浙江大学考博02英语入学试题

浙江大学
2002年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题

PatrtⅠVocabulary( 20minutes, 20marks )
Section A (1 mark each)
Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to the best complete each sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar on the Answer sheet 1.

1. The chairman proposed at the meeting that we have someone with D and imagination to design a marketing strategy.
A. intuition B. enterprise C. undertaking D. innovation
2. The fish moved silently through the water , C by short sweeps of its tail.
A. urged B. propagated C. propelled D. operated
3. A few workers have A the majority decision and gone into work despite the strike.
A. defied B. destined C. detained D. deferred
4. Philosophy differs from science in that its questions cannot be answered C by observation or experiment.
A. emotionally B. deliberately C. empirically D. extremely
5. The music the Three Brothers played yesterday is described in the paper as an explosive C of Latin American and modern jazz rhythms.
A. mixture B. welding C. consolidation D. fusion
6. Didn’t you find her enthusiasm for the project A ? Almost everyone on the team is now doing their utmost to resolve the difficulty.
A. contagious B. operate C. effectual D. infections
7. Recently a large international conference was held with the aim of promoting B development in all countries.
A. retainable B. sustainable C. unpredictable D. unthinkable
8. A government report indicate that since the early 1970s, the proportion of high school graduates going to college has c at 50%.
A. confirmed B. endured C. stabilized D. retained
9. The delegates to the convention insist that steps be taken to stop the d of the world’s tropical forests.
A. depletion B. termination C. peril D. shrinkage
10. Professor Taylor is a real expert on art, so I feel completely B whenever I talk to her about it.
A. incapable B. inadequate C. out of mind D. in despair

Section B (1 mark each)
Directions: There are twenty sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words of phrases marked A, B, C and D, Choose the word or phrases that is closet in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar on the Answer sheet 1.

11.The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the investor can recoup his investment.
A. get back B. get by C. get in D. get over
12.I n his speech, the president emphasized that the challenge to man’s future cannot be met by making marginal adjustments here and there.
A. insecure B. insignificant C. moderate D. obscure
13.Since nascent firms are more fragile than the most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.
A. newly-established B. adventurous C. profit-making D. flexible
14.The success of the event will be determined by the vagaries of the wearther.
A. discripancy B. inconsistency C. unpredictablity D.malfunction
15.The effects of the drought have been exacerbated by a history of agricultural problems.
A. degraded B. endangered C. aggravated D. accelerated
16.The depression is forcing us to make a series of retrenchments, which has led to large numbers of lay-offs in the industry.
A. recoveries B. reductions C. retreats D. restorations
17.Such persons are accountants licensed on the basis of educational background, a rigorous certification examination, and relevant field experience.
A. demanding B. vigorous C. accurate D.severe
18.The association publishes the weekly magazine Science, as well a various symposium volumes.
A. argument B. congress C. controversy D.seminer
19.Some radiators have a zigzag pattern of tubes to increase their length and surface area.
A. B. C. D.
20.A characteristic European village had a cluster of houses in the middle, surrounded by rudely cultivated fields comprising individually owned farmlands.
A. layer B. bundle C. group D. batch

Part Ⅱ Close test (20minutes,20 marks, 1 mark each )
Directions: Choose the best word(s) from those suggested to fill each blank in the text below, Mark your choices on Answer sheet 1.

