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楼主  发表于: 2009-10-18   

医学SCI 论文经典句子

18 OcyiL)tv5  
Jurkat cells cultured in calcium-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL; number d "QM;9  
22300-107) containing calcium-free 10% FBS were triggered by anti-Fas IgM. The 5e~ j  
treated cells were harvested at the indicated time points and incubated with Fluo-3-AM at Y#Sd2h,^X  
a final concentration of 1 micromolar for 30 min at 37°C (Scoltock et al., 2000). The 5#N"WHz!  
labeled cells (50,000 cells per treatment) were then analyzed by exciting the cells at 488 tIc0S!H#  
nm and examining the fluorescence emission of Fluo 3 at 530 nm with a FACS Scan, P':]A{<Z  
(Becton Dickinson). A one micromolar concentration of LPA was used as a positive ;p?42rCIcl  
control for Ca2+ induction. The data thus obtained was analyzed with the software Win %B*<BgJ;4F  
MDI 2.8 and represented as contour plots.The effect of chelating intracellular calcium on ySPlyhGF  
translocation of annexin I was studied by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 10 }R?v"6aBS  
micromolar BAPTA-AM, with or without the addition of anti-Fas IgM. Cells were wz|Q%.%?[  
harvested and fractionated as detailed above, and the S-100 fractions were assessed by 9!Q $GE?vl  
immunoblotting for presence or absence of annexin I. dvrvpDoE.  
Mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation. ImT+8p a  
Retrovirus-mediated transduction of mouse bone marrow cells was done by published TYmUPS$  
methods49. Prestimulated low-density bone marrow cells were infected with high-titer P^uP$D  
retrovirus supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates. Retrovirus supernatant was generated :_I wc=  
in the phoenix-gp cells with a mouse stem cell virus–based retroviral vector coexpressing tXb7~aO  
EGFP and HA–RhoH as described50. EGFP+ sorted cells were transplanted by y5Z<uwXc  
intravenous injection into the sublethally irradiated (300 rads with a 137Cs irradiator) !`d 832  
Rag2-/- recipient mice. At 9 weeks after transplantation, thymus, peripheral blood, bone (<g;-pZH%  
marrow, spleen and lymph nodes from each recipient mouse were collected for analysis Pv/%s) &y&  
of EGFP+ chimerism and hematopoietic lineage by flow cytometry. Expression of NXV~[  
HA–RhoH and HA–RhoHF73F83 in EGFP+ sorted thymocytes of recipient mice was ~8n~4  
confirmed by immunoblot analysis. H*:r>Lm=  
Determination of renal morphology ??esB&4?  
Kidney slices were postfixed in buffered 2% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in an X<@y*?D9D  
Araldite-EM bed 812 mixture. Large sections were cut perpendicular to the renal capsule, O.  .@<.  
containing cortex, and medulla. Thin (1 m) sections were analyzed in a blinded manner BSq;R G(  
for morphologic alterations, as previously detailed 2Xq!'NrS  
Patient population :n%sU* 'T  
Patients included in the study met the following criteria: (1) biopsy-proven IMN; (2) l#5k8+s  
creatinine clearance 30 ml per min per 1.73 m2; and (3) persistent proteinuria >5 g per Sv^'CpQ  
24 h despite treatment with an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) _ UVX  
reductase inhibitor, an ACEi, and/or ARB at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 months. "8j;k5<  
The Mayo Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethical Board, University Health ovBd%wJ 0  
Network, University of Toronto approved the study protocol. All patients gave written \Kzt*C-ZH  
informed consent. Patients who had been on treatment with prednisone, cyclosporine, or >-./kI "  
19 QWQ6j#`  
mycophenolic mofetil within the last 4 months or alkylating agents within the last 6 :R_#'i  
months were not included in the study. Patients with active infection, diabetes, or a ~"4vd 3  
secondary cause of MN (for example, hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ,h)T(  
medications, malignancies) were also excluded. : QhEu%e  
Treatment %n`iA7j$W  
At enrollment, a low-sodium (<4 g day-1) and low-protein (0.8 g per kg per day of 1wNY}3  
high-quality protein) diet was recommended and patients were encouraged to maintain uD*s^  
the same diet throughout the duration of the study. All patients received a similar C,e$g  
conservative treatment regimen that included loop diuretics to control edema, an 'frL/[S  
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and an ACEi combined with an ARB if tolerated. FOnA;5Aa  
-Blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, in that order, were added HBf8!\0|/  
when required to control systolic blood pressures to <135 mm Hg in >75% of the d}B_ll#j-  
readings. Patients who after a minimum of 4 months of conservative therapy and YPJx/@Z`  
maximized Ang II blockade had proteinuria >5 g per 24 h received two i.v. infusions of OD!CnK  
rituximab at a dose of 1000 mg on days 1 and 15. To minimize infusion reactions, FSZoT!  
