18 vJjj+:
Jurkat cells cultured in calcium-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL; number ^{sI'l~
22300-107) containing calcium-free 10% FBS were triggered by anti-Fas IgM. The 1eR{~ ,
treated cells were harvested at the indicated time points and incubated with Fluo-3-AM at N+@@EOmH
a final concentration of 1 micromolar for 30 min at 37°C (Scoltock et al., 2000). The S?z j&XY3
labeled cells (50,000 cells per treatment) were then analyzed by exciting the cells at 488 `kT$Gx4x
nm and examining the fluorescence emission of Fluo 3 at 530 nm with a FACS Scan, Ko1?jPE
(Becton Dickinson). A one micromolar concentration of LPA was used as a positive #?d>S;)+
control for Ca2+ induction. The data thus obtained was analyzed with the software Win Z
7ZMu
MDI 2.8 and represented as contour plots.The effect of chelating intracellular calcium on 0c;"bA0>Sx
translocation of annexin I was studied by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 10 W:( Usy
micromolar BAPTA-AM, with or without the addition of anti-Fas IgM. Cells were j9fL0$+FI
harvested and fractionated as detailed above, and the S-100 fractions were assessed by -a^sX%|Bl
immunoblotting for presence or absence of annexin I. xupdjT%4
Mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation. W)P_t"'@L
Retrovirus-mediated transduction of mouse bone marrow cells was done by published rW>'2m6HU
methods49. Prestimulated low-density bone marrow cells were infected with high-titer gwjv&.T6^
retrovirus supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates. Retrovirus supernatant was generated &aht K}u
in the phoenix-gp cells with a mouse stem cell virus–based retroviral vector coexpressing 6h*
bcb#C
EGFP and HA–RhoH as described50. EGFP+ sorted cells were transplanted by Q-%=ZW Z
intravenous injection into the sublethally irradiated (300 rads with a 137Cs irradiator) u=i^F|
Rag2-/- recipient mice. At 9 weeks after transplantation, thymus, peripheral blood, bone 2/gj@>dt
marrow, spleen and lymph nodes from each recipient mouse were collected for analysis tKViM@T
of EGFP+ chimerism and hematopoietic lineage by flow cytometry. Expression of
p2?+[d
HA–RhoH and HA–RhoHF73F83 in EGFP+ sorted thymocytes of recipient mice was T:n^$RiT
confirmed by immunoblot analysis. ,
&f20o
Determination of renal morphology Y]Nab0R&
Kidney slices were postfixed in buffered 2% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in an H;te)km}
Araldite-EM bed 812 mixture. Large sections were cut perpendicular to the renal capsule, 6Z}))*3 9
containing cortex, and medulla. Thin (1 m) sections were analyzed in a blinded manner m1Z8SM+
for morphologic alterations, as previously detailed g2_df3Q
Patient population 7lOiFw
Patients included in the study met the following criteria: (1) biopsy-proven IMN; (2) \ku{-^7
creatinine clearance 30 ml per min per 1.73 m2; and (3) persistent proteinuria >5 g per zNs8\
24 h despite treatment with an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) |hyr(7
reductase inhibitor, an ACEi, and/or ARB at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 months. 6%y: hLT
The Mayo Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethical Board, University Health LJ#P- `!{&
Network, University of Toronto approved the study protocol. All patients gave written ar}759
informed consent. Patients who had been on treatment with prednisone, cyclosporine, or / /rWc,c
19 $B/cj^3
mycophenolic mofetil within the last 4 months or alkylating agents within the last 6 _kLoDju%
months were not included in the study. Patients with active infection, diabetes, or a eci\Q,
secondary cause of MN (for example, hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 5X-(@GwN
medications, malignancies) were also excluded. u^p[zepW\
Treatment zvj >KF|y
At enrollment, a low-sodium (<4 g day-1) and low-protein (0.8 g per kg per day of /_(Dq8^g@
high-quality protein) diet was recommended and patients were encouraged to maintain y70gNPuTOD
the same diet throughout the duration of the study. All patients received a similar m%3Kq%?O
conservative treatment regimen that included loop diuretics to control edema, an 1 j8,Zrg1
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and an ACEi combined with an ARB if tolerated. S_6
;e|
-Blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, in that order, were added ?[">%^
when required to control systolic blood pressures to <135 mm Hg in >75% of the U7=Z.*/62
readings. Patients who after a minimum of 4 months of conservative therapy and 9-SXu lgu
maximized Ang II blockade had proteinuria >5 g per 24 h received two i.v. infusions of Z;:-8 HPDY
rituximab at a dose of 1000 mg on days 1 and 15. To minimize infusion reactions, =;T[2:JUu
patients were premedicated with acetaminophen (1000 mg) and diphenhydramine ^ j7pF.j
hydrochloride (50 mg) orally. In addition, methylprednisolone (100 mg, i.v.) was given ^Pwq`G A
prior to the first rituximab infusion. B-cell depletion was defined as CD19+ count v
0sX'>f
<5 cells per l at any time and B-cell recovery was defined as CD19+ cell count ,-Gw#!0
>15 cells per l. Patients treated with rituximab, who at month 6 had proteinuria >3 g per rz*Jm n b
24 h and in whom CD19+ B-cell counts had increased to >15 cells per l, received a ER+[gT1CQ
second course of rituximab treatment following the same protocol described above. ,\7okf7H,-
Follow-up z_)$g=9$
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, ?9"glzxr
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum hZy*E [i
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry [<t*&Kr+o
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Creatinine clearance and protein and creatinine excretion 3#unh`3b
in the urine were assessed by performing two consecutive 24-h urine collections at each u9Ro=#xt
time point. Data were considered accurate when urinary creatinine excretion was JAK*HA
consistent with a complete 24 h collection. The mean of the two measurements was o~B=[
considered for the analysis. The presence of HACAs was evaluated at baseline and at 1+'3{m \5T
months 3, 6, 9, and 12. q$P"o].EK
Method / Approach / Study/ Technique >e%Po,Fg$
A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system aUV>O`|_
To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. (TPD!=
In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the ,ic}
Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally 5VfP@{
accepted _19k@a
20 eYFCf;
This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. vs+N{ V
This can be accomplished by i
BQf tq7
This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: a%kj)ah
The above preliminary analysis has provided important information %o-*~GQ@B
Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... h!.(7qdd
These concepts have been applied to Tn|reXc0e
On the basis of the concept mentioned above, !**q20-aP
This can be achieved by $[d}g
In addition, tissues were stained for infiltrating lymphocytes (CD20 and CD3), and the +x1sV *S
amount of interstitial fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Formalin-fixed, .s+e
hZ
paraffin-embedded sections were cut onto coated glass slides. Following heat-induced u[% #/
antigen retrieval, sections were incubated at 20°C overnight with either anti-CD20 wBf
bpoE7
primary antibody or anti-CD3 primary antibody, both at 1:1000 dilution (Dako, Canada *m7e>]-
Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). After rinsing all sections, pretreatment with 3% ,F1$Of/'@\
hydrogen peroxide was performed to prevent endogenous peroxidase activation. Sections D4G{= Y}G
were incubated with a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody linked with avidin–biotin oq|K:<l
complex. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined by light *oF{ R^
microscopy. (HEjmQjE
The HACA assay is a proprietary bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ?FLjvmE9
performed at Genentech Inc. that measures the antibody response to rituximab in human (mzyA%;W
serum samples. yfU1;MI
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, U|>Js!$
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum !U91
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry {uw]s<
6
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. S+He
This fact suggests that a new concept /<n_X:[)
This was accomplished by taking ... __a9}m4i7x
The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. 4)`{ L$
Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility v>,XJ 7P
There is little hope of achieving successful ...