During the past ten years a great deal of attention has been given to “telling it like it is.” My impression is that this devotion 21 speaking one’s mind has more often 22 hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy.
I think we generally agree that never 23 real feelings and withholding all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other 24 leads to construct communication. It’s a great 25 to allow ourselves to admit our human weaknesses and pursue more honest relationships with others.26 we need to keep a balance between telling it all and telling nothing.
Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been 27 by her son to attend a weekend meeting with him.28 pressure from the group her defenses cracked and she heard herself telling her son for the first 29 that he had been an accident-that she hadn’t been planning to have a 30 . He, in turn, told her that he couldn’t 31 a single day in his childhood that he’d been happy. “At that time”, this woman wrote, “it seemed helpful. We cried and we made up, I thought telling 32 truth had been good for us. But the trouble is, it wasn’t the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him, and 33 he was happy. Ever since that day, we’ve both been troubled by some terrible 34 we exchanged.” I must admit I’ve come to the conclusion that some things are better left 35. Honesty is a fine policy, but we need a new sense of balance. Disclosing is not a 36 to every problem. Nor even an end 37. It’s useful under some circumstances and terribly hurtful under 38. It’s a good idea, I think, to bite your tongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying what’s on your 39. Try to decide whether it’s going to open up new and better ways of communication or 40 wounds that may never heal.
21. A. to B. into C. in D. for
22. A. stirred up B. led to C. gave off D. brought about
23. A. exhausting B. expanding C. expressing D. experiencing
24. A. always B. seldom C. never D. only
25. A. belief B. replacement C. abandonment D. relief
26. A. And B. But C. Further D. Though
27. A. pursued B. cheated C. induced D. persuaded
28. A. Form B. Out of C. Under D. Along with
29. A. time B. round C. place D.hour
30. A. juvenile B. infant C. child D. descendent
31. A. receive B. revise C. recall D. remind
32. A. the B. no C. any D. little
33. A. at times B. at a time C. at one time D. at the time
34. A. stories B. feeling C. moods D. manners
35. A. unreported B. unwritten C. unhealed D. uncovered
36. A. clue B. decision C. key D. solution
37. A. on itself B. by itself C. for itself D. in itself
38. A. others B. another C. still others D. any other
39. A. heart B. mind C. lip D. brain
40. A. cure B. leave C. keep D.reject

Part Ⅲ Reading comprehension (60minutes,30 marks, 1 mark each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are six short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar on Answer sheet 1.

Passage 1
The film The Tides of Kirawira, which won two awards at a recent television festival, was made by Mark Deeble and Victoria Stone. The couple are in England to visit friends and family before heading back to Tanzanoa for their next project.
“We met in London when Mark was studying zoology and I was at the Royal College of Art studying photography,” says Victoria. “We both learned to dive at the same pool in London and went on diving weekends in the country. It was a horrible place, freezing cold, where we dived in wetsuits full of holes. But at least we got our qualifications.”
After their studies they became involved in the management of a conversation area in the mouth of the River Fal in Cornwall. “We needed some underwater photographs,” says Victoria. “I turned the pictures into a traveling exhibition. Then we heard about plans to expand the port at Falmouth,” she continues.
“We were horrified. Nobody seemed to be aware of the river’s ecological importance. So we thought, why don’t we make a film to show people what a special place it is? ”A television company agreed to found them and the film they produced about the underwater life of the River Fal was shown on television and won a number of awards.
By then, they both knew they wanted to work with wildlife in distant places around the world. “We found that working underwater had created an opportunity in the highly competitive world of wildlife film-making,” says Victoria. “The next thing that happened was that Alkan Root, the famous East African wildlife film-maker asked us to work for him.”
That was seven years ago and the job took them to the Serengeti to film crocodiles. Their film, Here Be Dragons, was a huge success. “Everyone loved the contrast between the extraordinary love of the mother crocodiles for their babies and the horror-movie aspect of the six-metre males, attacking wildebeest,” Says Victoria. Mark and Victoria were soon on their travels again, this time to the coast of America, to make a film called Devil Fish for BBC television. “We love Africa but we have to come back to England every year,” says Victoria. “We need to return to see our friends and family. For us, Africa is temporary and England means permanence. It’s the difference between living in a tent in Tanzania and a house in Cornwall. We are lucky…we have the best of both worlds.”

41. Mark and Victoria have returned to England to
A. appear on television
B. make a film about Cornwall
C. have a break between films
D. receive a prize for their new film
42. Victoria regards her weekends learning to dive as
A. a waste of time
B. a useful experience
C. an enjoyable activity
D. a means of being with Mark
43. The purpose of filming in the River Fal was to
A. earn money
B. educate people
C. gain photographic experience
D. make a program of television
44. After making the film , Mark and Victoria realized they wanted to
A. make wildlife film in other countries
B. avoid competition in wildlife film making
C. make some underwater films in Britain
D. work with other film-makers in East Africa
45. What does Victoria mean when she says “We have the best of both worlds”?
A. they can live in both a tent and a house
B. They can film in Cornwall as well as in Africa
C. They can visit both friends and family at the same time.
D. They can divide their time between Africa and England.

