北大paraphrase攻略（打印版）

1. Useful phrases and Patterns for paraphrase
2. Circles and Squares Theory
3. 9 2’s Theory
 I2It, It2I
 V2V
 N2N, N2NPhr, N2Cl
 A2A
 V2A, A2V
 V2N, N2V
 A2N, N2V
 A2P, P2A
 V2P, P2V
4. What Word Classes are Important? What should be paraphrased?
 Verbs (-à verbs): easy (hate: dislike; interest: appeal to; wonder at: be amazed by)
 Adjectives (à adjectives): easiest (new: fresh, not old; fast: rapid, quick; not slow)
 Nouns (à nouns): difficult (books)
 Nouns à clauses /verbs/verbals/adjectives (what we read, things that we read, readings)
 Simple verbs also difficult: push, try, look, go?
 ànouns within a verbal: give it a push/ have a try/ cast a look
5. Which is the easiest?
 N à A?
 V à A?
 A à V?
 A à N?
 Always try changing a word into a verb (If it is not a verb in itself)!
6. Rule 1: N2N
 Synonyms and near synonyms
 Relative: kin; boss: superior; enemy: foe; warmth: hospitality; anger: fury
 Antonyms and opposites:
 teacher: student; vanity: decency
 Hypernyms/hyponyms:
 Bees: insects; whales and dolphins: sea mammals; tigers, lions, and leopards: cats, mice and kangaroos: rodents; frying pan, spoons, bowls: cooking/kitchen utensils
7. A2A
 Hostile: antagonistic, repugnant, iminical, despiteful, bitter, sour, different, distant
 Poor: ill off, hard up, reduced, strapped, short of money, unable to make ends meet
 Diffeernt: differing, unlike, dissimilar, distinct, separate, widely, apart, variant, varying, heterogeneous, diversified, divergent, several, deviating, disparate, unequal, discordant
8. V2V
 Examine: scrutinize, look at, observe, study, look over, pass under review, give an examination, check up on, think … over, investigate, explore, look into, go into, probe, see into, question, inquire, turn over
 Elaborate: embellish, polish, beautify, cultivate, develop, season, touch up, fine down, tone up, furbish, spruce up, revise, amend, improve, better
9. Rule 2: It2I <==> I2It
 There are only three patterns that we should learn:
 It is ---à It does It does -à It is
 I am -à I do I do --à I am
 It is -à I do/I am I am /do -à It is
 Additional:
 I love you --- You are loved by me
10. General Patterns
 It is interesting to notice that:
 = It is worthy noticing that …
 = it may appeal to us in regard to …
 = We may be interested in ….
11. Make it a piece of cake
 In paraphrasing, the central parts are usually nouns!
 1. Difficult noun à simple noun (This complicate the job and you end up in a dead end.)
 2. difficult noun à verb or adjective (Remember: This greatly simplifies the task!)
