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主题 : 英语论文写作常用经典句型
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楼主  发表于: 2007-11-10   

英语论文写作常用经典句型

英语论文写作常用经典句型 8l-+ 4~mH  
kz\ D-b  
aL$m  
Beginning :?2+'+%'  
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for oM/(&"  
2. This paper proceeds as follow. L:"i,K#P  
3. The structure of the paper is as follows. b*S :wfw  
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related 55 )!cw4  
concepts .|}ogTEf  
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the RbKAB8  
Introduction M)C. bo{p  
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the ^o}!=aMr  
problem and a detailed presentation of how the required + VE }c  
membership functions are defined. -H5n>j0!{  
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 1H`T=:P?  
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various rs2G{a  
situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an rT9<_<  
entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy 6"U&i9  
service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is S'#KPzy.  
studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. q[`)A?Ae  
Review o_ka'|  
1. This review is followed by an introduction. pMnkh}Q#  
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is 6Ko[[?Lf[  
presented in Section 2. *jM~VTXwt  
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. WW82=2rJ9  
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard NPc]/n?vDj  
to ... 0 1<~~6A  
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. (yIl]ZN*  
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of #D~atgR  
action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of Se/VOzzg  
systems and outlines the need for development of possibility  F* "  
methods. ]4wyuP,up  
Body >fRI^Q,  
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its d~@&*1}  
 w=5D>]  
importance. 8wz%e(  
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making d 1VNTB  
logic. Lsa&A+fru  
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 7WK^eW"y8  
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, Nr)v!z~y   
natural language understanding. S~fURn  
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed _ #]uk&5a  
in terms of fuzzy time-window YCZl1ry:V=  
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in ;/?M&rX  
the ... !wy Qk  
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including )cOw9&#s  
the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. & 1)4B  
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9a}rE  
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the EfHo1Yn&  
analysis of xx. +k|t[N  
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human <>JN&#3?  
decision. *y +T(73  
11. Section 3 is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy ^UI{U1N~Bz  
decision rules \; ! oG  
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 3aIP^I1  
describes the xx strategies. s;V~dxAiv  
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the 2Zt :]be  
proposed model. LV|ZZ.d h  
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost wG;#L7%  
variance investigation. ~\_aT2j0  
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. I3 /^{-n  
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of r}kQ<SRx  
memory process. q =sEtH=  
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of &)jBr^x#>  
Section 2 and 3. _IzJxAcJ  
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and ~ [L4,q  
illustrate its use on experimental data. NIZ N}DnP  
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set 2d:<P!B  
model .. f Z8 %Z   
&+V6mH9m@  
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further 0>@D{_}s  
work. w`_cmI  
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. W/03L, 1  
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are /{Ff)<Q.Z  
discussed very briefly in Section 2. ~ *:{U   
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a /^_~NF#  
whole model \@G 7Kk*l  
of human DM system ]2O52r  
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which Wp2b*B=-  
a ... scheme must satisfy. 0\fV'JDOR  
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and F3BWi[Xh  
uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness \:>GF-Z(  
when the domain of discourse is order-dense. "},0Cs  
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical $ = uz  
study Wh PwD6l>  
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to {NmpTb  
construct membership functions. tE&@U$0>o  
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two 06hzCWm #  
kinds of inference experiments... O>8|Lc  
This Section UO3QwZ4j;  
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which -P I$SA,  
MRP is designed are described. }^T7S2_Qy  
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations 6yDc4AX  
which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. <P )U Ggd  
Next Section AH*{Bi[vX  
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the Xz/5 Wis4  
computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. ZkbaUIQ  
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical PwF 1Pr`r  
applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as CcF$?07 i  
discussed in the next section. DV={bcQ  
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, jZRf{  
and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will "EA6RFRD  
&Z kY9XO  
then illustrate their use. Yd} Jz  
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the +Ce[OG.  
following sections. jO` b&]0  
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful 5m.{ayE  
for arguments based on xx HIK" Ce  
Summary B8XW+U  
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research 0F"W~OQ6  
consideration in section 5. <>gX'te  
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.  O=,[u?  