Passage 2
In the sixteenth century, tens of millions of people across Europe came to believe that their lives and well-being were being threatened by witches. Today tens of millioms of people across the United States have come to believe that the social security system is plunging into insolvency. Historians still debatethe origins of the hysteria surrounding witches whereas the source of the social security panic is much clear.
If social security can be dismantled even partially, and replaced by a government-mandated savings scheme, it will place tens of trillion of dollars under the control of the financial industry in coming decades. This will lead to hundreds of billion of dollars of additional fees and commissions.The industry’s pursuit of this windfall supports the research, conferences, and editorials that keep the “social security crisis” in the public eye.
The basic facts show that social, security is in fine shape. It currently is running a surplus of more than 60 billion a year. The program does exactly what it was supposed to do. It provides a base retirement income sufficient to keep tens of million of retirees out of poverty. It also provides disability and life insurance for virtually the entire working population. Social security is extremely efficient. Its administrative expenses are just 0.7 percent of benefits, compared to more than 30 percent for private insurers. If the tax and benefit structure are left exactly as specified in current law, the fund’s reserves will be depleted in 2029. At that point, annual tax revenue will be sufficient to pay only 76 percent of benefits. If the fund is to be kept solvent beyond 2029, revenue will have to increase, or benefits will have to be cut. This is crisis in the same way that a car headed westward in the middle of Kansas faces a crisis. If it doesn’t stop or ture, the car will eventually fall into the Pacific Ocean, but it’s hard to get too worried about the possibility.
Most senior citizens live fairly close to the poverty line already. Their median household income is only about ￡ 18,000. Therefore benefit cuts are not a good idea, unless the intention is to throw our parents into poverty. In any case the tax increases needed to maintain the fund’s solvency for its seventy-five-year planning horizon are not terribly oncrous. For example, one way would be to increase the social security tax at a rate of 0.1 percent a year,0.05 percent each for the employer and the employee for thirty-six years beginning in 2010 and continuing until 2046-a total of 36 percentage points. This rate of tax increase would allow the average real wage net of taxes to rise 0.9 percent a year, so that in the year 2046 it would be approximately 5 percent higher it is today. This “burden”should not give our children and grandchildren too much to complain about.

46. According to the 1st paragraph, the writer’s understanding of the problem with the social security system is
A. negative B. affirmative C. untraceable D. hesitated
47. The social security system is not running well because
A. the program fails to produce its results
B. the fund’s reserves will be exhausted in 2029
C. too many retirees are to be kept out of poverty
D. the tax and benefit structure are changing in current law
48. The writer argues that the increase of the social security tax would be a good idea to
A. keep the fund solvent beyond 2029
B. keep tens of millions of retirees out of poverty
C. reform the current social security system
D. reform the current benefit structure
49. The writer proposes that the workers should increase the social security tax from 2010 on at a rate of
A. 0.05% B. 0.1% C. 0.9% D. 3.6%
50. If the writer’s proposal is accepted from the year 2046 onward
A. the children of the retirees will begin to carry a real burden
B. the retirees will get a half time more than what the present ones get
C. the average bread earners will earn more than one and a half times the present
D. the retirees then will be thrown into poverty beyond doubt

Passage 3
The euro is a flawed scheme that could do Europe more harm than good. The ignorance results from a political climate that years ago, deemed the single currency’s basic wisdom beyond challenge. To raise sensible doubts was to seem an apologist for noxious nationalism. Permissible debate narrowed to numbing details. This condemned skeptics and opponents to hypocrisy and subterfuge. They had to support the euro publicly while raising technical objections to its completion.
A euro that visibly improved Europe’s economy would create its own constituency. But the odds of success are low. The euro doesn’t address Europe’s central economic problem job creation. This requires a coming together of the buyers and sellers of labor employers and workers. In Europe, the process has broken down for well-known reasons. High and rigid wages deter companies from hiring, restrictive firing regulations amplify the effect and generous social benefits reward the jobless for staying idle.
A single currency can’t substitute for the hard measures needed to remedy these failings. Pretending otherwise creates a huge source of potential discord by converting national problems into European problems. With a common currency and a European central bank, it would become easier to blame European monetary policy for high joblessness or, at any rate, to argue that an easier policy would cure it. Though the new central bank is supposed to be independent, it couldn’t insulate itself from such pressures. National differences would arise and be fanned.
The omens of this sort of bitterness and resentment are already apparent. The new French government wants more emphasis on jobs. The euro’s convergence criteria-and the austerity they supposedly impose –are blamed for Europe’s sluggishness. And the Germans are, of course, fingered for insisting on tough qualifying criteria and favoring a stable euro above all else. Creating the euro has not brought Europe closer together.
In ideal circumstances, the euro might succeed brilliantly. But creating a common money is such a huge undertaking that its prospects should be good even under unfavorable conditions. There’s the rub. The euro now survives on inertia. European leaders have invested so much in it that they cannot imagine abandoning it. What they ought to contemplate is how much worse things would be if the euro comes into being and fails.
At best, it wouldn’t sweep away nationalism. What separates Italians fro Germans is too great to be bridged by a new kind of money. But nationalism need not be destructive. It can foster constructive ride community and competition. The danger arises in grievance: a sense that someone else is to blame for your problems. A euro that doesn’t fulfill its immense ambitions might create a seedbed of nationalistic resentment and suspicion. It is a fantasy that could become a monster.

