写作篇章结构 ) '/xNR
议论文的命题形式比较多，但归纳起来主要有以下几种题型。即：问题解决型；积极有利型；利弊分析型；问题讨论型；类比型等。考生只要充分了解这些题型的写作特点和写作套路以及常用经典句式的表达方法，写议论文将会变得非常轻松自如。 ] $F%
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Model 1 问题解决类 %y+v0.aWH+
本题型要求考生就人们普遍关注的或社会上长期存在的问题根据提纲的要求进行分析、议论并发表自己的看法或提出相应的解决方法。这种题型的作文题目一般涉及以下几个方面： Z>.( '
1) 人类面临的问题 - S%Uw
如：energy crisis; water shortage; widespread of disease; environmental (air/industrial) pollution; extinction of wild animal; desert spreading 等 Hr(%y&0
2) 社会问题 &8JK^zQq
如：high unemployment rate; organized crime; housing problem; brain-drain; widespread corruption; drug abuse; racial discrimination; international terrorism; the problem of piracy; reemployment of laid –off workers等 Vo(bro4ZQi
3) 生活中的问题 Dd:48sN:Jq
如：smoking; heavy traffic problem; fake commodities; sanitation (公共); generation gap; How I overcome my difficulties in learning English等 yh+.Yn=+
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1．写作思路： （ 3 paragraphs ) _"#n%@
1) Introduction to existence/ public concern N3\vd_D
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2) Analysis of causes / effects 2GR v%:rZ
3) Recommendations / solutions fy
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2. 问题解决型作文 q]Af I(
文章开头用语: (existence, Public concern) 描述和提出问题 rotu#?B
文章展开用语: ( cause analysis ) 分析原因 Ime" }*9
文章结尾用语: ( Solution ) 解决问题或得出结论 ~Vf
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Model 2 积极有利型 ,H K-mAH
本题型要求考生就社会变化和人们日常生活发挥积极作用的事物发表观点或作出评论，并提出发扬或推广的建议。这种题型的作文题目一般涉及以下几个方面： lB
1) 社会变化方面： Project Hope; internet; computer; The significance of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, two-day weekend; knowledge; mobile phone; private school; e-mail; access to WTO a-NicjV#
2) 日常生活方面： good health; love; good manners; family planning; making friends; honesty / sincerely; competition; job interview UYhxgPGsj
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积极有利型的写作思路 ( 一般为三段式 ) %0%T p
引出话题，描述话题的重要性； e_IRF+>
分析其重要性的原因或具体表现； CEBa,hp@
如何发扬光大。 A
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Model 3 利弊分析型 )h0b}HMW)
利弊分析题型是一种常见的命题形式，它要求考生针对某一现象或事物的正反两个方面进行分析，然后发表自己的观点。涉及这种题型的作文题目一般有： I
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the advantages and disadvantages of advertisement / TV program / Merger of University /smoking / private cars / money / failure / the private enterprises in China / examination; the internet—a two edged sword 等 <sls1,
1.利弊分析型的写作思路 ( 一般为三段式或四段式 ) @iN"]GFjS
思路一：现象描述――观点介绍――作者的观点或结论。 _[/#t |I}
思路二：现象描述――观点一介绍――观点二介绍――作者的观点或结论。 !1/F71l DX
2. 利弊分析型作文 `pqT iV
l 现象描述 _7 '5I A
l 观点一 Qw<&N$
l 观点二 [gj>ey8T
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手段表明问题的严重性，值得思考，中间段落从两方面论证问题的危害，并举例论证，预测 危害的趋势，最后一段要强调解决问题，谈的两点建议通常是提高人们的意识，加强执法； \85~~v@
今年会涉及的话题是 kq@~QI?9
population explosion 人口爆炸 $CZ'[` +
dropout student 失学儿童 TQ =HFs
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eliminate illiteracy 扫盲 U_ WO<uhC
shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 脱贫至富 \J;_%-Z
brain drain 人才外流 J M`[|"R%
corruption and bribery 腐败和受贿 /O~Np|~ v
tendency toward boasting and exaggeration 浮夸风 me-
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juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪 L+}<g QJ(
可持续性发展 sustainable development /*MioaQB}p
素质教育education for all-round development _PSO T5{
知识产权IPRs(Intellectual property fights) Y(R.<LtY
拜金主义money worship iUk#hLLC
保护生态环境preserve the ecological environment rR
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打假crack down on counterfeit goods／fake products %`YR+J/V
盗版VCD pirated VCD 'xEK0~awD
恶性循环vicious circle n~.$ iN
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Model 4 问题讨论型 <y?=;54a
第一段（描述现象）Nowadays there is often a lack of understanding between A and B. On the one hand, A find it difficult to...。On the other hand, B complain that ... are too "old-fashioned"(to)...。So whenever... are in trouble, they will seek help from ... instead of from... dFy GI?
