英语论文写作常用经典句型 8l-+
4~mH
kz\
D-b
aL$m
Beginning :?2+'+%'
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for oM/(&"
2. This paper proceeds as follow. L:"i,K#P
3. The structure of the paper is as follows. b*S:wfw
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related 55
)!cw4
concepts .|}ogTEf
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the RbKAB8
Introduction M)C.bo{p
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the ^o}!=aMr
problem and a detailed presentation of how the required +VE }c
membership functions are defined. -H5n>j0!{
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 1H`T=:P?
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various rs2G{a
situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an rT9<_<
entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy 6 "U&i9
service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is S'#KPzy.
studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. q[`)A?Ae
Review o_ka'|
1. This review is followed by an introduction. pMnkh}Q#
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is 6Ko[[?Lf[
presented in Section 2. *jM~VTXwt
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. WW82=2rJ9
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard NPc]/n?vDj
to ... 01<~~6A
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. (yIl]ZN*
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of #D~atgR
action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of S e/VOzzg
systems and outlines the need for development of possibility F* "
methods. ]4wyuP,up
Body >fRI^Q,
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its d~@&*1}
w=5 D>]
importance. 8wz%e(
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making d1VNTB
logic. Lsa&A+fru
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 7WK^eW"y8
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, Nr)v!z~y
natural language understanding. S~fUR n
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed _ #]uk&5a
in terms of fuzzy time-window YCZl1ry:V=
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in ;/?M&rX
the ... !wy
Qk
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including
)cOw9s
the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. &
1)4B
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9a}rE
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the EfHo1Yn&
analysis of xx. +k|t[N
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human <>JN3?
decision. *y
+T(73
11. Section 3 is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy ^UI{U1N~Bz
decision rules \; ! oG
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 3aIP^I1
describes the xx strategies.
s;V~dxAiv
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the 2Zt :]be
proposed model. LV|ZZ.d h
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost wG;#L7%
variance investigation. ~\_aT2j0
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. I3 /^{-n
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of r}kQ<SRx
memory process. q =sEtH=
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of &)jBr^x#>
Section 2 and 3. _Iz JxAcJ
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and ~ [L4,q
illustrate its use on experimental data. NIZN}DnP
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set 2d:<P!B
model .. fZ8
%Z
&+V6mH9m@
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further 0>@D{_}s
work. w`_cmI
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
W/03L, 1
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are /{Ff)<Q.Z
discussed very briefly in Section 2. ~*:{U
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a /^_~NF#
whole model \@G
7Kk*l
of human DM system ]2O52r
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which Wp2b*B=-
a ... scheme must satisfy. 0\fV'JDOR
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and F3BWi[Xh
uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness \:>GF-Z(
when the domain of discourse is order-dense. "},0Cs
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical $ =
uz
study WhPwD6l>
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to {NmpTb
construct membership functions. tE&@U$0>o
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two 06hzCWm
#
kinds of inference experiments... O>8|Lc
This Section UO3QwZ4j;
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which -P I$SA,
MRP is designed are described. }^T7S2_Qy
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations 6yDc4AX
which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. <P
)U Ggd
Next Section AH*{Bi[vX
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the Xz/5Wis4
computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. ZkbaUIQ
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical PwF
1Pr`r
applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as CcF$?07 i
discussed in the next section. DV={bcQ
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, jZRf{
and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will "EA6RFRD
&ZkY9XO
then illustrate their use. Yd}Jz
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the +Ce[OG.
following sections. jO` b&]0
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful 5m.{ayE
for arguments based on xx HIK"Ce
Summary B8XW+U
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research 0F"W~OQ6
consideration in section 5. <>gX'te
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. O=,[u?
