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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 bJR\d0Z
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 !bnnUCTb\
:P+7ti @ 2．被动形式 R /_vJHI
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=<ht@-1 v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 <v\x<ul
6 v 时间状语从句当中的时态： r& :v( XuU>.T$] c Fa #5a'}I 一般过去时 所有的过去 0AhUH| ] 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 m YhDi 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 r -uu`=, 一．非谓语动词 `+ UBl\j
一．不定式： `bd9N !K
Ov.oyke4 一）不定式的常考形式： +.m:-^9
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% 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. ,z+n@sUR: 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. }L^PZS@Jf 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 4'N 4,3d$
C7&L9k~jf 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. e8z?) 4T 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. m\|EM'@k 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 ]l
<anU#bEuQ 二）不定式常考的考点： > V >GiSni
Rgz zbW 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 x5M+\?I< 2
R~RE21kAc 2）不定式做状语----目的 &NI\<C7_Gw
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^1uj:vD 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. $3eoZ1q'U-
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Kk 三)不定式的省略 iD>H{1 h
r( zn1;zl 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel x l=i _
CH 5>u + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； =(v'8?
-- + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 ?& VKZSo
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. zb vV:9N
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qJp 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) UM^~a$t I saw him working in the garden yesterday. C8}
;, 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） ]q&NO(:kbq v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. NGW:hgf 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to +HG
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f#gV>.P;h\ I ‘d like to have John do it. EWOa2^%}Z\
6LabFX@{& I have my package weighed. "h8fTB\7S\
Uyd' uC Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. J_9[ x mM
:Vw{ l B 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do Hk=HO|&<XB
b|\dHi2F T 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： 4I*'(6
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s3 VD6xi7 want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do Tf('iZ2+ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do SnM^T(gtS3 be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 8O[l[5u& "CZv 5) 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 F&
(/X ]9 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. "akAGa!V+ 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 > }kZXeR|
# L57d He needs (a lot of) encouraging. zV(aw~CbZ _CBMU'V
2IGU{&s 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 g1(5QWb
f>3)}9?xc} 1)是名词 seeing is believing {CNJlr@z 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. ekqS=KfWl; 一)动名词的形式: m;
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X8A.ag0Uu 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. M }q;\} 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. GK[9I F#_> 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. Gl[1K/,* 二) 动名词常考的点 -Kc jnl92i
[JV?Mdzu 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 VN'\c3;
q- 0q: 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 .?L Rt
o2q-x2uB 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. )d2:r 07a
uh \Tf5 I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． t*H
|*L#YR A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） w0 vsdM;G I regret not having taken your advice. *'\ HG 4)有些词后只能接动名词 7AWq3i{
, KU%"{6 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 8Op^6rX4 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： xq=!1> it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... \fuz`fK: O'{kNr{u ^ meU& 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 F w
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remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 { 9.UeVz
rm$d v%q I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) 1i_%1Oip
V{w &RJ I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) B& R?{y*
MNb9 ~kM forgot与remember的用法类似。 X.[bgvm~C I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… dqo-.,=
-$I30.# I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。
;Q4,I[?% try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. uOy/c 8`
5MD' AP: try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. S]~5iO_bst
=5V7212 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 MPy> < J To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 ~J> ;l
s1 prefer的用法： UnYb}rF#% 我宁愿在这里等。 "#-iD I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） Sy4 |JM-5 I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） wU<j=lY?f I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） N:k>V4oE r
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'@h 3 分词： Az8ZA ~Op=
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 W*CRxGyZCl
现在分词的形式: 6sQ;Z |!Pz
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) u a_w5o7
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) Bp5ra9*5+~
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) ^B}
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过去分词 ~ss6yQ$
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. 3W_7xL A
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) (l-= /6-
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 $qdynKK
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