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. = [N= mC  
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions [C8lMEV~  
of the paper. c"nowbf  
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized {ylY"FA  
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and W^a-K  
conclusions are drawn. #hp 7@ Tu  
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. xj6@85^  
Chapter 0. Abstract zmA]@'j  
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a )[t zAaP7  
xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. %anY'GK   
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy w^ AY= Fc  
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx I_/E0qSJI  
measures. e;|:W A  
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. aUy!(Y  
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. ?%|w?Fdx-  
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. &oz^dlw  
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile cuw 7P  
xx algorithm. lQ8h-Tz  
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. Io(*_3V)B  
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. m{ w k0  
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 2bs={p$}a  
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. jkQ%b.a  
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are {Vw\#/,  
6YHQ/#'G~  
presented and justified. $fzO:br5WJ  
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. zu,F 0;De  
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis iBM;$0Y  
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. W0I)< S  
14. This paper analyses problems in o]@Mg5(8Q  
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... eT'Z;ZO  
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... f@j)t%mh  
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for 8|"26UwD/  
approaching ; u@& [  
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by R<L<kChg  
which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are hr/H vB  
evaluated. NQmdEsK  
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx sQXj?5!  
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. W]CsKN,K  
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy ng{ "W|  
phases of: xx, xx mm:g9j  
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise TPF5?  
represented by linguistic variables. iD${7 _  
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational IA;'5IF  
procedure {8pN]=SaJ~  
Chapter 1. Introduction fe4Ki  
Time VR XK/dZ  
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive )j+G4  
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world rizWaw5E!8  
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the BW x=Q  
4. The development of ... is explored E;bv;RUio  
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a 0}3Xry,{  
variety of directions @~CXnc0  
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7t3ps  
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance l3:2f-H   
with the advent of ... tyU'[LF?  
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... Db K(Rh_ K  
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. !T"jvDYH  
xl ]1TB@  
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx sXwa`_{  
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these dvu8V_U  
weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be E*"oA1/I  
developed. v Ls*}+f  
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. *TgD{>s  
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far U [{vA6  
from ready to be used in commercial systems. ;R([w4[~  
Objective / Goal / Purpose o/hj~;(]  
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: tF:AqR: (~  
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to d:#z{V_  
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, P?hB`5X  
and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx. slQEAqG)B  
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx @y2cC6+'t  
4. The scope of this research lies in Om(Ir&0  
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based w/e?K4   
decision making. )I"I[jDw  
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and M.67[Qj~"u  
confidence as to permit ... /s@j{*Om  
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 9y*2AaxW  
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of PsM8J  
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide Z~] G+(  
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to >U)>~SQf  
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such 9t!Agxm  
probability distribution. -TS5g1  
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the P)O:lYX  
following requirements: s6k(K>P l  
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity +~"(Wooi  
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be  Vqr]Ui  
completed TZhYgV  
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... (9{qT>eJg=  
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues LIll@2[  
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently nrR2U`  
developed procedure for the xx. .hJcK/m  
eo~b]D  
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are tn;{r  
studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. A b+qLh&?  
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and BO2s(8  
strategies for structuring ..methods KA>QW[HX  
20. This illustration points out the need to specify 0mNL!"  
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. ' e %>Ip  
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 4";NT;_q5  
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, g_J QW(_  
for example, regarding xx xo4lM  
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the B|.A6:1g+  
last decade r4d#;S9{o  
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of hcM9Sx"!  
uncertainties associated with xx. _9dW+  
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning ilyF1=bp  
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to "gFw:t"VV  
uncertainty in xx. `KZu/r-M9  
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is hiv {A9a?  
still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in %{rPA3Xoy  
concrete applications. ss6{+ @,  
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. o_BRsJy  
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system V`9*_8Dx2  
analysis. 'u%vpvF  
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the ?XeaoD/  
development of 1CR\!?  
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this 7rYBFSp  
design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. _BONN6=*y  
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or N|%r5%  
probabilistic in nature. T]/5aA4  
34. The central issue in all these studies is to $|@pY| f  
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, q<Qjc  
however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical ^I yYck'y+  
approaches. +XSe;xk;rD  
36. Applied ... techniques to  p1hF.  
37. Characterized the ... system as >&ZlC E  
 ^>>9?  
38. Developed an algorithm to We\i0zUU  
39. Developed a system called ... which BsL+9lNue  
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce oRJ !TAbD  
41. Emphasized the need to X|/RV4x@Cq  
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology cK2;)&U7  
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken f$9|qfW'$  
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed J}+N\V~  
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ FFcIOn  
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights wt;`_}g  
46. Point out that the problem of ~:PM_o*6  
47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 'U*#7 1S  
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 7 h0u7N  
49. The approach taken by [] is :WsHP\r  
50. The system developed by [] consists 5`$!s17  
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] o3eaNYa  
52. []'s model requires consideration of... i(.V`G=  
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development YJ-<t6  
54. []'s model focuses on... fI2 y(p{?  