patients were premedicated with acetaminophen (1000 mg) and diphenhydramine ^1& LHrT  
hydrochloride (50 mg) orally. In addition, methylprednisolone (100 mg, i.v.) was given $(mdz)Cfy  
prior to the first rituximab infusion. B-cell depletion was defined as CD19+ count +AC-f2  
<5 cells per l at any time and B-cell recovery was defined as CD19+ cell count zxmI/]3+/  
>15 cells per l. Patients treated with rituximab, who at month 6 had proteinuria >3 g per 1AkHig,  
24 h and in whom CD19+ B-cell counts had increased to >15 cells per l, received a  rOf  
second course of rituximab treatment following the same protocol described above. u|*| RuY  
Follow-up #1hz=~YO  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, [^BUhm3a  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum 3V!&y/c<  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry yt# ;3  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Creatinine clearance and protein and creatinine excretion N#!1@!2BN  
in the urine were assessed by performing two consecutive 24-h urine collections at each ='||BxB  
time point. Data were considered accurate when urinary creatinine excretion was ex!w Y  
consistent with a complete 24 h collection. The mean of the two measurements was z ex.0OT;  
considered for the analysis. The presence of HACAs was evaluated at baseline and at (GOrfr  
months 3, 6, 9, and 12. 1?$ !y  
Method / Approach / Study/ Technique 4O"kOEkKT>  
A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system ph (k2cb  
To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. ^* v{t?u  
In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the mSw?iL  
Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally &>B>+ }'  
accepted !w\;Q8irN  
20 v7u}nx  
This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. ?(UXK hs  
This can be accomplished by tpzdYokh >  
This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: Sq]1SW3  
The above preliminary analysis has provided important information Ywq+l]5/p  
Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... YHtI%  
These concepts have been applied to \I{A33i2w  
On the basis of the concept mentioned above, zd]L9 _  
This can be achieved by QHz76i!=>  
In addition, tissues were stained for infiltrating lymphocytes (CD20 and CD3), and the 7%}}m&A7h  
amount of interstitial fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Formalin-fixed, {NqGWkGt*b  
paraffin-embedded sections were cut onto coated glass slides. Following heat-induced &b8D'XQu  
antigen retrieval, sections were incubated at 20°C overnight with either anti-CD20 zQfxw?~A  
primary antibody or anti-CD3 primary antibody, both at 1:1000 dilution (Dako, Canada BV:,b S  
Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). After rinsing all sections, pretreatment with 3% KA2B3\  
hydrogen peroxide was performed to prevent endogenous peroxidase activation. Sections $466 ? oI  
were incubated with a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody linked with avidin–biotin  3!UP>,!  
complex. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined by light 2b` M(QL  
microscopy. 5-po>1g'  
The HACA assay is a proprietary bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay \{mJO>x  
performed at Genentech Inc. that measures the antibody response to rituximab in human f|E'eFrFk  
serum samples. \~1+T  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, dK$dQR#  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum .H.v c_/  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry <p .[E]a2_  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. <a3XV  
This fact suggests that a new concept h:90K  
This was accomplished by taking ... 9>P(eN  
The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. Ry~LhU:  
Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility U\6DEnII?!  
There is little hope of achieving successful ... _s,svQ8#  
There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have !IU*Ayg  
not taken this approach, with the exception of @ U|u _S@  
Only a few studies can be found. k]sT'}[n  
It is a very tedious process to go through {`55nwd  
It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected np(<Ap r  
The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. 5}ah%  
These approaches are sometimes very tedious. ks4 ,2f,2  
Several techniques can be used u>#'Y+7  
A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: 5Bk  
A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. @su,w,xLS  
A xx model represents an xx by its xx. ".IhV<R  
A process decision model captures the logic essential to IuD<lMeJ J  
From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... hI 0l2OE  
21 KG@hjO  
The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. LLiX%XOh  
Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...  ~~mQ  
Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. g=Jfp$*[  
A number of heuristic rules have been developed for 6W Zp&pO  
Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that )&K%Me  
An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine 'z/hj>B<  
Euler's formula states the following: .rHO7c,P~  
The completed model should agree with the formula. hrK^oa_[W  
For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary  3@*8\  
Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, _nUuiB>  
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. *v&RGY[>  
Point of View =UN:IzT  
from an implementation standpoint, ; V8 =B8w  
From the point of view of this application, J5wq}<8  
From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). &CgD smJo#  
Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data .E(Ucnz/  
in order to allow one to make decisions. wB@A?&UY  
From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a &I8ZVtg  
simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. xp = ]J UQ  
The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, FsjblB3?E  
and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM }tN"C 3)@  
p.129] ZC"p^~U_e[  
Statistical analysis <#sK~G  
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance comparing the three conditions %0 S0"t  
(sham operation, ischemic AKI, and bilateral nephrectomy) at each time point. If 3~ylBJJ  
significant F-statistic from analysis of variance existed, this test was followed by Dunnett X(~NpLR  
post hoc multiple comparison procedure with sham operation as the control group. For all G"]'`2.m  
other comparisons, Student's t-test was used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as @L0.Z1 ).  
