ÏÖ´ú·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ±Ê¼Ç£¨ÖìÓñÏͰ棩 G?V"SU.
µÚÒ»½² ÐòÂÛ YL5>V$i
[!?wyv3
¶þ¡¢ÏÖ´ú·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÀï³Ì±® %<}=xJf>1
·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÊÇÑо¿ºËËá¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÈËùÓÐÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓµÄÐÎ̬¡¢½á¹¹ÌØÕ÷¼°ÆäÖØÒªÐÔ¡¢¹æÂÉÐÔºÍÏ໥¹ØϵµÄ¿Æѧ£¬ÊÇÈËÀà´Ó·Ö×ÓˮƽÉÏÕæÕý½Ò¿ªÉúÎïÊÀ½çµÄ°ÂÃØ£¬Óɱ»¶¯µØÊÊÓ¦×ÔÈ»½çתÏòÖ÷¶¯µØ¸ÄÔìºÍÖØ×é×ÔÈ»½çµÄ»ù´¡Ñ§¿Æ¡£µ±ÈËÃÇÒâʶµ½Í¬Ò»ÉúÎﲻͬÊÀ´úÖ®¼äµÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔÊÇÓÉÉúÎïÌå×ÔÉíËùЯ´øµÄÒÅ´«ÎïÖÊËù¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬¿Æѧ¼ÒΪ½ÒʾÕâЩÒÅ´«ÃÜÂëËù½øÐеÄŬÁ¦¾Í³ÉΪÈËÀàÕ÷·þ×ÔÈ»µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬¶øÒÔÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓΪÑо¿¶ÔÏñµÄ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¾ÍѸËÙ³ÉΪÏÖ´úÉç»áÖÐ×î¾ß»îÁ¦µÄ¿Æѧ¡£ }e=e",eAT
´Ó1847ÄêSchleidenºÍSchwannÌá³ö"ϸ°ûѧ˵"£¬Ö¤Ã÷¶¯¡¢Ö²ÎﶼÊÇÓÉϸ°û×é³ÉµÄµ½½ñÌ죬ËäÈ»²»¹ý¶Ì¶ÌÒ»°Ù¶àÄêʱ¼ä£¬ÎÒÃǶÔÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó--ϸ°ûµÄ»¯Ñ§×é³ÉÈ´ÓÐÁËÉî¿ÌµÄÈÏʶ¡£Ãϵ¶ûµÄÒÅ´«Ñ§¹æÂÉ×îÏÈʹÈËÃǶÔÐÔ×´ÒÅ´«²úÉúÁËÀíÐÔÈÏʶ£¬¶øMorganµÄ»ùÒòѧ˵Ôò½øÒ»²½½«"ÐÔ×´"Óë"»ùÒò"ÏàñîÁª£¬³ÉΪ·Ö×ÓÒÅ´«Ñ§µÄµì»ùʯ¡£WatsonºÍCrickËùÌá³öµÄÍÑÑõºËÌÇËáË«ÂÝÐýÄ£ÐÍ£¬Îª³ä·Ö½ÒʾÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ´«µÝ¹æÂÉÆÌƽÁ˵À·¡£ÔÚµ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§·½Ã棬¼ÌSumnerÔÚ1936Äê֤ʵøÊǵ°°×ÖÊÖ®ºó£¬SangerÀûÓÃÖ½µçÓ¾¼°²ãÎö¼¼ÊõÓÚ1953ÄêÊ״βûÃ÷ÒȵºËصÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£¬¿ª´´Á˵°°×ÖÊÐòÁзÖÎöµÄÏȺӡ£¶øKendrewºÍPerutzÀûÓÃXÉäÏßÑÜÉä¼¼Êõ½âÎöÁ˼¡ºìµ°°×£¨myoglobin£©¼°Ñªºìµ°°×£¨hemoglobin£©µÄÈýά½á¹¹£¬ÂÛÖ¤ÁËÕâЩµ°°×ÖÊÔÚÊäËÍ·Ö×ÓÑõ¹ý³ÌÖеÄÌØÊâ×÷Ó㬳ÉΪÑо¿ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó¿Õ¼äÁ¢Ìå¹¹Ð͵ÄÏÈÇý¡£ 30 7fBa
1910Ä꣬µÂ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒKosselµÚÒ»¸ö·ÖÀëÁËÏÙàÑßÊ£¬ÐØÏÙà×ऺÍ×é°±Ëá¡£ |f NMs
1959Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒUchoaµÚÒ»´ÎºÏ³ÉÁ˺ËÌǺËËᣬʵÏÖÁ˽«»ùÒòÄÚµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅϢͨ¹ýRNA·Òë³Éµ°°×ÖʵĹý³Ì¡£Í¬Ä꣬KornbergʵÏÖÁËÊÔ¹ÜÄÚϸ¾úϸ°ûÖÐDNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ¡£ l_+A5Xy
1962Ä꣬Watson£¨ÃÀ£©ºÍCrick£¨Ó¢£©ÒòΪÔÚ1953ÄêÌá³öDNAµÄ·´ÏòƽÐÐË«ÂÝÐýÄ£ÐͶøÓëWilkins¹²»ñNobleÉúÀíҽѧ½±£¬ºóÕßͨ¹ýXÉäÏßÑÜÉä֤ʵÁËWatson-CrickÄ£ÐÍ¡£ O{n<WQd{CY
1965Ä꣬·¨¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒJacobºÍMonodÌá³ö²¢Ö¤ÊµÁ˲Ù×Ý×Ó£¨operon£©×÷Ϊµ÷½Úϸ¾úϸ°û´úлµÄ·Ö×Ó»úÖÆ¡£´ËÍ⣬ËûÃÇ»¹Ê×´ÎÍƲâ´æÔÚÒ»ÖÖÓëDNAÐòÁÐÏ໥²¹¡¢Äܽ«ËüËù±àÂëµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´øµ½µ°°×Öʺϳɳ¡Ëù£¨Ï¸°ûÖÊ£©²¢·Òë²úÉúµ°°×ÖʵÄmRNA£¨ÐÅʹºËÌǺËËᣩ¡£ 8wF#e\Va0
1972Ä꣬Paul Berg£¨ÃÀ£©µÚÒ»´Î½øÐÐÁËDNAÖØ×é¡£ o'qm82*
=
1977Ä꣬SangerºÍGilbert£¨Ó¢£©µÚÒ»´Î½øÐÐÁËDNAÐòÁзÖÎö¡£ En5!"w|j
1988Ä꣬McClintockÓÉÓÚÔÚ50Äê´úÌá³ö²¢·¢ÏÖÁË¿ÉÒƶ¯ÒÅ´«Òò×Ó£¨jumping gene»ò³Æmobile element£©¶ø»ñµÃNobel½±¡£ xv0M
1993Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒRobertsºÍSharpÒò·¢ÏÖ¶ÏÁÑ»ùÒò£¨introns£©¶ø»ñµÃNobel½±¡£MullisÓÉÓÚ·¢Ã÷PCRÒǶøÓë¼ÓÄôóѧÕßSmith£¨µÚÒ»¸öÉè¼Æ»ùÒò¶¨µãÍ»±ä£©¹²ÏíNobel»¯Ñ§½±¡£ .5g}rxO8
´ËÍ⣬Griffith£¨1928£©¼°Avery£¨1944£©µÈÈ˹ØÓÚÖ²¡Á¦Ç¿µÄ¹â»¬ÐÍ£¨SÐÍ£©·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úDNAµ¼ÖÂÖ²¡Á¦ÈõµÄ´Ö²ÚÐÍ£¨RÐÍ£©Ï¸¾ú·¢ÉúÒÅ´«×ª»¯µÄʵÑ飻HersheyºÍChase£¨1952£©¹ØÓÚDNAÊÇÒÅ´«ÎïÖʵÄʵÑ飻CrickÓÚ1954ÄêËùÌá³öµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´«µÝ¹æÂÉ£¨¼´ÖÐÐÄ·¨Ôò£©:MeselsonºÍStahl£¨1958£©¹ØÓÚDNA°ë±£Áô¸´ÖƵÄʵÑéÒÔ¼°YanofskyºÍBrener£¨1961£©Äê¹ØÓÚÒÅ´«ÃÜÂëÈýÁª×ÓµÄÉèÏ붼Ϊ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄ·¢Õ¹×ö³öÁËÖØ´ó¹±Ïס£ QHQj/)J8
ÎÒ¹úÉúÎï¿Æѧ¼ÒÎâÏÜ20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú³õ»Ø¹úºóÔÚкÍÒ½¿Æ´óѧÉú»¯ÏµÓëÍôéà¡¢ÕŲýÓ±µÈÈËÒ»µÀÍê³ÉÁ˵°°×ÖʱäÐÔÀíÂÛ¡¢ÑªÒºÉú»¯¼ì²âºÍÃâÒß»¯Ñ§µÈһϵÁÐÓÐÖØ´óÓ°ÏìµÄÑо¿£¬³ÉΪÎÒ¹úÉúÎﻯѧ½çµÄÏÈÇý¡£20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´ú¡¢70Äê´úºÍ80Äê´ú£¬ÎÒ¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒÏà¼ÌʵÏÖÁËÈ˹¤È«ºÏ³ÉÓÐÉúÎïѧ»îÐԵĽᾧţÒȵºËØ£¬½â³öÁËÈý·½¶þпÖíÒȵºËصľ§Ìå½á¹¹£¬²ÉÓÃÓлúºÏ³ÉÓëø´ÙÏà½áºÏµÄ·½·¨Íê³ÉÁ˽Íĸ±û°±ËáתÒƺËÌǺËËáµÄÈ˹¤È«ºÏ³É£¬ÔÚøѧÑо¿¡¢µ°°×Öʽṹ¼°ÉúÎïĤ½á¹¹Ó빦Äܵȷ½Ã涼ÓÐÊÀËùÖõÄ¿µÄ½¨Ê÷¡£ +"L$ed(=nJ
(2%>jg0M
Èý¡¢·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿ÄÚÈÝ ahp1!=Z-=
ËùÓÐÉúÎïÌåÖеÄÓлú´ó·Ö×Ó¶¼ÊÇÒÔ̼Ô×ÓΪºËÐÄ£¬²¢ÒÔ¹²¼Û¼üµÄÐÎʽÓëÇâ¡¢Ñõ¡¢µª¼°Á×ÒÔ²»Í¬·½Ê½¹¹³ÉµÄ¡£²»½öÈç´Ë£¬Ò»ÇÐÉúÎïÌåÖеĸ÷ÀàÓлú´ó·Ö×Ó¶¼ÊÇÓÉÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄµ¥Ì壬Èçµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×ÓÖеÄ20ÖÖ°±»ùËá¡¢DNA¼°RNAÖеÄ8ÖÖ¼î»ùËù×éºÏ¶ø³ÉµÄ£¬Óɴ˲úÉúÁË·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄ3Ìõ»ù±¾ÔÀí£º 4 =Fg!Eu<
1£® ¹¹³ÉÉúÎïÌåÓлú´ó·Ö×ӵĵ¥ÌåÔÚ²»Í¬ÉúÎïÖж¼ÊÇÏàͬµÄ£» T}2:.Hk:N
2£® ÉúÎïÌåÄÚÒ»ÇÐÓлú´ó·Ö×ӵĽ¨³É¶¼×ñÑן÷×ÔÌض¨µÄ¹æÔò£» @"8~Y|L93
3£® ijһÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåËùÓµÓеĺËËá¼°µ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¾ö¶¨ÁËËüµÄÊôÐÔ¡£ /c^e&D
·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÑо¿ÄÚÈÝ: #{w5)|S#JD
DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ------»ùÒò¹¤³Ì E$T(Qu<-
»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿Ø-------ºËËáÉúÎïѧ -kc(u1!
ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ӽṹ¹¦ÄÜ----½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ yjeL9:jH[
DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ£¨ÓֳƻùÒò¹¤³Ì£© %Qd3BZ
ÕâÊÇ20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´ú³õÐËÆðµÄ¼¼Êõ¿Æѧ£¬Ä¿µÄÊǽ«²»Í¬DNAƬ¶Î£¨Èçij¸ö»ùÒò»ò»ùÒòµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£©°´ÕÕÈËÃǵÄÉè¼Æ¶¨ÏòÁ¬½ÓÆðÀ´£¬ÔÚÌض¨µÄÊÜÌåϸ°ûÖÐÓëÔØÌåͬʱ¸´ÖƲ¢µÃµ½±í´ï£¬²úÉúÓ°ÏìÊÜÌåϸ°ûµÄеÄÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´¡£ÑϸñµØ˵£¬DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ²¢²»ÍêÈ«µÈÓÚ»ùÒò¹¤³Ì£¬ÒòΪºóÕß»¹°üÀ¨ÆäËû¿ÉÄÜʹÉúÎïϸ°û»ùÒò×é½á¹¹µÃµ½¸ÄÔìµÄÌåϵ¡£DNAÖØ×é¼¼ÊõÊǺËËữѧ¡¢µ°°×ÖÊ»¯Ñ§¡¢Ã¸¹¤³Ì¼°Î¢ÉúÎïѧ¡¢ÒÅ´«Ñ§¡¢Ï¸°ûѧ³¤ÆÚÉîÈëÑо¿µÄ½á¾§£¬¶øÏÞÖÆÐÔÄÚÇÐøDNAÁ¬½Óø¼°ÆäËû¹¤¾ßøµÄ·¢ÏÖÓëÓ¦ÓÃÔòÊÇÕâÒ»¼¼ÊõµÃÒÔ½¨Á¢µÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£ ]Wy.R6
DNAÖØ×é¼¼ÊõÓÐ׏ãÀ«µÄÓ¦ÓÃÇ°¾°:DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ¿ÉÓÃÓÚ¶¨Ïò¸ÄÔìijЩÉúÎï»ùÒò×é½á¹¹£¬Ê¹ËüÃÇËù¾ß±¸µÄÌØÊ⾼üÛÖµ»ò¹¦ÄܵÃÒԳɰ٠ÉÏǧ±¶µÄµØÌá¸ß¡£DNAÖØ×é¼¼Êõ»¹±»ÓÃÀ´½øÐлù´¡Ñо¿¡£Èç¹û˵£¬·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧÑо¿µÄºËÐÄÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ´«µÝºÍ¿ØÖÆ£¬ÄÇô¸ù¾ÝÖÐÐÄ·¨Ôò£¬ÎÒÃÇÒªÑо¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇ´ÓDNAµ½RNA£¬ÔÙµ½µ°°×ÖʵÄÈ«¹ý³Ì£¬Ò²¼´»ùÒòµÄ±í´ïÓëµ÷¿Ø¡£ÔÚÕâÀÎÞÂÛÊǶÔÆô¶¯×ÓµÄÑо¿£¨°üÀ¨µ÷¿ØÔª¼þ»ò³Æ˳ʽ×÷ÓÃÔª¼þ£©£¬»¹ÊǶÔת¼Òò×ӵĿË¡¼°·ÖÎö£¬¶¼Àë²»¿ªÖØ×éDNA¼¼ÊõµÄÓ¦Óᣠ,TJ/3_ lH
ZvyjMLf
»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿ØÑо¿ -eq=4N=s
ÒòΪµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó²ÎÓë²¢¿ØÖÆÁËϸ°ûµÄÒ»Çдúл»î¶¯£¬¶ø¾ö¶¨µ°°×ÖʽṹºÍºÏ³ÉʱÐòµÄÐÅÏ¢¶¼ÓɺËËᣨÖ÷ÒªÊÇÍÑÑõºËÌǺËËᣩ·Ö×Ó±àÂ룬±íÏÖΪÌض¨µÄºËÜÕËáÐòÁУ¬ËùÒÔ»ùÒò±í´ïʵÖÊÉϾÍÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄת¼ºÍ·Òë¡£ÔÚ¸öÌåÉú³¤·¢Óý¹ý³ÌÖÐÉúÎïÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ±í´ï°´Ò»¶¨µÄʱÐò·¢Éú±ä»¯£¨Ê±Ðòµ÷½Ú£©£¬²¢Ëæ×ÅÄÚÍâ»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯¶ø²»¶Ï¼ÓÒÔÐÞÕý£¨»·¾³µ÷¿Ø£©¡£ }s6G!v^2""
ÔºËÉúÎïµÄ»ùÒò×éºÍȾɫÌå½á¹¹¶¼±ÈÕæºËÉúÎï¼òµ¥£¬×ªÂ¼ºÍ·ÒëÔÚͬһʱ¼äºÍ¿Õ¼äÄÚ·¢Éú£¬»ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿ØÖ÷Òª·¢ÉúÔÚת¼ˮƽ¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïÓÐϸ°ûºË½á¹¹£¬×ªÂ¼ºÍ·Òë¹ý³ÌÔÚʱ¼äºÍ¿Õ¼äÉ϶¼±»·Ö¸ô¿ª£¬ÇÒÔÚת¼ºÍ·Òëºó¶¼Óи´ÔÓµÄÐÅÏ¢¼Ó¹¤¹ý³Ì£¬Æä»ùÒò±í´ïµÄµ÷¿Ø¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÉúÔÚ¸÷ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄˮƽÉÏ¡£»ùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿ØÖ÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚÐźŴ«µ¼Ñо¿¡¢×ªÂ¼Òò×ÓÑо¿¼°RNA¼ô¼3¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ CK Mv7
ת¼Òò×ÓÊÇһȺÄÜÓë»ùÒò5¡¯¶ËÉÏÓÎÌض¨ÐòÁÐרһ½áºÏ£¬´Ó¶ø±£Ö¤Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòÒÔÌض¨µÄÇ¿¶ÈÔÚÌض¨µÄʱ¼äÓë¿Õ¼ä±í´ïµÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ 54wM8'+
ÕæºË»ùÒòÔڽṹÉϵIJ»Á¬ÐøÐÔÊǽü10ÄêÀ´ÉúÎïѧÉϵÄÖØ´ó·¢ÏÖÖ®Ò»¡£µ±»ùÒòת¼³Épre-mRNAºó£¬³ýÁËÔÚ5¡¯¶Ë¼Óñ¼°3¡¯¶Ë¼Ó¶à¾ÛA[polyA]Ö®Í⣬»¹Òª½«¸ô¿ª¸÷¸öÏàÁÚ±àÂëÇøµÄÄÚº¬×Ó¼ôÈ¥£¬Ê¹ÍâÏÔ×Ó£¨±àÂëÇø£©ÏàÁ¬ºó³ÉΪ³ÉÊìmRNA¡£Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬ÓÐÐí¶à»ùÒò²»Êǽ«ËüÃǵÄÄÚº¬×ÓÈ«²¿¼ôÈ¥£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ²»Í¬µÄϸ°û»ò²»Í¬µÄ·¢Óý½×¶ÎÓÐÑ¡ÔñµØ¼ô½ÓÆäÖв¿·ÖÄÚº¬×Ó£¬Òò´ËÉú³É²»Í¬µÄmRNA¼°µ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ 2*YP"Ryh
]
?9t -
½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ r_=p,#}#
ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ӵĽṹ¹¦ÄÜÑо¿£¨Óֳƽṹ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ£© Ò»¸öÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó£¬ÎÞÂÛÊǺËËá¡¢µ°°×ÖÊ»ò¶àÌÇ£¬ÔÚ·¢»ÓÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄÜʱ£¬±ØÐë¾ß±¸Á½¸öÇ°Ìá:Ê×ÏÈ£¬ËüÓµÓÐÌض¨µÄ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹£¨Èýά½á¹¹£©£»Æä´Î£¬ÔÚËü·¢»ÓÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄܵĹý³ÌÖбض¨´æÔÚ׎ṹºÍ¹¹ÏóµÄ±ä»¯¡£ _r7=&oL.Q
½á¹¹·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧ¾ÍÊÇÑо¿ÉúÎï´ó·Ö×ÓÌض¨µÄ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹¼°½á¹¹µÄÔ˶¯±ä»¯ÓëÆäÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄܹØϵµÄ¿Æѧ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨½á¹¹µÄ²â¶¨¡¢½á¹¹Ô˶¯±ä»¯¹æÂɵÄ̽Ë÷¼°½á¹¹Ó빦ÄÜÏ໥¹ØϵµÄ½¨Á¢3¸öÖ÷ÒªÑо¿·½Ïò¡£×î³£¼ûµÄÑо¿Èýά½á¹¹¼°ÆäÔ˶¯¹æÂɵÄÊÖ¶ÎÊÇXÉäÏßÑÜÉäµÄ¾§Ìåѧ£¨ÓֳƵ°°×Öʾ§Ìåѧ£©£¬Æä´ÎÊÇÓöþάºË´Å¹²ÕñºÍ¶àάºË´ÅÑо¿ÒºÏà½á¹¹£¬Ò²ÓÐÈËÓõ羵ÈýάÖØ×é¡¢µç×ÓÑÜÉä¡¢ÖÐ×ÓÑÜÉäºÍ¸÷ÖÖƵÆ×ѧ·½·¨Ñо¿ÉúÎï¸ß·Ö×ӵĿռä½á¹¹¡£ fOJj(0=y
'ucG
t
X{s/``n
@LHtt/&
µÚ¶þ½² ȾɫÌåÓëDNA #Wq#beBb
Ò»¡¢ DNAµÄ×é³ÉÓë½á¹¹ aulaX/'-_
AveryÔÚ1944ÄêµÄÑо¿±¨¸æÖÐдµÀ£º"µ±ÈÜÒºÖоƾ«µÄÌå»ý´ïµ½9/10ʱ£¬ÓÐÏËά״ÎïÖÊÎö³ö¡£ÈçÉÔ¼Ó½Á°è£¬Ëü¾Í»áÏóÃÞÏßÔÚÏßÖáÉÏÒ»ÑùÈÆÔÚÓ²°ôÉÏ£¬ÈÜÒºÖеÄÆäËü³É·ÝÔò³Ê¿ÅÁ£×´³Áµí¡£ÈܽâÏËά״ÎïÖʲ¢Öظ´Êý´Î£¬¿ÉÌá¸ßÆä´¿¶È¡£ÕâÒ»ÎïÖʾßÓкÜÇ¿µÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ£¬³õ²½ÊµÑé֤ʵ£¬ËüºÜ¿ÉÄܾÍÊÇDNA¡£¶ÔDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÎïÀí»¯Ñ§Ñо¿µ¼ÖÂÁËÏÖ´úÉúÎïѧ·Ì츲µØµÄ¸ïÃü£¬Õâ¸üÊÇAveryËùûÓÐÏëµ½¡£ <]c#)xg
ËùνDNAµÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£¬¾ÍÊÇÖ¸4ÖÖºËÜÕËáµÄÁ¬½Ó¼°ÆäÅÅÁÐ˳Ðò£¬±íʾÁ˸ÃDNA·Ö×ӵĻ¯Ñ§¹¹³É¡£ºËÜÕËáÐòÁжÔDNA¸ß¼¶½á¹¹µÄÐγÉÓкܴóÓ°Ï죬ÈçB-DNAÖжà¾Û£*****-C£©ÇøÒ׳öÏÖ×óÊÖÂÝÐýDNA£¨Z-DNA£©£¬¶ø·´ÏòÖظ´µÄDNAƬ¶ÎÒ׳öÏÖ·¢¿¨Ê½½á¹¹µÈ¡£DNA²»½ö¾ßÓÐÑϸñµÄ»¯Ñ§×é³É£¬»¹¾ßÓÐÌØÊâµÄ¸ß¼¶½á¹¹£¬ËüÖ÷ÒªÒÔÓйæÔòµÄË«ÂÝÐýÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£¬Æä»ù±¾ÌصãÊÇ£º XX:q|?6_ 4
1¡¢DNA·Ö×ÓÊÇÓÉÁ½Ìõ»¥ÏàƽÐеÄÍÑÑõºËÜÕË᳤Á´ÅÌÈƶø³ÉµÄ¡£
sxt`0oE
2¡¢DNA·Ö×ÓÖеÄÍÑÑõºËÌǺÍÁ×Ëá½»ÌæÁ¬½Ó£¬ÅÅÔÚÍâ²à£¬¹¹³É»ù±¾¹Ç¼Ü£¬¼î»ùÅÅÁÐÔÚÄڲࡣ -D;lS
6
3¡¢Á½ÌõÁ´Éϵļî»ùͨ¹ýÇâ¼üÏà½áºÏ£¬Ðγɼî»ù¶Ô£¬ËüµÄ×é³ÉÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹æÂÉ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇàÑßÊÓëà×à¤Åä¶Ô£¬¶øÇÒÏÙàÑßÊ£¨A£©Ö»ÄÜÓëÐØÏÙà×ण¨T£©Åä¶Ô£¬ÄñàÑßÊ£*****£©Ö»ÄÜÓë°ûà×ण¨C£©Åä¶Ô¡£ÈçÒ»ÌõÁ´ÉÏijһ¼î»ùÊÇC£¬ÁíÒ»ÌõÁ´ÉÏÓëËüÅä¶ÔµÄ¼î»ù±Ø¶¨ÊÇG¡£¼î»ùÖ®¼äµÄÕâÖÖÒ»Ò»¶ÔÓ¦µÄ¹Øϵ½Ð¼î»ù»¥²¹Åä¶ÔÔÔò¡£×é³ÉDNA·Ö×ӵļî»ùËäȻֻÓÐ4ÖÖ£¬ËüÃǵÄÅä¶Ô·½Ê½Ò²Ö»ÓÐAÓëT£¬CÓëGÁ½ÖÖ£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¼î»ù¿ÉÒÔÈκÎ˳ÐòÅÅÁУ¬¹¹³ÉÁËDNA·Ö×ӵĶàÑùÐÔ¡£ÀýÈ磬ijDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÒ»Ìõ¶àºËÜÕËáÁ´ÓÐ100¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¼î»ù×é³É£¬ËüÃǵĿÉÄÜÅÅÁз½Ê½¾ÍÊÇ4100¡£ 0tSA|->(
sD.6"w7}
¶þ¡¢ DNA¾ÛºÏøÓëDNAµÄºÏ³É wYa0hNd
The accuracy of translation relies on the specificity of base pairing. The actual rate in bacteria seems to be --10-8-10-10. This corresponds to -1 error per genome per 1000 bacterial replication cycles, or -10-6 per gene per generation. OAY8,C=M
DNA polymerase might improve the specificity of complementary base selection at either (or both) of two stages: E2-ojL[6
1£¬It could scrutinize the incoming base for the proper complementarity with the template base; for example, by specifically recongnizing matching chemical features. This would be a presynthetic error control. ]}/mFY?7
2£¬Or it could scrutinize the base pair after the new base has been added to the chain, and, in those cases in which a mistake has been made, remove the most recently added base. This would be a proofreading control. OM1*Iy
/AoVl'R
Èý¡¢DNAµÄÉúÀíÒâÒå¼°³É·Ö·ÖÎö )< l\jfx e
ÔçÔÚ1928ÄêÓ¢¹ú¿Æѧ¼ÒGriffithµÈÈ˾ͷ¢ÏÖ·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úʹСÊó²Ð·ÏµÄÔÒòÊÇÒýÆð·ÎÑס£Ï¸¾úµÄ¶¾ÐÔ£¨Ö²¡Á¦£©ÊÇÓÉϸ°û±íÃæ¼ÔĤÖеĶàÌÇËù¾ö¶¨µÄ¡£¾ßÓй⻬Íâ±íµÄSÐÍ·ÎÑ×Á´Çò¾úÒòΪ´øÓмÔĤ¶àÌǶø¶¼ÄÜʹСÊó·¢²¡£¬¶ø¾ßÓдֲÚÍâ±íµÄRÐÍÒòΪûÓмÔĤ¶àÌǶøʧȥÖ²¡Á¦£¨¼ÔĤ¶àÌÇÄܱ£»¤Ï¸¾úÃâÊÜÔ˶¯°×ϸ°û¹¥»÷£©¡£ P~o@9RV-
Ê×ÏÈÓÃʵÑéÖ¤Ã÷»ùÒò¾ÍÊÇDNA·Ö×ÓµÄÊÇÃÀ¹úÖøÃûµÄ΢ÉúÎïѧ¼ÒAvery¡£AveryµÈÈ˽«¹â»¬ÐÍÖ²¡¾ú£¨SÐÍ£©ÉÕÖóɱÃð»îÐÔÒÔºóÔÙÇÖȾСÊ󣬷¢ÏÖÕâЩËÀϸ¾ú×ÔȻɥʧÁËÖ²¡ÄÜÁ¦¡£ÔÙÓûîµÄ´Ö²ÚÐÍϸ¾ú£¨RÐÍ£©À´ÇÖȾСÊó£¬Ò²²»ÄÜʹ֮·¢²¡£¬ÒòΪ´Ö²ÚÐÍϸ¾úÌìÈ»ÎÞÖ²¡Á¦¡£µ±ËûÃǽ«¾ÉÕÖóɱËÀµÄSÐÍϸ¾úºÍ»îµÄRÐÍϸ¾ú»ìºÏÔÙ¸ÐȾСÊóʱ£¬ÊµÑéСÊóÿ´Î¶¼ËÀÁË¡£½âÆÊËÀÊ󣬷¢ÏÖÓдóÁ¿»îµÄSÐÍ£¨¶ø²»ÊÇRÐÍ£©Ï¸¾ú¡£ËûÃÇÍƲ⣬ËÀϸ¾úÖеÄijһ³É·ÖÔæת»¯Ô´£¨transforming principle£©½«ÎÞÖ²¡Á¦µÄϸ¾úת»¯³É²¡Ôϸ¾ú¡£ :mzCeX8 *
ÃÀ¹úÀäȪ¸Û¿¨ÄÚ»ùÒÅ´«Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒ¿Æѧ¼ÒHersheyºÍËûµÄѧÉúChaseÔÚ1952Äê´ÓÊÂÊɾúÌåÇÖȾϸ¾úµÄʵÑé¡£ÊɾúÌåרÃżÄÉúÔÚϸ¾úÌåÄÚ¡£ËüµÄÍ·¡¢Î²Íⲿ¶¼ÓÐÓɵ°°×ÖÊ×é³ÉµÄÍâ¿Ç£¬Í·ÄÚÖ÷ÒªÊÇDNA¡£ÊɾúÌåÇÖȾϸ¾úµÄ¹ý³Ì¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪÒÔÏÂ5¸ö²½Ö裺¢ÙÊɾúÌåÓÃβ²¿µÄÄ©¶Ë£¨»ùƬ¡¢Î²Ë¿£©Îü¸½ÔÚϸ¾ú±íÃ棻¢ÚÊɾúÌåͨ¹ýβÖá°ÑDNAÈ«²¿×¢Èëϸ¾úϸ°ûÄÚ£¬ÊɾúÌåµÄµ°°×ÖÊÍâ¿ÇÔòÁôÔÚϸ°ûÍâÃ棻¢ÛÊɾúÌåµÄDNAÒ»µ©½øÈëϸ¾úÌåÄÚ£¬Ëü¾ÍÄÜÀûÓÃϸ¾úµÄÉúÃü¹ý³ÌºÏ³ÉÊɾúÌå×ÔÉíµÄDNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊ£»¢ÜкϳɵÄDNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊÍâ¿Ç£¬ÄÜ×é×°³ÉÐíÐí¶à¶àÓëÇ×´úÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄ×ÓÊɾúÌ壻¢Ý×Ó´úÊɾúÌåÓÉÓÚϸ¾úµÄ½âÌå¶ø±»ÊͷųöÀ´£¬ÔÙÈ¥ÇÖȾÆäËûϸ¾ú¡£ËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖ±»¸ÐȾµÄϸ¾úÖдøÓÐ70%µÄÊɾúÌåDNA£¬µ«Ö»´øÓÐ20%µÄÊɾúÌåµ°°×ÖÊ¡£×Ó´úÊɾúÌåÖдøÓÐ50%±ê¼ÇµÄDNA£¬È´Ö»ÓÐ1%µÄ±ê¼Çµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ v?FhG
b~1
ËÄ. C-valueºÍCot1/2 `~0P[>|+
Th_Q
owk
a (P^e)<
Îå¡¢ ȾɫÌå½á¹¹ 5Zzr5WM
ÈκÎÒ»ÌõȾɫÌåÉ϶¼´øÓÐÐí¶à»ùÒò£¬Ò»Ìõ¸ßµÈÉúÎïµÄȾɫÌåÉÏ¿ÉÄÜ´øÓгÉǧÉÏÍò¸ö»ùÒò£¬Ò»¸öϸ°ûÖеÄÈ«²¿»ùÒòÐòÁм°Æä¼ä¸ôÐòÁÐͳ³ÆΪgenomes£¨»ùÒò×飩¡£ Èç¹ûÉèÏ뽫ÈËÌåϸ°ûÖеÄDNA·Ö×ÓÈƵØÇòÒ»ÖÜ£¬ÄÇô£¬Ã¿¸ö¼î»ù´óÔ¼Ö»Õ¼1£5ÀåÃ×£¬¶øÒ»¸ö2£3kbµÄ»ùÒòÖ»Ï൱ÓÚµØÇòÉÏÒ»ÌõÊýÊ®Ã׳¤£¬ÊýÀåÃ׿íµÄÏ߶Σ¡ ]v<d0"2
u0wn=Dg
Genotype (»ùÒòÐÍ)£º The genetic constitution of a given organism (ָij¸öÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåϸ°ûÄÚµÄÈ«²¿ÒÅ´«ÎïÖÊ)¡£ (21']x
Phenotype (±íÏÖÐÍ)£º Visible property of any given organism (ij¸öÌض¨ÉúÎïÌåÖпɹ۲쵽µÄÎïÀí»òÉúÀíÏÖÏó)¡£ q"P5,:W
Mutations£º ȾɫÌåDNAÖпÉÒÅ´«µÄºËÜÕËáÐòÁб仯¡£ {(_B
,I/2.Q})[
Áù¡¢ ȾɫÌåµÄ×é³É +}kO;\
1£®È¾É«ÖʺͺËСÌå U0!^m1U:
ȾɫÖÊDNAµÄTmÖµ±È×ÔÓÉDNA¸ß£¬ËµÃ÷ÔÚȾɫÖÊÖÐDNA¼«¿ÉÄÜÓëµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×ÓÏ໥×÷Óã»ÔÚȾɫÖÊ״̬Ï£¬ÓÉDNA¾ÛºÏøºÍRNA¾ÛºÏø´ß»¯µÄDNA¸´ÖƺÍת¼»îÐÔ´ó´óµÍÓÚÔÚ×ÔÓÉDNAÖеķ´Ó¦£»DNAøI£¨DNaseI£©¶ÔȾɫÖÊDNAµÄÏû»¯Ô¶Ô¶ÂýÓÚ¶Ô´¿DNAµÄ×÷Óá£È¾É«Öʵĵç×ÓÏÔ΢¾µÍ¼ÏÔʾ³öÓɺËСÌå×é³ÉµÄÄîÖé×´½á¹¹£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½ÓÉÒ»Ìõϸ˿Á¬½Ó×ŵÄÒ»Á¬´®Ö±¾¶Îª10nmµÄÇò×´Ìå¡£ P"oYC$
ºËСÌåÊÇÓÉH2A¡¢H2B¡¢H3¡¢H4¸÷Á½¸ö·Ö×ÓÉú³ÉµÄ°Ë¾ÛÌåºÍÓÉ´óÔ¼200bpDNA×é³ÉµÄ¡£°Ë¾ÛÌåÔÚÖм䣬DNA·Ö×ÓÅÌÈÆÔÚÍ⣬¶øH1ÔòÔÚºËСÌåµÄÍâÃ档ÿ¸öºËСÌåÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸öH1¡£ j!6elzg
ÔÚºËСÌåÖÐDNAÅÌÈÆ×éµ°°×°Ë¾ÛÌåºËÐÄ£¬´Ó¶øʹ·Ö×ÓÊÕËõ³É1/7£¬200bpDNAµÄ³¤¶ÈԼΪ68nm£¬È´±»Ñ¹ËõÔÚ10nmµÄºËСÌåÖС£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÈËÖÐÆÚȾɫÌåÖк¬3.3¡Á109¼î»ù¶Ô£¬ÆäÀíÂÛ³¤¶ÈÓ¦ÊÇ180cm£¬Õâô³¤µÄDNA±»°üº¬ÔÚ46¸ö51¦Ìm³¤µÄÔ²ÖùÌ壨ȾɫÌ壩ÖУ¬ÆäѹËõ±ÈԼΪ104¡£ $+A%ODv
>0kmRVd
2£®È¾É«ÌåÖеĺËËá×é³É ]z+*?cc
¢Å²»Öظ´ÐòÁÐ ÔÚµ¥±¶Ìå»ùÒò×éÀÕâЩÐòÁÐÒ»°ãÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö»ò¼¸¸ö¿½±´£¬ËüÕ¼DNA×ÜÁ¿µÄ40%£80%¡£²»Öظ´ÐòÁг¤Ô¼750£2000dp£¬Ï൱ÓÚÒ»¸ö½á¹¹»ùÒòµÄ³¤¶È¡£µ¥¿½±´»ùÒòͨ¹ý»ùÒòÀ©ÔöÈԿɺϳɴóÁ¿µÄµ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÈçÒ»¸ö²ÏË¿Ðĵ°°×»ùÒò¿É×÷Ϊģ°åºÏ³É104¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×mRNA£¬Ã¿¸ömRNA¿É´æ»î4d£¬¹²ºÏ³É105¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×£¬ÕâÑù£¬ÔÚ¼¸ÌìÖ®ÄÚ£¬Ò»¸öµ¥¿½±´Ë¿Ðĵ°°×»ùÒò¾Í¿ÉÒԺϳÉ109¸öË¿Ðĵ°°×·Ö×Ó ¡£ 71JM
[2
'2wXV;`
¢ÆÖжÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ ÕâÀàÖظ´ÐòÁеÄÖظ´´ÎÊýÔÚ10£104Ö®¼ä£¬Õ¼×ÜDNAµÄ10%£40%¡£¸÷ÖÖrRNA¡¢tRNA ¼°×éµ°°×»ùÒòµÈ¶¼ÊôÕâÒ»Àà¡£ sM#!Xl;
·ÇÖÞצó¸µÄ18S¡¢5.8S¼°28SrRNA»ùÒòÊÇÁ¬ÔÚÒ»ÆðµÄ£¬Öмä¸ô×Ų»×ªÂ¼µÄ¼ä¸ôÇø£¬ÕâЩµ¥Î»ÔÚDNAÁ´ÉÏ´®ÁªÖظ´Ô¼5000´Î¡£ÔÚÂÑϸ°ûÐγɹý³ÌÖÐÕâЩ»ùÒò¿É½øÐм¸Ç§´Î²»Í¬±ÈÀýµÄ¸´ÖÆ£¬²úÉú2¡Á106¸ö¿½±´£¬Ê¹rDNAÕ¼ÂÑϸ°ûDNAµÄ75%£¬´Ó¶øʹ¸Ãϸ°ûÄÜ»ýÀÛ1012¸öºËÌÇÌå¡£ VfQMFb',o
Lhl$w'r
¢Ç¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁСª¡ªÎÀÐÇDNA ÕâÀàDNAÖ»ÔÚÕæºËÉúÎïÖз¢ÏÖ£¬Õ¼»ùÒò×éµÄ10%¡ª60%£¬ÓÉ6¡ª100¸ö¼î»ù×é³É£¬ÔÚDNAÁ´ÉÏ´®ÁªÖظ´¼¸°ÙÍò´Î¡£ÓÉÓÚ¼î»ùµÄ×é³É²»Í¬£¬ÔÚCsClÃܶÈÌݶÈÀëÐÄÖÐÒ×ÓëÆäËûDNA·Ö¿ª£¬Ðγɺ¬Á¿½Ï´óµÄÖ÷·å¼°¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐС·å£¬ºóÕßÓÖ³ÆÎÀÐÇÇø´ø£¨·å£©¡£ fui4@
¸ßµÈÕæºËÉúÎïDNAÎÞÂ۴ӽṹ»¹Êǹ¦ÄÜ¿´¶¼¼«Îª¸´ÔÓ£¬ÒÔСÊóΪÀý£º |\i:LG1
1.СÊó×ÜDNAµÄ10£¥ÊÇСÓÚ10bpµÄ¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁУ¬Öظ´ÊýÊ®Íòµ½ÉÏ°ÙÍò´Î/genome¡£ -iY9GN89c
2.×ÜDNAµÄ20£¥ÊÇÖظ´Êýǧ´Î¡¢³¤Ô¼Êý°ÙbpµÄÖеÈÖظ´ÐòÁС£ /'R UA
3.×ÜDNAµÄ70£¥ÊDz»Öظ´»òµÍÖظ´ÐòÁÐ,¾ø´ó²¿·Ö¹¦ÄÜ»ùÒò¶¼Î»ÓÚÕâÀàÐòÁÐÖС£ ZMdM_i?