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to _Pa@%/  
56. The published information that is relevant to this research... a(*"r:/lD  
57. This study further shows that k3e6y  
58. Their work is based on the principle of u^B!6Sj8  
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. UZmUYSu;  
60. Studies have been completed to established H=*0KX{  
61. The ...studies indicated that MK@rx6<9  
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in WNb2"W  
recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. e=p_qhBt  
Problem / Issue / Question l:bbc!3  
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as dZ8ldpf8  
manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined =S6bP< q  
model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration kP/<S <h,g  
of multiple aspects. lZe-A/E  
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems _V e)M%  
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved |'JN<?   
%X^qWKix}m  
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed V2AsZc0U(  
69. An unanswered question | oM`  
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. ut]UU*g^$  
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... ,)!%^ ~v  
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed ,quUGS  
73. The three prime issues can be summarized: nT2b"wkTT  
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... ~Ym*QSD  
75. There have been many attempts to kka{u[ruA  
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 4M|C>My  
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 8.^`~ta  
problem. 5D?{dA:Rq  
1. There are several ways to get around this problem. OC-d5P  
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. [`E_/95  
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. {~R?f$}""j  
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. y!:vX6l  
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of 8 $H\b &u  
the problem. &e3}Vop  
6. Several problems are associated with them. <^Y #q  
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two nRw.82eK.  
major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system Oml3=TV  
can be realized. QhAYCw2  
8. Most problems in practice are complicated a #s Nd  
9. More problem surface here. 38l:Y"  
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system BT;1"l<  
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and \>EUa}%xn  
imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which 2$b1q!g<  
bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample k\/es1jOEh  
population of xx t1oTZ  
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers Ln+ k_  
attempting to develop <&B] p  
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of ]d%Ou]609  
membership function determination. \>w 2D  
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical L8zMzm=-  
and empirical problems. $Op:-aW&  
/J c^XWf  
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new ;F71f#iY  
methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have {\VsM#K6  
to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. ww%4MHPp8  
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology /z)8k4  
Assumption X C390t  
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too ^Ga_wJP8S  
restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination u+jx3aP:  
time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be *_Pkb.3R  
applied. A9[D.W9>  
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and }y*rO(cu7G  
the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which Q2@yUDd!  
stems from the problem's nature. " 68=dC  
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the {gDoktC@M  
assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the Fy_~~nI0  
execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the (51;cj>J  
experiment is in progress. IueI7A  
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at ~%: TE}  
which the expert is indifferent. L'>0E(D  
5. Main simplifying assumptions are: U/rFH9e$  
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. f_QZ ql   
Outline / Structure / Module #q?:Act  
1. An outline of the research e#tWQM3  
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme + j6^g*  
3. Is built into ... structure !t&C,@Ox  
4. A nice modular structure. @=l.J+lh  
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria -9"[/  
Classification U }}E E~W  
1. A xx system comprises three main components: yf e4}0}  
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. k jR-p=}  
3. Consists of the following steps: V%J_iY/BUb  
4. This is summarized in the following steps: ~NO'8 Mr  
sH)40QmO{  
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: [\pp KC  
6. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l`AA<Rj*O-  
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more %0eVm   
8. The following steps should be followed brt` oR  
9. xx can be classified by a different ways. 3#c 0p790  
10. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: D?? \H\  
11. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. ",Fqpu&M  
System p/&s-G F  
1. Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not e&XJK*Wf   
usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong 3=kw{r[2lM  
answer.  ^9*Jz{e  
2. The system consists of both ... and ... I~U;M+n*y  
3. The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on %;tBWyq}_  
three levels. QU^?a~r  
4. expert system domains are area of expertise x?-kt.M  
5. To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be ~-2q3U Py  
considered: ~px)Jd  
6. The system has been developed / designed to determine zvP>8[   
7. The system has proven to be able to eop7=!`-~~  
8. The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular 6AL Ud^  
domain W!WeYV}kb  
9. The system comprises a ... with {,CvWL  
10. The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique _^u^@.Q'i<  
11. The system environment must be relatively stable ]5i]2r1  
12. The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and "+KAYsVtU  
retrieve ... 91j.%#[v'  
13. The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx LDv>hzo  
stage. d7Devs k  
14. The most essential part of .. system is the ... ~l>2NY  
15. The successful developments in ESs have made them an 1:d,8  
important tool in the development of AwO'%+Bv  