statistically significant. q4{ 6@q  
Values are expressed as means s.e.m. and significance was evaluated by Mann–Whitney t5S S]  
U test using GraphPad Prism, version 4.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, hq|/XBd||  
CA, USA). 09r.0Ks  
All values are expressed as means s.d. Statistical significance (defined as P<0.05) was sNWj+T  
evaluated using analysis of variance and Bonferroni t-tests, and the two-tailed Pearson's yfj<P/aA+  
test, where appropriate. #-{4F?DA]y  
Data are expressed as mean s.d., median and interquartile range, or frequencies, as tlE+G@|^  
appropriate. Variables who deviated from the normal distribution (positively skewed) EyhQjs aT  
were log-transformed (log10) before the correlation study. r!+)U#8  
Data are represented as means s.e.m. Student's t-test and multiple comparisons with t-test 3/iGSG`  
post hoc analysis of variance were used as indicated below, for the comparison of :%R3( &  
22 8d-_'MXk3  
morphological, immunohistological and functional parameters. Statistical significance ~%cbp&s*/q  
was set at P<0.05. <3'r&ks  
The primary efficacy parameter was defined as change in urinary protein excretion from h<[o;E  
baseline (week 0) to 12 months after treatment. The 12-month changes were tested UPH:$Fk&  
against zero using the paired t-test. Secondary end points included 6-month changes in }2}hH0R  
protein; the number with PR or CR at 6 or 12 months; and changes in glomerular >k"/:g^t  
filtration rate (GFR), serum albumin, and lipid profiles. Study sample size was based on #8cY,%<S]  
the desire to have 80% power to detect a drop in urinary protein of at least 2.0 g day-1. 7 yK >  
Assuming a two-sided hypothesis test performed at a significance level of 0.05 and an s.d. %A04'dj`zQ  
of urinary protein change of 2.5 g, it was determined that 15 patients were required.2 H13|bM<  
Definition of remission status is according to the criteria established by Cattran et al.30 J?HYN%  
CR was defined as proteinuria <0.3 g per 24 h, PR as proteinuria 3 g per 24 h, and a 0e&Vvl4DK  
>50% reduction in peak proteinuria and non-response as <50% reduction in peak S~hNSw (-  
proteinuria. Any patient reaching a CR or PR was considered a treatment success 0]&~ddL  
The statistical significance of differences for the mean values of cytokine concentration 5TqX;=B  
and T cell proliferation was determined with Student's t-test. Differences with a P value UW!!!  
of less than 0.05 were considered significant. ]h,XRDK  
Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test. Data with a P value of less 5F $W^N  
than 0.05 were considered significant. zgV{S Qo  
In vitro and in vivo experiments were analyzed by the two-tailed Student's t-test, with P Z':}ZXy]  
values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. 1s .Ose  
The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and !>+YEZ"  
one-way analysis of variance (SigmaStat software; Jandel). *22}b.)  
