Entrance Examination for Doctorate Students eMRH*MyD
(November, 2001) dLp1l2h!0
Part II Reading Comprehension (30%) '|4+< #
Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should o decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: 5z_d$.CIc
Public general hospitals originated in the almshouse infirmaries established as early as colonial times by local governments to care for the poor. Later, in the late eighteenth and early nineteen centuries, the infirmary separated from the almshouse and became an independent institution supported by local tax money. At the same time, private charity hospitals began to develop. Both private and public hospitals provided mainly food and shelter for the impoverished sick, since there was little that medicine could actually do to cure illness, and the middle class was treated at home by private physicians.Late in the nineteenth century, the private charity hospital began trying to attract middle-class patients. Although the depression of 1890 stimulated the growth of charitable institutions and an expanding urban population became dependent on assistance, there was a decline、in private contributions to these organizations which forced them lo look to local government for financial support. Since private institutions had also lost benefactors, they began to charge patients. In order to attract middle-class patients, private institutions provided services and amenities that distinguished between paying and non-paying patients and made the hospital a desirable place for private physicians to treat their own patients. As paying patients became more necessary to the survival of the private hospital, the public hospitals slowly became the only place for the poor to get treatment. By the end of the nineteenth century, cities were reimbursing private hospitals for their care of indigent patients and the public hospitals remained dependent on the tax dollars.The advent of private hospital health insurance, which provided middle-class patients with the purchasing power to pay for private hospital services, guaranteed the private hospital a regular source of income. Private hospitals restricted themselves to revenue-generating patients, leaving the public hospitals to care for the poor. Although public hospitals continued to provide services for patients with communicable diseases and outpatient and emergency services, the Blue Cross plans developed around the needs of the private hospitals and the inpatients they served. Thus, reimbursement for ambulatory care has been minimal under most Blue Cross plans, and provision of outpatient care has not been a major function of the private hospital, in part because private patients can afford to pay for the services of private physicians. Additionally, since World War II, there has been a tremendous influx of federal money into private medical schools and the hospitals associated with them. Further, large private medical centers with expensive research equipment and programs have attracted the best administrators, physicians, and researchers. As a result of the greater resources available to the private medical centers, public hospitals have increasing problems attracting highly qualified research and medical personnel. With the mainstream of health care firmly established in the private medical sector, the public hospital has become a “dumping ground”.21. According to the passage, the very first private hospitals .A. developed from almshouse infirmariesB. provided better care than public infirmariesC. were established mainly to service the poorD. were supported by government revenues22. It can be inferred that the author believes the differences that currently exist between public and private hospitals are primarily the result of .A. political considerationsB. economic factorsC. ethical concernsD. legislative requirements25. Which of the following would be the most logical topic for the author to introduce in the next paragraph?A. A plan to improve the quality of public hospitalsB. An analysis of the profit structure of health insurance companiesC. A proposal to raise taxes on the middle classD. A discussion of recent development in medical technology24. The author's primary concern is to .A. describe the financial structure of the health-care industry B. demonstrate the importance of government support for health-care institutionsC. criticize wealthy institutions for refusing to provide services to the poorD. identify the historical causes of the division between private and public hospitals25. The author's attitude toward public hospitals can best be described as .A. contemptuous and prejudicedB. apprehensive and distrustfulC. concerned and understandingD. enthusiastic and supportive Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: yus3GqPI
Of all the areas learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people. "The burnt child fears the fire” is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler. Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated largely by the speeches they heard and the books they read.The classroom leachier in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire altitudes from those adults whose word they respect.Another reason, it is true is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who had previously acquired little knowledge of Mcxico, his teacher’s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome altitudes arc innumerable. Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very atmosphere of the classroom... these are a few of the fertile for the inculcation (反复灌输) of proper emotional reactions.However, when children come lo school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feeling by scolding them. She can achieve proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experiences.Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own altitudes, because her influence can be deleterious (有害的) if she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as a result nonobjective analysis of all the facts.26. The central idea conveyed in the passage is that .A. attitudes affect our actionsB. teachers play a significant role in developing >r changing pupil's attitudesC. altitudes can be changed by some classroom experiencesD. the elementary school is a more effective milieu (环境) for developing wholesome attitudes than high school or college.27. The author implies that .A. the teacher should guide all discussions by revealing her own attitudeB. children's attitudes often come from those of other childrenC. in some aspects of social studies a greater variety of methods can be used in the upper grades than in (lie lower gradesD. schools should offer the student opportunities for travel so that he can come into contact with people he would not otherwise meet28. A statement NOT made or implied in the passage is that . A. attitudes can he based on the learning of falsehoodsB. attitudes can not easily be changed by rewards or by lecturesC. worthwhile 此处几个单词不清the developed in practically every subject areaD. the attitudes of elementary school-aged children are influenced primarily by the way they were treated as infants29. The first and fourth paragraphs have ail the following points in common EXCEPT .A. the impedance of experienced in building attitudesB. how altitudes can be changed in the classroomC. how reading affects altitudesD. reference to straight thinking arid attitudes30. In the second paragraph, a substitute quotation to serve the writer's purpose would be .A. "Poverty is the parent of revolution and crime"B. "The vagabond, when rich, is called a tourist"C. "He that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune"D. "Nothing on earth consumes a man more quickly than the passion of resentment" Questions 31 to 35 arc based on the following passage: gko=5|c,@
The chant of “digital，digital, digital" continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital cameras, digital video camcorders (摄像放像机),video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals (外围设备）are moving the trend along at s breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every average aspect of our lives could be a fleeted by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario (设想) to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she's trying to sell. She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company's Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures ad asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolution (分辨率) and other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don't use film. Instead, they store images on cither a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital logography is that while you'll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you'll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren't any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you'd gel from a 35 mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, many people arc finding a use for digital camera.31. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks. A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both A and B32. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that .A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentum D. house dealing can be made easier33. could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Prons and cons of digital still camera C. Capturing the world digitallyD. The ways to use digital still camera34. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT .A. no need of filmB. easy to carry C. the image can be changedD. high resolution35. Which of the following best summarizes the article?A. New Digital Age of Interactivity B. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello Digital Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: P{9:XSa%
Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness. In the interval he does all he can to make a noise in the world, and there are few things of which he stands in more fear than of the absence of noise. Even his conversation is in great measure a desperate attempt to prevent a dreadful silence. If he is introduced to a fellow moral, and a number of pauses occur in the conversation, he regards himself as a failure, a worthless person, and is full of envy of tie emptiest-headed chatterbox. He knows that ninety-nine per cent of human conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly, but he longs to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure. The object of conversation is not, for the most part, to communicate ideas: it is to keep up the buzzing sound. There are, it must be admitted, different qualities of buzz: there is even a buzz that is as exasperating as the continuous ping of a mosquito. But at a dinner-party one would rather be a mosquito than a mute. Most buzzing, fortunately, is agreeable to the ear, and some of it is agreeable even to the mind. He would be a foolish man, however, who waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors. Those who despise the weather as a conversational opening seem to me to be ignorant of the reason why human beings wish to talk. Very few human beings join in a conversation in the hope of learning anything new；Some of them are content if they are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people's ears. They have nothing lo tell them except that they have seen two or three new plays or that they had bad food in a Swiss hotel. At the end of an evening during which they have said nothing at an immense length, they just plume on themselves their success as conversationists. I have heard a young man holding up the monologue of a prince among modern wits for half an hour in order to tell us absolutely nothing about himself with opulent long-windedness. None