12. Rule 3: N2V, V2N
 Stop : (cease, leave off) put a stop to, call a halt to, bring …to a close, get it over with, wind up, come to a stop, come to a standstill draw to a close
 Examine: make a study of, set an examination to, subject to close scrutiny, put a question to
 Convention: take root, make/become a habit, accustome oneself to, make a practice of
13. Repudication: repudiate, reject, renounce, deselect, close out, leave out, disapprove, deny, passy, pass up, waive, ignore, wave aside, brush away/aside, refuse to consider, dismiss, disregard, shove away, repulse, repel, rebuff, disdain, scorn, raise one’s eyebrows at
 Manifestation: show, appear, become evident, present itself, reveal, unfold, exhibit, display, set forth, make plain, bring out, bring to notice, expose to view, bring into view, come into the open, surface, assert oneself
14. Imprudence: rash, brash, incautious, indiscreet, careless, hasty, hurried, risk-taing, adventurous, go too far
 Improvisation: act on the spur of the moment, obey one’s impulse, let oneself go, go offhand, come out with, blurt out, let slip out, say what comes uppermost, say the first thing that comes into one’s head/mind, improvise, extemporize, invent, make it up as one goes along, scrap the plan, knock off
15. Improvisation: unthinking, unreflecting, unthoughtfull, thoughtless, spontaneous, undesigned, indeliberate, reflex, automatic, unconscious, casual, offhand, impromptu, without premediation
 Preeminence: chief, main, principal, foremost, leading, headmost, dominant, prominent, great, master, central, focal, famous, world-calss, well-known, peerless, matchless, unmatched, unrivalled, beyond compare
16. Rule 4: N2A, or A2N
 It is bad manners to: it is rude to
 It is Illegal: It is a breach of the law, we go against the law
 It is Interesting: It arouses curiosity, I find it interesting
 I am Uncertain about: I have no doubt as to, It is (about)/ beyond doubt
 It is expensive: costly, It costs lots of money, I spend a lot of money
17. curtailment: shortened, reduced, shorter, smaller
 Nonconformity: disobedient, uncomplying, violative, lawless, wayward, undutiful, defiant, indocile, uncooperative, impatient of control, untamed, rebellious, mutinous, subversive
 Inadvertence: careless, unheeding, disregardfull, uncaring, thoughtless, inconsiderate, indifferent, unmindful, inattentive, casual
18. Rule 5: A2P
 Irrelevant: beside the point (I …?)
 Hopeless: beyond hope (I …?)
 Incomprehensible: beyond reach (I …?)
 Useless: of no use (I …?)
 Hostile: at variance, at odds, in conflict, in disagreement, at outs, at each other’s throats, at war, on bad terms
19. Adj. à prep.
 Poor: in want of money, down at the heel, out of funds, without a penny to bless oneself with, in the red, in reduced/narrow circumstances
 Cheap: low-priced, on the cheap, at small cost, at a low price, at budget prices, at piggy-bank prices, at cost, at reduced rates, at a bargain, for a song
20. Different: in a different manner, ina nother way, other than, on the other hand, in other respects, at variance, in disagreement, in conflict with, on the contrary, of another sort, at odds
 I am brooding: it is on one’s mind, on the brain, in the thoughts, in question, under discussion, in focus
21. Rule 6: A2V, or V2A
 It is Wonderful: I stare openmouthed, It open one’s eyes, I rub one’s eyes, I hold ones breath, I not know what to say, I not believe one’s eyes/ears/senses, I marvel at, I am seized with wonder
 pleased: delighted, enjoy it, take pleasure in, gave me pleasure, I am taken with
 I am/It is progressive: I/It make progress/advance, go forward, get along, get ahead, gather way, gain ground, make my way, under way
22. Rich: live high, roll in wealth, live in the lap of luxury, have all the money in the world, have money to burn
 Poor: find it hard going, be pinched, unable to make ends meet, not know where one’s next meal is, lack, starve
 Cheap: cost little, not cost anything, can afford, find it inexpensive, find it within one’s means, get one’s money’s worth, buy at a bargain
23. Different: vary from, differ from, stand apart, be distinguished from, deviate from, disagree with, conflict/contrast with, clash with, not be like, bear no resemblance to
 Ignorant: know nothing, not know any better, labor in darkness, have a lot to learn, have no idea/notion of, not have the slightest/faintest idea
24. Rule 7: Nouns/Verbs/Adjectives to Clauses
 Actions: what we do
 Habitat: where animals/we live
 Reaction: how we respond to/ what we do in answer to …
 Cliched: what is not new to the ear/eye
 Cultivation: the way we are educated
 Meditation: the state when we are lost in thought
25. Ritual: the way we celebrate an important occasion, what we do on a formal occasion to celebrate …
 Postage: the money we pay to post our letters
 Confession: what we say to the priest in regret
 Canonical: what is regarded as most important/typical/representative/classical
