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医学考博完型、改错、语法课程讲义
2011医学考博完型、改错、语法课程讲义 第一章:概况 ?8X+)nU@ 1 、教材简介 mYN|)QVKy 2 、考博要掌握的内容 % ;2x.
第二章:真题讲解 Px}#{fkS 1、2001年完形填空 sw
nov[0 Reading to oneself is a modernactivity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medievalworlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meantreading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century 31 silent reading become commonplace. ?/~7\ '|Z One should be 32 ,however. of assuming that silent reading came about 33 because reading aloud is a distraction toothers. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silentreading reveals that it became the usual 34 of reading for most adult reading tasks mainlybecause the tasks themselves changed in character. @M"h_Z1# The last century 35 a steady gradual increase in literacy, andthus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potentiallisteners declined, and 36 there was some reduction in the need to readaloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a privateactivity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to otherreaders. M#d_kDMw Towards the end of the century there wasstill considerable argument over whether books should be used for informationor treated respectfully, and 39 whether the reading of material such asnewspapers was in 40 way mentally weakening. Indeed this argumentremains with us still in education. However, 41 its virtues, the old shared literacy culturehad gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and bybooks and periodicals for a specialized readership 42 . X.g")Bt7 By the end of the century students werebeing recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills inreading them which were inappropriate, 44 not impossible, for the oral reader. Thesocial, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term “reading” implied.
8KW}XG 31.A. would B. should C. did D. could ewk62{ 32.A. way B. aware C. sick D. thought UPPDs " 33.A. correctly B. simply C. amply D. directly Xt /muV 34.A. mode B. model C. mould D. mood ab'
f: 35.A. saw B. watched C. experienced D. concluded /"Om-DK% 36.A. ever B. thus C. even D. for "S^;X
@#v 37.A. however B. as C. so D. since Q4Q*5> 38.A. which B. whose C. where D. there rsvZi1N4w$ 39.A. of B. in C. against D.over U,+kV?Z 40.A. no B. any C. one D. some vu YH+ 41.A. wherever B. whoever C. whatever D. whichever v/Z}|dT" 42.A. on the other B. in the second place C. on the contrary D. in hand L$@^EENS 43.A. adapt B. adopt C. consume D. condemn [cru+c+O: 44.A. whether B. though C. if D. unless >&aFSL,f 45.A. that B. what C. how D. why lbgnO s, 2、标注题型 V4 Pf?g 3、2002年真题 +vLuzM- You feel generally depressedand unable to concentrate. You 51 of daily activity may change: you findyourself 52 and active in the middle of the night; yousleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your roomand have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language. In yourmind, you criticize the people around you they are rude, loud, unfriendly,uninformed, concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friendsyou have. You become 55 when you can't go into a restaurant and orderthe type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news containsmostly U. S.news and very little about events that are important to you.You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home. Above all, you are homesick almost allthe time. Sy'/%[+goJ If you ever find yourself behaving inways 57 these, you are probably suffering from cultureshock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects. Itaffects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how tolive 59 anew environment where much is unfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, thelanguage, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people areconsciously aware of. QM9~O#rL 51.A. way B. pattern C. method D. track
Nd#t != 52.A. sleepy B. happy C. awake D. sad 5}~*,_J2Z 53.A. for B. lest C. besides D. except <i~ (
8F\ 54.A. even B. merely C. indeed D. rather RoLUPy9U 55.A. offended B.uninterested C. frustrated D. isolated $ZXy&?4 56.A. here B. there C. back D. away wQp,RpM 57.A. the same as B. different from C. similar to D. familiar with r NqJ
L_! 58.A. situation B. condition C. reflection D.position zV4%F"- 59.A. in B. at C. within D. into 3>0/WbA:7E 60.A. unwritten B. written C. spoken D. secrete ~DPg):cZ 4、2004年真题 nPfVZGt RobertSpring, a 19th century forger, was so good at his profession that he was ableto make his living for 15 years by selling false signatures of famousAmericans. Spring was born in England in 1813 and 51 in Philadelphia in 1858 to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but 52 collection of early U. S.autographs.Discovering his ability at copying handwriting, he began 53 signatures of George Washington and BenFranklin and writing then on the title pages of old books. To lesson the chanceof detection, he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and 54 . 2#*Bw= Forgers have a hard time selling theirproduces. A forger can't approach a 55 buyer must deal with people who don’t havemuch knowledge in the field. Forgers have many ways to make their work lookreal. For example, they buy old books to use the 56 paper of the title page, and they can treatpaper and ink with chemicals. *2 4P T7 In Spring's time, 57 after the Civil War, Britain was still fond ofthe Southern state, so Spring 58 a respectable maiden lady known as Miss FannyJackson, the only daughter of Genera “Stonewall” Jackson. For several yearsMiss Fanny's 59 problems forced her to sell a great number ofletters and manuscripts belonging to her famous father. Spring had to work veryhard to satisfy the demand. All this activity did not prevent Spring from dyingin poverty, leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating hisforgeries from the 60 . v.cB3/$z 51.A. arrived B. migrated C. traveled D. moved =@binTC4 52.A. excellent B. genuine C. false D. rare L`x