of us except the young man himself liked it, but he looked as happy as if he had a crown on his head.36. According to the author, conversation is by and large a grim effort to .A. prevent men thinking they are failuresB. eradicate man's fear of silenceC. avoid silenceD. make a man feel lie has value in other's eyes37. Why, according to the author, is a man so keen to join in conversation?A. In order to assert his superiority.B. In order to prove that he is a rational, living being.C. In order to communicate ideas which lie considers important.D. To prove that h^ is not a worthless person.38. The reason why one would rather be a mosquito than a mute ac a party is that .A. conversation, however meaningless, is preferable to silenceB. a mosquito makes more noise than a mute and noise is second nature to manC. man can achieve identify through noise D. the qualities of a mosquito are superior to those of a mute39. According to the author, what part does weather play in conversation?A. It shows people's ignorance of purpose of conversation.B. It can provide a topic to break the ice.C. It indicates that very few people hope to learn anything new from conversation.D. It can provide a topic of conversation that is acceptable.40. The author once heard a young man who for thirty minutes .A. interrupted an outstandingly witty speakerB. in a group of witty people, hindered a prince from making a speechC. in a group of witty people did not allow a prince to get a work in edgewaysD. delayed the speech which a prince was about lo deliver to of intelligent people Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage: w!"L\QT
One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamor dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the outside billboards all day and flashes messages to us in colored lights all night. It has forced on us a whole new conception of the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consists of announcements of giant carpel sales.Advertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure?Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufactures from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer-appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have finished it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness. If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in clover.Other manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for one reason or another, some alternation seems called for—how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by product, rather than to go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself.41. According to the passage, modern advertising is "authoritative" because of the way it .A. influences our image of the kind person we ought to be likeB. interferes with the privacy of home lifeC. continually forces us into buying things D. distracts us no matter where we travel42. The form of advertising which has best succeeded in conferring personal status on the individual makes use of .A. colored lights all nightB. roadside billboards C. the postal serviceD. the wall space bedside escalators43. Advertisers arc appreciated by manufactures because they .A. advise them on ways of giving a product customer appeal B. accept responsibility for giving a product customer-appeal C. advise them on the best time to go ahead with productions D. consult them during the design and development stages 44. According to the passage, customers are attracted to a product because it appears to .A. have a sufficiently attractive designB. offer good value for moneyC. fulfill the manufacturer’s claimsD. satisfy their personal needs45. The passage tells us that some manufactures, instead of changing their product, would prefer to change its .A. product cost B. qualityC. appeal D. market value Questions 46 to 50 arc based or the following passage: _<c"/B
Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true. For example, we have earnestly declared that full equality of opportunity in universities exists for everyone, regardless of economic circumstances, race or religion. This has never been true. When it was least true, the assertion was not attacked. Now that it is nearly true, not only the assertion but the university itself is locked in mortal combat with the seekers of the perfection.In another sense the university has failed. It has stored great quantities of knowledge; it teaches more people; and despite its failures, it teaches them better. It is in the application of this knowledge that the failure has come. Of the great brunches of knowledge — the sciences, the social sciences and humanities — the sciences arc applied, sometimes almost as soon as they are learned. Strenuous and occasionally successful efforts are made to apply the social sciences, but almost never arc the humanities well applied. We do not use philosophy in defining our conduct. We do not use literature as a source of real and vicarious experience to save us the trouble of living every life again in our own. The great tasks of the university in the next generation arc to search the past to form the future, to begin an earnest search for a new and relevant set of values, and to learn to use the knowledge we have for the questions that come before us. The university should use one-fourth of a student's time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history, and literature and philosophy, and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems. The difference between a primary problem and a secondary or even tertiary problem is that primary problems tend to be around for a long time, whereas the less important ones get solved.One primary problem is that of interfering with what sonic call human destiny and others call biological development, which is partly the result of genetic circumstance and partly the result of accidental environmental conditions. It