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. =[N=mC
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions [C8lMEV~
of the paper. c"nowbf
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized {ylY"FA
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and W^a-K
conclusions are drawn. #hp7@ Tu
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. xj6@85^
Chapter 0. Abstract zmA]@'j
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a )[t zAaP7
xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. %anY'GK
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy w^AY= Fc
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx I_/E0qSJI
measures. e;|:W A
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. a Uy!(Y
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. ?%|w?Fdx-
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. &oz^dlw
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile cuw 7P
xx algorithm. lQ8h -Tz
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
Io(*_3V)B
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. m{ w
k0
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 2bs={p$}a
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. jkQ%b.a
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are {Vw\#/,
6YHQ/#'G~
presented and justified. $fzO:br5WJ
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. zu,F 0;De
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis iBM;$0Y
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. W0I)< S
14. This paper analyses problems in o]@Mg5(8Q
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... eT'Z;ZO
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... f@j )t%mh
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for 8|"26UwD/
approaching ;
u@& [
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by R<L<kChg
which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are hr/H vB
evaluated. NQmdEsK
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx sQXj?5!
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. W]CsKN,K
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy ng{"W|
phases of: xx, xx mm:g9j
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise TPF5 ?
represented by linguistic variables. iD${7
_
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational IA;'5IF
procedure {8pN]=SaJ~
Chapter 1. Introduction fe4Ki
Time VR XK/dZ
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive )j+G4
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world rizWaw5E!8
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the BW x=Q
4. The development of ... is explored E;bv;RUio
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a 0}3Xry,{
variety of directions @~CXnc0
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7t3ps
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance l3:2f-H
with the advent of ... tyU'[LF?
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... Db K(Rh_
K
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. !T"jvDYH
xl ]1TB@
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx sXwa`_{
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these dvu8V_U
weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be E*"oA1/I
developed.
v
Ls*}+f
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. *TgD{>s
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far U
[{vA6
from ready to be used in commercial systems. ;R([w4[~
Objective / Goal / Purpose o/hj~;(]
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: tF:AqR:(~
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to d:#z{V_
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, P?hB`5X
and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx. slQEAqG)B
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx @y2cC6+'t
4. The scope of this research lies in Om(Ir&0
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based w/e?K4
decision making. )I"I[jDw
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and M.67[Qj~"u
confidence as to permit ... /s@j{*Om
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 9y*2AaxW
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of PsM8J
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide Z~]G+(
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to >U)>~SQf
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such 9t!Agxm
probability distribution. -TS5g1
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the P)O:lYX
following requirements: s6k(K>P
l
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity +~"(Wooi
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be Vqr]Ui
completed TZhYgV
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... (9{qT>eJg=
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues LIll@2[
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently nrR2U`
developed procedure for the xx. .hJcK/m
eo~b]D
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are tn;{r
studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. A
b+qLh&?
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and BO2s(8
strategies for structuring ..methods KA>QW[HX
20. This illustration points out the need to specify 0mNL!"
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. ' e %>Ip
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review 4";NT;_q5
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, g_JQW(_
for example, regarding xx xo4lM
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the B|.A6:1g+
last decade r4d#;S9{o
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of hcM9Sx"!
uncertainties associated with xx. _9dW+
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning ilyF1=bp
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to "gFw:t"VV
uncertainty in xx. `KZu/r-M9
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is hiv {A9a?
still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in %{rPA3Xoy
concrete applications. ss6{+
@,
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. o_BRsJy
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system V`9*_8Dx2
analysis. 'u%vpvF
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the ?XeaoD/
development of 1CR\!?
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this 7rYBFSp
design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. _BONN6=*y
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or N|%r5%
probabilistic in nature. T]/5aA4
34. The central issue in all these studies is to $|@pY| f
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, q<Qjc
however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical ^IyYck'y+
approaches. +XSe;xk;rD
36. Applied ... techniques to
p1hF.
37. Characterized the ... system as >&ZlCE
^>>9?
38. Developed an algorithm to We\i0zUU
39. Developed a system called ... which BsL+9lNue
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce oRJ
!TAbD
41. Emphasized the need to X|/RV4x@Cq
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology cK2;)&U7
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken f$9|qfW'$
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed J}+N\V~
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ FFcIOn
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights wt;`_}g
46. Point out that the problem of ~:PM_o*6
47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 'U*#71S
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 7h0u7 N
49. The approach taken by [] is :WsHP\r
50. The system developed by [] consists 5`$!s17
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] o3eaNYa
52. []'s model requires consideration of... i(.V`G=
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development YJ-<t6
54. []'s model focuses on... fI2y(p{?