51. From the first paragraph we can infer that at the tome the political climate in Europe was against
A. nationalism B. ignorance C. numbing details D. technical objections
52. The word constituency (line 1, para 2)probably means
A. opponents B. supporters C. skeptics D. apologists
53. According to the passage, the central economic problem of Europe is
A. potential discord B. perfection of the euro
C. high unemployment D. unification of Europe
54.”there’s the rub”(line 3, para 5) means that
A. There is the message
B. That’s what one should do
C. That’s where one should rub
D. There lies the difficulty
55. The message the author tries to give in the last paragraph is that
A. at least money helps
B. too big an ambition can never be fuifilled
C. at least nationalism is destructive
D. good will may end in disaster

Passage 4
More than a decade ago, eye surgeons realized that they could use the laser’s beam to seal, individually, the microscopic blood vessels in the retina. The beam is so fine that only the target is heated. Now its pin-point blasting power has been turned to destroying cancer cells and reducing birthmarks. For cancer treatment, the diseased cells must be killed while their healthy neighbors are left unharmed. Where the cancer can be directly and accurately attacked, laser treatment does well early cancer of the cervix and skin cancer have been widely and successfully treated. This type of cancer is very easy to reach. For cancers that are less accessible, there is a new and potentially valuable technique in which the patient is injected with a chemical that then attaches itself preferentially to cancer cells. When the laser strikes the chemical it releases a form of oxygen that kills these cells.
The marvelous accuracy of the surgical laser can be increased by sending the beam along fibers of glass far finer than a human hair. The “optical fibers” carry it around corners and direct it precisely at a tiny area, so litter of the beam spills from the glass that there is no risk of damaging healthy cells. This technique is particularly useful in ear surgery.
Furthermore , the laser beam can also remove bone, and so it is invaluable in ear surgery. The sounds we hear are carried from the eardrum to the nerves of the ear by a delicate set of pivoting bones which sometimes solidify, causing deafness. A laser beam vaporizes the bone without touching any of the surrounding tissue. The beam is diffused to avoid scarring and the mark becomes inconspicuous. This accuracy in targeting makes the laser a useful tool for the dentist also-a nerve can be reached through a hole drilled in the enamed.

56. What is the topic of tha passage?
A. Laser, a surgeical tool
B. Laser, its intensity and accuracy
C. Laser beam, a versatile weapon
D. Laser, its application in the military
57. Laser beam is used in the treatment of all the following except
A. certain cancer
B. decayed teeth
C. optical failures
D. deafness
58. In the treatment of less accessible cancers
A. no technique is available
B. the surrounding tissues are harmed to some extent
C. laser is not very effective
D. cancer cells are killed by a certain kind of oxygen
59. Fibers of glass is used to
A. release the beam B. increase the intensity
c. lead the laser beam D. protect the healthy cells
60. How does the laser beam treat deafness?
A. It diffuses to avoid scarring B. It gasifies the pivoting bones
C. It solidifies the pivoting bones D. It makes the mark inconspicuous

Passage 5
Although American civilization took over and replaced the frontier almost a century ago, the inheritance of the frontier is still very much alive in the United States today. The idea of the frontier still stirs the emotionsand imaginations of the American people despite the fact that the frontier experience began in the 1600s, when the first colonists settled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. Here, both land and life were more rugged and primitive than in the more settled eastern part. As one frontier area was settled, people began moving farther west into the next unsettled area. By settling one frontier area after another. Americans moved across an entire continent, 2,700 miles wide. How did this movement, which lasted more than two centuries, help to shape American values?
Americans have tended to see the frontier, its life, and its people as the purest examples of their basic values. For example, the frontier provided many inspiring examples of hard work as forests were turned into towns, and towns into large cities. The race for competitive success was rarely more colorful or adventurous than on the western frontier.
Although daily life on the frontier was usually less dramatic than the frontier adventure stories would lead one to believe, even the ordinary daily life of the frontiersman exemplified national values in a form which seemed purer to many Americans than the life of those living in the more settled, more cultivated eastern United States.
Individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage of America. In the United States, where freedom from outside social controls is so highly valued, the frontier has been idealized, and it still serves as a basis for missing the purity of the early United States, which was lost when the country became urbanized and more complex.