is anticipated that the next generation, and perhaps this one, will be able to interfere chemically with the actual development of an individual and perhaps biologically by interfering with his genes. Obviously, there are benefits both to individuals and lo society from eliminating, or at least improving, mentally and physically deformed persons. On the other hand, there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used with premeditation to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission. This can be done, but what happens to free will and the rights of the individual? Here we have a primary problem that will still exist when we are all dead.Of course, the traditional faculty members would say, "But the students won't learn enough to go to graduate school." And certainly they would not learn everything we arc in the habit of making them learn, but they would learn some other things. Surely, in the other three-quarters of their time, they would learn what they usually do, and they might even learn to think about it by carrying new habits into their more conventional courses. The advantages would be overwhelmingly greater than the disadvantages. After all, the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they cither have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answer for important questions.46. The author suggests that the university's greatest shortcoming is its failure to .A. attempt to provide equal opportunity for allB. offer courses in philosophy and the humanitiesC. prepare students adequately for professional studiesD. help students see the relevance of the humanities to real problems47. It can be inferred that the author presupposes that the reader will regard a course in literature as a course .A. with little or no practical value tB. of interest only to academic scholarsC. required by most universities for graduation D. uniquely relevant to today's primary problems48. Which of the following questions does the author answer in the passage?A. What are some of the secondary problems faced by the past generation?B. How can we improve the performances of our political society?C. Has any particular educational institution tried the proposal introduced by the author?D. What is a possible objection to the proposal offered in the passage?49. Which of the following questions would the author most likely consider a primary question?A. Should Congress increases the level of Social Security benefits?B. Is it appropriate for the state to use capital punishment?C. Who is the best candidate for president in the next presidential election?D. At what month can the fetus be considered medically viable outside the mother’s womb?50. With which of the following statements about the use of scientific techniques to change an individual's genetic makeup would the author LEAST likely agree?A. Society has no right to use such techniques without the informed consent of the individual.B. Such techniques can have a positive benefit for the individual in some cases.C. Use of such techniques may be appropriate even though society, but not the individual, benefits.D. The question of the use of such techniques must be placed in a philosophical as well as a scientific context.Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20 %) {\(G^B*\
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.51. Every new theory not only must the valid predictions of the old theory, but must also explain why those predictions within the range of that old theory.A. organize…failed C. generate…falteredB. accommodate.. .succeeded D. promote… functioned52. During the famine of 1945, millions of Chinese peasants to the cities because they could not survive in the rural areas.A. migrated C. emigratedB. mobilized D. immigrated53. The union and management are having such a difficult time agreeing a contract for the forthcoming year that the workers may go on strike.A. to C. orB. with D. in 54. There were a number of actors at the party, I had ever heard of.A. some of whom C. many of whomB. any of whom D. few of whom 55. Nuclear weapons are probably that to the human race than overpopulation.A. no longer a terrible C. no more a terribleB. no longer terrible a D. no more terrible a56. Today’s children often combine a deceptive of speech with a shocking lack or firsthand experience, and much of their seemingly sophisticated patter is "tube-talk”, a playback of television situation comedies and commercials.A. precocity C. precisionB. inhibition D. impetuosity 57. The neighbors do not consider him quite as most evening he awakens then with his drunken singing.A. respected C. respectfulB. respective D. respectable 58. Leaving the burn open to the air is the quickest way to it over.A. cure C. healB. treat D. remedy 59. The spellings of many Old English words have been in living language, although their pronunciations have changed.A. shortened C. improved B. preserved D. revised60. It's terrible to see you lighting one cigarette from the end of another. It' high time this bad habit.A. to get rid of C. you get rid ofB. for you to getting rid of D. you got rid of61. No sooner had we reach the top of the hill we all sat down to rest.A. than C. thenB. when D. until62. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins.A. ratio C. scaleB. rote D. standard63. In nature, myths use reasoning, relating the unfamiliar to the family by means of likeness.A. observing…logical C. appreciating… irrationalC. interpreting...analogical D. disclosing …metonymic64. Living things consist of structures called cells.A. minor C. minuteB. minus D. minimal65. It is true that everyone discrimination sooner or later.A. comes round C. comes along withB. comes through D. comes up against66. We grow all our own fruit and vegetables. saves money of course.A. which C. asB. that D. what67. with the waters of the melting snow, the rivers threatened to overflow their banks.A. Ineffable C. TurgidB. Chilled D. Filled68. Rural dwellers who hold values may, at limes, be altogether uncritical of various federal programs aimed at the regulation and of agriculture.A. rigorous...legalization C. ludicrous...obfuscationB. rhythmic... communization D. conventional...subsidization69. In scientific inquiry it becomes a matter of duty to expose a hypothesis, to every possible kind of .A. tentative…examination C. well-established... rationalizationB. debatable...approximation D. logical…elaboration70. Comparatively few rock musicians are willing to laugh themselves, although a hint can boost sales of video clips very nicely.A. self-deprecation C. cynicism B. congeniality D. embarrassment Part IV Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following underlined passages into Chinese. Write your answers clearly on the Answer Sheet.The Coming Chinese Century 4 "2%mx:
(1) China may become the world's largest economy sometime in the first quarter of the next century, surpassing the outputs of the United States, Germany, and all the other economic superstars of the twentieth century.(2) Since 1978, when Xiaoping began reforms aimed at liberalizing and integrating China's economy with the world’s. China's official GNP (gross national product) growth rate has averaged about 9% annually, up from 4.5% in the two decades before the reform. How soon the Chinese economy becomes number one depends on whether, or how long, it can keep up its extraordinary growth.(3) In China in the 21st Century, an international of economists concludes that the answer will depend on whether the Chinese economy can deal with several internal structural issues and on the policies that the international community establishes to deal with China.(4) Issues affecting China's economic prospects include:(5) Upgrading the infrastructure. China's infrastructure will have to be substantially built up. Transportation bottlenecks already cost about 1% GDP, yet investment in the transportation infrastructure has actually declined in the 1990s. Demands on energy production will rise substantially. China has the world's third-largest coal reserves, but rapid economic growth could strain them. And the most rapid growth in energy demand is likely to be for oil, due to the widely anticipated expansion of road traffic. In addition, China's domestic capital markets, banking senior, and financial services are underdeveloped.(6) Obtaining capital for investment. Even through the Chinese save at a high rate, foreign capital as well as technological expertise will be needed. The export boom has provided capital to date, but the global economy’s ability to continually absorb China’s exports is uncertain. (7) Keeping economic reform on course. So far, most of the economy has effectively moved to market basis. An outstanding question is the status of the slate-owned enterprises, which are generally poor performers but which have ties to powerful people in the many and bureaucracy, who have been reluctant to give up their power and perks.(8) Abiding by the "rules of tie games". China is gaining s reputation in the international business community as a highly place to invest legal reforms, especially regarding intellectual property, will have to be made. Similarly corruption has to be dealt with. Here is where the international community can perhaps exert its greatest leverage. Providing the capital and expertise that China will need to continue to grow can be linked to China's compliance with international rules and regulations. (9) Protecting the environment. China already produces 11% of the world's greenhouse-as emissions. Burning all that con I and oil without pollution protection or efficiency improvements, combined with the expected effects of growing road traffic, could have drastic effects on the environment. X_2N9$ },
(10) Feeding itself. China has 22% of the world's population, hut only 7% percent of its arable land. Degradation of land and shortages of water have become increasingly critical. Pessimists include the Worldwatch Institute's Lester Brown, who projects grain imports exceeding 200 million metric tons by 2030. But China's own economists are optimistic, expecting technological innovation to maintain a high level of self-sufficiency.(11) Holding the social fabric together. High economic growth covered up (he strain so far. hut slower growth could create lots. Of unemployment and exacerbate the growing disparities between the flourishing coastal areas and the largely rural and less well-made interior. Also important will be the economy's ability to create high-level jobs for the growing number of college graduates, Failure lo do so could ignite student activism.(12) Chinn’s Economy and International Policy. The response of the international community to China's economic development hinges largely on whether the world can or will absorb 三单词看不见exports that a fast-growing Chinese economy is likely to produce. On the positive side, China has been open to imports, running a trade deficit since reforms began in 1978. An open thriving Chinese economy offers new markets that offset the threat that its exports present. In any case, China’s economic growth will give the International community great opportunities for leverage. I:jI
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Part V Writing (10%) MZz9R*_VS
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Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Matter and Spirit that is Brought by Work. You must base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese): 9Rk(q4.OP
1. 工作给人们带来的物质 r^
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2. 工作给人们带来的精神 9&*
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3. 你的看法如何？ ~
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Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write neatly on the Answer Sheet. \s#~ %l