Centromere£ºÊÇϸ°ûÓÐË¿·ÖÁÑÆÚ¼ä·Ä´¸Ìåµ°°×ÖÊÓëȾɫÌåµÄ½áºÏλµã£¨attachment point£©£¬ÕâÖÖ½áºÏ¶ÔÓÚȾɫÌå¶ÔÔÚ×Óϸ°ûÖеÄÓÐÐòºÍƽ¾ù·ÖÅäÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª¡£ÔÚ½ÍĸÖУ¬centromereµÄ¹¦Äܵ¥Î»³¤Ô¼130 bp£¬¸»º¬AT ¼î»ù¶Ô¡£ÔڸߵÈÕæºËϸ°ûÖУ¬centromere¶¼ÊÇÓɳ¤Ô¼5£10 bp¡¢·½ÏòÏàͬµÄ¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐËù×é³É¡£ 7(
yXsVq
Telomeres are sequences at the ends of eukaryotic Chromosomes that help stabilize them¡£ ½ÍĸTelomeresÒ»°ãÒÔ100 bp×óÓÒ²»¾«È·Öظ´ÐòÁÐËù×é³É¡£ 6U;Jg_zS
5¡¯(TxGy)n 5%2ef{T[
3¡¯(AxCy)n _fVh%_oH1
ÆäÖÐX¡¢YÒ»°ãΪ1£4£¬µ¥Ï¸°ûÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐn³£Îª20£100£¬¸ßµÈÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐ>1500¡£ 8#X?k/mzU
ȾɫÌåÄ©¶ËµÄÏßÐÔÖظ´ÐòÁв»Äܱ»DNA polymarase Ëù׼ȷ¸´ÖÆ£¬ËüÃÇÒ»°ãÔÚDNA¸´ÖÆÍê³ÉÒÔºóÓÉtelomaraseºÏ³Éºó¼Óµ½È¾É«ÌåÄ©¶Ë¡£ _F}IF9{?G
Alu£¨³¤Ô¼300bp£©ÊÇÈËÀà¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁÐ,ÒòΪ¸ÃÐòÁÐÖдøÓÐAluIµÄʶ±ðÐòÁжøµÃÃû¡£ÊýÊ®Íò¸öAluÖظ´ÐòÁÐÉ¢²¼ÓÚÕû¸öÈËÀà»ùÒò×éÖУ¬´ïµ½×ÜÐòÁеÄ1£3£¥¡£AluÓëÆäËü¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁй²Õ¼ÈËÀàDNAµÄ10£¥ÒÔÉÏ¡£ +^/Nil
,maAw}=
3£®È¾É«ÌåÖеĵ°°×ÖÊ %E4$ZPSW
ȾɫÌåÉϵĵ°°×ÖÊ°üÀ¨×éµ°°×ºÍ·Ç×éµ°°×¡£×éµ°°×ÊÇȾɫÌåµÄ½á¹¹µ°°×£¬ËüÓëDNA×é³ÉºËСÌ塣ͨ³£¿ÉÒÔÓÃ2mol/L NaCl»ò0.25mol/LµÄHCl/H2SO4´¦Àíʹ×éµ°°×ÓëDNA·Ö¿ª¡£×éµ°°×·ÖΪH1¡¢H2A¡¢H2B¡¢H3¼°H4¡£ÕâЩ×éµ°°×¶¼º¬ÓдóÁ¿µÄÀµ°±ËáºÍ¾«°±ËᣬÆäÖÐH3¡¢H4¸»º¬¾«°±ËᣬH1¸»º¬Àµ°±Ë᣻H2A¡¢H2B½éÓÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼ä¡£ f o/
D3
¢Å×éµ°°×µÄÒ»°ãÌØÐÔ NmH}"ndv+
½ø»¯Éϵļ«¶Ë±£ÊØÐÔ¡£Å£¡¢Öí¡¢´óÊóµÄH4°±»ùËáÐòÁÐÍêÈ«Ïàͬ¡£Å£µÄH4ÐòÁÐÓëÍ㶹ÐòÁÐÏà±ÈÖ»ÓÐÁ½¸ö°±»ùËáµÄ²îÒ죨Í㶹H4ÖеÄÒìÁÁ°±»ùËá60¡úçÓ°±Ëá60£¬¾«°±Ëá¡úÀµ°±Ëᣩ¡£H3µÄ±£ÊØÐÔÒ²ºÜ´ó£¬ÀðÓãÓëСţÐØÏÙµÄH3Ö»²îÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬСţÐØÏÙÓëÍ㶹H3Ö»²î4¸ö°±»ùËá¡£ a)I=U[
ÎÞ×éÖ¯ÌØÒìÐÔ¡£µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹£¬½ö·¢ÏÖÄñÀà¡¢ÓãÀ༰Á½ÆÜÀàºìϸ°ûȾɫÌå²»º¬H1¶ø´øÓÐH5£¬¾«Ï¸°ûȾɫÌåµÄ×éµ°°×ÊÇÓ㾫µ°°×¡£ ?&whE!
ëÄÁ´ÉÏ°±»ùËá·Ö²¼µÄ²»¶Ô³ÆÐÔ¡£¼îÐÔ°±»ùËἯÖзֲ¼ÔÚN¶ËµÄ°ëÌõÁ´ÉÏ¡£ÀýÈ磬N¶ËµÄ°ëÌõÁ´ÉϾ»µçºÉΪ+16£¬C¶ËÖ»ÓÐ+3£¬´ó²¿·ÖÊèË®»ùÍŶ¼·Ö²¼ÔÚC¶Ë¡£ *%ed;>6:Q
×éµ°°×µÄÐÞÊÎ×÷ÓᣰüÀ¨¼×»ù»¯¡¢ÒÒ»ù»¯¡¢Á×Ëữ¼°ADPºËÌÇ»ù»¯µÈ¡£ g28S3 '2
{B'Gm]4
¢Æ·Ç×éµ°°×µÄÒ»°ãÌØÐÔ aX>4Tw
ȾɫÌåÉϳýÁË´æÔÚ´óÔ¼ÓëDNAµÈÁ¿µÄ×éµ°°×ÒÔÍ⣬»¹´æÔÚ´óÁ¿µÄ·Ç×éµ°°×¡£·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ¶àÑùÐÔ¡£·Ç×éµ°°×µÄÁ¿´óÔ¼ÊÇ×éµ°°×µÄ60%¡«70%£¬µ«ËüµÄÖÖÀàÈ´ºÜ¶à£¬Ô¼ÔÚ20-100ÖÖÖ®¼ä£¬ÆäÖг£¼ûµÄÓÐ15-20ÖÖ¡£ ·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ×é֯רһÐÔºÍÖÖÊôרһÐÔ¡£ x:f|3"\s
(3)¼¸Àà³£¼ûµÄ·Ç×éµ°°× GCf._8;%
a.HMGµ°°×£¨high mobility group protein£©¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÀàÄÜÓõÍÑΣ¨0.35mol/L NaCl£©ÈÜÒº³éÌá¡¢ÄÜÈÜÓÚ2%µÄÈýÂÈÒÒËá¡¢Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿½ÏµÍµÄ·Ç×éµ°°×£¬Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿¶¼ÔÚ3.0¡Á104ÒÔÏ¡£ W _PM!>8`
b. DNA½áºÏµ°°×¡£ÓÃ2mol/L NaCl³ýȥȫ²¿×éµ°°×ºÍ70%·Ç×éµ°°×ºó£¬»¹ÓÐÒ»²¿·Öµ°°×±ØÐëÓÃ2mol/L NaClºÍ5mol/LÄòËزÅÄÜÓëDNA½âÀë¡£ÕâЩµ°°×·Ö×ÓÁ¿½ÏµÍ£¬Ô¼Õ¼·Ç×éµ°°×µÄ20%£¬È¾É«ÖʵÄ8%¡£ gp#b
Q
J
]n7| L
Æß. ÔºËÓëÕæºËȾɫÌåDNA±È½Ï jw`&Np2Q
ÔºËÉúÎïÖÐÒ»°ãÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõȾɫÌåÇҴ󶼴øÓе¥¿½±´»ùÒò£¬Ö»ÓкÜÉÙÊý»ùÒò¡²ÈçrRNA»ùÒò¡³ÊÇÒԶ࿽±´ÐÎʽ´æÔÚ£» ]ro1{wm!WU
Õû¸öȾɫÌåDNA¼¸ºõÈ«²¿Óɹ¦ÄÜ»ùÒòÓëµ÷¿ØÐòÁÐËù×é³É£» @&~OB/7B:
¼¸ºõÿ¸ö»ùÒòÐòÁж¼ÓëËüËù±àÂëµÄµ°°×ÖÊÐòÁгÊÏßÐÔ¶ÔӦ״̬¡£ j6&zRFX
Viral DNA molecules are relatively small RT.wTJS;
HIV = 9000 nt RNA `@u
+u0
Q¦Â = 4200 nt NPB ,q& Th
Bactaria DNA is 100 times > than viral O4b-A3:
E. coli 4639221 bp double-stranded H3p4,Y}'#
Contour length = 1.7mm, 850±¶Ï¸¾ú±¾Éí³¤¶È¡£Ï¸¾úÖг£³£´øÓÐÖÊÁ£DNA¡£ h 7(H%(^_
Eucaryotic cells +(QMy&DtS
¹ûÓ¬´øÓÐ25±¶ÓÚE. Coli µÄDNA,ÈËÀà´øÓÐ600±¶ÓÚE. Coli µÄDNA. Eucaryotic DNA ÖлùÒòÃܶÈÃ÷ÏÔµÍÓÚԺ˺Ͳ¡¶¾¡£ÈçÈËDNAÖÐƽ¾ùÿºÁÃ×Ö»´øÓÐ50¸ö»ùÒò,¶øE. ColiÖлùÒòÃܶÈÿºÁÃ×DNA´øÓÐ2400¸ö»ùÒò£¡Ò»¸öÈËϸ°ûÖÐËù´øÓеÄDNAÔ¼ÓÐ2m/1.7mmϸ¾ú¡£³ÉÈË´øÓÐ1X10^14¸öϸ°û£¬³ÉÈËÌåÄÚÈ«²¿DNAµÄ×ܳ¤¶È£¨Contour Length£©£½ 2X10^11Km )+jK0E1
V'HlAQr
(/9.+V_
a0V8
L+v(
------------------------------------------------------ Pv{,aV\I}
l ) )~&
µÚÈý½² µ°°×ÖÊºÏ³É ~n8*@9[
Ò».»ùÒòÓë»ùÒò±í´ïµÄÒ»°ã¸ÅÄî HggR=>s
»ùÒò×÷ΪΨһÄܹ»×ÔÖ÷¸´ÖÆ¡¢ÓÀ¾Ã´æÔڵĵ¥Î»£¬ÆäÉúÀíѧ¹¦ÄÜÒÔµ°°×ÖÊÐÎʽµÃµ½±í´ï¡£DNAÐòÁÐÊÇÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄÖü´æÕߣ¬Ëüͨ¹ý×ÔÖ÷¸´ÖƵõ½ÓÀ´æ£¬²¢Í¨¹ýת¼Éú³ÉmRNA£¬·ÒëÉú³Éµ°°×ÖʵĹý³Ì¿ØÖÆËùÓÐÉúÃüÏÖÏó¡£ t9f4P^V`
±àÂëÁ´£¨coding strand£©ÓÖ³Æsense strand£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÓëmRNAÐòÁÐÏàͬµÄÄÇÌõÁ´¡£·Ç±àÂëÁ´£¨anticoding strand£©£¬ÓÖ³Æantisense strand£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÄÇÌõ¸ù¾Ý¼î»ù»¥²¹ÔÔòÖ¸µ¼mRNAÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄDNAÁ´¡£ rHC+nou
Genetic information is perpetuated by replication£¨¸´ÖÆ£©in which a double- stranded nucleic acid is duplicated to give identical copies. W[1f]w3
»ùÒò±í´ï°üÀ¨×ªÂ¼£¨transcription£©ºÍ·Ò루translation£©Á½¸ö½×¶Î¡£×ªÂ¼ÊÇÖ¸¿½±´³öÒ»ÌõÓëDNAÁ´ÐòÁÐÍêÈ«Ïàͬ£¨³ýÁËT¡úUÖ®Í⣩µÄRNAµ¥Á´µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÊÇ»ùÒò±í´ïµÄºËÐIJ½Öè¡£·ÒëÊÇÖ¸ÒÔÐÂÉúµÄmRNAΪģ°å£¬°ÑºËÜÕËáÈýÁª×ÓÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë·Òë³É°±»ùËáÐòÁС¢ºÏ³Éµ°°×ÖʶàëÄÁ´µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÊÇ»ùÒò±í´ïµÄ×îÖÕÄ¿µÄ¡£ Dj,+t+|
Ö»ÓÐmRNAËùЯ´øµÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢²Å±»ÓÃÀ´Ö¸µ¼µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³É£¬ËùÒÔÈËÃÇÒ»°ãÓÃU¡¢C¡¢A¡¢GÕâ4ÖÖºËÜÕËá¶ø²»ÊÇT¡¢C¡¢A¡¢GµÄ×éºÏÀ´±íʾÒÅ´«ÐÔ×´¡£Ëùν·ÒëÊÇÖ¸½«mRNAÁ´ÉϵĺËÜÕËá´ÓÒ»¸öÌض¨µÄÆðʼλµã¿ªÊ¼£¬°´Ã¿3¸öºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÔÔò£¬ÒÀ´ÎºÏ³ÉÒ»Ìõ¶àëÄÁ´µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£ lH,]ZA./
@??c<]9F
¶þ. ÒÅ´«ÃÜÂ롪¡ªÈýÁª×Ó U'h[{ek
mRNAÉÏÿ3¸öºËÜÕËá·Òë³Éµ°°×ÖʶàëÄÁ´ÉϵÄÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬÕâ3¸öºËÜÕËá¾Í³ÆΪһ¸öÃÜÂ룬Ҳ½ÐÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë¡£·Òëʱ´ÓÆðʼÃÜÂë×ÓAUG¿ªÊ¼£¬ÑØmRNA5¡¯¡ú3¡¯µÄ·½ÏòÁ¬ÐøÔĶÁÖ±µ½ÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¬Éú³ÉÒ»Ìõ¾ßÓÐÌض¨ÐòÁеĶàëÄÁ´¡£ fo!Lp*'0
mRNAÖÐÖ»ÓÐ4ÖÖºËÜÕËᣬ¶øµ°°×ÖÊÖÐÓÐ20ÖÖ°±»ùËᣬÈôÒÔÒ»ÖÖºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»ÖÖ°±»ùËᣬֻÄÜ´ú±í4ÖÖ(41=4)¡£ÈôÒÔÁ½ÖÖºËÜÕËá×÷Ϊһ¸öÃÜÂ루¶þÁª×Ó£©£¬ÄÜ´ú±í42=16ÖÖ°±»ùËá¡£¶ø¼Ù¶¨ÒÔ3¸öºËÜÕËá´ú±íÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬÔò¿ÉÒÔÓÐ43=64ÖÖÃÜÂ룬Âú×ãÁ˱àÂë20ÖÖ°±»ùËáµÄÐèÒª¡£ \ ]kb&Qw
50-60Äê´úÆÆÒëÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë·½ÃæµÄÈýÏîÖØÒª³É¹û£º f>wW}-
£¨1£©Paul ZamecnikµÈÈË֤ʵϸ°ûÖе°°×Öʺϳɵij¡Ëù¡£ËûÃÇ°Ñ·ÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇµÄ°±»ùËá×¢Éäµ½´óÊóÌåÄÚ£¬¾¹ýÒ»¶Îʱ¼äºóÊÕ»ñÆä¸ÎÔ࣬½øÐÐÕáÌÇÌݶȳÁµí²¢·ÖÎö¸÷ÖÖϸ°û³É·ÝÖеķÅÉäÐÔµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ 5uD#=/oV