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to _Pa@%/
56. The published information that is relevant to this research... a(*"r:/lD
57. This study further shows that k3e6y
58. Their work is based on the principle of u^B! 6Sj8
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. UZmUYSu;
60. Studies have been completed to established H=*0KX{
61. The ...studies indicated that MK @rx6<9
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in WNb2"W
recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. e=p_qhBt
Problem / Issue / Question l:bbc!3
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as dZ8ldpf8
manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined =S6bP<
q
model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration kP/<S
<h,g
of multiple aspects. lZe-A/E
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems _Ve)M%
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved |' JN<?
%X^qWKix}m
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed V2AsZc0U(
69. An unanswered question | oM`
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. ut]UU*g^$
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... ,)!%^~v
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed ,quUGS
73. The three prime issues can be summarized: nT2b"wkTT
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... ~Ym*QSD
75. There have been many attempts to kka{u[ruA
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 4M|C>My
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 8.^`~ta
problem. 5D?{dA:Rq
1. There are several ways to get around this problem. OC-d5P
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. [`E_/95
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. {~R?f$}""j
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. y!:vX6l
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of 8 $H\b &u
the problem. &e3}Vop
6. Several problems are associated with them. <^Y#q
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two nRw.82eK.
major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system Oml3=TV
can be realized. QhAYCw2
8. Most problems in practice are complicated a #s
Nd
9. More problem surface here. 38l:Y"
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system BT;1"l<
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and \>EUa}%xn
imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which 2$b1q!g<
bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample k\/es1jOEh
population of xx t1oTZ
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers Ln+ k_
attempting to develop <&B]p
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of ]d%Ou]609
membership function determination. \>w 2D
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical L8zMzm=-
and empirical problems. $Op:-aW&
/Jc^XWf
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new ;F71f#iY
methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have {\VsM#K6
to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. ww%4MHPp8
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology /z)8k4
Assumption XC390t
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too ^Ga_wJP8S
restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination u+jx3aP:
time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be *_Pkb.3R
applied. A9[D.W9>
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and }y*rO(cu7G
the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which Q2@yUDd!
stems from the problem's nature. "68=dC
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the {gDoktC@M
assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the Fy_~~nI0
execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the (51;cj>J
experiment is in progress. IueI7A
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at ~%: TE}
which the expert is indifferent. L'>0E(D
5. Main simplifying assumptions are: U/rFH9e$
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. f_QZql
Outline / Structure / Module #q?:Act
1. An outline of the research e#tWQM3
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme +j6^g*
3. Is built into ... structure !t&C,@Ox
4. A nice modular structure. @=l.J+lh
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria -9"[/
Classification U }}E
E~W
1. A xx system comprises three main components: yfe4}0}
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. kjR-p=}
3. Consists of the following steps: V%J_iY/BUb
4. This is summarized in the following steps: ~NO'8Mr
sH)40QmO{
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: [\ppK C
6. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l`AA<Rj*O-
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more %0eVm
8. The following steps should be followed brt`oR
9. xx can be classified by a different ways. 3#c
0p790
10. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: D??
\H\
11. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. ",Fqpu&M
System p/&s-GF
1. Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not e&XJK*Wf
usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong 3=kw{r[2lM
answer.
^9*Jz{e
2. The system consists of both ... and ... I~U;M+n*y
3. The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on %;tBWyq}_
three levels. QU^?a~r
4. expert system domains are area of expertise x?-kt.M
5. To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be ~-2q3U Py
considered: ~px)Jd
6. The system has been developed / designed to determine zvP>8[
7. The system has proven to be able to eop7=!`-~~
8. The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular 6AL
Ud^
domain W!WeYV}kb
9. The system comprises a ... with {,CvWL
10. The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique _^u^@.Q'i<
11. The system environment must be relatively stable ]5i]2r1
12. The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and "+KAYsVtU
retrieve ... 91j.%#[v'