! _QU-
There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have <fP|<>s$@1
not taken this approach, with the exception of ]WS 7l@
Only a few studies can be found. 3o1j l2n
It is a very tedious process to go through v"^G9u
It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected p}h)WjC
The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. a{y;Ub
These approaches are sometimes very tedious. ETmfy}V8
Several techniques can be used Q ml<JF
A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: s8R.?mhH=
A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. 3t8VH`!mL{
A xx model represents an xx by its xx. rUlXx5f
A process decision model captures the logic essential to /:B!hv
pw
From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... Obbjl@]
21 sVGyHA
The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. gx3arVa
Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... BeBa4s
Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. ?xIwQd0
A number of heuristic rules have been developed for ) !3sB{H
Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that oB+drDp8U
An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine Y\s@'UoVN
Euler's formula states the following: G/b
$c
O}
The completed model should agree with the formula. ^`ny]3JA
For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary c1c8):o+V
Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, t}+P|$[
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. VTS8IXz
Point of View ca5Ir<mL
from an implementation standpoint, \Gg6&:Ua
From the point of view of this application,
"luMz;B
From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). !2=<MO
Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data Kx7s
d i
in order to allow one to make decisions. it \3-
From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a @w?hXK=
simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. zr2oU '+
The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, #L
ffmS
and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM )CKPzNf
p.129] t[VA|1gG
Statistical analysis {%gMA?b|"
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance comparing the three conditions v;1<K@UT
(sham operation, ischemic AKI, and bilateral nephrectomy) at each time point. If bL-+
significant F-statistic from analysis of variance existed, this test was followed by Dunnett DxoW,GW
post hoc multiple comparison procedure with sham operation as the control group. For all R.^
Y'TLyc
other comparisons, Student's t-test was used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as b@`h]]~:
statistically significant. MfNsor
Values are expressed as means s.e.m. and significance was evaluated by Mann–Whitney Y`3V&8X
U test using GraphPad Prism, version 4.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, ZOw%Fw4B
CA, USA). Ce_k&[AJF
All values are expressed as means s.d. Statistical significance (defined as P<0.05) was ~HBQQt
evaluated using analysis of variance and Bonferroni t-tests, and the two-tailed Pearson's e*)*__$O
test, where appropriate. j]P'xrWl]8
Data are expressed as mean s.d., median and interquartile range, or frequencies, as , Ox$W
appropriate. Variables who deviated from the normal distribution (positively skewed) gxPu/VD4
were log-transformed (log10) before the correlation study. #|8Ia:=s
Data are represented as means s.e.m. Student's t-test and multiple comparisons with t-test \w#)uYK{i_
post hoc analysis of variance were used as indicated below, for the comparison of M47t(9krV
22 SFJ"(ey$
morphological, immunohistological and functional parameters. Statistical significance *{DpNV8"
was set at P<0.05. TAB'oLNp
The primary efficacy parameter was defined as change in urinary protein excretion from 3Zdwt\OQ
baseline (week 0) to 12 months after treatment. The 12-month changes were tested f*o+g:]3
against zero using the paired t-test. Secondary end points included 6-month changes in |tN:o=
6
protein; the number with PR or CR at 6 or 12 months; and changes in glomerular Q%r KKOX8
filtration rate (GFR), serum albumin, and lipid profiles. Study sample size was based on -kzp>=
the desire to have 80% power to detect a drop in urinary protein of at least 2.0 g day-1. >)^Q p-
Assuming a two-sided hypothesis test performed at a significance level of 0.05 and an s.d. 2Y>#FEW/
of urinary protein change of 2.5 g, it was determined that 15 patients were required.2 n{$! ]^>
Definition of remission status is according to the criteria established by Cattran et al.30 swKqsN.
CR was defined as proteinuria <0.3 g per 24 h, PR as proteinuria 3 g per 24 h, and a I
>aKa
>50% reduction in peak proteinuria and non-response as <50% reduction in peak P](/5KrK
proteinuria. Any patient reaching a CR or PR was considered a treatment success O!se-h5mW8
The statistical significance of differences for the mean values of cytokine concentration fU<_bg
and T cell proliferation was determined with Student's t-test. Differences with a P value r17"i.n
of less than 0.05 were considered significant. $+|.