Èç¹û×¢Éäºó¾ÊýСʱ£¨»òÊýÌ죩ÊÕ»ñ¸ÎÔ࣬ËùÓÐϸ°û³É·ÝÖж¼´øÓзÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇµÄµ°°×ÖÊ; (Q h7bfd
Èç¹û×¢Éäºó¼¸·ÖÖÓÄÚ¼´ÊÕ»ñ¸ÎÔ࣬ÄÇô£¬·ÅÉäÐÔ±ê¼ÇÖ»´æÔÚÓÚº¬ÓкËÌÇÌå¿ÅÁ£µÄϸ°ûÖʳɷÝÖС£ r0?hX
£¨2£©Francis CrickµÈÈ˵ÚÒ»´Î֤ʵֻÓÐÓÃÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂëµÄÐÎʽ²ÅÄÜ°Ñ°üº¬ÔÚÓÉAUGCËĸö×Öĸ×é³ÉÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢£¨ºËËᣩ׼ȷÎÞÎóµØ·Òë³ÉÓÉ20ÖÖ²»Í¬°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄµ°°×ÖÊÐòÁУ¬ÊµÏÖÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ±í´ï¡£ ?,i#B'Z^
ʵÑé1: 3@Zz-~4Td
ÓÃß¹à¤ÀàÊÔ¼Á£¨ÓÕµ¼ºËÜÕËá²åÈë»ò¶ªÊ§£©´¦ÀíT4ÊɾúÌårIIλµãÉϵÄÁ½¸ö»ùÒò£¬Ê¹Ö®·¢ÉúÒÆÂëÍ»±ä£¨frame-shift£©£¬¾ÍÉú³ÉÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ¡¢Ã»Óй¦Äܵĵ°°×ÖÊ¡£ G0 nH Z6
ʵÑé2: o+X'(!Trw
Ñо¿Ñ̲ݻµËÀÎÀÐDz¡¶¾·¢ÏÖ£¬ÆäÍâ¿Çµ°°×ÑÇ»ùÓÉ400¸ö°±»ùËá×é³É£¬ÏàÓ¦µÄRNAƬ¶Î³¤1200¸öºËÜÕËᣬÓëÃÜÂëÈýÁª×ÓÌåϵÕýºÃÏàÎǺϡ£ u\1Wkxj
ʵÑé3: :)J~FVLy
ÒÔ¾ù¾ÛÎïΪģ°åÖ¸µ¼¶àëĵĺϳɡ£ ÔÚº¬ÓÐtRNA¡¢ºËÌÇÌå¡¢AA-tRNAºÏ³Éø¼°ÆäËüµ°°×ÖÊÒò×ÓµÄϸ°û³éÌáÎïÖмÓÈëmRNA»òÈ˹¤ºÏ³ÉµÄ¾ù¾ÛÎï×÷Ϊģ°åÒÔ¼°ATP¡¢GTP¡¢°±»ùËáµÈ³É·ÖʱÓÖÄܺϳÉеÄëÄÁ´£¬ÐÂÉúëÄÁ´µÄ°±»ùËá˳ÐòÓÉÍâ¼ÓµÄÄ£°åÀ´¾ö¶¨¡£ ~Q$c!=
1961Ä꣬NirenbergµÈÒÔpoly£¨U£©×÷Ä£°åʱ·¢ÏֺϳÉÁ˶à¾Û±½±û°±Ëᣬ´Ó¶øÍƳöUUU´ú±í±½±û°±ËᣨPhe£©¡£ÒÔpoly£¨C£©¼°poly£¨A£©×öÄ£°å·Ö±ðµÃµ½¶à¾Û¸¬°±ËáºÍ¶à¾ÛÀµ°±Ëá¡£ wzQdKlV
ʵÑé4: xo)?XFM2
ÒÔÌض¨ÐòÁеĹ²¾ÛÎïΪģ°åÖ¸µ¼¶àëĵĺϳɡ£ÒÔ¶à¾Û¶þºËÜÕËá×÷Ä£°å¿ÉºÏ³ÉÓÉ2¸ö°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ£¬ a`@<Z sR
5¡¯¡UGU GUG UGU GUG UGU GUG¡3¡¯,²»¹Ü¶ÁÂë´ÓU¿ªÊ¼»¹ÊÇ´ÓG¿ªÊ¼£¬¶¼Ö»ÄÜÓÐUGU£¨Cys£©¼°GUG£¨Val£©Á½ÖÖÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ ev;5?9\E
ʵÑé5: ;@ll
ÒÔ¹²¾ÛÈýºËÜÕËá×÷Ϊģ°å¿ÉµÃµ½ÓÐ3ÖÖ°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ¡£ÈçÒÔ¶à¾Û£¨UUC£©ÎªÄ£°å£¬¿ÉÄÜÓÐ3ÖÖÆð¶Á·½Ê½£º h@>rjeY@
5¡¯¡UUC UUC UUC UUC UUC¡3¡¯»ò 5¡¯¡UCU UCU UCU UCU UCU¡3¡¯»ò 5¡¯¡CUU CUU CUU CUU CUU¡3¡¯·Ö±ð²úÉúUUC£¨Phe£©¡¢UCU£¨Ser£©»òCUU£¨Leu£©. &;@b&p+
¶à¾ÛÈýºËÜÕËáΪģ°åʱҲ¿ÉÄÜÖ»ºÏ³É2ÖÖ¶àëÄ£º5¡¯¡GUA GUA GUA GUA GUA¡3¡¯»ò5¡¯¡UAG UAG UAG UAG UAG¡3¡¯ iz
GaV[
»ò5¡¯¡AGU AGU AGU AGU AGU¡3¡¯ÓɵڶþÖÖ¶ÁÂ뷽ʽ²úÉúµÄÃÜÂë×ÓUAGÊÇÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂ룬²»±àÂëÈκΰ±»ùËᣬÒò´Ë£¬Ö»²úÉúGUA£¨Val£©»òAGU£¨Ser£©¡£ ;5oH6{7_Z
ʵÑé6: i:Z.;z$1
ÒÔËæ»ú¶à¾ÛÎïÖ¸µ¼¶àëĺϳɡ£NirenbergµÈ¼°OchoaµÈÓÖÓø÷ÖÖËæ»úµÄ¶à¾ÛÎï×÷Ä£°åºÏ³É¶àëÄ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÒÔÖ»º¬A¡¢CµÄ¶à¾ÛºËÜÕËá×÷Ä£°å£¬ÈÎÒâÅÅÁÐʱ¿É³öÏÖ8ÖÖÈýÁª×Ó£¬¼´CCC¡¢CCA¡¢CAC¡¢ACC¡¢CAA¡¢ACA¡¢AAC¡¢AAA£¬»ñµÃÓÉAsn¡¢His¡¢Pro¡¢Gln¡¢Thr¡¢LysµÈ6ÖÖ°±»ùËá×é³ÉµÄ¶àëÄ¡£ H'= i
1O3<%T#LOZ
£¨3£©°±»ùËáµÄ¡°»î»¯¡±ÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ¼¼Êõ¡£ 1(;33),P8
Èç¹û°Ñ°±»ùËáÓëATPºÍ¸ÎÔàϸ°ûÖʹ²ÅàÑø£¬°±»ùËá¾Í»á±»¹Ì¶¨ÔÚijЩÈÈÎȶ¨ÇÒ¿ÉÈÜÐÔRNA·Ö×Ó£¨transfer RNA£¬tRNA£©ÉÏ¡£ÏÖ½«°±»ùËá»î»¯ºóµÄ²úÎï³ÆΪ°±»ùõ£-tRNA£¨aminoacyl-tRNA£©£¬²¢°Ñ´ß»¯¸Ã¹ý³ÌµÄø³ÆΪ°±»ùõ£ºÏ³Éø£¨aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase£©¡£ e2h k
ÒÔÈ˹¤ºÏ³ÉµÄÈýºËÜÕËáÈçUUU¡¢UCU¡¢UGUµÈΪģ°å£¬ÔÚº¬ºËÌÇÌå¡¢AA-tRNAµÄ·´Ó¦ÒºÖб£Îºóͨ¹ýÏõËáÏËάËØÂËĤ£¬Ö»ÓÐÓÎÀëµÄAA-tRNAÒòÏà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿Ð¡¶øͨ¹ýÂËĤ£¬¶øºËÌÇÌå»òÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏµÄAA-tRNAÔòÁôÔÚÂËĤÉÏ£¬ÕâÑù¿É°ÑÒѽáºÏÓëδ½áºÏµÄAA-tRNA·Ö¿ª¡£ zk 'e6
µ±ÌåϵÖдøÓжà¾ÛºËÜÕËáÄ£°åʱ£¬´Ó´ó³¦¸Ë¾úÖÐÌáÈ¡µÄºËÌÇÌå¾³£ÓëÌØÒìÐÔ°±»ùõ£-tRNAÏà½áºÏ¡£Èç¹û°ÑºËÌÇÌåÓëpoly£¨U£©ºÍPhe-tRNAPhe¹²ÎÂÓý£¬ºËÌÇÌå¾ÍÄÜͬʱÓëpoly£¨U£©ºÍPhe-tRNAPheÏà½áºÏ¡£ |_xiG~
4ÖÖºËÜÕËá×é³É61¸ö±àÂë°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×ÓºÍ3¸öÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¬ËüÃDz»ÄÜÓëtRNAµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÅä¶Ô£¬µ«Äܱ»ÖÕÖ¹Òò×Ó»òÊÍ·ÅÒò×Óʶ±ð£¬ÖÕÖ¹ëÄÁ´µÄºÏ³É¡£ÓÉÒ»ÖÖÒÔÉÏÃÜÂë×Ó±àÂëͬһ¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÏÖÏó³ÆΪ¼ò²¢£¨degeneracy£©£¬¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚͬһ°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×Ó³ÆΪͬÒåÃÜÂë×Ó£¨synonymous codon£©¡£ Jn:GA@[I
>A'!T'"~
Èý£®ÃÜÂë×Ӻͷ´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÏ໥×÷Óà f
N*4(yw
µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³É¹ý³ÌÖУ¬tRNAµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×Óͨ¹ý¼î»ùµÄ·´ÏòÅä¶ÔÓëmRNAµÄÃÜÂë×ÓÏ໥×÷Óá£1966Ä꣬Crick¸ù¾ÝÁ¢Ì廯ѧÔÀíÌá³ö°Ú¶¯¼Ù˵£¨wobble hypothesis£©£¬½âÊÍÁË·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÖÐijЩϡÓгɷÖÈçIÒÔ¼°Ðí¶àÓÐ2¸öÒÔÉÏͬԴÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÅä¶ÔÎÊÌâ¡£ aXK%m
Wobble hypothesis E?q'|f
¢Ù ÈÎÒâÒ»¸öÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÇ°Á½Î»¼î»ù¶¼ÓëtRNA anticodonÖеÄÏàÓ¦¼î»ùÐγÉWatson-Crick¼î»ùÅä¶Ô¡£ 98%tws`
¢Ú ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλÊÇA»òCʱ£¬Ö»ÄÜʶ±ðÒ»¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£µ±·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλÊÇU»òGʱ£¬ÄÜʶ±ðÁ½¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£µ±Inosine£¨I£©×÷Ϊ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÚһλʱ£¬ÄÜʶ±ðÈý¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ >'1Q"$;
¢Û Èç¹ûÊý¸öÃÜÂë×Óͬʱ±àÂëÒ»¸ö°±»ùËᣬ·²ÊǵÚÒ»¡¢¶þλ¼î»ù²»ÏàͬµÄÃÜÂë×Ó¶¼¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚ¸÷×ÔµÄtRNA¡£ DIu72\
¢Ü ¸ù¾ÝÉÏÊö¹æÔò£¬ÖÁÉÙÐèÒª32ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄtRNA²ÅÄÜ·Òë61¸öÃÜÂë×Ó¡£ I{g2q B$6
x]J-q5
ËÄ£®tRNA \=G
Xe.}4d
tRNAÔÚµ°°×ÖʺϳÉÖд¦ÓڹؼüµØ룬±»³ÆΪµÚ¶þÒÅ´«ÃÜÂë¡£Ëü²»µ«Îª½«Ã¿¸öÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë·Òë³É°±»ùËáÌṩÁ˽ӺÏÌ壬»¹Îª×¼È·ÎÞÎóµØ½«ËùÐè°±»ùËáÔËË͵½ºËÌÇÌåÉÏÌṩÁËÔØÌå¡£ËùÓеÄtRNA¶¼Äܹ»ÓëºËÌÇÌåµÄPλµãºÍAλµã½áºÏ£¬´Ëʱ£¬tRNA·Ö×ÓÈýÒ¶²ÝÐͶ¥¶ËÍ»Æð²¿Î»Í¨¹ýÃÜÂë×Ó£º·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÅä¶ÔÓëmRNAÏà½áºÏ£¬¶øÆä3¡¯Ä©¶ËÇ¡ºÃ½«ËùתÔ˵ݱ»ùËáË͵½ÕýÔÚÑÓÉìµÄ¶àëÄÉÏ¡£´ú±íÏàͬ°±»ùËáµÄtRNA³ÆΪͬ¹¤tRNA¡£ÔÚÒ»¸öͬ¹¤tRNA×éÄÚ£¬ËùÓÐtRNA¾ùרһÓÚÏàͬµÄ°±»ùõ£- tRNAºÏ³Éø¡£ eNC5' Z
1¡¢tRNAµÄÈýÒ¶²ÝÐͶþ¼¶½á¹¹ VU'l~%
ql
ÊÜÌå±Û£¨acceptor arm£©Ö÷ÒªÓÉÁ´Á½¶ËÐòÁмî»ùÅä¶ÔÐγɵĸË×´½á¹¹ºÍ3¡¯¶ËÄ©Åä¶ÔµÄ3-4¸ö¼î»ùËù×é³É£¬Æä3¡¯¶ËµÄ×îºó3¸ö¼î»ùÐòÁÐÓÀÔ¶ÊÇCCA£¬×îºóÒ»¸ö¼î»ùµÄ3¡¯»ò2¡¯×ÔÓÉôÇ»ù£¨¡ªOH£©¿ÉÒÔ±»°±õ£»¯¡£T¦ÕC±ÛÊǸù¾Ý3¸öºËÜÕËáÃüÃûµÄ£¬ÆäÖЦձíʾÄâÄòà×ण¬ÊÇtRNA·Ö×ÓËùÓµÓеIJ»³£¼ûºËÜÕËá¡£·´ÃÜÂë×Ó±ÛÊǸù¾ÝλÓÚÌ×Ë÷ÖÐÑëµÄÈýÁª·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÃüÃûµÄ¡£D±ÛÊǸù¾ÝËüº¬ÓжþÇâÄòà×ण¨dihydrouracil£©ÃüÃûµÄ¡£ $Q$d\Yvi
×î³£¼ûµÄtRNA·Ö×ÓÓÐ76¸ö¼î»ù£¬Ïà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿Ô¼Îª2.5¡Á104¡£²»Í¬µÄtRNA·Ö×Ó¿ÉÓÐ74-95¸öºËÜÕËá²»µÈ£¬tRNA·Ö×Ó³¤¶ÈµÄ²»Í¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÆäÖеÄÁ½ÌõÊÖ±ÛÒýÆðµÄ¡£tRNAµÄÏ¡Óмî»ùº¬Á¿·Ç³£·á¸»£¬Ô¼ÓÐ70ÓàÖÖ¡£Ã¿¸ötRNA·Ö×ÓÖÁÉÙº¬ÓÐ2¸öÏ¡Óмî»ù£¬×î¶àÓÐ19¸ö£¬¶àÊý·Ö²¼ÔÚ·ÇÅä¶ÔÇø£¬ÌرðÊÇÔÚ·´ÃÜÂë×Ó3¡¯¶ËÁÚ½ü²¿Î»³öÏÖµÄƵÂÊ×î¸ß£¬ÇÒ´ó¶àΪàÑßʺËÜÕËá¡£Õâ¶ÔÓÚά³Ö·´ÃÜÂë×Ó»·µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ¼°ÃÜÂë×Ó¡¢·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÅä¶ÔÊǺÜÖØÒªµÄ¡£
&lfF!