16. An automated system was developed for -axV;+"b  
17. In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. K+J fU J  
#sp8 !8|y  
18. An interactive automatic ... system xSoXf0zq:  
19. A …. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system AIa#t#8${  
20. Should be capable of being generated from a ... system '2.11cM3  
21. xx is an important part of the integrated system. AT]Ty  
22. The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a 4Z<  
separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. P_3U4J  
23. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in -$m?ShDd  
the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of [?Ub =sp  
the antecedent of the next rule base. n32.W?9  
24. The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the z@n77 9i  
linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the =3Hv  
antecedent of a rule. GcYT<pwN6  
Computer System J=qPc}+  
1. The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an l]o)KM<  
MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well \9t6 #8  
known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be 2r|!:^'?W  
easily implemented. "G`8>1tO_  
2. The current version of the xx program when compiled with lm;G8IP`  
WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. ~NtAr1  
Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible $"&U%3  
machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min 8fwM)DKS  
to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. =wy3h0k^  
3. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in @0>3))  
C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. ?hQ ,'M2  
4. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires (\6R"2  
approximately 180 seconds. )d|hIW]7(  
5. It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, Z|kMoB  
80386..209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math HKdR?HM1  
co-processor. G$D6#/rR  
6. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx 'Na/AcRdg  
method and the other based on the new method, were written in @Sl!p)  
FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor. fii\&p7z  
7. Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes ^{W#ut>IN  
,T|%vqbmw  
development time. .ZxH#l _  
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the Dg LSDKO!  
computer. '*KP{"3\  
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study U "qO&;m  
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe 'd"\h#  
limitations. DvuL1Me Ko  
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving adJoT-8P6  
five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria "F+Wo&  
-- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. !!c.cv'  
l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented `f:5w^A  
programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems \4SFD 3$&  
encountered in construction xxx. IpxFME%!  
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / k*4?fr  
Rule / Formula / Technique -BV&u(  
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system (WW,]#^  
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach #oYX0wvl  
may be applied. qvOBvUR}  
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the  <C4^Vem  
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been !UUh7'W4u  
complied, none are generally accepted na FZ<'t>&  
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the $`'^&o;&f  
body of the report. 'q[V*4g  
l This can be accomplished by \Mlj 7.u]  
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by {\t:{.F A  
step as follows: U hCd,  
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important )m[!HE`cZ  
information aG |)k,  
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... #U/B,`= >  
l These concepts have been applied to j )F~C8*  
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, I{cn ,,8  
l This can be achieved by t9pPG{1  
l This fact suggests that a new concept qrX6FI  
l This was accomplished by taking ... n?,fF(  
((dG<  
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. ur#"f'|-  
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility 00pHnNoxW  
l There is little hope of achieving successful ... g1J]z<&  
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using T  |j^  
most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception w\t{'  
of b'-gy0  
l Only a few studies can be found. t%dPj8~  
l It is a very tedious process to go through */8\Z46z  
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected &(.ZHF  
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. 9)YG)A~<  
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. v5$zz w  
l Several techniques can be used L:^'cl} G  
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the &FanD   
following]/[follows]: ng 6G< hi  
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. 0^[$0]Mt[  
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. cA Lu  
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to ja>Tnfu  
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx ]CL70+[^9  
times the ... tIvtiN6[|l  
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. ]JM9 ^F  
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... -zTeIvcy5  
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the QTyl=z7  
system. -J6}7>4^8}  
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for 4i19HD_  
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that ``\H'^{B  
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l:[=M:#p  
l Euler's formula states the following: ;}PL/L$L6;  
l The completed model should agree with the formula. bIhL!Ty T.  
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the $H 9xM  
object is necessary l%:_#1?isf  
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, F`N*{at  
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide 8_ LDS  
enough to ?:2Xh/8-  
be useful. Q7s1 M&K  
2,fB$5+  
Point of View LSs={RD2+p  
l from an implementation standpoint, ,8 .`;  
l From the point of view of this application, I F@M  
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named o]j*  
xxx (CRI for short). a"zoDD/  
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of }0TY  
some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. <vrx8Q*6  
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an v3NaX.  
FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. VuY.})+J:  
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, DjKjEZHgM  
tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a o6r4tpiR5  
screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] )0Lq>6j9  
Justification a !IH-XJ2  
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has j.6kjQN  
received wide acceptance and can MXy{]o_H~  
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible oxzNV&D[{`  
environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. QJ>>&`{ ,  
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an A=$oYBB  
estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar (TE2t7ab|M  
value on the estimate. qj1z>,\  
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications ]ok>PH]  
since it is natural and easy to implement. 82X.  
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a dc05,Bz  
fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. cGp^;> ]M  
Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to x3Ud0[(  
manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. P5>CSWy%  
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on }$-VI\96  
which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in k@L~h{`Mc\  
nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural <IVz mzpL  
framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions !A!\S/x4  
analysis. L3AwL)I   
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a F(<8:`N;G  
mV,R0olF  
convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains z(3"\ ^T  
why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which x/=j$oA  
are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule. K_QCYS .  
Chapter 4. Examples ;X(n 3F  
Example/ Data $1+K}tP  
l The data used in the following example was taken from an \#aVu^`eX  
experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx yUO|3ONT  
technique. 0?SLRz8  
l The data consists of over xx measurements. `VtwKt*  
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are ` a>vPW  
compared with a xx U[b;#Y1X  
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be (x qA.(F  
applied are xx, xx, etc. |a{]P=<q  
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of |L;psK  
illustrating the computational procedure discussed. zU~..;C  
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual M"^Vf{X^  
xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied Y/H^*1  
statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic n=? 0g;1!  
methods. ~lqGnNhh 7  
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but |xZ cT4  
deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed OZD!#YI  
references for those wishing this level of detail. c^O#O  
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the br  Z, s  
paper. ~AanU1U<  
Comparisons TE% #$q  
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process j yRSEk$  
planning point of view will be discussed. 2BDan^:-Av  
l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh =5~F6to  
(1973) appeared more suitable tRnW%F5  
l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], _]xt65TL  
]<T8ZA_Y;  
Relation M+;P?| a  
l We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one u=;nU(]M '  
mapping. 2l@"p!ar=  
l The relationships appear very complicate /;&+ < }  
l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between s)YP%vn#  
the task variables and the human operator's characteristics. ]1d,O^S  
l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... ~ sIGI?5f  
l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can j;20JA/b  
establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, OR\DTLIl  
and then modify these relationships. LxlbD#<V  
l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. Sf&?3a+f  
l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. dHG  Io  
Importance %gu $_S  
l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to qX{X4b$  
rule based decision making. (+UmUx=  
Consideration / Attention 8 b  8\  
l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure wfDp,T 3w7  
l Such a formulation does not change further considerations. ~J1;tZS  
l Considerable attention has been paid to *:9 >W$0u  
l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this =0h|yjnL/  
investigation. kxm:g)`=[  
l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... VJN/#   
l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others W""*hJ  
can be accommodated l*K I  
l After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried sK@Y!oF}\  
out/performed to determine L/q]QgCoA  
l A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration M!Z*QY."P  
before making the appropriate decision. 3cOY0Z#T  
l It should be noted that SqXy;S@  
l It is important to point out that ... C5es2!^-]O  
l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of q Vm"f,ruo  
providing ... HKTeqH_:  
3s`V)aXP  
l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx R2}kz.  