@ss
Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test. Data with a P value of less
R0~w F>
than 0.05 were considered significant. ~^bf1W[
In vitro and in vivo experiments were analyzed by the two-tailed Student's t-test, with P U4=m>Ty
values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. /%1-tGh
The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and \NTVg6>qN
one-way analysis of variance (SigmaStat software; Jandel). #+&"m7
s
Comparisons V3Ep&<=/
As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view 0SR[)ma
will be discussed. T]x]hQ
The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more _Un*x5u2O
suitable ^+w1:C 5
As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], )>tT""yEl
Relation l?A~^4(5a/
We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. <UY9<o
The relationships appear very complicate O{p7I&
Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and / hg)=p
the human operator's characteristics. Dtox/ ,"
These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... YpgO]\/w
The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship G<P/COI#M5
among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. >}B53.;.k
This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. 9*P-k.Bl
The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. 0ybMI+*
Importance U8{^-#(Uz
) 'U,\5jj'Y
23 F$ckW'V
The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision .l,]yWwfK
making. dt0(04
Consideration / Attention E5?$=cL?
Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure Z5g*'
Such a formulation does not change further considerations. p0D@O_
:5
Considerable attention has been paid to v|dt[>G
Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. IH`7ou {
Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... ..x2
Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated QRx9;!~b}
After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine "MD6 <H
A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the *uSlp_;kB
appropriate decision. +Ht(_+To1
It should be noted that 9I}Uh#]k<
It is important to point out that ... !?sB=qo
These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ... zCv)%y
We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx cG (%P$
Results. Ffd4c
Advantages / Disadvantage % .wx]:o
One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the %0({MU
experimental study of -c{ Y+M`
One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. {suQ"iv
It has a very fast decision making process p&\DG
All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. 8bf@<VTO_
It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor;based q^uCZnkb=
environment. p} JGx^X~
It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. '+GY6Ecg
The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: HG)$W
However, xx is not without its shortcomings. /`t}5U>S_
In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. :H#D4O8UiH
Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. X5-[v(/]
The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. 7<(kvE*x
Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . F6\4[B
Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. 2IP<6l8N
Some other advantages of xx are the following: />uE)R$
The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. F&
Rr&m
It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that o5YL_=7m
was impossible in practice. Zqv
There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, Ir(U7D
The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. b8[
ayy
This combines the best features of both techniques c Y+n 6k5
24 &x4*YMh
Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, iG"1~/U
and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in x7i,jMR
virtual communities. nITkgN:s
Results ,#9i=gp
An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided "*TP@X?@f
Recent work has identified hM&VMa [
Time-dependent changes of #iRd2Qj%
Cyclosporine-induced cell death is triggered by a non-classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase uTdz$Nh
and does not require ERK activation. |o^mg9
Much of the current work on c0_5
12
Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review =(bTS n
Based on the information contained in this 76u\#{5
The result can be categorized into nine classes cKIA.c}N
The results are illustrated by an example ?xwZ< A
The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. {+gK\Nz
From the results obtained so far, it seem that 4KW_#d`t
Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as [t*-s1cq
Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion. RGBntp%
The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. 3qDuF
Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more COxJ,v(
detailed. UY)Iu|~0b
Conclusion }!WuJz"
From the discussion, one may conclude that ... N0YJ'.=8,
The first indication that vJQ_mz
In summary, we have shown that bV*q~@xh
These results suggested that /g!X[rn7Q
Our findings have shown that uK[gI6M
Our observations have provided g{hbq[>X]
This study reveals following five main findings: Zj)A%WTD,
To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical report of both PIM and HIFs in WaiM\h?=#
the diabetic kidney. ko~e*31_E
As mentioned above, 7V"Jfh4_
Moreover, we demonstrate that, //#]CsFiP
A number of studies have elaborated a body of knowledge about h3p~\%^
There are findings to indicate that uTmT'u:}
On a descriptive level, there is agreement that for HZ89x|Hk_
One issue that became particularly evident from our study is ~b9fk)z!