:Y>C( 53.A. originating B. innovating C. designing D. imitating }&rf'E9 54.A. subscription B. retention C. circulation D. accumulation 7u!R 'D 55.A. respectful B. respectable C. respective D. respecting 5D-xm$8C 56.A. rough B. fragile C. aged D. preserved h}z^NX 57.A. right B. simply C. only D. late ')bx1gc(? 58.A. invented B. discovered C. detected D. located kdQ=% 59.A. lawful B. financial C. administrative D. criminal >efYpd#^ 60.A. fakes B. realities C. originals D. duplicates ;{q7rsE 5、2005年真题 *u
3K8"XZ In Mr. Allen's high schoolclass, all the students have to "get married." However, the weddingceremonies are not real ones but 51.These mock ceremonies sometimesbecome so ;TMH.E,h: _52_that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the"minister." Even the two students getting married often begin togiggle. U&w
Ve$ The teacher, Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants youngpeople to understand that there are many changes that _53_ take placeafter marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial_54_ should be understood before people marry. kd|@. Mr. Allen doesn't onlyintroduce his students to major problems _55_ in marriage such asillness or unemployment. He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems theywill face every day. )f(#Fn He wants to introduce youngpeople to all the trials and _56_ that can strain a marriage to thebreaking point. He even _57_ his students with the problems of divorceand the fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their childrenand sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives. \P}~ICZA It has been upsetting forsome of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. _58_they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However, both students and parents feel that Mr. Allen's course is valuable andhave _59_ the course publicly. Their statements and letters supportingthe class have _60_ the school to offer the course again. GZXUB0W\@) 51. A. duplications B.imitations C. assumptions D. fantasies 52. A. noisy B. artificial C. graceful D. real 53. A. might B. would C. must D. need 54. A. issues B.adjustments C. matters D. expectancies 55. A. to face B.facing C. having faced D. faced 56. A. tribulations B.errors C. triumphs D. verdicts 57. A. informs B.concerns C. familiarizes D. associated 58. A. Until B. Before C. After D. As 59. A. taken B. suggested C. endorsed D. reproached 60. A. confirmed B. convinced C. compromised D. conceived 6、2006年真题 Culture shock might be calledan occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure. O#Xq0o Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that results from losing allour familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. zJ3{!E}`v Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 52ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to saywhen we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purchases, when toaccept and when to 53 invitations, when to take statements seriously and54. Q++lgVh)E These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, ornorms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are 55 a part of our culture as thelanguage we speak or the beliefs we accept. GLnj& Ve All of us depend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundredsof these cues, most of which we do not carry 57 consciousawareness. lsY5QE:Qrp Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of thesefamiliar cues are 58. He or she is like a fish out of water. 9i yNR! No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a series ofprops have been knocked 59 you, followed by a feeling of frustration andanxiety. HR\yJt People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject theenvironment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are badbecause they make me feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get togetherto grouse about the 60 country and its people, you can be sure they aresuffering from culture shock. f@[q# }6 51. A. complaint B. anxiety C. grief D. conflict vs7Hg)F 52. A. convert B. associate C. orient D. familiarize )(PA:j 53. A. refuse B. welcome C. deliver D. withdraw MHI0>QsI 54. A. why not B. what not C. when not D. where not 4@/[aFH 55. A. as much B. as much C. as much D. as if s$&:F4=? 56. A. on B. with C. as D. for "CT'^d+ 57. A. on the level of B. in accordance with k~`pV/6 C. by means of D. in view of _?Rprmjx} 58. A. adjusted B. modified C. rejected D. removed u~bk~3.I 59. from behind B. from under C. out of D. away from