Comparisons r!'\$(m E  
As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view #)z_TM07P  
will be discussed. vzG(u_,9[  
The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more 4gzrxV  
suitable > -OQk"o  
As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], B[}#m'Lv  
Relation Cwl#(; @  
We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. `L/\F,  
The relationships appear very complicate F<VoPqHq  
Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and Q)#+S(TG  
the human operator's characteristics. Q E1DTU  
These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... l.Iov?e1S  
The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship Ep)rEq6  
among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. ,onOwPz  
This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. BxV o>r  
The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. ]lV\D8#  
Importance ~ (I'm[  
)  #-r,;  
23 R9%Um6  
The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision )%FRBO]  
making. ?VaWOwWI  
Consideration / Attention s~V%eq("}  
Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure WrP 4*6;"  
Such a formulation does not change further considerations. *uoc;6  
Considerable attention has been paid to %iMRJ}8(7  
Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. [Vzp D 4  
Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... !(QDhnx}9c  
Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated v 9\ 2/B  
After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine W(.q. Sx>  
A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the Us kz~~}G  
appropriate decision. rRgP/E#_  
It should be noted that Twl>Pn>  
It is important to point out that ... &ZmWR  
These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ... JWzN 'a R  
We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx O{@m,uY  
Results. L!2BE[~  
Advantages / Disadvantage Bg3`w__l;  
One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the 1FC' iGI  
experimental study of [R-&5 G!x  
One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. N!RkV\:X  
It has a very fast decision making process eksYIQZ]  
All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. m 3k}iIU7  
It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor;based 4O g&w]  
environment. (rDB|kc^7  
It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. X%1j-;Wr@  
The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: 9#C hn~ \  
However, xx is not without its shortcomings. .@7J8FS*  
In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. pyvZ[R 9  
Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. &tKr ?l  
The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. ?<7o\Xk#{  
Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . 0H<&*U_V  
Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. yDk|ad|  
Some other advantages of xx are the following: lL6 bIjf  
The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. kaK0'l2%  
It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that RfM uWo:  
was impossible in practice. H ?ZlJ|/c  
There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, JYQ.Y!X1O  
The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. +1`Zu$|  
This combines the best features of both techniques g( 9\r  
24 yW3X<  
Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, i Eh -  
and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in G|WO  
virtual communities. @I`X{oAA  
Results q '6gj  
An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided oN0p$/La  
Recent work has identified ?k6P H"M  
Time-dependent changes of fWr6f`de  
Cyclosporine-induced cell death is triggered by a non-classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase Yn0l}=, n  
and does not require ERK activation. @ P[o  
Much of the current work on $-Ud&sjn  
Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review q(N2 #di  
Based on the information contained in this m5m'ByX(*  
The result can be categorized into nine classes kPh;SCr{  
The results are illustrated by an example CA0SH{PdW&  
The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. }]8n 3&*  
From the results obtained so far, it seem that 0zSRk]i.f  
Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as sn|q EH  
Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion.  zw13Tu  
The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. {i:5XL   
Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more ."N`X\  
detailed. Jd].e=]pN  
Conclusion GrwoV~  
From the discussion, one may conclude that ... 6]GEn= t  
The first indication that fB \+.eN  
In summary, we have shown that DXbzl +R  
These results suggested that ^ X&`:f  
Our findings have shown that -jBk  
Our observations have provided R @h@@lSf  
This study reveals following five main findings: qDOJ;> I  
To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical report of both PIM and HIFs in |sM#nhxK  
the diabetic kidney. 'rT@ r:6fn  
As mentioned above, S6.N)7y  
Moreover, we demonstrate that, b!>w4MPe  
A number of studies have elaborated a body of knowledge about /0w?"2-  
There are findings to indicate that 410WWR&4_  
On a descriptive level, there is agreement that for .Y l*kG6r  
One issue that became particularly evident from our study is h6!o,qw"  
Our data are in agreement with the findings and models presented by previous j( *;W}*^  
publications, in particular those of Jones et al [+=h[DC  
According to our observations, 0baq696<F  
…was not evident from our data 9!XW):  
25 won(HK\1p  
It could therefore be concluded that PI"&-lXI-m  
our data illustrate that ?K<m.+4b*y  
All these different aspects, as listed above, lead to qXHr"  
In fact, it has already been speculated that -0KQR{LI  
It should be furthermore mentioned in this context that )~hsd+ 0t  
To identify and verify the essential factors triggering developmental renin expression, it =4RBHe8`  
is of interest now to study the development of intrarenal renin expression in mice with  F8q&v"  
defined gene mutations, using the results of this study as a reference system. # ;,b4O7@  
In conclusion, using several approaches, we demonstrated that S9sFC!s1g  
But we have not provided formal proof yet that 2<$C6J0HM  
In summary, our results suggest that dXKv"*7l  
In conclusion, we identify NN<kO#c+2  
A better understanding of such regulatory systems may yield novel therapeutic  E%g_O_  
approaches to glomerular diseases. {u BpM9KT  
Preliminary results of short-term studies (2 weeks) indicate that oa:GGW4Q  
However, we believe that wW4/]soM  
However, despite our extensive measurements of these parameters, we found no _ ?f~U vK  
relationship between response and initial proteinuria, time to B-cell recovery, the )t G` a ;  
development of antibodies to rituximab, B-cell count in the kidney tissue, nor the degree T-=sC=sS,  
of tubular interstitial damage present. A clear conclusion for efficacy, however, cannot be 1>W|vOv"Z?  