第二段（分析原因）There are some possible reasons for the problem. In the first place,...。In the second place,...put too much pressure on ...and spare little time to ...。Finally... (参考原因：Even if A listen to the explanation of B, A often disagree with B.) As a result, the problem is becoming more and more serious. o4wSt6gBcJ
第三段（对症下药，给出建议。）To bridge the (gap) between A and B, both of them should be co-operative. For A ,they should be considerate of ... ( for the sake of ... ). As for B, they should ...。With joint efforts, A and B can reach a better understanding... B9Hib1<8
笔者注：模式中的每一段基本都由首句，扩展句，结论三部份组成，此后模式中此类注释将部份同前省略。 e5
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Model 5 类比型 !F.h+&^D;
1． 立足两事物间的共性，阐述二者之间的相似之处（比较法） *if
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2．立足各自的个性，阐述二者之间的差异 （对照法） ambr}+}
第一段（A的好处）Many people appreciate the conveniences of A。 " %p7ft
...。Also,...。 [: cvy[}v@
第二段（B的好处）But B is also attractive。... Rc
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第三段（A，B各自的不足）However, either A or B has its own disadvantages. A are confronted with many problems. Such as... and so on. But B... tym:C7v%~
第四段（我的选择）As for me, I prefer to A. First,...。Second,(参考原因：compared with the undeveloped factors of B, A is an a ideal... for me to...（最后谈对A不足的补救措施）Of course... AI`k
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例如：积极有利型 gu+zfvkcY
人类社会的永恒话题, 对比论述突出好处,比如坚持不懈, 打败自我,团队精神,为人真诚,实事求是 |<5F08]v
从正面列举该积极事物的好处,克服困难, 征服挑战, 完善自我,走向成功,创造辉煌 0Qq<h;8xEc
从反面列举没有这个积极事物时的不好, 郁闷迷茫, 无成就感和前进动力, 失败挫折感 ~$J(it-a
最后要谈两点建议措施和联想美好未来。 *tgu@9b
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话题：坚持不懈------在失败的时候坚持, 做好每一件小事为成功做好准备. P^Owg r=Y
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首段：四句话，描述图画，表明图画发人深思。 =$fz</S=J
As is vividly depicted in the picture, 描述图画. The most striking feature is 图画重点信息. v"W*@7<`S
描述图画两句，第一句宏观表明图画的视觉效果。 第二句表明的图画的最大特色是什么。 ?_i >Kx
There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration. BdF/(Pg
此句子表明图画所微妙传达的象征含义，发人深思，十四个单词增加亮点，弥补首段字数不足，为下文点名观点作好铺垫 HE%/+mZN
Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon that which plays an active part in our society. q\ ]X1N
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二段：七句话，揭示象征含义，从正反两方面论述该积极事物的重要性。 [&P F ;)i
从正面列举该积极事物的好处,克服困难, 征服挑战, 完善自我,走向成功,创造辉煌 >ItT269G
从反面列举没有这个积极事物时的不好, 郁闷迷茫, 无成就感和前进动力, 失败挫折感，而且要举例证明使观点具体化，并以倒装并列句结尾，画龙点睛。 (u} /( Ux
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As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that 重复上面的图画信息 bo/9k 4N3
profoundly indicates that perseverance is momentous (重要的) and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds.任何积极话题必然与成功有联系，成功是衡量该话题是否积极的唯一标准。该段首句设置爆发力句型，增加气势，让老师给出很高的第一印象分，借此开头很有特色。 oDMPYkpTu
Perseverance means that people can persist on when they face the difficulty and prepare every detail for the coming success.定义法论述：毅力—在困境中坚持，做好细节，准备成功； BZ 1wE1 t
It is perseverance that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable , that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success.强调并列句是英语的极品句型，大气磅礴。此万能句子是任何积极事物都可以帮助我们克服困难,征服挑战,走向成功. ds9 'k.
Unless we stick to our dream,（适当把主题词进行同义替换）we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated, only to be eliminated. hdH z", )
双重否定句子从反面论证宏观说明危害性，如果缺乏该积极事物就生活郁闷挫折被竞争所淘汰。 zMFTkDY
To account for the above mentioned topic, several reasons can be put forward as mentioned below. ZBK0`7#&EH
To begin with 1+uZF
In addition 8qg%>ZU4d
Last but not the least
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No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below. TA-2{=8
（举例证明把for example 写成十四个很有特色，而且表明下面的例子很重要，又增加一分，老师看了这么多for example，审美疲劳，老师一看该句，一定激动。 JM|HnyI
Many capable people who have the burning desire to win fail to achieve their goals just because they don’t persist （是坚持的同意改写）especially when they face the music. Y~g{9 <!
Many people who…just because…想成功但失败因为他们不能坚持特别是遇到困难的时候， rs{)4. I
Only by being perseverant can they guarantee a success and have a strong will to always challenge themselves.指的是永远成功 z&amYwQcI
倒装并列句在段落末尾写，增加气势，第二段结尾很重要，不要晚节不保。倒装句在结尾补充再好不过。此句很万能，表明只有该积极事物让我们永远成功； $G9LaD#;M
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三段：５-６句话，承上启下总结上文，两点建议，展望美好未来。 .i RKuBM/
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From what have been discussed above, It admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to persevere than to despair. 7qB4_
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From …承上启下, 引起下文, 多达二十五个单词的总结句 表明无论做大事小事，难事容易事，都需要积极事物支持我们。 ey D V911
It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to cultivate confidence and to pursue the coming goals. i *. Y
建议措施的总起句子, 引起下文，被动句子很有风采. G|rE\h 2w
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On the one hand, we should be sensible to encourage ourselves to imagine about the colorful future. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to punish ourselves in certain ways if we fail to hold on to our dream. W/!P1M n
结构很清晰,sensible 表明建议很理性, 从反方面再谈很辨证. ^[x cfTN
However, it is easier said than done. Practice is the most important factor. Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later. a.Z@Z!*
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Directions: For this part, you should write a composition of about 200 words on the title Invention or Innovation according to the following OUTLINE given in Chinese. @./h$]6
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Invention or Innovation +twoUn{#
With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, invention or innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Our government, with no exception, regards it as “the soul of our nation." 6WY/[TC-
What, however, can we benefit from it? First of all, invention or innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in invention, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through invention. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on invention today. n^4R]9U
Recognizing its importance is only the fist step to advocate invention or innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. For one thing, our authority should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, can "the soul of our nation" be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future.