2£®tRNAµÄLÐÎÈý¼¶½á¹¹ k#r7&Y
½ÍĸºÍ´ó³¦¸Ë¾útRNAµÄÈý¼¶½á¹¹¶¼³ÊLÐÎÕÛµþʽ¡£ÕâÖֽṹÊÇ¿¿Çâ¼üÀ´Î¬³ÖµÄ£¬tRNAµÄÈý¼¶½á¹¹ÓëAA- tRNAºÏ³ÉøµÄʶ±ðÓйء£ÊÜÌå±ÛºÍT¦ÕC±ÛµÄ¸Ë×´ÇøÓò¹¹³ÉÁ˵ÚÒ»¸öË«ÂÝÐý£¬D±ÛºÍ·´ÃÜÂë×ӱ۵ĸË×´ÇøÓòÐγÉÁ˵ڶþ¸öË«ÂÝÐý¡£ AA& dZjz
tRNAµÄLÐθ߼¶½á¹¹·´Ó³ÁËÆäÉúÎïѧ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÒòΪËüÉÏËùÔËÔصݱ»ùËá±ØÐë¿¿½üλÓÚºËÌÇÌå´óÑÇ»ùÉϵĶàëĺϳÉλµã£¬¶øËüµÄ·´ÃÜÂë×Ó±ØÐëÓëСÑÇ»ùÉϵÄmRNAÏàÅä¶Ô£¬ËùÒÔÁ½¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¹¦ÄÜ»ùÍÅ×î´óÏ޶ȷÖÀë¡£ O>F
.Wf5g
3£®tRNAµÄ¹¦ÄÜ zt?w n*_
ת¼¹ý³ÌÊÇÐÅÏ¢´ÓÒ»ÖÖºËËá·Ö×Ó£¨DNA£©×ªÒÆÖÁÁíÒ»ÖֽṹÉϼ«ÎªÏàËƵĺËËá·Ö×Ó£¨RNA£©µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÐÅϢתÒÆ¿¿µÄÊǼî»ùÅä¶Ô¡£·Òë½×¶ÎÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢´ÓmRNA·Ö×ÓתÒƵ½½á¹¹¼«²»ÏàͬµÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó£¬ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇÒÔÄܱ»·Òë³Éµ¥¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂëÐÎʽ´æÔڵģ¬ÔÚÕâÀïÆð×÷ÓõÄÊǽâÂë»úÖÆ¡£ leYmVFE
4£®tRNAµÄÖÖÀà 'nDT.i
£¨1£©ÆðʼtRNAºÍÑÓÉìtRNA oJu
4vGy0
ÄÜÌØÒìµØʶ±ðmRNAÄ£°åÉÏÆðʼÃÜÂë×ÓµÄtRNA½ÐÆðʼtRNA£¬ÆäËûtRNAͳ³ÆΪÑÓÉìtRNA¡£ÔºËÉúÎïÆðʼtRNAЯ´ø¼×õ£¼×Áò°±ËᣨfMet£©£¬ÕæºËÉúÎïÆðʼtRNAЯ´ø¼×Áò°±ËᣨMet£©¡£ wG[l9)lz
£¨2£©Í¬¹¤tRNA ?'#;Y"RT
´ú±íͬһÖÖ°±»ùËáµÄtRNA³ÆΪͬ¹¤tRNA£¬Í¬¹¤tRNA¼ÈÒªÓв»Í¬µÄ·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÒÔʶ±ð¸Ã°±»ùËáµÄ¸÷ÖÖͬÒåÃÜÂ룬ÓÖÒªÓÐijÖֽṹÉϵĹ²Í¬ÐÔ£¬Äܱ»AA- tRNAºÏ³Éøʶ±ð¡£ HY| SLk/E
£¨3£©Ð£ÕýtRNA [3NV #
УÕýtRNA·ÖΪÎÞÒåÍ»±ä¼°´íÒåÍ»±äУÕý¡£ &+{xR79+&
ÔÚµ°°×ÖʵĽṹ»ùÒòÖУ¬Ò»¸öºËÜÕËáµÄ¸Ä±ä¿ÉÄÜʹ´ú±íij¸ö°±»ùËáµÄÃÜÂë×Ó±ä³ÉÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó£¨UAG¡¢UGA¡¢UAA£©£¬Ê¹µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÌáÇ°ÖÕÖ¹£¬ºÏ³ÉÎÞ¹¦ÄܵĻòÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¶àëÄ£¬ÕâÖÖÍ»±ä¾Í³ÆΪÎÞÒåÍ»±ä¡£ ?&nz
<:7e4#
Î壮AA- tRNAºÏ³Éø ÊÇÒ»Àà´ß»¯°±»ùËáÓëtRNA½áºÏµÄÌØÒìÐÔø£¬Æ䷴ӦʽÈçÏ£º d@4=
XSj
Ëüʵ¼ÊÉÏ°üÀ¨Á½²½·´Ó¦£º O
xaua
µÚÒ»²½ÊÇ°±»ùËá»î»¯Éú³Éø-°±»ùõ£ÏÙÜÕËḴºÏÎï¡£ Q)X\VQcgj
AA+ATP+ø£¨E£©¡úE-AA-AMP+PPi 2}Plr{s9
µÚ¶þ²½ÊÇ°±õ£»ùתÒƵ½tRNA 3¡¯Ä©¶ËÏÙÜղлùÉÏ£¬ÓëÆä2¡¯»ò3¡¯-ôÇ»ù½áºÏ¡£ *ik)>c_
E-AA-AMP+ tRNA¡úAA- tRNA +E+AMP v=WDs#"
µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÕæʵÐÔÖ÷Òª¾ö¶¨ÓÚAA- tRNAºÏ³ÉøÊÇ·ñÄÜʹ°±»ùËáÓë¶ÔÓ¦µÄtRNAÏà½áºÏ¡£AA-tRNAºÏ³Éø¼ÈÒªÄÜʶ±ðtRNA£¬ÓÖÒªÄÜʶ±ð°±»ùËᣬËü¶ÔÁ½Õ߶¼¾ßÓи߶ȵÄרһÐÔ¡£²»Í¬µÄtRNAÓв»Í¬¼î»ù×é³ÉºÍ¿Õ¼ä½á¹¹£¬ÈÝÒ×±»tRNAºÏ³ÉøËùʶ±ð£¬À§ÄѵÄÊÇÕâЩøÈçºÎʶ±ð½á¹¹ÉϷdz£ÏàËƵݱ»ùËá¡£ `l0icfy
ÓÐÁ½µÀ¹Ø¿Ú: n?fC_dy
The first filter is the initial binding of the amino acid to the enzyme and its activation to aminoacyl-AMP. rtOW-cz
The second filter is the binding of incorrect aminoacyl-AMP products to a separate active site on the enzyme. P3FpU<OBwp
&|FG#.2yw
ºËÌÇÌåÏñÒ»¸öÄÜÑØmRNAÄ£°åÒƶ¯µÄ¹¤³§£¬Ö´ÐÐ×ŵ°°×ÖʺϳɵŦÄÜ¡£ËüÊÇÓɼ¸Ê®ÖÖµ°°×Öʺͼ¸ÖÖºËÌÇÌåRNA£¨ribosomal RNA£¬rRNA£©×é³ÉµÄÑÇϸ°û¿ÅÁ£¡£Ò»¸öϸ¾úϸ°ûÄÚÔ¼ÓÐ20000¸öºËÌÇÌ壬¶øÕæºËϸ°ûÄÚ¿É´ï106¸ö£¬ÔÚδ³ÉÊìµÄó¸òÜÂÑϸ°ûÄÚÔò¸ß´ï1012¡£ºËÌÇÌåºÍËüµÄ¸¨ÖúÒò×ÓΪµ°°×ÖʺϳÉÌṩÁ˱ØÒªÌõ¼þ¡£ c+XR
FsZEB/c
1.ºËÌÇÌåµÄ×é³É Ec/+ 9H6g
ÔºËÉúÎïºËÌÇÌåÓÉÔ¼2/3µÄRNA¼°1/3µÄµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïºËÌÇÌåÖÐRNAÕ¼3/5£¬µ°°×ÖÊÕ¼2/5¡£ºËÌÇÌåÊÇÒ»¸öÖÂÃܵĺËÌǺ˵°°×¿ÅÁ££¬¿ÉÒÔ½âÀëΪÁ½¸öÑÇ»ù£¬Ã¿¸öÑÇ»ù¶¼º¬ÓÐÒ»¸öÏà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿½Ï´óµÄrRNAºÍÐí¶à²»Í¬µÄµ°°×ÖÊ·Ö×Ó¡£ #^w 1!xXD
´ó³¦¸Ë¾úºËÌÇÌåСÑÇ»ùÓÉ21ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É£¬·Ö±ðÓÃS1¡¡S21±íʾ£¬´óÑÇ»ùÓÉ33ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ×é³É£¬·Ö±ðÓÃL1¡¡L33±íʾ¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïϸ°ûºËÌÇÌå´óÑÇ»ùº¬ÓÐ49ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ£¬Ð¡ÑÇ»ùÓÐ33ÖÖµ°°×ÖÊ¡£ >Nqkz?67
2¡¢rRNA @].aFhH`)
3.ºËÌÇÌåµÄ¹¦ÄÜ S?WUSx*N
ºËÌÇÌå°üÀ¨ÖÁÉÙ5¸ö»îÐÔÖÐÐÄ£¬¼´mRNA½áºÏ²¿Î»¡¢½áºÏ»ò½ÓÊÜAA- tRNA²¿Î»£¨A룩¡¢½áºÏ»ò½ÓÊÜëÄ»ùtRNAµÄ²¿Î»¡¢ëÄ»ùתÒƲ¿Î»£¨P룩¼°ÐγÉëļüµÄ²¿Î»£¨×ªëÄøÖÐÐÄ£©£¬´ËÍ⻹ÓиºÔðëÄÁ´ÑÓÉìµÄ¸÷ÖÖÑÓÉìÒò×ӵĽáºÏλµã¡£Ð¡ÑÇ»ùÉÏÓµÓÐmRNA½áºÏλµã£¬¸ºÔð¶ÔÐòÁÐÌØÒìµÄʶ±ð¹ý³Ì£¬ÈçÆðʼλµãµÄʶ±ðºÍÃÜÂë×ÓÓë·´ÃÜÂë×ÓµÄÏ໥×÷ÓᣴóÑÇ»ù¸ºÔð°±»ùËá¼°tRNAЯ´øµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÈçëļüµÄÐγɡ¢AA- tRNA¡¢ëÄ»ù- tRNAµÄ½áºÏµÈ¡£Aλ¡¢Pλ¡¢×ªëÄøÖÐÐĵÈÖ÷ÒªÔÚ´óÑÇ»ùÉÏ¡£ ,\RC gc
ºËÌÇÌå¿É½âÀëΪÑÇ»ù»ò½áºÏ³É70S/80S¿ÅÁ£¡£·ÒëµÄÆðʼ½×¶ÎÐèÒªÓÎÀëµÄÑÇ»ù£¬Ëæºó²Å½áºÏ³É70S/80S¿ÅÁ££¬¼ÌÐø·Òë½ø³Ì¡£ÌåÍâ·´Ó¦ÌåϵÖУ¬ºËÌÇÌåµÄ½âÀë»ò½áºÏÈ¡¾öÓÚMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¡£Ôڴ󳦸˾úÄÚ£¬Mg2+Ũ¶ÈÔÚ10-3mol/LÒÔÏÂʱ£¬70S½âÀëΪÑÇ»ù£¬Å¨¶È´ï10-2mol/LʱÔòÐγÉÎȶ¨µÄ70S¿ÅÁ£¡£Ï¸°ûÖдó¶àÊýºËÌÇÌå´¦ÓÚ·Ç»îÐÔµÄÎȶ¨×´Ì¬£¬µ¥¶À´æÔÚ£¬Ö»ÓÐÉÙÊýÓëmRNAÒ»ÆðÐγɶà¾ÛºËÌÇÌå¡£Ëü´ÓmRNAµÄ5¡¯Ä©¶ËÏò3¡¯Ä©¶ËÔĶÁÃÜÂë×Ó£¬ÖÁÖÕÖ¹×ÓʱºÏ³ÉÒ»ÌõÍêÕûµÄ¶àëÄÁ´¡£mRNAÉϺËÌÇÌåµÄ¶àÉÙÊÓmRNAµÄ³¤¶Ì¶ø¶¨£¬Ò»°ã40¸öºËÜÕËáÓÐÒ»¸öºËÌÇÌå¡£ n!orM5=:O
hrxASAfg6
Æß. ÐÅʹºËÌǺËËá -/*{^[
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acidDNA deoxyribonucleic acid. L7="! I
ËäÈ»mRNAÔÚËùÓÐϸ°ûÄÚÖ´ÐÐ×ÅÏàͬµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬¼´Í¨¹ýÈýÁª×ÓÃÜÂë·ÒëÉú³Éµ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÆäÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄ¾ßÌå¹ý³ÌºÍ³ÉÊìmRNAµÄ½á¹¹ÔÚԺ˺ÍÕæºËÉúÎïϸ°ûÄÚÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£ [vJosbU;
Gwk@X/q
°Ë¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÄÉúÎïºÏ³É l
sxii-#O
ºËÌÇÌåÊǵ°°×Öʺϳɵij¡Ëù£¬mRNAÊǵ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÄ£°å£¬tRNAÊÇÄ£°åÓë°±»ùËáÖ®¼äµÄ½ÓºÏÌå¡£´ËÍ⣬ÓÐ20ÖÖÒÔÉϵÄAA-tRNA¼°ºÏ³Éø¡¢10¶àÖÖÆðʼÒò×Ó¡¢ÑÓÉìÒò×Ó¼°ÖÕÖ¹Òò×Ó£¬30¶àÖÖtRNA¼°¸÷ÖÖrRNA¡¢mRNAºÍ100ÖÖÒÔÉÏ·Òëºó¼Ó¹¤Ã¸²ÎÓëµ°°×Öʺϳɺͼӹ¤¹ý³Ì¡£ 9{&x-ugM
µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÏûºÄÁËϸ°ûÖÐ90%×óÓÒÓÃÓÚÉúÎïºÏ³É·´Ó¦µÄÄÜÁ¿¡£Ï¸¾úϸ°ûÖеÄ2Íò¸öºËÌÇÌ壬10Íò¸öµ°°×ÖÊÒò×ÓºÍ20Íò¸ötRNAs Ô¼Õ¼´ó³¦¸Ë¾ú¸ÉÖصÄ35%¡£ .^W0;ISX
Ôڴ󳦸˾úÖкϳÉÒ»¸ö100¸ö°±»ùËáµÄ¶àëÄÖ»Ðè5·ÖÖÓ¡£ ,
>6X_XJQ
HM
x9M$
1.µ°°×ÖÊÉúÎïºÏ³ÉµÄÖ÷Òª²½Ö裺 @XJv9aq
·ÒëµÄÆðʼ¡ª¡ªºËÌÇÌåÓëmRNA½áºÏ²¢Óë°±»ùõ£-tRNAÉú³ÉÆðʼ¸´ºÏÎï¡£ëÄÁ´µÄÑÓÉ졪¡ªºËÌÇÌåÑØmRNA5¡¯¶ËÏò3¡¯¶ËÒƶ¯£¬µ¼Ö´ÓN¶ËÏòC¶ËµÄ¶àëĺϳɡ£ëÄÁ´µÄÖÕÖ¹ÒÔ¼°ëÄÁ´µÄÊÍ·Å¡ª¡ªºËÌÇÌå´ÓmRNAÉϽâÀ룬׼±¸ÐÂÒ»Âֺϳɷ´Ó¦¡£ u(qpdG||7
Ö÷Òª·ÖΪÎå²½ hD=D5LYAZ
1¡¢ Activation of Amino Acids (This reaction takes place in the cytosol, not on the ribosome). N* QI>kzU
2¡¢ Initiation. The mRNA bearing the code for the polypeptide binds to the small ribosomal subunit and to the initiating aminoacyl-tRNA. L>*|T[~
3¡¢Elongation. Peptide bonds are formed in this stage. d@~)Wlje
4¡¢Termination and Release. Completion of the polypeptide chain is signaled by a termination codon in the mRNA. A-5%_M3\G
5¡¢Folding and Post translational Processing. {K}+$jzGVt
ëÄÁ´ÑÓÉì·ÖΪÈý²½ ~'Hwszpb
¢Ù Binding of an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA. 6Vo}Uaq4
¢Ú Peptide bond formation. }'JPA&h|
¢Û Translocation. =!2
_TiF}b!hi
2.Óëµ°°×ÖʺϳÉÓйصÄÒò×Ó VzNH%
ÆðʼÒò×ÓInitiation factor£¨IF£©ÑÓÉìÒò×ÓElongation factor£¨EF£©ÖÕÖ¹Òò×Ó¡£ÔºËÖÐÓÐRF1-3¡£RF-1 ʶ±ð UAAºÍUAG; RF-2 ʶ±ð UAAºÍUGA; RF-3 ½öÄÜ´Ù½øRF-1ºÍRF-2µÄ¹¦ÄÜ¡£ÖÕÖ¹Òò×ÓÐÐʹ¹¦ÄÜʱÐèÒªGTP¡£ÕæºËÉúÎïÖÐÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸öRF£¬ÄÜʶ±ð3¸öÖÕÖ¹×Ó¡£ *+ayC{!
/_HL&|N_5
3¡¢µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÆðʼ Z7/
lFS'~N
µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÆðʼ¸´ºÏÎï: g [K8G
30S ºËÌÇÌåСÑÇ»ù ""=V
t]
Ä£°åmRNA 2I5@zm
ea
fMet-tRNAfMet #-O4x`W>
ÆðʼÒò×Ó SX.v5plhc
GTP # jyAq$I0
50S ºËÌÇÌå´óÑÇ»ù nfEk ,(:
Mg2+ ?6gI8K6X
ºÏ³ÉµÄÆðʼ¿É·ÖΪÈý²½: 0o`o'Z V=c
1¡¢30S ºËÌÇÌåСÑÇ»ùÓëÆðʼÒò×ÓIF ¨C1ºÍIF-3Ïà½áºÏ£¬ÓÕ·¢Ä£°åmRNAÓëСÑÇ»ù½áºÏ¡£ xMu6PM<l
2¡¢ÓÉ30S СÑÇ»ù¡¢ÆðʼÒò×ÓIF ¨C1ºÍIF-3¼°Ä£°åmRNAËù×é³ÉµÄ¸´ºÏÎïÁ¢¼´ÓëGTP-IF-2¼°fMet-tRNAfMetÏà½áºÏ¡£·´ÃÜÂë×ÓÓëÃÜÂë×ÓÅä¶Ô¡£ >3/<goXk7
3¡¢ÉÏÊöÁù×é·Ö¸´ºÏÎïÔÙÓë50S´óÑÇ»ù½áºÏ£¬Ë®½âGTPÉú³É²¢ÊÍ·ÅGDPºÍPi¡£ÊÍ·ÅÈý¸öÆðʼÒò×Ó¡£ S45jY=)z
_;9)^})$
±í27-9 ÕæºËϸ°ûÖвÎÓë·ÒëÆðʼµÄµ°°×ÖÊÒò×Ó¼°Æ书ÄÜ W3#L!&z_wK
W&nVVV8s@
ÕæºËÒò×Ó ¹¦ÄÜ n%}0hVu
eIF2 ´Ù½øMet-tRNAMetÓëºËÌÇÌå40SСÑÇ»ù½áºÏ¡£ &+p07
eIF2B 8^~]Ym:
eIF3 W0Vjs|/
ÊÇ×îÔçÓëºËÌÇÌå40SСÑÇ»ù½áºÏµÄ´Ù½øÒò×Ó£¬µ°°×Öʺϳɷ´Ó¦µÄÕý³£½øÐС£ X|:O`b$G
eIF4A ¾ßÓÐRNA½âÐýø»îÐÔ£¬½â³ýmRNAÄ£°åµÄ´Î¼¶½á¹¹²¢Ê¹Ö®Óë40SСÑÇ»ù½áºÏ£¬ÐγÉeIF4F¸´ºÏÎï¡£ YZd4% zF
eIF4B ÓëmRNAÄ£°åÏà½áºÏ£¬ÐÖúºËÌÇÌåɨÃèÄ£°åÐòÁУ¬¶¨Î»AUG¡£ Zv_<*uzKZ
eIF4E ÓëmRNA 5¡¯µÄñ×ӽṹÏà½áºÏ£¬ÐγÉeIF4F¸´ºÏÎï¡£ o5d)v)Rx=
eIF4G ÓëeIF4EºÍpoly£¨A£©½áºÏµ°°×£¨PAB£©Ïà½áºÏ£¬ÐγÉeIF4F¸´ºÏÎï¡£ )DW;Gc
eIF5 ´Ùʹ¶à¸öµ°°×Òò×ÓÓë40SСÑÇ»ù½âÌ壬ÒÔ´Ë°ïÖú´óСÑÇ»ù½áºÏÐγÉ80ºËÌÇÌ壬ÐγɷÒëÆðʼ¸´ºÏÎï¡£ kK(,FB
eIF6 ´Ù½øûÓе°°×ÖʺϳɻîÐÔµÄ80SºËÌÇÌå½âÀë³É40SºÍ60SÁ½¸öÑÇ»ù¡£ !
