考博英语语法重点总结 5, XEN$^
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独立主格、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、主谓一致、倒装 ^[[@P(e>
独立主格特征 FP {=b/
1. 充当句子的状语。 Fi+ DG ?zu
2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。 Da! fwth
3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词 a>#$&&oQ0
4. With + 名词 3k6Dbz
（代词） + 分词 (形容词） .I{u[
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例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home. dc emF
b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started. K7x;/O
c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle). }n^}%GB
真题剖析 b -`P-
(1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them. 7Fa<m] k
45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because 7]5+%[Dg!
练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do. &% (1?\~u
8. A. is B. having C. being D. be e=jtF"&
虚拟语气 C_[
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虚拟语气（2） ze+S_{
1. （should）+动词原形 1G(wE
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It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句 N1n\tA?
It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句 f4X}F |!h
It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句 x41 t=E](
部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句 ` Sj8IxO
2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式 应该有所行动，实际还没有行动 4g.S!-H@R
would rather +动词过去式（宁愿已经做，其实没做）宁愿，，，就好了I would rather you were not married.(实际have married) zb9vUxN [
真题剖析 K^I$05idi
(1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . … Z%-uyT@a
47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t !<-+}X+o8$
(1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home. KA` )dMWL
53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded LR17il aa'
练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart. mL, {ZL ^
15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take h n/SS
(2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing. } 4> #s$.2
(even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.) =0U"07%}
54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should \g@jc OKU
非谓语动词 Y7yzM1?t
动名词、分词、不定式。 #|e5i9l*B
主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done) `,wX&@sN
发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been) Au?(_*/0
To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。 gE!`9 #..
真题剖析 a@gm r%C
(2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers. w?p8)Q6m
60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops tbi(e49S
(2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways. m9m~ 2
59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative O$peCv
主谓一致 &[}5yos
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1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。 f]^ @z<FC
How you got there doesn’t concern me. >z8y L+
Growing vegetables needs constant watering. 7otqGE\2
2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。 j(= zc6m
Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on. O Bp/: ]
3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。 |a[ :L
4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。 Z{.L_ ]$ I
Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water). vro5G')
5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。 ,k3aeM~`%w
Everyone knows that you’ve come here. 'Xzi$}E D
If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外) g|l|)T.s
6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等） `<l|X Pv
He no less than John is interested in literature. ./;*L D
7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等) 5Bc)QKh`l|
Either my father or my brothers are coming. N[,/ VCW
8. each,every,many a（否定=no） , no …+主语，谓语用单数。 C(*)7|
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Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall. (gv
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真题剖析 {
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(2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded. Mky8qVQ2
53. A. none B. few C. any D. some :O}<Q
倒装 &hY
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全部倒装 &^YY>]1Py
1. “There (Here) +be+主语” oYN# T=Xi
There stand big buildings in this district. >K XT2+w
Here on the desk lies a pile of books. {\e wf_pFk
2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.) BPd]L=,/
In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man. I1H:h
3. 介词短语作状语位于句首 wB(
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In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy. ~1h-LbFI2
4. 表语位于句首 :r/rByd
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Especially remarkable was his flat nose. Cst> 'g-yB
Not far from here is a famous university. n%<.,(.(S
5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
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She wasn’t angry, and neither was I. `"CF/X^
Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother. i9)y|
6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语） es(vW
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Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil. VuZmX1x)N
部分倒装 tZXtt=M w
1. 疑问句 }%R6Su]y
2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外） ^j=_=Km]
Never did John speak rudely to his parents. 7F'61}qL
3. “only+状语”位于句首 <$njU=YE&
Only when he comes back can be leave. j`'=K_+nU
4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首 l>&)_:\
No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began. e:V,>RbC0s
5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…) y_QxJ~6t
By no means should you break the rules. C.(ZXU7
At no time should we give in to difficulties. Il; 's
6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首) 要是。。。。就好了 ypd
7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词” u%[*;@;9+
Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people. # lLL5ji
Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