 Imminent: the feeling that we have when some danger in soon to happen
26. Knowledge: what we know
 Behaviour: what we do / how we deal with people
 Nursery: place where babies are taken care of
 Nobel Prize: top prize awarded to scientists
 Choice: what you do and not do
 Rules: what are should/told to do
 Controversial topic: topic that causes a lot of debate
 Maturity: when you grow up
27. Rule 8: (Nouns) Aliases/In Other Words
 Car: automobile
 Infant: baby
 Management: boss
 Asylum: mental hospital
 Cars: vehicles, means of transportation
 Air pollution: dirty air
 Infant: one-year-olds, children under 3
 Image: the way we are seen or judged by others
28. Universities: higher education institutions
 West Point Academy: one of the world’s most prestigious/famous military school
 References: dictionaries
 Latin: one of the classical languages, the dead language that we still use today
 Tropical diseases, scarlet fever: some most fatal plagues
 Drugs: illegal substances
29. Rule 9: In good/bad terms
 Poor performance in class: limited success in class
 Backward students: less-intelligent
 Death penalty: capital punishment
 Crippled: physically-disabled/challenged
 Fail: fall short of (success/target)
 Fire: lay off, downsize
 Peasant workers:
30. Prisons: security institution/facility, correctional facility
 Juvenile delinquent: problem-child
 Make love: sleep with
 Old people:
 Black:
 One-room apartment: studio apartment
 Poor: low-income, working class, modest, underprivileged
31. Retard: slow, mentally-challenged
 Teacher: educator
 Toilet: WC, men’s room, restroom
 Tramp: the homeless
 Ugly: plain, homely
 Venereal disease: social disease
 Wrong: improper
 Obscurity: deficiency in popularity
 Parochial: less universal
 Same: not different from
32. Ill-manufactured auto parts often lead to the most serious car crashes.
 The greatest cause of automobile accidents is the nut that holds the wheel.
 Music composition is similar to the dance of buildings.
 Writing about music is like dancing about architecture.
33. What enjoys top priority in daily life is not what we do.
 The most important things in life aren't things.
 A virgin forest is an area that has not been contaminated by human activity.
 A virgin forest is a forest where the hand of man has never set foot.
34. Spices are used in cooking, including …
 The four seasons are salt, pepper, mustard and vinegar.
 Novel-writing has to have verisimilitude.
 Fiction has to make sense.
 Such fungi, often in the shape of umbrellas, are found in a humid environment.
 Mushrooms always grow in damp places and so they look like umbrellas
35. Lions are the fiercest animals that sit on top of the food chain.
 There are few animals that can eat the loins.
 William Greenberg was to become the first Jewish President in American history.
 William Greenberg was elected the first Jewish American President of the United States.
36. Male cadavers are incapable of yeilding testimony.
 Dead men tell no tales.
 All objects that shines with resplendence are not truely godlen.
 All that glitters is not gold.
 Sorting on the part of mendicants must be interdicted.
 Beggars can't be choosers.
 Unable to find the key, he sang the song brokenly.
 He broke into song because he couldn't find the key.
37. Handel was half German, half Italian, and half English. He was rather large.
 Aaron Copeland is one of our famous contemporary composers. It is unusal to be contemporary. Most composers don't live until they are dead.
38. Solomon, one of David's sons, had 300 wives and 700 porcupines.
 Floods from the Mississippi may be prevented by putting big dames in the river.
 With her marriage she got a new name and a dress.
39. Caruso was first an Italian. Then someone heard his voice and said he would go a long way. So he went to America.
40. Structural Substitutes
 No better than: as bad as
 No sooner than: just as/upon
 No worse than: as good as
 On condition: in case, as long as
 More subjective: less objective
 Less interesting: duller
 No more than: just
41. Rather than: instead of
 Besides: apart from, in addition to, barring, save, aside from
 As well as: together with, with
 Similarly: likewise, coupled with
 Accordingly: as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose,
hence, otherwise, so then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore
42. as a rule: as usual, for the most part,
generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually
 Chiefly: especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely,
particularly, including, specifically, such as
43. Comparatively: coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover, together with, relatively
 in essence: in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently
 In contrast: by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, yet, however, still, nevertheless
44. By and large: in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally

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