Chapter 5. Results. *wC\w  
Advantages / Disadvantage Nfv="t9e  
l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it ih>a~U<  
can be applied to the experimental study of :7p9t.R<$h  
l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. { p1lae  
l The xx system is versatile 6OL41g'  
l It has a very fast decision making process u64 @"P  
l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. Dv<wge`  
l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a o]Z _@VI  
microprocessor-based environment. 2E^"r jLm  
l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. X*pZNz&E  
l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: In f9wq\  
l However, xx is not without its shortcomings. >M?H79fF2s  
l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing 8y$5oD6g9  
xxx. m_a^RB(  
l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally 807al^s x  
reduced by 5% to 9%. oJ ^C]E  
l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. 9Ei5z6Vk/+  
l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only vR7ctav  
recognize a xx . *kP;{Cb`  
l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and :^ n*V6.4  
limited to xx. . >}BNy  
l Some other advantages of xx are the following: >-!r9"8@  
l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of d$w(-tV42  
parts. '=VH6@vZ_'  
l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in Us'Cs+5XcG  
system modeling that was impossible in practice. jh[ #p?:  
l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and 6Lb{r4^  
benefits, the use of xx, axX{6  
l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of :vpl+)n  
conventional xx approaches. Mm5c8[   
J,??x0GDx,  
l This combines the best features of both techniques yO00I`5  
l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for 2`EVdl7B]  
developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, !NTH.U:g  
and knowledge management activities in virtual communities. 'r\ 4}Ik  
Results e!GZSk   
l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based ;+a2\j+  
on the data provided Or7 mD  
l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review :5J_5,?;`  
l Based on the information contained in this e?b)p5g  
l The result can be categorized into nine classes ow/U   
l The results are illustrated by an example PQ$sOK|/  
l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. Sm)u9  
l From the results obtained so far, it seem that +"dv7  
l Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn z 8E1m"  
as )hBE11,PB  
l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from BgM%+b8u  
completion. ZIDbqQu  
l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the 2s\BY%XY  
total costs. $5NKFJc  
l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, iG#}`  
less fuzzy and more detailed. BJk Z2=  
Chapter 6. Conclusion 2z\e\I  
l From the discussion, one may conclude that ... 1y(UgEg   
l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that x6W `hpL  
l The conclusions drawn are also valid $,ikv?"L  
l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx C h19h8M  
lies not only in... ~e-z,:Af  
l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a T.ML$"f  
theory of ,6{iT,~@8  
xx based on fuzzy sets. /<{:I \<  
l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area 6;iJ*2f5V  
l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems O"Q7 Rx  
<%P2qgz5  
interwoven with imprecise data ++jAz<46  
l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of Gh\q^?}  
the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any y >+mc7n  
level of the hierarchy is made possible. {<=#*qx[Y!  
l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of _zMgoc7  
the xx process and xx concept. m@Rtlb  
l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful Qdf=XG 5  
feedback information for improvements for xx work. +&i +Mpb  
l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. Qk976  
l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation 1:M@&1L Yp  
for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment. qfo D  
Future Research 5d\q-d  
l Thus, first extension of the approach could be, .@F]Pht  
l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory eq4C+&O&  
application to `bjizS'^  
l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may ,yd=e}lQx  
be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more U#&7p)4(  
detailed representation of the scheduling activity. 3?n>yS  
Tables and Figures pmWr]G3,*  
l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. H1n1-!%d  
l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure jPZaD>!  
1. Xx:F)A8O  
l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. ~@.%m"<.  
l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the f"1>bW>R+  
l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that xg_D f,  
l the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure E.|-?xQ6  
2. uvP2Wgt  
l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system mE%$HZ}  
l Table shows the _WXtB#  
l as shown in Table 1 and 2 2owEw*5jl/  
l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 VA *y|Q6  
l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. ';Zi@f"  
yeDsJ/L  
l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as Tou/5?# %e  
row-headings, Mj[f~  
xx through xx as column-headings. EI!6MC)  
l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are 5%sE] Y#  
made. [ i#zP  
CONJUGATION oF(Lji?m  
To Indicate Addition `;%]'F0`  
l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, E dZ\1'&/9  
besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, T^J>ZDA  
first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, Xp0F [>h  
second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly ys 5&PZg*  
speaking aaD;jxT&M|  
To Indicate Cause and Effect 5j~$Mj`  
l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in da)NK!  
short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly M1KqY:9E  
To indicate Comparison Kq i4hK  
l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively W`c'=c  
To Indicate Concession yX~v-N!X  
l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, U8 nH;}i  
even so , I admit, naturally, of course Q-1vw6d  
To Indicate Contrast b0oMs=uBn  
l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in yn#X;ja-  
contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, VkZ7#  
normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, `r?7oxN  
rather, unfortunately, J H7<  
To Indicate Time Relationships: KZ/=IP=  
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon >y,-v:Vy  
Dc ,I7F|%  
as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, c"[cNZo  
before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent t<#h$}=:Vt  
years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, )rC6*eR  
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, kBffF@{  
while /FRm2m83  
To Indicate Special Features or Examples: 8SGo9[U2  
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, J@u;H$@/y  
in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this 4q k9NK2 U  
respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above =|Y,+/R?  