13. The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx LDv>hzo
stage. d7Devs
k
14. The most essential part of .. system is the ...
~l>2NY
15. The successful developments in ESs have made them an 1 :d,8
important tool in the development of AwO'%+Bv
16. An automated system was developed for -axV;+"b
17. In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. K+J fU
J
#sp8 !8|y
18. An interactive automatic ... system xSoXf0zq:
19. A …. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system AIa#t#8${
20. Should be capable of being generated from a ... system '2.11cM3
21. xx is an important part of the integrated system. AT]Ty
22. The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a 4 Z<
separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. P _3U4J
23. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in -$m?ShDd
the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of [?Ub =sp
the antecedent of the next rule base. n32.W?9
24. The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the z@n77
9 i
linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the =3Hv
antecedent of a rule. GcYT<pwN6
Computer System J=qPc}+
1. The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an l]o)KM<
MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well \9t6#8
known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be 2r|!:^'?W
easily implemented. "G`8>1tO_
2. The current version of the xx program when compiled with lm;G8IP`
WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. ~NtAr1
Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible $"&U%3
machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min 8fwM)DKS
to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. =wy 3h0k^
3. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in @0>3))
C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. ?hQ
,'M2
4. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires (\6R"2
approximately 180 seconds. )d|hIW]7(
5. It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, Z|kMoB
80386..209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math HKdR?HM1
co-processor. G$D6#/rR
6. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx 'Na/AcRdg
method and the other based on the new method, were written in @Sl!p)
FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor. fii\&p7z
7. Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes ^{W#ut>IN
,T|%vqbmw
development time.
.ZxH#l _
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the DgLSDKO!
computer. '*KP{"3\
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study U "qO&;m
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe 'd"\h#
limitations. DvuL1MeKo
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving adJoT-8P6
five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria "F+Wo&
-- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. !!c.cv'
l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented `f:5w^A
programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems \4SFD3$&
encountered in construction xxx. IpxFME%!
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / k*4?fr
Rule / Formula / Technique -BV&u(
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system (WW,]#^
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach #oYX0wvl
may be applied. qvOBvUR}
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the <C4^Vem
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been !UUh7'W4u
complied, none are generally accepted na
FZ<'t>&
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the $`'^&o;&f
body of the report. 'q[V*4g
l This can be accomplished by \Mlj
7.u]
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by {\t:{.F
A
step as follows: UhCd,
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important )m[!HE`cZ
information aG|)k,
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... #U/B,`= >
l These concepts have been applied to j)F~C8*
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, I{cn ,,8
l This can be achieved by t9pPG {1
l This fact suggests that a new concept qrX6FI
l This was accomplished by taking ... n?,fF(
((dG<
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. ur#"f'|-
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility 00pHnNoxW
l There is little hope of achieving successful ... g1J]z<&
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using T
|j^
most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception w\t{'
of b'-gy0
l Only a few studies can be found. t%dPj8~
l It is a very tedious process to go through */8\Z46z
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected &(.ZHF
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. 9) YG)A~<
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. v5$zz w
l Several techniques can be used L:^'cl}
G
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the &FanD
following]/[follows]: ng 6G<
hi
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. 0^[$0]Mt[
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. cA
Lu
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to ja>T nfu
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx ]CL70+[^9
times the ... tIvtiN6[|l
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. ]JM9 ^F
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... -zTeIvcy5
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the QTyl=z7
system. -J6}7>4^8}
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for 4i19HD_
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that ``\H'^{B
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l:[=M:#p
l Euler's formula states the following: ;}PL/L$L6;
l The completed model should agree with the formula. bIhL!Ty T.
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the $H9xM
object is necessary l%:_#1?isf
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, F`N*{at
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide 8_LDS
enough to ?:2Xh/8-
be useful. Q7s1
M&K
2,fB$5+
Point of View LSs={RD2+p
l from an implementation standpoint, ,8
.`;
l From the point of view of this application, I
F@M
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named o]j*
xxx (CRI for short). a"zoDD/
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of
}0TY
some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. <vrx8Q*6
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an v 3NaX.
FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. VuY.})+J:
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, DjKjEZHgM
tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a o6r4tpiR5
screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] )0Lq>6j9
Justification a !IH-XJ2
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has j.6kjQN
received wide acceptance and can MXy{]o_H~
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible oxzNV&D[{`
environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. QJ>>&`{,
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an A=$oYBB
estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar (TE2t7ab|M
value on the estimate. qj1z>,\
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications ]ok>PH]
since it is natural and easy to implement. 82X.
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a dc05,Bz
fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. cGp^;> ]M
Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to x3Ud0[(
manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. P5>CSWy%
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on }$-VI\96
which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in k@L~h{`Mc\
nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural <IVz mzpL
framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions !A!\S/x4
analysis. L3AwL)I
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a F(<8:`N;G
mV,R0olF
convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains z (3"\ ^T
why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which x/=j$oA
are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule. K_QCYS
.
Chapter 4. Examples ;X(n
3F
Example/ Data $1+K}tP
l The data used in the following example was taken from an \#aVu^`eX
experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx yUO|3ONT
technique. 0?SLRz8
l The data consists of over xx measurements. `VtwKt*
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are ` a>vPW
compared with a xx U[b;#Y1X
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be (x
qA.(F
applied are xx, xx, etc. |a{]P=<q
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of |L;psK
illustrating the computational procedure discussed. zU~..;C
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual M"^Vf{X^
xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied Y/H^*1
statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic n=? 0g;1!
methods. ~lqGnNhh7
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but |xZ
cT4
deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed OZD!#YI
references for those wishing this level of detail. c^O#O
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the br Z,s
paper. ~AanU1U<
Comparisons TE%
#$q
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process j yRSEk$
planning point of view will be discussed. 2BDan^:-Av
l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh =5~F6to
(1973) appeared more suitable tRnW%F5
l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], _]xt65TL
]<T8ZA_Y;
Relation M+;P?|
a
l We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one u=;nU(]M '
mapping. 2l@"p!ar=
l The relationships appear very complicate /;&+<
}
l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between s)YP%vn#
the task variables and the human operator's characteristics. ]1d,O^S
l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... ~sIGI?5f
l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can j;20JA/b
establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, OR\DTLIl
and then modify these relationships. LxlbD#<V
l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. Sf&?3a+f
l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. dHG Io
Importance %gu
$_S
l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to qX{X4b$
rule based decision making. (+UmUx=
Consideration / Attention 8b 8\
l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure wfDp,T
3w7
l Such a formulation does not change further considerations. ~J1;tZS
l Considerable attention has been paid to *:9 >W$0u
l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this =0h|yjnL/
investigation. kxm:g)`=[
l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... VJN/#
l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others W ""*hJ
can be accommodated
l*K I
l After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried sK@Y!oF}\
out/performed to determine L/q]QgCoA
l A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration M!Z*QY."P
before making the appropriate decision. 3cOY0Z#T
l It should be noted that SqXy;S@
l It is important to point out that ... C5es2!^-]O
l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of q Vm"f,ruo
providing ... HKTeqH_:
3s` V)aXP
l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx R2}kz.
Chapter 5. Results. *wC\w
Advantages / Disadvantage Nfv="t9e
l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it ih>a~U<
can be applied to the experimental study of :7p9t.R<$h
l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. { p1lae
l The xx system is versatile 6OL41g'
l It has a very fast decision making process u64@"P
l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. Dv<wge`
l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a o]Z
_@VI
microprocessor-based environment. 2E^"r jLm
l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. X*pZNz&E
l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: In
f9wq\
l However, xx is not without its shortcomings. >M?H79fF2s
l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing 8y$5oD6g9
xxx. m_a^RB(
l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally 807al^s
x
reduced by 5% to 9%. oJ
^C]E
l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. 9Ei5z6Vk/+
l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only vR7ct av
recognize a xx . *kP;{Cb`
l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and :^n*V6.4
limited to xx. .
