimes

　　C) the black films reflect the real life of the black

　　D) the black community is flourishing

　　49. The word "viability" ( in line 4, para. 4) could best be replaced by ______

　　A) productivity

　　B) vitality

　　C) celebrity

　　D) prestige

　　50. This passage mainly discusses ______.

　　A) the productivity of black films

　　B) the limitations of black films

　　C)the myth of American-African

　　D)the prestige of American-African

　　These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.

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8楼发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise， market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen， striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures， largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand， the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the America economic system.

　　The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to own productive resources (private property)， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

　　1.In Para. 1，“ the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means ___.

　　A.Americans never feel satisfied with their incomes.

　　B.Americans tend to overstate the amount of their incomes.

　　C.Americans want to have their incomes increased. examda

　　D.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes.

　　2.The first two sentences in the second paragraph clarity the idea to us that ___.

　　A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production.

　　B.consumers can express their demands through producers.

　　C.producers decide the prices of products.

　　D.supply and demand regulate prices.

　　3.The word “embraces” in Para. 3 probably parallels ___.

　　A.enfold

　　B.hug

　　C.comprehend

　　D.support

　　4.According to the passage， a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ___.

　　A.private property and rights concerned.

　　B.manpower and natural resources control.

　　C.ownership of productive resources

　　D.free contracts and prices. examda

　　5.The passage is mainly talking about ___.

　　A.how American goods are produced.

　　B.how American consumers buy their goods.

　　C.how American economic system works.

　　D.how American businessman make their profits.

　　答案：DDCAC

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9楼发表于: 2015-07-19

只看该作者 ┊ 小中大

There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system， the administered system， and the traditional system.

　　In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market， transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy， real goods such as automobiles， shoes， and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously， finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence， the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy， goods and services are bought or sold for money.

　　An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced， exchanged， and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan， drawn up by the government， shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production， consumption， and exchange for the whole economy.

　　In a traditional society， production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person‘s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage， religion， and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition， too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons， provide them with food and shelter， care for their health， and provide for their education. Clearly， in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone， progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

　　1.What is the main purpose of the passage?

　　A.To outline contrasting types of economic systems.

　　B.To explain the science of economics.

　　C.To argue for the superiority of one economic system.

　　D.To compare barter and money-exchange markets.

　　2.In the second paragraph， the word “real” in “real goods” could best be replaced by ___，

　　A.high quality

　　B.concrete

　　C.utter

　　D.authentic.

　　3.According to the passage， a barter economy can generate ___.

　　A.rapid speed of transactions.

　　B.misunderstandings.

　　C.inflation

　　D.difficulties for the traders.

　　4.According to the passage， who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system?

　　A.Individual households

　　B.Small businesses.

　　C.Major corporations.

　　D.The government.

　　5.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person‘s position in a traditional society?

　　A.Family background

　　B.Age

　　C.Religious beliefs.

　　D.Custom

　　答案：ABDDB

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