To Indicate Summary: .4E&/w+  
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to BBev<  
conclude 9?SZNL['V  
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, <_-hRbS  
VERB PHASE /#)/;  
l build a .. model H*r)Z 90  
l build up the key link 6}FP  
l began a new era in ... >7QvK3S4%  
l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained !*7 vFl  
through !]=d-RGNe  
l can result in r2,.abo  
l carries out ... tasks 73/P &hT  
l production information in order to simultaneously ,)vDeU  
l contains all information necessary to describe x$6^R q>2  
l do not make use of production information Gz,i~XX  
l deals with t%E!o0+8Z  
l end with failure ,g2ij  
l fetch the information from the model directly zem8G2#c  
l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the +%ee8|\  
development of / VHIOwzC  
been recognized as YS/Yd[ e  
l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned Ab{ K<:l  
xc=b |:A  
with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each H9YW  
feature of a compo PHZ0P7  
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / fSK]|"c  
demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / r]:(Vk]|F  
equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / L~lxXTG\  
pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / `d5%.N  
shown in / used to effectively guide the search *U&0<{|T  
l makes use of %A1o.{H  
l make up }`% *W`9b  
l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands jB%lB1Q|  
placed upon it M2OIBH4!  
l must be justified < $J>9k  
l point out /Z'L^ L%R  
l play an important role kMi/>gpQ  
l relates to ,)Me  
l rely on k/#&qC>]  
l satisfy the needs e7Xeo+/  
l determine the total requirements for the ...  oM2l-[-  
l uses ... as a key to search for... 8xMEe:} V  
l without relying on JTO~9>$ B  
l will be available/ performed/ overlooked 7K,-01-:  
NOUN PHASE LlX{#R  
l a basic technical function of xjfV?B'Y}V  
l a critical need ~.{/0T  
l a key / principle feature of ;RDh ~EV  
l a substantial impact on .7e2YI,S  
l an intensive review was conducted OK[T3/v,  
l an increasing need for expanding the application of .... `^u>9v-+'  
l an important component / function / aspect / issue ALrw\qV  
l each rule is numbered in sequence Xe6w|  
l each of these involves 1"zDin!A  
l for this calculation, it is necessary to define +giyX7BPJ  
l in the physical environment / integration of X 0WJBEE  
"?]{ %-u  
l in the reality of situations where … ii[F]sR\  
l many aspects of = s>T;|  
l most past efforts have been spent on ... wQqb`l7+  
l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. zL$@`Eh-KP  
l sources of additional information on ... are listed QS%%^+E2  
l systematic and rationally structured format  aC$B2  
l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is [B+yyBtx  
shown 'Y*E<6:  
l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general f!\lg  
hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide YLqGRE`W  
interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role $@z5kwx:P  
/ task of / kernel functions ^V?<K.F  
l the number of parts needed to $G8E 3|k  
l the above statement means that QKyo `g7  
l the output data is passed to ock Te5U  
l the proposed method / underlying principle +AR5W(&  
l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should DK$X2B"cV  
l this information resides in _wTOmz%|R  
l this process is composed of ... different ... operation ?3nR  
l along with the use of d ^^bke$~  
l concerning general aspects of _7H7 dV  
l due to DnC{YK  
l for later use in generating..., 9KDEM gCW  
l in turn, "U e. @>  
l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite 2Z-ljD&  
evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to W=j[V Oq  
l it can be claimed/concluded that BU WqI dg  
l it demonstrates the decisions required of D ~stM  
l it also provides information to .. JW{rA6?   
l it becomes essential to Tu $f?  
l let ... be the probability that tmv&U;0Z  
l once... is written, it is compiled into... % 5m/  
l suppose it is observed that !ipR$ dM  
l this is because W }8'Pf  
0O9Ni='Tn  
l this results in a =8t]\Y?  
l upon completion of the ... analysis, SOIHePmwK  
l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will v9:9E|,U+  
also be IAw{P0 8+  
recorded in books and papers B P2=2)Q  
l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation d*jMZ%@uS  
plans, _oHNkKQ  
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. A;*d}Xe&J  
l for the sake of convenience oE+R3[D?r  
l correct decision to be reach <}E!w_yi  
l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. {>R:vH 8  
l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: &7`^i.fh)  
l practical solutions *QwY]j%^  
l because of rather small job lot sizes <g1hxfKx5  
l Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should `V`lo,"\  
milling tool be select" different level of knowledge in the realm of ()5[x.xK@  
process planning
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沙发  发表于: 2007-11-14   
Very useful, thank u!
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