61. The American frontier lasted for
A. more than one century B. about two centuries
C. more than two centuries D. more than three centuries
62. Which of the following is least typical of heritage of America?
A. Leading one’s life in one’s own way
B. Sharing the same chance
C. Independence in one’s endeavor
D. Struggling for common success
63. Americans continue to be fascinated by the frontier because
A. Americans are keen on movement all over the country
B. It has been a particularly vital force in shaping their national values
C. It has been usual for Americans to forget the past
D. Americans are born full of emotion and imagination
64. By “urbanized” in the last line of paragraph 6 means that
A. the country became a city B. the life became more dramatic
C. the land became more fertile D. the state became more settled
65. A propable title for this passage could be
A. The Frontier Experience
B. The American Frontier
C. The Impact of the Frontier Tradition
D. The American Values

Passage 6
Truth, morality, beauty. It has been humanity’s persistent hope that these three ideals should be insistent with each other. Yet successful activities in science, politics, and art diverge greatly, and I believe the three activities can be pursued initially without regard to each other, or without reconciling the possible conflicts that may arise. Today, there is perceived to be a strong contradiction between the result of science and the requirements of morality, for instance, the application of science has led to the development of nuclear weapons, while international morality seems to demand that such results never be applied-and that research leading to them should be stopped. I hold a position radically different from the general point of view, believe that contradiction and uncertainty should be enhanced.
Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanism might some day supersede classical physics. For Bohr, classical physics had to remain in permanent contradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty.
According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, only probabilistic predictions can be made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small cause can have significant effects.
This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know a free will in humans is reduced to a mere illusion. I may not know that my actions are predetermined in some complicated configuration of my molecules, and that my decisions are nothing more than the realization of what has been inherent in the configuration of electrons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choice left open to probability.
One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum machanics. His famous statement is that, while God can rule the world by any set of laws, “God does not play dice with the universe.” Attempts have been made to add laws to quantum mechanics to eliminate uncertainty. Such attempts have not only been unsuccessful, they have not even appeared to lead to any interesting results.

66. According to paragraph 1, the author differs from others in that he believe

A. science, politics, and art chase each one another
B. results and requirements go hand in hand
C. conflict and unpredictability should be enhanced
D. science and morality can be reconciled at start
67.From the scond paragraph it can be inferred that
A. understanding means development
B. development lies in contradiction
C. impact leads to contradiction
D. tolerance goes contrary to one’s wishes
68. Which of the following can best describe the author’s attitude toward contradiction?
A. ignorance B. uncertainty
C. indifference D. appreciation
69. Paragraph 4 leaves us the impression that
A. the creation of human beings, is left open to probaili8ty
B. free will in human beings will not come into being
C. free will in human beings does not exist
D. the creation of the world is as complete as making choices
70. From the last paragraph we could say that
A. the future is unpredictable
B. God is unconquerable
C. laws are most powerful
D. nothing results from a cause

Part Ⅳ Translation(80 minutes, 30 marks)
Directions: Translate the following into English, Write your English version on Answer sheet 2.

从成年羊细胞克隆（clone）的羊不仅开辟了广阔的科学上的可能性，也带来了道德上的窘境，一个外表普通名叫多利（Dolly）的羊羔照片上周成为全球报纸杂志的头版，这是因为她惊人的出生：她是一位成年羊的一模一样的复制品，没有父亲。
尽管研究工作者们已经清楚表明他们认为改变他们的技术来克隆人是不道德的，但他们的示范还是提供了令人不安的前景：别人不一定会如此有所顾忌，克隆人意味着妇女原则上不用男人的帮助也能繁殖。
已经有好几个国家宣布禁止克隆人的研究。但是如果克隆人证明确实是可行的话，那将不可能阻止医生克隆人——如果不在这个国家就可能在那个国家。
克隆需要技术和耐心，但是所需要的设备则是生物实验室的普通之物，确实，有些研究人员已经宣布他们克隆了猴子，另外一些则在好几年前就知道如何利用相同的技术克隆母牛和兔子，因此可能不需要太多的投资就能建立一个研究中心来克隆病人。

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