d(,t[cV
QCMF_;aNI
¡¡4¡¢ëÄÁ´µÄÑÓÉì 6 [IiJhVL
ëÄÁ´ÑÓÉìµÄ»ù±¾ÒªÇóÊÇ £º zB4gnVhus|
ÓÐÍêÕûµÄÆðʼ¸´ºÏÎ &j$k58mX
Óа±»ùõ£-tRNA£¬ |1EM )zh6
ÓÐÑÓÉìÒò×ÓEF-Tu, EF-TsºÍEF-G£¬ F C"dQ
ÓÐGTP¡£ 8AK#bna~-
awUIYAgJ3
ëÄÁ´ÑÓÉìÒ²¿É±»·ÖΪÈý²½£º 9tJiIr8i
µÚÒ»²½£¬ÓëнøÀ´µÄ°±»ùõ£-tRNAÏà½áºÏ¡£°±»ùõ£-tRNAÊ×ÏȱØÐëÓëGTP-EF-Tu¸´ºÏÎïÏà½áºÏ£¬Ðγɰ±»ùõ£-tRNA-GTP-EF-Tu¸´ºÏÎï²¢Óë70SÖеÄAλµãÏà½áºÏ¡£´Ëʱ£¬GTPË®½â²¢ÊÍ·ÅGDP-EF-Tu¸´ºÏÎï¡£ #u>JCPz
µÚ¶þ²½£¬ëļüÐγɡ£ ëļüÐγÉÖ®³õ£¬Á½¸ö°±»ùËáÈÔÈ»·Ö±ðÓë¸÷×ÔµÄtRNAÏà½áºÏ£¬ÈÔÈ»·Ö±ðλÓÚAλµãºÍPλµãÉÏ¡£AλµãÉϵݱ»ùËᣨµÚ¶þ¸ö°±»ùËᣩÖеĦÁ-°±»ù×÷ΪÇ׺˻ùÍÅÈ¡´úÁËPλµãÉϵÄtRNA£¬²¢ÓëÆðʼ°±»ùËáÖеÄCOOH»ùÍÅÐγÉëļü¡£±¾·´Ó¦¿ÉÄÜÓÉpeptidyl transferase ´ß»¯¡£ hP #>`)aNY
µÚÈý²½£¬ÒÆ루translocation£©¡£ ºËÌÇÌåÏòmRNAµÄ3¡¯·½ÏòÒƶ¯Ò»¸öÃÜÂë×Ó£¬Ê¹µÃ´øÓеڶþ¸ö°±»ùËᣨÏÖÒѳÉΪ¶þëÄ£©µÄtRNA´ÓAλ½øÈëP룬²¢Ê¹µÚÒ»¸ötRNA´ÓPλ½øÈëEλ¡£´Ëʱģ°åÉϵĵÚÈý¸öÃÜÂë×ÓÕýºÃÔÚAλÉÏ¡£ºËÌÇÌåµÄÒÆλÐèÒªEF-G£¨translocase£©ºÍÁíÒ»·Ö×ÓGTPË®½âÌṩÄÜÁ¿¡£ 0YKG`W
-YYQnN
5¡¢ëÄÁ´µÄÖÕÖ¹ $WDa}~j~^
µ±ÖÕÖ¹ÃÜÂë×Ó½øÈëºËÌÇÌåAλµãʱ£¬ÔÚÊÍ·ÅÒò×ÓRF1-3µÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£º 2`x[y?Tn
£¨1£©Ë®½âÄ©¶ËëÄ»ùtRNA£» ^z_~e@U
£¨2£©ÊÍ·ÅÐÂÉúëĺÍtRNA£» tH$Z_(5
£¨3£©Ê¹70SºËÌÇÌå½âÀë³É30SºÍ50SÁ½¸öÑÇ»ù¡£ N=(rl#<
Al!P=h
6¡¢µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÒÖÖƼÁ mwBOhEefNJ
¿¹¾úËضԵ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄ×÷ÓÿÉÄÜÊÇ×èÖ¹mRNAÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ£¨ÂÈùËØ£©£¬»ò×èÖ¹AA-tRNAÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ£¨ËÄ»·ËØÀࣩ£¬»ò¸ÉÈÅAA-tRNAÓëºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ¶ø²úÉú´í¶Á£¨Á´Ã¹ËØ¡¢ÐÂùËØ¡¢¿¨ÄÇùËصȣ©£¬»ò×÷Ϊ¾ºÕùÐÔÒÖÖƼÁÒÖÖƵ°°×Öʺϳɡ£ <EJC.WWJa
Á´Ã¹ËØÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¼îÐÔÈýÌÇ£¬¸ÉÈÅfMet-tRNAÓëºËÌÇÌåµÄ½áºÏ£¬´Ó¶ø×èÖ¹µ°°×ÖʺϳɵÄÕýÈ·Æðʼ£¬²¢µ¼ÖÂmRNAµÄ´í¶Á¡£ÈôÒÔpoly£¨U£©×÷Ä£°å£¬Ôò³ý±½±û°±ËᣨUUU£©Í⣬ÒìÁÁ°±ËᣨAUU£©Ò²»á²ôÈë¡£¶ÔÁ´Ã¹ËØÃô¸ÐλµãÔÚ30SÑÇ»ùÉÏ¡£ cxVnlgq1
àÑßÊùËØÊÇAA-tRNAµÄ½á¹¹ÀàËÆÎÄܽáºÏÔÚºËÌÇÌåµÄAλÉÏ£¬ÒÖÖÆAA-tRNAµÄ½øÈë¡£ËüËù´øµÄ°±»ùÓëAA- tRNAÉϵݱ»ùÒ»Ñù£¬ÄÜÓëÉú³¤ÖÐëÄÁ´ÉϵÄôÈ»ùÉú³Éëļü£¬Õâ¸ö·´Ó¦µÄ²úÎïÊÇÒ»Ìõ3¡¯ôÈ»ù¶Ë¹ÒÁËÒ»àÑßÊùËØ¡£ \
^_3Yw
ÇàùËØ¡¢ËÄ»·ËغͺìùËØÖ»ÓëÔºËϸ°ûºËÌÇÌå·¢Éú×÷Ó㬴Ӷø×è¶ôÔºËÉúÎïµ°°×Öʵĺϳɣ¬ÒÖÖÆϸ¾úÉú³¤¡£ÂÈùËغÍàÑßÊùËؼÈÄÜÓëÔºËϸ°ûºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ£¬ÓÖÄÜÓëÕæºËÉúÎïºËÌÇÌå½áºÏ£¬·Á°Ï¸°ûÄÚµ°°×Öʺϳɣ¬Ó°Ïìϸ°ûÉú³¤¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ç°3ÖÖ¿¹ÉúËر»¹ã·ºÓÃÓÚÈËÀàҽѧ£¬ºóÁ½ÖÖÔòºÜÉÙÔÚҽѧÉÏʹÓᣠ4V
h#Ye:`
[H!V
--------------------------------------- R{/nlS5
lbM
b
µÚËĽ² DNA¡¢RNAºÍµ°°×ÖÊ´úл XB2[{XH,
DNAÊÇÖü²ØÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ×îÖØÒªµÄÉúÎï´ó·Ö×Ó¡£DNA·Ö×ÓÖеĺËÜÕËáÅÅÁÐ˳Ðò²»µ«¾ö¶¨ÁË°ûÄÚËùÓÐRNA¼°µ°°×ÖʵĻù±¾½á¹¹£¬»¹Í¨¹ýµ°°×ÖÊ£¨Ã¸£©µÄ¹¦Äܼä½Ó¿ØÖÆÁËϸ°ûÄÚÈ«²¿ÓÐЧ³É·ÝµÄÉú²ú¡¢ÔËתºÍ¹¦ÄÜ·¢»Ó¡£Öü²ØÔÚÈκλùÒòÖеÄÉúÎïÐÅÏ¢¶¼±ØÐëÊ×Ïȱ»×ªÂ¼Éú³ÉRNA£¬²ÅÄܹ»µÃµ½±í´ï¡£DNAºÍRNAËäÈ»ºÜÏàËÆ£¬Ö»ÓÐT»òU¼°ºËÌǵĵڶþλ̼Ô×ÓÉÏÓÐËù²»Í¬£¬µ«ËüÃǵÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔÈ´ºÜ²»Í¬¡£ =MA$xz3
RNAÖ÷ÒªÒÔµ¥Á´ÐÎʽ´æÔÚÓÚÉúÎïÌåÄÚ£¬Æä¸ß¼¶½á¹¹ºÜ¸´ÔÓ£»RNA¼Èµ£¸º×ÅÖü²Ø¼°×ªÒÆÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÓÖÄÜ×÷ΪºËøֱ½ÓÔÚϸ°ûÄÚ·¢»Ó´úл¹¦ÄÜ¡£ P)4SrqW_
7D<M\l8G
µ°°×ÖÊÊÇÉúÎïÐÅϢͨ·ÉϵÄÖÕ²úÎһ¸ö»îϸ°ûÔÚÈκη¢Óý½×¶Î¶¼ÐèÒªÊýǧÖÖ²»Í¬µÄµ°°×ÖÊ¡£Òò´Ë£¬»îϸ°ûÄÚʱ¿Ì½øÐÐן÷ÖÖµ°°×Öʵĺϳɡ¢ÐÞÊΡ¢ÔËתºÍ½µ½â·´Ó¦¡£ 4~DoqT
%kUIIHV}
Ò»¡¢ºËÜÕËáµÄºÏ³ÉÓë´úл kLK}N>v}X
W2s6!_AN
ºËÜÕËáÊÇDNAºÍRNAµÄÇ°ÌåÊÇϸ°ûÄÚ»¯Ñ§ÄÜÁ÷ͨÁìÓòÖеÄÔØÌ壨ATP£¬ GTP£©,ÊÇNAD¡¢FAD¡¢S-adenosylmethionine¼° Coenzyme AµÈµÄÖØÒª³É·Ý¡£ÔÚÌÇ´úлÖÐÒ²ÓÐÖØÒª×÷Óã¬ÈçÉú³ÉUDPGºÍ CDP-diacylglycerolµÈ¡£cAMP, cGMP»¹ÊǵڶþÐÅʹ¡£ 40+~;20
f/aSqhAW
1¡¢De NovoàÑßʺËÜÕËáµÄÉúÎïºÏ³ÉʼÓÚPRPP £¨Phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate£© w(0's'
i.Yz)Bw
Õâһ;¾¶µÄµÚÒ»²½ÊÇÓɹȰ±õ£°·¾èÏ×Ò»¸ö°±»ùµ½PRPPµÄC-1λÉÏ£¬Éú³É5-phosphoribosylamine¡£ ~0eJ6i
Æä´Î£¬°Ñ¸Ê°±ËáÖеÄÈý¸ö»ùÍżӵ½PRAÉÏ¡£ |4UW.dGHPo
µÚÈý£¬ÓÉN10-¼×»ùËÄÇâÒ¶ËáÌṩһ¸ö¼×»ù¡£ g,*L P
µÚËÄ£¬¹È°±õ£°·ÌṩÁíÒ»¸öN¡£ <7-3j{065
µÚÎ壬ÍÑË®»·»¯ÐγÉßäßò»·¡£ A@4sb
W_
µÚÁù£¬ôÈ»ù»¯ *>I4X=
µÚÆߣ¬Í¨¹ý·Ö×ÓÖØÅŽ«ôÈ»ù´ÓßäßòµÚ4̼µÄ»·Íâ°±»ùÉÏתÒƵ½µÚ5λ̼Ô×ÓÉÏ¡£ gm'8,ZL
µÚ°Ë-¾Å£¬ÓÉÌìÃŶ¬õ£°·°ÑÁíÒ»¸ö°±»ù¼Óµ½µÚ5λ̼Ô×ÓÉÏ¡£ Tc$Jvy-G4A
µÚÊ®£¬ÔÙÓÉN10-¼×»ùËÄÇâÒ¶ËáÌṩһ¸ö¼×»ù¡£ -pvF~P?8U
µÚʮһ£¬ÍÑË®»·»¯£¬ÐγÉàÑßÊIMP¡£ 0e-M 24,C
i|2CZ
²ÎÓëºÏ³ÉAMPµÄÊÇ¢ÙÏÙÜÕçúçêËáºÏ³ÉøºÍ¢ÚÏÙÜÕçúçêËáÁѽâø¡£ 9l<f?OzAO
²ÎÓëºÏ³ÉGMPµÄÊÇ¢ÛIMPÍÑÇâøºÍ¢ÜXMP-¹È°±õ£°·õ£°·×ªÒÆø ¡£ 06X4mu{
x
%@n$4wk7
2. àÑßʺËÜÕËáºÏ³ÉÖеķ´À¡µ÷½Ú :(ni/,~Q
3£®à×ऺËÜÕËáÊÇÓÉÌìÃŶ¬õ£°·¡¢ PRPPºÍ°±»ù¼×õ£Á×ËáµÈ¹²Í¬ÐÎ³ÉµÄ g$+ $@~
AUBZ7*VO
à×ऴÓÍ·ºÏ³É;¾¶²»Í¬ÓÚàÑßʵĺϳɣ¬6-Ô×Óà×ऻ·Ê×Ïȱ»ºÏ³É£¬È»ºó²ÅÓëºËÌÇ-5-Á×ËáÏàÁ¬¡£Õâ¸ö·´Ó¦ÐèÒª°±»ù¼×õ£Á×ËᣨCarbamoyl phosphate£©¡£ Q*&k6A"jx
4£®ºËÜÕµ¥Á×Ëáת»¯ÎªºËÜÕÈýÁ×Ëá -y]e`\+[
·´Ó¦Éú³ÉµÄADP¿Éͨ¹ýÌǽͽâø»òÑõ»¯Á×Ëữ;¾¶±»½øÒ»²½Á×Ëữ¡£ ;d5d$Np@m&
ATPÄܹ»°ÑÁ×Ëá»ùÍżӵ½ÆäËüËùÓкËÜÕµ¥Á×ËáÉÏÉú³ÉºËÜÕÈýÁ×Ëá¡£ xO3-I@
ºËÜÕ¶þÁ×Ëá¿Éͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö¹«ÓõĺËÜÕ¶þÁ×Ëἤø±»½øÒ»²½Á×ËữÉú³ÉºËÜÕÈýÁ×Ëá¡£ hUR>NUK@8
5£®ºËÌǺËÜÕËᣨribonucleotides£©ÊÇÍÑÑõºËÌǺËÜÕËᣨDeoxyribonucleotides£©µÄÇ°Ìå¡£ËùÓÐdNTP¶¼Ö±½ÓÀ´×ÔÓÚNTP£¨ÆäʵÊÇNDP£©¡£Õâ¸ö·´Ó¦ºÜÌØÊ⣬ÒòΪºËÌÇÉϵĻ¹Ô·´Ó¦·¢ÉúÓÚÒ»¸öûÓлµÄ̼Ô×ÓÉÏ¡£´ß»¯¸Ã·´Ó¦µÄøÊǺËÌǺËÜÕËỹÔø¡£ FK
?g
´ó³¦¸Ë¾úºËÜÕËỹÔøÓÐÁ½´óÌØÕ÷£¬ËüµÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐԺ͵×ÎïÌØÒìÐÔͬʱÊÜЧӦ×Ó£¨effector molecules£©µÄÓ°Ï졣ÿ¸öR1ÑÇ»ùÉ϶¼ÓÐÁ½¸öµ÷½Úλµã£¬µ±Ó°ÏìÕûÌåø»îÐÔµÄÄǸöλµãÓëATPÏà½áºÏʱ£¬Ã¸»îÐÔÔö¼Ó£»¶øµ±ËüÓëdATP½áºÏʱ£¬Ã¸»îÐÔÏûʧ¡£ ?y"=jn
µÚ¶þ¸öµ÷½Úλµã¿ØÖÆÁ˵×ÎïÌØÒìÐÔ¡£µ±dATPÓë¸ÃλµãÏà½áºÏʱ£¬UDPºÍCDPµÄ»¹Ô·´Ó¦ÓÅÏȽøÐС£µ±dTTPÓë¸ÃλµãÏà½áºÏʱ£¬GDPµÄ»¹Ô·´Ó¦ÓÅÏȽøÐС£ L{&5Ets
ºËÌǺËÜÕËỹԷ´Ó¦µÄÖ÷Òª¹ý³Ì LlbRr.wL
1. »¹ÔøR2ÑÇ»ù´¦ÓÚÑõ»¯Ì¬-X¨B£¬ÏòºËÌÇ3¡¯Î»Ì¼Ô×ÓÉϵÄH·¢Æð¹¥»÷£¬Éú³É3¡¯Î»×ÔÓÉ»ù¡£ |%\>+/j$
2. R1ÑÇ»ùÉϵÄ-SH»ùÍÅΪ2¡¯-OHÌṩһ¸öHÔ×Ó£¬Ê¹Ö®Éú³É-OH2»ùÍÅ¡£ q}x+#[Ef
3. ÍÑË®ºó£¬3¡¯Î»×ÔÓÉ»ù°ïÖúά³Ö2¡¯Î»O+»ùÍÅ¡£ iTUOJ3V7i
4. R1ÑÇ»ùÉϵÄÁíÒ»¸ö-SH»ùÍÅΪ2¡¯-CH+Ìṩһ¸öHÔ×Ó ebv"`0K$
5. 2¡¯ÉϵÄC¨B-OHÏòR2ÑÇ»ùÉϵÄX-H·¢Æð¹¥»÷¡£ G)cEUEf
d
6. 2¡¯ÉϵÄC-OHʧȥÑõÔ×Ó£¬Éú³ÉdNDP¡£ÆäÖУ¬dTMP£¨thymidylate£©À´×ÔÓÚdCDPºÍdUMP£¬ÆäÖ±½ÓÇ°ÌåÊÇdUMP£¬ÓÉÐØÜÕËáºÏø£¨thymidylate synthase£©½«dUMPת»¯ÎªdTMP£»·´Ó¦Öеļ׻ùÀ´×ÔÓÚN5£¬N10-Methylene-tetrahydrofolate¡£ r" 4u)H>
7¡¢àÑßʺÍà×ऽµ½âºó·Ö±ðÉú³ÉUric AcidºÍUrea¡£ }:SWgPfc
àÑßʺËÜÕËá½µ½â
$<Dcb
JW
µÚÒ»²½ÊÇÔÚ5¡¯-ºËÜÕËáø£¨5¡¯-nucleotidase£©µÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂÏûÈ¥Á×Ëá»ùÍÅ£¬ÓÉAdenosine-monophosphate±ä³ÉAdenosine£¬»ò´ÓGMP±ä³ÉGuanosine¡£ >/J!:Htk+K
¶þ¡¢ÔÚAdenosine deaminaseµÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂÉú³ÉInosine£» I)s~kA.e
Èý¡¢ÔÚnucleosidaseµÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂÉú³ÉHypoxanthine»òÓÉGuanosineÉú³ÉGuanine£» v2K6y|6,
ËÄ¡¢ÔÚXanthine oxidase»òGuanine deaminase×÷ÓÃÏÂÉú³ÉXanthine£» nNj<!}HvV
Îå¡¢ÔÚXanthine oxidaseµÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂÉú³ÉUric acid¡£ m0M;f+^