*-3K],^a 60. A. guest B. target C. host D. master \gDf&I 7、2003年真题 p#qQGJe There were red faces at one ofBritain's biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy$100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-year-old schoolboy (theythought he was twenty-one).The shares fell in value andthe schoolboy was unable to 51 . z
y The band lost $20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because, for onething, this young speculator does not have the money and, for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable forhis debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell,he would have pocketed $20,000 54 . Gi6sl_"q Not bad for afifteen-year-old. If certainly is better than 55 the morning full newspaper. In another recentcase, a boy of fourteen found, in his grandfather's house, a suitcase full offoreign banknotes. The clean, crisp, banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country oforigin or anywhere else. This young boy 57 straight to the nearest bank with his pocketsfiled with notes. vCFMO3 The cashiers did not realizethat the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currency by 90%.Theyexchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate. In threedays, before he was found out, he took $200,000 from nine different banks.59 , he had already spent more than half of this on taxi-rides,restaurant meals, concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends(atleast he was generous!)before the police caught upwith him. Because he is also under eighteen the banks have 60 a lot of money, and severalcashiers have lost their jobs. ?`uY*+u 51.A. pay off B. pay up C.pay for D. pay out aVNRhnM 52.A. principle B. criterion C. custom D. deal PUuxKW} 53.A. to be B. having been C. being D. is :~~}|E
u 54.A. profit B. advantage C. benefit D. commission (5cc{zKtR 55.A. sending B. transmitting C. delivering D. dispatching -ce N}Cb3 56.A. convincing B. valuable C. unusual D. priceless O7g
?x3 57.A. came B. pulled C. headed D. pushed 5 qt]~v%y 58.A. problem B. question C. talk D. saying QpBgG~h" 59.A. Interestingly B. Unfortunately C. Particularly D. Amazingly Z[)t34EY" 60.A. kissed goodbye B. got rid of C. lived up to D. made up for *l)_&p 8、1999年真题 SGXXv The problem of caring for theweak and sick members of the society has existed from the very earliest times.But the idea is a new one in the history of man. P%8
Gaa= The Greek, for instance, had 31public institutions for the sick. Some of their doctors maintained surgerieswhere they could carry on their work, but they were very small, and only one patientcould be treated 32 . The Romans, in time of war, establishedinfirmaries, 33 were used to treat sick and injured soldiers. Later on,infirmaries were founded in the larger cities and were 34 out of publicfunds.
p^3]Q 35, the Roman influence was responsible forthe establishment of hospitals. 36 Christianity grew, the care of thesick became the duty of the Church. During the Middle Ages Monasteries andconvents provided most of the hospitals Monks and nuns were the nurses. }rj.N98 The custom of making pilgrimagesto religious shrines also helped advance the 37 of hospitals. Thesepilgrimages were often long, and the travelers had to stop 38 at smallinns along the road. g
j8rrd| These inns were calledhospitalia, or guest houses, from the Latin world hospes, meaning “a guest”.The inns connected with the monasteries 39 themselves to caring fortravelers who were ill or lame or weary. In this way the name “hospital” becameconnected with 40 for the afflicted. IlVz 5#R Since living conditions duringthe Middle Ages were not very comfortable or hygienic, the hospitals of thosedays were 41 clean or orderly. In fact, many 42 hospital would put twoor more patients in the same bed! O:IU|INq8 During the seventeenthcentury, there was a general 43 living conditions. People began to feelthat it was the duty of the state to care for its ailing citizens. But itwasn’t 44 the eighteenth century that public hospitals became general inthe larger towns of England. Soon, the idea of public hospitals began to 45and they appeared all over Europe. q6bi{L@/R 31. A. a few B. no C. many D. few @%d g0F}h
32. A. at a time B. at no time C. once and again D. once for all H!?Av$h` 33. A. they B. that C. in which D. which N7Kq$G2O 34. A. supplied B. recruited C. built D. supported wN>k&J 35. A. In the same way B. In a big way ^I4'7]n- C. In a way D. In the way Jz&a9 36. A. Since B. Although C. If D. As )_k"_VVcC 37. A. history B. idea C. condition D. equipment cXU8}>qY7 38. A. overnight B. for sleeping C. once D. in time VkTdpeBV 39. A. devoting B. that devoted C. casing D. friendship K+ZJSfO6 40. A. housing B. hospitality C. casing D. friendship R4"*<%1 41. A. far from being B. far to being ?oan
a% C. so far as to be D. so much from being )9I>y2WU~ 42. A. a B. other C. of the D. such
J@sH(S 43. A. agreement on B. awareness of Jmrs@ C. improvement in D. interest in d` %8qLIW 44. A. in B. by C. up to D. until F*m^AFjs 45. A. occur B. spread C. conceive D. strike *j5>2-C & 第三章:定语从句1 Fa<>2KkOr 1、定语从句(1) M8dv
y!D 8个关系代词和3个关系副词 p)6!GdT 2、定语从句练习 2002年试题/Unit1(1) 2-!OflkoM0 As reading for the benefit oflisteners grew less common, 37 came the flourishing of reading as a privateactivity in such public places as libraries. Railway carriages and offices, 38 reading aloud would cause distraction to otherreaders.
wJyrF 38.A.which B. whose C. where D. there KYE)#<V}@ 15. This is the shop__ I often speak to you. TL& |