Our data are in agreement with the findings and models presented by previous }jL4F$wC
publications, in particular those of Jones et al n&E
/{o(
According to our observations, ,(kaC.Em
…was not evident from our data Gx(%AB~9$
25 ?'OL2~
It could therefore be concluded that 92^Dn`g
our data illustrate that T>v`UN Bl]
All these different aspects, as listed above, lead to o H]FT{
In fact, it has already been speculated that ,"T[#A~
It should be furthermore mentioned in this context that 1tH#QZIT
To identify and verify the essential factors triggering developmental renin expression, it p49T3V
is of interest now to study the development of intrarenal renin expression in mice with I!~3xZ
defined gene mutations, using the results of this study as a reference system. DE$T1pFV
In conclusion, using several approaches, we demonstrated that h6e,w$IL
But we have not provided formal proof yet that 5:l"*
In summary, our results suggest that w6[$vib'
In conclusion, we identify <}AmzeHr+
A better understanding of such regulatory systems may yield novel therapeutic mtNB09E(
approaches to glomerular diseases. PjU.4aZ
Preliminary results of short-term studies (2 weeks) indicate that 4cAx9bqA
However, we believe that pEiq;2{~Yn
However, despite our extensive measurements of these parameters, we found no T!Uf
PfEI
relationship between response and initial proteinuria, time to B-cell recovery, the 6X$iTJ[\x
development of antibodies to rituximab, B-cell count in the kidney tissue, nor the degree 15!b]':
of tubular interstitial damage present. A clear conclusion for efficacy, however, cannot be *9}~?#b
obtained from an uncontrolled study, and definitive claims of efficacy should be reserved 1)!]zV
for rigorous, prospective, controlled, and randomized trials with the use of rituximab and yx/qp<=
that will also look for factors that may determine its efficacy in IMN. 90+Hv:wF
It has become increasingly clear that Bh!J&SM:
Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that `O}bPwa{>
The conclusions drawn are also valid 'a enhj
In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in... F2["Ak NM
We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of r7N%onx
Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area 7R".$
p
Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in ZQrgYeQl"
achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. 4(\7Or(''
This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx SlUt
&+)
concept. 0d=<^wLi^
The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for &E8fd/s=k
improvements for xx work. 4$b9<:M_
The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. ?C9>bKo*2H
This has a tremendous impact on our understanding of ?8)$N
Significant progress has been made in advancing RNAi therapeutics in a remarkably `z3"zso
short period of time }sS1p6z
To date, little is known about… *gXm&/2*
Irrespective of the mechanisms and the molecules –which are still largely unknown – 1oIu~f{`
involved in MSC functions, current data suggest that @?"t&h
To better understand 8r
sv8OO
26 L\UM12
Future Research (常用于conclustion 的结尾) S~ 3|
Thus, first extension of the approach could be, VR0#"
Further studies are needed to determine the importance of Li\BRlebR{
Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through .:#6dG\0z
additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling A)q,VSR8
activity.
},LW@Z}
It also unveiled new aspects of the role played by thyroid hormone in response to injury n;Etn!4M
and tissue repair.
j>OB<4?.+
In the near future, the ongoing clinical trials with siRNAs for macular degeneration and 8?7:sfc
RSV may reveal the exciting potential of RNAi therapeutics as the next major class of >w=xGb7
drug molecules. }~28UXb23
In the next few years it should become clear whether g8_IZ(%:
It should be an exciting time for researchers seeking to harness this powerful endogenous \4`2k
pathway to treat human disease. \i#0:3s.