àÑßÊ´úлͻ±ä»áÒýÆðÖØÒª¼²²¡¡£ X7."hGu@
ÈçÈËÌåÄÚȱʧadenosine deaminase£¬»áÒý·¢ÑÏÖصÄÃâÒßȱʧÐÔ¼²²¡£¬ÒòΪ´ËʱT-ÁܰͺÍB-ÁÜ°Íϸ°û²»ÄÜÕý³£·¢Óý¡£ADȱʧºó£¬Ï¸°ûÄÚdATPµÄº¬Á¿½«¸ß´ïÕý³£Ï¸°ûÖеÄ100±¶£¬¶ø¹ýÁ¿µÄdATPÔòÒÖÖÆÁËÆäÓàdNTPÔÚT-ÁÜ°Íϸ°ûÖеĺϳɡ£Ðí¶à»¯ÁÆ£¨chemotherapy£©Ò©¼Á¶¼Õë¶ÔºËÜÕËáºÏ³É;¾¶¡£ÈçAzaserineºÍAcivicin¶¼ÊÇGlutamineÀàËÆÎ±»ÓÃÓÚ×è¶ÏºËÜÕËáµÄÉúÎïºÏ³É¡£ "fH"U1Bw
9=o
;I;I
ÐØÜպϳÉÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÒÖÖƼÁÓÐfluorouracil£¨·úë壩¡¢methotrexate£¨°±¼×»ùÒ¶ËᣩºÍaminopterin£¨°±à©ßÊ£©¡£·úëå±¾Éí²»ÊÇthymidylate synthase ÒÖÖƼÁ£¬µ«ËüÔÚϸ°ûÖб»×ª»¯ÎªFdUMPÒԺ󣬾ÍÄÜÖ±½ÓÓëTSÏà½áºÏ²¢Ê¹Ö®Ê§»î¡£°±¼×»ùÒ¶ËáºÍ°±à©ßʶ¼ÊÇdihydrofolate reductaseµÄÒÖÖƼÁ£¬°±¼×»ùÒ¶ËáÓë¸ÃøµÄÇ׺ÍÁ¦±Èµ×Îïdihydrofolate¸ß100±¶¡£ qL;u59
}[FP"#
¶þ¡¢°±»ùËá´úл T>P[0`*)
°´ËùÕ¼µÄÖÊÁ¿±ÈÀý¼ÆË㣬NÔÚÉúÎïÌåÄÚµÄÖØÒªÐÔÅÅÔÚCHOÖ®ºó£¬ÁеÚ4λ¡£´óÁ¿NÔªËض¼ÊÇÓлúµª£¬±»½áºÏÓÚ°±»ùËá»òºËÜÕËá·Ö×ÓÖС£ sR;^7(f!m
µØÇòÉϵĶ¯Ö²Îï¹²º¬µªÔ¼1.5¡Á1010t£¬¶øÿÄêͨ¹ýÏõ»¯Ï¸¾úÒÔÆø̬µªµÄÐÎʽÊͷŵ½´óÆøÖеĵª¾ÍÓÐ2¡Á108¡ª5¡Á108t¡£È«ÊÀ½çµª·Ê³§Ã¿ÄêÉú²úµÄ»¯·Ê½öº¬µªÔ¼108t£¬ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûûÓÐÉúÎï¹Ìµª£¬ÉúÃüºÜ¿ì¾Í²»¸´´æÔÚÁË¡£ .+#<~Jv
+5<]s+4T
1. ï§Í¨¹ý¹È°±Ëá¡ú¹È°±õ£°·±»½áºÏµ½ÓлúÎïÖÊÖС£ jXH?os%
Ö÷ÒªÓÐÁ½²½·´Ó¦£º <<vT"2Q]
¢ÅGlutamate+ATP¡ú¦Ã-glutamylphosphate+ADP #^i.[7p
¢Æ¦Ã-Glutamyl phosphate+NH4+¡úglutamine+Pi+H+ i!KZg74V
×ܽ᣺ oj$^87KX
Glutamyl+NH4++ATP¡úglutamine+ ADP+Pi+H+ )}3!iDA
Òò´Ë£¬¹È°±õ£°·ºÏ³ÉøÊǵª´úлÖеÄÖ÷Òªµ÷¿Øλµã¡£ 9$Dsm@tX
Ôڴ󳦸˾úÖУ¬GSÓÉ12¸öÏàͬµÄÑÇ»ù£¨50kDa£©¾ÛºÏ¶ø³É£¬Æä»îÐÔ¼Èͨ¹ý¹¹Ïó±ä»¯£¬Ò²ÄÜͨ¹ý¹²¼ÛÐÞÊεķ½Ê½µÃµ½µ÷½Ú¡£Alanine£¬GlycineºÍÆäËüÖÁÉÙ6ÖÖgln´úл²úÎﶼÊÇGS»îÐԵı乹ÒÖÖƼÁ£¬Ã¿¸öÒÖÖƼÁ¶¼Ö»Óв¿·ÖÒÖÖÆ×÷Óᣳý±ä¹¹ÒÖÖÆÖ®Í⣬GS»îÐÔ»¹Êܹ²¼ÛÐÞÊε÷½Ú¡£µ±µÚ397λÀÒ°±Ëá±»ÏÙÜÕ»¯ºó£¨¼ÓÉÏAMP£©£¬¸Ãø¸üÈÝÒ×Êܱ乹ÒÖÖƼÁµÄ·´À¡µ÷½Ú¡£ @hV F}ybp
2.°±»ùËáµÄÉúÎïºÏ³É .ey=gI!x0
¸ßµÈ¶¯Îï²»ÄܺϳɴóÔ¼Ò»°ë°±»ùËᣬֻÄÜ´ÓʳÎïÖÐÖ±½Ó»ñÈ¡ÕâЩ±ØÐè°±»ùËᣨEssential£©¡£ ^.?5!9U
±í18-1 ÈËÌå±ØÐè°±»ùËá(*.²¸ÈéÆÚÖÁÓ׶ùÆÚ±ØÐè) .$]%gjIBCl
±í22-1 °±»ùËáºÏ³ÉµÄÁùÌõÖ÷Ҫ;¾¶ $>*TO1gb+
3.°±»ùËáÍÑôÈ»ù»¯ºóÉú³ÉÓлú°·¡£Ðí¶àÖØÒªµÄÉñ¾µÝÖʶ¼ÊÇ°·»òÆä´ÎÉú´úл²úÎï¡£Tyrosine½µ½â²úÎïÓÐdopamine£¨¶à°Í°·£©£¬epinephrine£¨ÉöÉÏÏÙËØ£©£¬norepinephrine£¬Í³³ÆΪCatecholamines£¨¶ù²è·Ó°·£©¡£ y/9aI/O'
4.¾«°±Ëá½µ½â²úÉúNO¨B(Nitric Oxide)¡£ ) 1PjI9M
±¾ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´ú£¬¿Æѧ¼Ò·¢ÏÖNOÊÇÈËÌåÄÚÖØÒªµÄÐźŷÖ×Ó£¬Ëü²ÎÓëÉñ¾´«µÝ¡¢ÄýѪºÍѪѹµ÷¿ØµÈһϵÁÐÉúÀí·´Ó¦¡£ËäÈ»ËüÊÇÆøÌ壬¼«Ò×À©É¢£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚËüÊ®·Ö»îÔ¾£¬ÆäÀ©É¢°ë¾¶Ò»°ãÖ»ÓÐ1mm¡£ 0x1#^dII
^1 U<,<
Èý¡¢°±»ùËá¼°¹¦Äܵ°°×ÖʺϳɺóµÄÐÞÊÎ bf*VY&S-T
1.µ°°×Öʸոձ»ºÏ³Éʱ£¬¶¼ÒÔfMet£¨ÔºË£©»òMet£¨ÕæºË£©¿ªÊ¼£¬¶àëĺϳɺó£¬N¶ËµÄformyl group¡¢Met²Ð»ù£¬ÓÐʱ»¹°üÀ¨N´§¶à¸ö²Ð»ù»òC¶ËµÄ²Ð»ù¶¼»á±»Çгý¡£50%µÄÕæºËµ°°×ÖУ¬N-¶Ë²Ð»ùµÄ°±»ùËá»á±»N-ÒÒ»ù»¯¡£ aMq|xHZ
2.ÇгýÐźÅëÄ¡£Ðí¶àµ°°×Öʶ¼´øÓÐ15-30¸ö²Ð»ùµÄsignal peptides£¬¸ºÔðÖ¸µ¼µ°°×ÖÊÔÚϸ°ûÖеľ«È·¶¨Î»¡£ |G(9
mnZ1
3.Ìض¨°±»ùËáµÄÐÞÊΡ£ ~9Jlb-*I5
4.°±»ùËáµÄÌÇÜÕ»¯ [$iKx6\
5.°±»ùËáµÄÒìÎìÏ©»¯£¨Addition of Isoprenyl Groups£© MpCK/eiC
6.ÓÐЩµ°°×ÖÊ»¹ÒªÓ븨»ù(prosthetic groups)Ïà½áºÏ£» Uja`{uc
Cytochrome CÖ»ÓÐÓëѪºìËØ£¨heme£©Ïà½áºÏ²ÅÓй¦ÄÜ¡£´ËÍ⣬Acetyl-CoAôÈ»¯Ã¸³£ÓëBiotin·Ö×ÓÏà½áºÏ¡£ÓÐЩµ°°×ÖʱØÐë¾µ°°×øÇиîºó²ÅÓй¦ÄÜ¡£ÓÐЩµ°°×ÖÊÖ»ÓÐÔÚÐγɶþÁò¼üÖ®ºó²ÅÓй¦ÄÜ¡£ xsN)a!
7FBaN7l
ËÄ¡¢µ°°×ÖʵÄÔËÊäºÍ½µ½â =ICakh!TO
1¡¢¾ø´ó²¿·Ö±»ÔËÈëERÄÚÇ»µÄµ°°×Öʶ¼´øÓÐÒ»¸öSignal peptide¡£¸ÃÐòÁг£³£Î»ÓÚµ°°×Öʵݱ»ùÄ©¶Ë£¬³¤¶ÈÒ»°ãÔÚ13-36¸ö²Ð»ùÖ®¼ä£¬ÓÐÈý¸öÌص㣺 £¨1£©Ò»°ã´øÓÐ10-15¸öÊèË®°±»ùË᣻ £¨2£©³£³£ÔÚ¿¿½ü¸ÃÐòÁÐN-¶ËÊèË®°±»ùËáÇøÉÏÓδøÓÐ1¸ö»òÊý¸ö´øÕýµçºÉµÄ°±»ùË᣻ £¨3£©ÔÚÆäC-Ä©¶Ë¿¿½üµ°°×øÇиîλµã´¦³£³£´øÓÐÊý¸ö¼«ÐÔ°±»ùËᣬÀëÇиîλµã×î½üµÄÄǸö°±»ùËáÍùÍù´øÓк̵ܶIJàÁ´£¨Ala»òGly£©¡£ ~u^MRe|`
Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬ÐźÅëÄ°ÑRibosomeÇ£Òýµ½ERÉÏ¡£µ°°×ÖʺϳÉÖ®³õ£¬Ò»µ©ÐźÅëÄÐòÁеÄN¶Ë±©Â¶ÔÚºËÌÇÌåÍ⣬¸ÃÐòÁУ¨°üÀ¨ºËÌÇÌ壩¾ÍѸËÙÓëSRP£¨signal recognition particle£©Ïà½áºÏ£¬ÓÕ·¢SRPÓëGTPÏà½áºÏ£¬Í£Ö¹ÐÂÉúëĵĽøÒ»²½ÑÓÉ죨´ËʱÐÂÉúëÄÒ»°ã³¤Ô¼70¸ö²Ð»ù×óÓÒ£©¡£ *Y\C5L]
ÊÜλÓÚERÍâĤÉϵÄSRP-receptor¼°ribosome-receptorµÄÇ£Òý£¬Õâ¸ö¸´ºÏÎï£*****TP-SRP-ribosome-mRNA-ÐÂÉúëÄ£©Á¢¼´ÏòERÍâĤ¿¿Â££¬²¢Í¨¹ýpeptide transport complex½øÈëERÄÚÇ»¡£ :d{-"RAG"
5.Rough ERÉϵĵ°°×Öʳ£³£Í¨¹ýÔËתÔØÌ彫¾¹ýÐÞÊεĵ°°×ÖÊËÍÈë¸ß¶û»ùÌ壬ÔÙ·Ö±ðË͵½¸÷¸öÑÇϸ°ûλµã¡£ +[_mSt
6.µ°°×ÖÊÖеĺ˶¨Î»ÐòÁÐÒ»°ã²»±»Çгý¡£ UZD Xv=r|
µ°°×Öʵĺ˶¨Î»ÊÇͨ¹ý¶à¸öµ°°×µÄ¹²Í¬×÷ÓÃÀ´ÊµÏֵġ£Importin (¦Á,¦ÂÑÇ»ù)µÄ×÷ÓÃÓеãÏñSRPÊÜÌå¡£NLSµ°°×-Importin¸´ºÏÎïÍ£ÁôÔں˿×ÉÏ£¬²¢ÔÚRan-GTPaseµÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂͨ¹ýºË¿×¡£ YZ.?
k4>
ϸ¾úϸ°ûÄÚÒ²´æÔÚÀàËƵĵ°°×ÖÊÔËתϵͳ¡£ ed\umQ]
7¡¢µ°°×Öʽµ½âÊÇÒ»¸öÓÐÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£ ):5M +
Ôڴ󳦸˾úÖУ¬Ðí¶àµ°°×ÖʵĽµ½âÊÇͨ¹ýÒ»¸öÒÀÀµÓÚATPµÄµ°°×ø£¨³ÆΪLon£©À´ÊµÏֵġ£µ±Ï¸°ûÖдæÔÚÓдíÎó»ò°ëË¥Æں̵ܶĵ°°×ÖÊʱ£¬¸Ãµ°°×ø¾Í±»¼¤»î¡£Ã¿ÇгýÒ»¸öëļüÒªÏûºÄÁ½·Ö×ÓATP¡£ 7,BULs\g
ÔÚÕæºËÉúÎïÖУ¬µ°°×ÖʵĽµ½âÐèÒªUbiquitin£¬Ò»¸öÓÐ76¸ö°±»ùËá²Ð»ù×é³É¼«Îª±£Êصĵ°°×²ÎÓë¡£ÓëUbiquitinÏàÁ¬µÄµ°°×½«±»Ë͵½Ò»¸öÒÀÀµÓÚATPµÄµ°°×Öʽµ½âϵͳ£¨Proteasome£¬Mr. 1¡Á106£©¡£ lk/[xQ/
³ÉÊì¶àëÄN-¶ËµÚÒ»¸ö²Ð»ù¶Ôµ°°×ÖʵÄÎȶ¨ÐÔÓÐÖØÒªÓ°Ïì ¡£ +J;T= p
4apy {W
Îå¡¢DNA´úл zxhE9 [`*e
ÎÞÂÛÊÇÖ»º¬ÓÐÒ»¶ÔȾɫÌåµÄÔºËϸ°û»¹ÊÇ´øÓжà¶ÔȾɫÌåµÄÕæºËϸ°û£¬Ö»ÓÐÕû¸ö»ùÒò×éµÃµ½ÁËÍêÕû׼ȷµÄ¸´ÖÆ£¬Ï¸°û·ÖÁѲÅÄÜ˳Àû·¢Éú¡£ËùÒÔ˵£¬DNA¸´ÖƵÄÆðʼ£¬±êÖ¾ÁËϸ°û½øÈëÒ»¸öеÄÖÜÆÚ¡£ +5xVgIk#
Ò»¡¢DNA¸´ÖÆ [,?5}'we
¸ù¾Ý·´Ó¦½×¶ÎºÍËùÐèµÄ²»Í¬Ã¸À࣬DNAµÄ¸´Öƿɱ»·ÖΪÈý¸ö½×¶Î£¬¼´¸´ÖÆÆðʼ¡¢ÑÓÉìºÍÖÕÖ¹¡£Ã¿¸öDNA¸´ÖƵĶÀÁ¢µ¥Ôª±»³ÆΪ¸´ÖÆ×Ó£¨replicon£©£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨¸´ÖÆÆðʼλµã£¨Origine of replication£©ºÍÖÕֹλµã£¨terminus£©¡£ÔºËÉúÎïµÄÕû¸öȾɫÌåÉÏÒ»°ãÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö¸´ÖÆÆðʼλµã¡£ 8nKb
mjM
´ó³¦¸Ë¾úDNAµÄ¸´ÖÆÐèÒªÓÐ20ÖÖ×óÓÒµÄøºÍµ°°×ÖÊÒò×Ó²ÎÓ룬Õû¸öDNA¸´ÖÆ»úÆ÷±»³Æ֮ΪDNA replicase system»òreplisome¡£ >\s8S}p
Helicase£¬ÈκÎDNAÔÚ±»¸´ÖÆÇ°¶¼±ØÐë½â¿ªË«Á´£¬Õâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÊÇÓÉhelicaseÀ´Íê³ÉµÄ£¬Ëü¿ÉÔÚATPµÄ×÷ÓÃϽ«DNAĸÁ´²»¶Ï½â¿ªÐγɵ¥Á´¡£ p?idl`?^3
Topoisomerase£¬Ö÷Òª¹¦ÄÜÊÇÏû³ýDNA½âÁ´¹ý³ÌÖÐËù²úÉúµÄŤÇúÁ¦¡£ 'OjsV$_
DNA½áºÏµ°°×£¬Ê¹Ð½âÁ´µÄDNA±£³ÖÎȶ¨½á¹¹¡£ 79MF;>=tV
Primases£¬ÎªDNA¸´ÖÆÌṩRNAÒýÎï¡£ mLb>*xt$b@
DNA polymerases£¬ºÏ³ÉÐÂÉúDNAÁ´£¬ÇгýRNAÒýÎï¡£ ]mZN18#
DNA Ligases£¬Ê¹ÐÂÉúDNAÁ´ÉϵÄȱ¿Ú£¨3¡¯-OH, 5¡¯-p£©Éú³ÉÁ×Ëá¶þõ¥¼ü¡£ :rzq[J^
1. DNA¸´ÖƵÄÆðʼ glI4Jb_[
´ó³¦¸Ë¾úÖеĸ´ÖÆÆðʼλµãÊÇOri C£¬È«³¤245Bp£¬¸ÃÐòÁÐÔÚËùÓÐϸ¾ú¸´ÖÆÆðʼλµãÖж¼ÊDZ£Êصġ£ q>5K:5
DNA¸´ÖÆÆðʼÖеÄÖ÷Òª²½Öè C>~m s2c
a. ´óÔ¼20¸ö×óÓÒµÄDnaAµ°°×Ê×ÏÈÓëOriCÖеÄ4¸ö9¼î»ùÖظ´ÇøÏà½áºÏ£» )0UXTyw^
b. ʶ±ð²¢Ê¹3¸ö13¼î»ù´®ÁªÖظ´ÇøDNAÐγɿª»·½á¹¹£» AR?1_]"=
c. DnaBµ°°×ÔÚDnaCµÄ°ïÖúÏÂÓëδ½âÁ´ÐòÁнáºÏ¡£Ã¿Áù¸öDnaBµ°°×ÐγÉÒ»×é²¢ÓëÒ»ÌõDNAĸÁ´½áºÏ£¬¿ÉÔÚ²»Í¬·½ÏòͬʱÆðʼDNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ¡£µ±Ï¸°ûÖдæÔÚ×ã¹»µÄSSBºÍDNA gyraseʱ£¬DnaBµÄ½âÁ´Ð§Âʷdz£¸ß¡£ AdGDs+at,
Õû¸öDNA¸´Öƹý³ÌÖУ¬Ö»Óи´ÖÆÆðʼÊÜϸ°ûÖÜÆÚµÄÑϸñµ÷¿Ø¡£ ~Kiu"
g
"Once in each cell cycle¡£" .d;|iwl