>}BNy
l Some other advantages of xx are the following: >-!r9"8@
l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of d$w(-tV42
parts. '=VH6@vZ_'
l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in Us'Cs+5XcG
system modeling that was impossible in practice. jh[
#p?:
l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and 6Lb{r4^
benefits, the use of xx, axX{6
l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of :vpl+)n
conventional xx approaches. Mm5c8[
J,??x0GDx,
l This combines the best features of both techniques yO00I`5
l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for 2`EVdl7B]
developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, !NTH.U:g
and knowledge management activities in virtual communities. 'r\ 4}Ik
Results e!GZSk
l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based
;+a2\j+
on the data provided
Or7
mD
l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review :5J_5,?;`
l Based on the information contained in this e?b)p5g
l The result can be categorized into nine classes ow/U
l The results are illustrated by an example PQ$sOK|/
l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. Sm)u9
l From the results obtained so far, it seem that +"dv7
l Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn z
8E1 m"
as )hBE11,PB
l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from BgM%+b8u
completion. ZIDbqQu
l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the 2s\BY%XY
total costs. $5NKFJc
l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, iG#}`
less fuzzy and more detailed. BJk
Z2=
Chapter 6. Conclusion 2z\e\I
l From the discussion, one may conclude that ... 1y(UgEg
l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that x6W`hpL
l The conclusions drawn are also valid
$,ikv?"L
l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx Ch19h8M
lies not only in... ~e-z,:Af
l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a T.ML$"f
theory of ,6{iT,~@8
xx based on fuzzy sets. /<{: I \<
l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area 6;iJ*2f5V
l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems O"Q7
Rx
<%P2qgz5
interwoven with imprecise data ++jAz<46
l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of Gh\q^?}
the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any y >+mc7n
level of the hierarchy is made possible. {<=#*qx[Y!
l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of _zMgoc7
the xx process and xx concept. m@Rtlb
l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful Qdf=XG
5
feedback information for improvements for xx work. +&i +Mpb
l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. Qk9 76
l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation 1:M@&1LYp
for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment. qfo
D
Future Research 5d\q-d
l Thus, first extension of the approach could be, .@ F]Pht
l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory eq4C+&O&
application to `bjizS'^
l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may ,yd= e}lQx
be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more U#&7p)4(
detailed representation of the scheduling activity. 3?n>yS
Tables and Figures pmWr]G3,*
l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. H1n1-!%d
l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure jPZaD>!
1. Xx:F)A8O
l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. ~@.%m"<.
l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the f"1>bW>R+
l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that xg_Df,
l the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure E.|-?xQ6
2. uvP2Wgt
l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system mE%$HZ}
l Table shows the _WX tB#
l as shown in Table 1 and 2 2owEw*5jl/
l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 VA*y|Q6
l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. ';Zi@f"
yeDsJ/L
l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as Tou/5?#%e
row-headings, Mj[f~
xx through xx as column-headings. EI!6MC)
l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are 5%sE]Y#
made. [ i#zP
CONJUGATION oF(Lji?m
To Indicate Addition `;%]'F0`
l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, EdZ\1'&/9
besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, T^J >ZDA
first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, Xp0F
[>h
second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly ys 5&PZg*
speaking aaD;jxT&M|
To Indicate Cause and Effect 5j~$Mj`
l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in da)NK!
short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly M1KqY: 9E
To indicate Comparison Kq i4hK
l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively W`c'=c
To Indicate Concession yX~v-N!X
l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, U8
nH;}i
even so , I admit, naturally, of course Q-1vw6d
To Indicate Contrast b0oMs=uBn
l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in yn#X;ja-
contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, VkZ7#
normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, `r?7oxN
rather, unfortunately, JH7<
To Indicate Time Relationships: KZ/=IP=
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon >y,-v:Vy
Dc
,I7F|%
as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, c"[cNZo
before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent t<#h$}=:Vt
years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, )rC6*eR
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, kBffF@{
while /FRm2m83
To Indicate Special Features or Examples: 8SGo9[U2
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, J@u;H$@/y
in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this 4qk9NK2 U
respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above =|Y,+/R?