Acknowledgement \W6|un
The authors are grateful to the insightful work provided by Mr. John W. Harney and all 8; s$?*Gi
of the fellows and students that contributed with some of the studies discussed in this QP e}rQnm
article %C[ ;&
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete ai,Mez
this thesis. 4n@,
p0
I want to thank the Department of Transport of the former Interim Government of V-w[\u
Namibia for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance, to do the :I }_
necessary research work and to use departmental data g3%t+>$*
This work was supported by NIH grants AI058695 and AI056900. We thank members of Ucnit^,
the laboratory and our collaborators for many useful suggestions. ngJES`0d
We thank J. Maraganore and B. Greene for critical reading of the manuscript, M. "zO+!h'o
Duckman for graphics assistance and A. Capobianco for word processing assistance. J)n g,i
Author contributions !2N#H~{
All authors were involved in experimental planning and data analysis and contributed to 1q!6Sny@
manuscript preparation. f:TC;K
Tables and Figures U<NpDjc"
Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. 8C=Y(vPk2
The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. /=\__$l)
The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. I=^%l7
Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the 6#5@d^a
Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that M
T#9x>
the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2. '
n~N*DH
Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system _
#l b\
Table shows the j&Ayk*
27 ^B?koU l^
Time-dependent changes of Q;5'I3w
as shown in Table 1 and 2 ld[]f*RuW
This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 qTyU1RU$9^
At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. > KH4X:
Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row;headings, &TWO/F+Y
xx through xx as column;headings. g)&-S3\
Time course of calculated renin immunoreactive tissue volumes during development of r:Cad0xj;^
the mouse kidney. Data are single values per time point. They were derived from the {Rw~G&vQ
kidneys shown in Figure 1. D?5W1m]E,s
Yellow color indicates P!YT{}
PCT3 cells were pretreated with 50 M PD98059 or 10 M U0126 for 30 min and then 9i|6
cells were stimulated with 25 g ml-1 CsA for 6 h. ERK and PKB activation were oRWsi/Zf
analyzed by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. S^D ~A8u
ERK and PKB activation were measured by western blot using phospho-specific 05pCgI}F>
antibodies -R7f/a8
The data are the means of three different experiments taking the number of untreated cells {Y'_QW1:2
(vehicle alone) as 100%. ?QVD)JI*k
ERK and PKB activation were then analyzed by western blot with the corresponding ( v
~/glf
phospho-specific antibodies. To ensure equal amount of protein in each lane, western V(!b!i@
blots against total protein were performed for ERK and PKB. [sNn^x
The means of optical density (OD) values of the bands detected in western blots of three ^<|If:|
different experiments are plotted, taking the maximal value of phosphorylation of ERK dnIBAe
and PKB as 100%. &*)tqQeQf
CT3 cells were treated with 25 g ml-1 CsA or vehicle alone for 24 h and then fixed with LK:|~UV?
paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoescht as indicated in Materials and Methods. Then QdW%5lM+
cells were visualized by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel) and fluorescence w@%W{aUC
microscopy (lower panel). o!\O)
The data are the means of three experiments performed on different days taking the ? ! 1uw
number of cells at the onset of the experiment as 100%. ?ST}0F00}
Rats were killed at 4 h and at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21, and 28 after disease induction |g'sRTKJ
(n=9 each). uqO51V~
*P<0.05 versus non-nephritic rats. HWefuj
The expression of the CCN3 protein was detected by western blot analysis (n=4 each, PC, -O_UpjR;
positive control, M, molecular weight markers). Bnxzy
n
Original magnifications: 200 in A, E, G, H; 600 in B, C, D, F. #!`zU4&2
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. $Jr`4s
*P<0.05 versus 0.5 h. Q^p@ 1I
PDGF-BB and -DD, but not PDGF-AA and -CC, induce a downregulation of CCN3 TM^1{0;r5
mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and normalized to MW4dPoa
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA. %cm5Z^B1"
Cell number was counted in duplicate using a Malassez hemocytometer 1I@4xC
#X
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus cells treated with ?xf;#J+{8
MCDB media for 24 h, #P<0.05. d#
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28 q!H3JL
The curves are adjusted for history of coronary artery disease, CRP, and progression to !}3`Pl.(r
ESRD. ?\O+#U%W
Both models are independent of age, gender, baseline GFR and proteinuria, and other 5~44R@`
clinical characteristics and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors CMg83
Correlation between serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and serum PTH KOmP-q=6
(n=99, P<0.0001, r2=0.190) iP!Y4F
Concentration of serum FGF23 concentration before starting and at the end of the 4-h ?X9
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hemodialysis procedure in 23 patients, expressed as log10 values (n=23, P<0.0001, ~NcJLU!au
Student's paired t-test). I+CQ,Zuf
Immunohistochemistry for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIM) and HIF-2 ;
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arrow=endothelial cell and CD=collecting duct JyqFFZ
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