DNA¼×»ù»¯ÓëDNA¸´ÖÆÆðʼÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£OriCÖÐÓÐ11¸öGATC»ØÎĽṹ£¨Ò»°ã˵À´£¬256bp²ÅÓ¦ÓÐÒ»¸öGATCÖظ´£©¡£DNA×ÓÁ´±»ºÏ³Éºó£¬Ä¸Á´Á¢¼´±»¼×»ù»¯£¨³ÆΪhemimethylated£©¡£´Ëʱ£¬oriCÓëϸ°ûÔÉúÖÊĤÏà½áºÏ¡£Ö»Óе±oriC±»´ÓĤÉÏÊͷųöÀ´£¬×ÓÁ´±»Dam¼×»ù»¯ºó£¬²ÅÄÜÓÐЧµØÓëDnaAµ°°×½áºÏ£¬ÆðʼÐÂÒ»ÂÖµÄDNA¸´ÖÆ¡£¸´ÖÆÆðʼ¿ÉÄÜ»¹ÊÜATPË®½â¹ý³Ìµ÷¿Ø£¬ÒòΪDnaAÖ»ÓÐÓëATPÏà½áºÏʱ²ÅÄÜÓëoriCÇøDNAÏà½áºÏ¡£ +DwE~l
2. DNA×ÓÁ´µÄÑÓÉì x3tos!Y
Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨Á½¸ö²»Í¬µ«Ï໥ÓÐÁªÏµµÄʼþ£¬¼´Ç°µ¼Á´ºÍÖͺóÁ´µÄºÏ³É¡£ÓÉDNA helicase½â¿ªË«ÂÝÐý£¬ÓÉÍØÆÓÒ칹øÏû³ýDNAÁ´ÉϵÄŤÇúÁ¦£¬SSB½áºÏʹDNAµ¥Á´Îȶ¨¡£
Je &O
Ç°µ¼Á´µÄºÏ³É£ºÓÉDnaG£¨primase£©ÔÚ¸´ÖÆÆðʼλµã¸½½üºÏ³ÉÒ»¸ö10-60 ntµÄRNAÒýÎȻºóÓÉpolII°ÑdNTP¼Óµ½¸ÃÒýÎïÉÏ¡£ 3Q:Hzq G
ÖͺóÁ´µÄºÏ³É£º²úÉúOkazaki fragments£¬Ïû³ýRNAÒýÎï²¢ÓÉDNA pol I²¹ÉÏÕâһС¶ÎDNAÐòÁУ¬ÓÉDNA Ligase°ÑÁ½¸öƬ¶ÎÏàÁ¬¡£ W\1V`\gF
3. DNAÁ´µÄÖÕÖ¹ 8D:0Vhx\I
µ±×ÓÁ´ÑÓÉì´ïµ½terminus region£¨ter£¬´øÓжà¸ö20bpÐòÁУ©Ê±£¬DNA¸´ÖƾÍÖÕÖ¹ÁË¡£TerÓеãÏñÒ»¸öÏݾ®£¨trap£©£¬Ê¹¸´ÖƲæÖ»ÄܽøÈ룬²»ÄܳöÀ´¡£TerµÄ¹¦ÄÜÖ÷ÒªÊÇÓÉTer-Tus¸´ºÏÎter utilization substance£©À´Íê³ÉµÄ¡£ #BhDC.CcW
4. ÕæºËϸ°ûDNAµÄ¸´ÖƱȴ󳦸˾ú¸ü¸´ÔÓ PHU$<>
ÕæºËÉúÎïµÄorigin of replication±»³ÆΪARS-autonomously replicating sequences»òÕß±»³ÆΪreplicators¡£Yeast replicators³¤Ô¼150dp£¬Óжà¸ö±£ÊØÖظ´Çø£¬¹²ÓÐÔ¼500¸öreplicators·Ö²¼ÓÚ½ÍĸµÄ17ÌõȾɫÌåÖС£ :c}"a(|
]9hXiY
¶þ¡¢DNAµÄËðÉËÐÞ¸´ P+<4w
1£® ´íÅäÐÞ¸´£¨mismatch Repair£© ]@wKm1%v
´íÅäÐÞ¸´¶ÔDNA¸´ÖÆÖÒʵÐԵűÏ×Á¦´ï102-103£¬DNA×ÓÁ´ÖеĴíÅ伸ºõÍêÈ«¶¼±»ÐÞÕý£¬³ä·Ö·´Ó³ÁËĸÁ´µÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£ 9YEE.=]T
2. ¼î»ùÇгýÐÞ¸´£¨Base-Excision Repair£© H{U(Rt]K
DNA gylcosylasesÄÜÌØÒìÐÔʶ±ð³£¼ûµÄDNAËðÉË£¨Èç°ûà×ऻòÏÙàÑßÊÈ¥°±õ£»¯²úÎ²¢½«ÊÜË𺦼î»ùÇгý¡£È¥µô¼î»ùºóµÄºËÜÕËá±»³ÆΪAPλµã£¨apurinic or apyrimidinic£©¡£Ï¸°ûÖÐ×î³£¼ûµÄUracil Glycosylase¾ÍÄÜÌØÒìÐÔÇгýϸ°ûÖеÄÈ¥°±»ù°ûà×ड£ p:?h)'bA<
3. ºËÜÕËáÇгýÐÞ¸´£¨nucleotide-excision repair£© .8]buM5_G
µ±DNAÁ´ÉÏÏàӦλÖõĺËÜÕËá·¢ÉúËðÉË£¬µ¼ÖÂË«Á´Ö®¼äÎÞ·¨ÐγÉÇâ¼ü£¬ÓɺËÜÕËáÇгýÐÞ¸´ÏµÍ³¸ºÔð½øÐÐÐÞ¸´¡£ YS0^!7u
4.DNAµÄÖ±½ÓÐÞ¸´£¨Direct repair£© }CGA)yK~3
opfg %*
Èý¡¢DNAµÄת×ù s0\}Q=s[
DNAµÄת×ù£¬»ò³ÆÒÆ루transposition£©£¬ÊÇÓÉ¿ÉÒÆλÒò×Ó£¨transposable element£©½éµ¼µÄÒÅ´«ÎïÖÊÖØÅÅÏÖÏó¡£ÒѾ·¢ÏÖ"ת×ù"ÕâÒ»ÃüÃû²¢²»Ê®·Ö׼ȷ£¬ÒòΪÔÚת×ù¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¿ÉÒÆλÒò×ÓµÄÒ»¸ö¿½±´³£³£ÁôÔÚÔÀ´Î»ÖÃÉÏ£¬ÔÚÐÂλµãÉϳöÏֵĽö½öÊÇ¿½±´¡£Òò´Ë£¬×ª×ùÓбðÓÚͬԴÖØ×飬ËüÒÀÀµÓÚDNAµÄ¸´ÖÆ¡£ T o$D[-
1£® ת×ù×ӵķÖÀàºÍ½á¹¹ÌØÕ÷ c@|f'V4
a. ¼òµ¥×ª×ù×Ó &hu3A)%
ת×ù×Ó£¨transposon£¬Tn£©ÊÇ´æÔÚÓÚȾɫÌåDNAÉÏ¿É×ÔÖ÷¸´ÖƺÍÒÆλµÄ»ù±¾µ¥Î»¡£ 6(8zt"E
×î¼òµ¥µÄת×ù×Ó²»º¬ÓÐÈκÎËÞÖ÷»ùÒò¶ø³£±»³ÆΪ²åÈëÐòÁУ¨insertion sequence£¬IS£©£¬ËüÃÇÊÇϸ¾úȾɫÌå»òÖÊÁ£DNAµÄÕý³£×é³É²¿·Ö¡£Ò»¸öϸ¾úϸ°û³£´øÓÐÉÙÓÚ10¸öISÐòÁС£×ª×ù×Ó³£³£±»¶¨Î»µ½Ìض¨µÄ»ùÒòÖУ¬Ôì³É¸Ã»ùÒòÍ»±ä¡£ISÐòÁж¼ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÀÁ¢´æÔڵĵ¥Ôª£¬´øÓн鵼×ÔÉíÒƶ¯µÄµ°°×¡£ zXaA5rZO
b.¸´ºÏʽת×ù×Ó£¨composite transposon£©ÊÇÒ»Àà´øÓÐijЩ¿¹Ò©ÐÔ»ùÒò£¨»òÆäËûËÞÖ÷»ùÒò£©µÄת×ù×Ó£¬ÆäÁ½ÒíÍùÍùÊÇÁ½¸öÏàͬ»ò¸ß¶ÈͬԴµÄISÐòÁУ¬±íÃ÷ISÐòÁвåÈ뵽ij¸ö¹¦ÄÜ»ùÒòÁ½¶Ëʱ¾Í¿ÉÄܲúÉú¸´ºÏת×ù×Ó¡£Ò»µ©Ðγɸ´ºÏת×ù×Ó£¬ISÐòÁоͲ»ÄÜÔÙµ¥¶ÀÒƶ¯£¬ÒòΪËüÃǵŦÄܱ»ÐÞÊÎÁË£¬Ö»ÄÜ×÷Ϊ¸´ºÏÌåÒƶ¯¡£ WG
A"e
2¡¢×ª×ù×÷ÓõĻúÖÆ L2>
)HG
ת×ùʱ·¢ÉúµÄ²åÈë×÷ÓÃÓÐÒ»¸öÆÕ±éµÄÌØÕ÷£¬ÄǾÍÊÇÊÜÌå·Ö×ÓÖÐÓÐÒ»¶ÎºÜ¶ÌµÄ£¨3-12bp£©¡¢±»³ÆΪ°ÐÐòÁеÄDNA»á±»¸´ÖÆ£¬Ê¹²åÈëµÄת×ù×ÓλÓÚÁ½¸öÖظ´µÄ°ÐÐòÁÐÖ®¼ä¡£²»Í¬×ª×ù×ӵİÐÐòÁг¤¶È²»Í¬£¬µ«¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸öÌض¨µÄת×ù×ÓÀ´Ëµ£¬ËüËù¸´ÖƵİÐÐòÁг¤¶È¶¼ÊÇÒ»ÑùµÄ£¬ÈçIS1Á½Òí×ÜÓÐ9¸ö¼î»ù¶ÔµÄ°ÐÐòÁУ¬¶øTn3Á½¶Ë×ÜÓÐ5bpµÄ°ÐÐòÁС£ 5b$QXO
ת×ù¿É±»·ÖΪ¸´ÖÆÐԺͷǸ´ÖÆÐÔÁ½´óÀà¡£ÔÚ¸´ÖÆÐÔת×ùÖУ¬ËùÒƶ¯ºÍתλµÄÊÇÔת×ù×ӵĿ½±´¡£×ª×ùø£¨transposase£©ºÍ½âÀëø£¨resolvase£©·Ö±ð×÷ÓÃÓÚÔʼת×ù×Ӻ͸´ÖÆת×ù×Ó¡£TnAÀàת×ùÖ÷ÒªÊÇÕâÖÖÐÎʽ¡£ÔڷǸ´ÖÆÐÔת×ùÖУ¬Ôʼת×ù×Ó×÷Ϊһ¸ö¿ÉÒƶ¯µÄʵÌåÖ±½Ó±»ÒÆ룬ISÐòÁС¢Mu¼°Tn5µÈ¶¼ÒÔÕâÖÖ·½Ê½½øÐÐת×ù¡£ h p
KrP
3.ת×ù×÷ÓõÄÒÅ´«Ñ§Ð§Ó¦ <[A;i
¢Ù ת×ùÒýÆð²åÈëÍ»±ä;¢Ú ת×ù²úÉúеĻùÒò;¢Û ת×ù²úÉúµÄȾɫÌå»û±ä;¢Ü ת×ùÒýÆðµÄÉúÎï½ø»¯. MmH(dp+
mt\pndTy7!
Áù¡¢RNA´úл &xE+PfX
³ýÁËijЩRNA²¡¶¾Ö®Í⣬ËùÓÐRNA·Ö×Ó¶¼À´×ÔÓÚDNA¡£»ùÒò×éDNAͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö±»³ÆΪת¼µÄ¹ý³Ì°ÑÖü´æÔÚË«Á´DNA·Ö×ÓÖеÄÒÅ´«ÐÅϢת»»µ½ÓëÄ£°åDNAÁ´Ï໥²¹µÄRNAµ¥Á´ÉÏ¡£ EYR%u'&7'
mRNA£¬±àÂëÁËÒ»¸ö»ò¶à¸öµ°°×ÖÊÐòÁУ»tRNA£¬°ÑmRNAÉϵÄÒÅ´«ÐÅÏ¢±äΪ¶àëÄÖеݱ»ùËáÐÅÏ¢£»rRNA£¬ÊǺϳɵ°°×ÖʵŤ³§ºËÌÇÌåÖеÄÖ÷Òª³É·Ý¡£ *0/%R{+S
1£® ÒÀÀµÓÚDNAµÄRNAºÏ³É ge|Cvv
´ÓDNAºÏ³É·´Ó¦µÄ»¯Ñ§±¾ÖÊ¡¢¼«ÐÔºÍÄ£°åµÄʹÓÃÕâÈý·½ÃæÀ´Ëµ£¬×ªÂ¼Ó븴ÖÆÊÇÏàͬµÄ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Ò²´æÔÚÈý¸öÖ÷Òª²»Í¬µã£º U[G5<&Z^
A£® ת¼Öв»ÐèÒªRNAÒýÎ q854k+C
B£®×ªÂ¼·´Ó¦Ò»°ãÖ»ÓÃһС¶ÎDNA×öÄ£°å£» @m+FAdA 0
C£®ÔÚת¼Çø£¬Ò»°ã¶¼Ö»ÓÐÒ»ÌõDNAÁ´¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊģ°å¡£ R47tg&k6[
2.RNAºÏ³ÉµÄÖÕÖ¹ 48LzI@H&
Ò»µ©RNA¾ÛºÏøÆô¶¯ÁË»ùÒòת¼£¬Ëü¾Í»áÑØ×ÅÄ£°å5¡¯¡ú3¡¯·½Ïò²»Í£µØÒƶ¯£¬ºÏ³ÉRNAÁ´£¬Ö±µ½Óöµ½ÖÕÖ¹ÐźÅʱ²ÅÊÍ·ÅÐÂÉúµÄRNAÁ´£¬²¢ÓëÄ£°åDNAÍÑÀë¡£ U.c~l,5%"
Ñо¿RNAÁ´ÖÕֹʱÓöµ½×î³£¼ûµÄÎÊÌâÊÇ3¡¯¶ËºËÜÕËáµÄ¶¨Î»£¬ÒòΪ»îϸ°ûÄÚ²¿¸ù¾ÝÖÕÖ¹ÐźÅÕýÈ·ÖÕÖ¹µÄRNAÓëÒ»¸ö¾¹ý¼ô½ÓµÄRNAÔÚ3¡¯¶ËûÓÐÁ½Ñù£¬¶¼ÊÇ-OH»ùÍÅ¡£Ä£°åDNAÉ϶¼ÓÐÖÕֹת¼µÄÌØÊâÐźÅ--ÖÕÖ¹×Ó£¬Ã¿¸ö»ùÒò»ò²Ù×Ý×Ó¶¼ÓÐÒ»¸öÆô¶¯×Ó£¬Ò»¸öÖÕÖ¹×Ó¡£ÔÚÐÂÉúRNAÖгöÏÖ·¢¿¨Ê½½á¹¹»áµ¼ÖÂRNA¾ÛºÏøµÄÔÝÍ££¬ÆÆ»µRNA-DNAÔÓºÏÁ´5¡¯¶ËµÄÕý³£½á¹¹¡£¹Ñ¾ÛUµÄ´æÔÚʹÔÓºÏÁ´µÄ3¡¯¶Ë²¿·Ö³öÏÖ²»Îȶ¨µÄrU£®dAÇøÓò¡£ A\-r%&.
a. ÒÀÀµÓÚ¦ÑÒò×ÓµÄÖÕÖ¹ Gdv{SCV
¦ÑÒò×ÓÊÇÒ»¸öÏà¶Ô·Ö×ÓÖÊÁ¿Îª2.0¡Á105µÄÁù¾ÛÌåµ°°×£¬ËüÄÜË®½â¸÷ÖÖºËÜÕÈýÁ×Ëᣬʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÒ»ÖÖNTPø¡£ÓÉÓÚ´ß»¯ÁËNTPµÄË®½â£¬¦ÑÒò×ÓÄÜ´ÙʹÐÂÉúµÄRNAÁ´´ÓÈýԪת¼¸´ºÏÎïÖнâÀë³öÀ´£¬´Ó¶øÖÕֹת¼¡£ R_gON*9
ÓÐÈËÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚRNAºÏ³ÉÆðʼÒԺ󣬦ÑÒò×Ó¼´¸½×ÅÔÚÐÂÉúµÄRNAÁ´ÉÏ£¬¿¿ATPË®½â²úÉúµÄÄÜÁ¿£¬ÑØ×Å5¡¯¡ú3¡¯·½Ïò³¯RNA¾ÛºÏøÒƶ¯£¬µ½´ïRNAµÄ3¡¯-OH¶ËºóÈ¡´úÁËÔÝÍ£ÔÚÖÕֹλµãÉϵÄRNA¾ÛºÏø£¬²¢´ÓÄ£°åºÍøÉÏÊÍ·ÅRNA£¬Íê³Éת¼¹ý³Ì¡£ÖÕÖ¹¹ý³ÌÐèÒªÏûºÄÄÜÁ¿£¬ËùÒÔ£¬¦ÑÒò×Ó¾ßÓÐÖÕֹת¼ºÍºËÜÕÈýÁ×ËáøÁ½ÖÖ¹¦ÄÜ¡£ pGP$2
b¡¢²»ÒÀÀµÓÚ¦Ñ Òò×ÓµÄÖÕÖ¹ \4Z"s[8}
ÈôÖÕÖ¹µãÉÏÓδæÔÚÒ»¸ö¸»º¬GC¼î»ùµÄ¶þÖضԳÆÇø£¬ÓÉÕâ¶ÎDNAת¼²úÉúµÄRNAÈÝÒ×Ðγɷ¢¿¨Ê½½á¹¹£»ÔÚÖÕÖ¹µãÇ°ÃæÓÐÒ»¶ÎÓÉ4-8¸öA×é³ÉµÄÐòÁУ¬µ¼ÖÂת¼²úÎïµÄ3¡®¶ËΪ¹Ñ¾ÛU¡£ÕâÁ½ÖֽṹÌØÕ÷µÄ´æÔÚͬÑù¾ö¶¨ÁËת¼µÄÖÕÖ¹¡£ PBb'`PV
ÔÚÐÂÉúRNAÖгöÏÖ·¢¿¨Ê½½á¹¹»áµ¼ÖÂRNA¾ÛºÏøµÄÔÝÍ££¬ÆÆ»µRNA-DNAÔÓºÏÁ´5¡¯¶ËµÄÕý³£½á¹¹¡£¹Ñ¾ÛUµÄ´æÔÚʹÔÓºÏÁ´µÄ3¡¯¶Ë²¿·Ö³öÏÖ²»Îȶ¨µÄrU£®dAÇøÓò¡£ :~\ y<
3.RNA¾ÛºÏøII¼°×ªÂ¼Òò×ÓÔÚÆô¶¯×ÓÉϵÄ×°Åä xM13OoU
TF¢òH»¹²ÎÓëDNAµÄËðÉËÐÞ¸´¡£µ±RNA pol¢òת¼¹ý³ÌÖÐÅöµ½ÊÜËðÉ˵ĺËÜÕËáʱ£¬TF¢òHÄܼ°Ê±Æô¶¯ºËÜÕËáÇгýÐÞ¸´ÏµÍ³£¬½«ËðÉËÐÞ¸´¡£ #C+7~ns'
Actinomycin DºÍAcridine×è¶ÏRNAÁ´µÄÑÓÉì li
n
4.RNAµÄ¼Ó¹¤³ÉÊì So]O`RJv
ËùÒÔ£¬RNA¼Ó¹¤³ÉÊìÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨£º5¡¯¼Óñ×ӽṹ£»3¡¯¼Ó¶à¾ÛA£»ÇгýÄÚº¬×Ó ¡£ r<pt_Cd
ÔÚGroup IÄÚº¬×ÓÇгýÌåϵÖУ¬ÄñÜÕ»òÄñÜÕËáµÄ3¡¯-OH ×÷ΪÇ׺˻ùÍÅÏòIntron 5¡¯µÄÁ×Ëá¶þõ¥¼ü·¢Æð½ø¹¥¡£ ~' q&rvk`
Group IIÄÚº¬×ÓÇгýÌåϵ @ ]
3`S
ºËÄÚmRNAÔʼת¼²úÎïµÄ¼ô¼·½Ê½¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×î³£¼ûµÄ¡£ÔÚÕâһģʽÖУ¬RNAµÄ¼ô¼ÐèÒªÌØÒìÐÔRNA-protein-¸´ºÏÎïsmall nuclear rebonucleoproteins£¨snRNP£©ºÍsmall nuclear RNAs£¨snRNAs£©¡£ÒѾ·¢ÏÖÖÁÉÙÓÐ5ÖÖsnRNAs--U1£¬U2£¬U4£¬U5£¬U6¡£