To Indicate Summary: .4E&/w+
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to BBev<
conclude 9?SZNL['V
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, <_-hRbS
VERB PHASE /#)/;
l build a .. model H*r)Z90
l build up the key link 6}FP
l began a new era in ... >7QvK3S4%
l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained !*7 vFl
through !]=d-RGNe
l can result in r2,.abo
l carries out ... tasks 73/P
&hT
l production information in order to simultaneously ,)vDeU
l contains all information necessary to describe x$6^R q>2
l do not make use of production information Gz,i~XX
l deals with t%E!o0+8Z
l end with failure ,g2ij
l fetch the information from the model directly
zem8G2#c
l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the +%ee8|\
development of / VHIOwzC
been recognized as YS/Yd[ e
l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned Ab{ K<:l
xc=b
|:A
with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each H9YW
feature of a compo PHZ0P7
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / fSK]|"c
demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / r]:(Vk]|F
equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / L ~lxXTG\
pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / `d5%.N
shown in / used to effectively guide the search
*U&0<{|T
l makes use of %A1o.{H
l make up }`%*W`9b
l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands jB%lB1Q|
placed upon it M2OIBH4!
l must be justified <
$J>9k
l point out /Z'L^L%R
l play an important role kMi/>gpQ
l relates to ,)Me
l rely on k/#&qC>]
l satisfy the needs e7Xeo +/
l determine the total requirements for the ... oM2l-[-
l uses ... as a key to search for... 8xMEe:}
V
l without relying on JTO~9>$ B
l will be available/ performed/ overlooked 7K,-01-:
NOUN PHASE LlX{#R
l a basic technical function of xjfV?B'Y}V
l a critical need ~.{/0T
l a key / principle feature of ;RDh~EV
l a substantial impact on .7e2YI,S
l an intensive review was conducted OK[T3/v,
l an increasing need for expanding the application of .... `^u>9v-+'
l an important component / function / aspect / issue ALrw\qV
l each rule is numbered in sequence Xe6w|
l each of these involves 1"zDin!A
l for this calculation, it is necessary to define +giyX7BPJ
l in the physical environment / integration of X 0WJBEE
"?]{%-u
l in the reality of situations where … ii[F]sR\
l many aspects of =
s>T;|
l most past efforts have been spent on ... wQqb`l7+
l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. zL$@`Eh-KP
l sources of additional information on ... are listed QS%%^+E2
l systematic and rationally structured format aC$B2
l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is [B+yyBtx
shown 'Y*E<6:
l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general f!\lg
hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide YLqGRE`W
interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role $@z5kwx:P
/ task of / kernel functions ^V ?<K.F
l the number of parts needed to $G8E 3|k
l the above statement means that QKyo
`g7
l the output data is passed to ockTe5U
l the proposed method / underlying principle +AR5W(&
l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should DK$X2B"c V
l this information resides in _wTOmz%|R
l this process is composed of ... different ... operation ?3nR
l along with the use of d ^^bke$~
l concerning general aspects of _7H7
dV
l due to DnC{YK
l for later use in generating..., 9KDEM gCW
l in turn, "Ue.@>
l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite 2Z-ljD&
evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to W=j[V
Oq
l it can be claimed/concluded that BU
WqIdg
l it demonstrates the decisions required of D ~stM
l it also provides information to .. JW{rA6?
l it becomes essential to Tu
$f?
l let ... be the probability that tmv&U;0Z
l once... is written, it is compiled into... % 5m/
l suppose it is observed that !ipR$ dM
l this is because W }8'Pf
0O9Ni='Tn
l this results in a =8t]\Y?
l upon completion of the ... analysis, SO IHePmwK
l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will v9:9E|,U+
also be IAw{P0
8+
recorded in books and papers B
P2=2)Q
l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation d*jMZ%@uS
plans, _oHNkKQ
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. A;*d}Xe&J
l for the sake of convenience oE+R3[D?r
l correct decision to be reach <}E!w_yi
l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. {>R:vH8
l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: &7`^i.fh)
l practical solutions *QwY]j%^
l because of rather small job lot sizes <g1hxfKx5
l Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should `V`lo,"\
milling tool be select" different level of knowledge in the realm of ()5[x.xK@
process planning