obtained from an uncontrolled study, and definitive claims of efficacy should be reserved .tB[8Y=J  
for rigorous, prospective, controlled, and randomized trials with the use of rituximab and Im{I23.2  
that will also look for factors that may determine its efficacy in IMN. EP#3+B sH  
It has become increasingly clear that A"S{W^iL  
Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that I71kFtvcy*  
The conclusions drawn are also valid E<>Ev_5>  
In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in... @?_<A%hz  
We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of M%f96XUM  
Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area o.5w>l!9K  
Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in z BWn*A[4  
achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. 4LYeacL B  
This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx 3_(fisvx  
concept. < J=9,tv<  
The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for rlYAy5&  
improvements for xx work. &1:xY.Zs_  
The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. ^9eJ)12pK  
This has a tremendous impact on our understanding of ))}w;w   
Significant progress has been made in advancing RNAi therapeutics in a remarkably MyZ@I7Fb,  
short period of time wmFI?   
To date, little is known about… ^B2>lx\n  
Irrespective of the mechanisms and the molecules –which are still largely unknown – b,YTw  
involved in MSC functions, current data suggest that KFHn)+*"  
To better understand DPn]de:e  
26 AE1!u{  
Future Research (常用于conclustion 的结尾) ,qJ/Jt$A  
Thus, first extension of the approach could be, {20^abUAS  
Further studies are needed to determine the importance of JB(~O `  
Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through uW!',"0ER  
additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling zYfn;s%A  
activity. w\KO1 Ob  
It also unveiled new aspects of the role played by thyroid hormone in response to injury |cL'4I>b9  
and tissue repair. HF}%Ow  
In the near future, the ongoing clinical trials with siRNAs for macular degeneration and # /t^?$8\\  
RSV may reveal the exciting potential of RNAi therapeutics as the next major class of jdV  E/5  
drug molecules. t_c;4iE  
In the next few years it should become clear whether >5 )E\4r-  
It should be an exciting time for researchers seeking to harness this powerful endogenous ~p<o":k+Lv  
pathway to treat human disease. |XOD~Plo^  
Acknowledgement TYW$=p|  
The authors are grateful to the insightful work provided by Mr. John W. Harney and all j[Uul#  
of the fellows and students that contributed with some of the studies discussed in this zb Z0BD7e  
article _7? o/Q?F%  
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete y ?]G OQI  
this thesis. DSad[>Uj],  
I want to thank the Department of Transport of the former Interim Government of 6-U|e|e  
Namibia for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance, to do the '`=z52  
necessary research work and to use departmental data qT^R> p  
This work was supported by NIH grants AI058695 and AI056900. We thank members of jSp4eq  
the laboratory and our collaborators for many useful suggestions. /10 I }3D  
We thank J. Maraganore and B. Greene for critical reading of the manuscript, M. lDd+.44V:  
Duckman for graphics assistance and A. Capobianco for word processing assistance. Fp..Sjh 6  
Author contributions %k @"*  
All authors were involved in experimental planning and data analysis and contributed to OoTMvZP[  
manuscript preparation. G\&4_MS  
Tables and Figures ),y{.n:wm  
Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. znv2:  
The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. JaP2Q} &B  
The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. KW|X\1H  
Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the ,5Jq ZD  
Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that pJ-/"Q|:i  
the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2. [ 3h~y7  
Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system FglCqO}  
Table shows the LM }0QL m?  
27 eU?SLIof[{  
Time-dependent changes of .w2X24Mmb  
as shown in Table 1 and 2 *.4;7#  
This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 3OTq  
At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. z%5i^P  
Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row;headings, }8J77[>/  
xx through xx as column;headings. -I4-K%%B`  
Time course of calculated renin immunoreactive tissue volumes during development of ,9Y{x  
the mouse kidney. Data are single values per time point. They were derived from the S*~v9+  
kidneys shown in Figure 1. a.QF`J4"'  
Yellow color indicates g &~T X  
PCT3 cells were pretreated with 50 M PD98059 or 10 M U0126 for 30 min and then z 3)pvX 5  
cells were stimulated with 25 g ml-1 CsA for 6 h. ERK and PKB activation were f@lRa>Z(Fm  
analyzed by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. l1On .s  
ERK and PKB activation were measured by western blot using phospho-specific ^,[V;3  
antibodies $$8xdv#  
The data are the means of three different experiments taking the number of untreated cells Ym6zNb8 bQ  
(vehicle alone) as 100%. !m(5N4:vV  
ERK and PKB activation were then analyzed by western blot with the corresponding U&#1qRm\h  
phospho-specific antibodies. To ensure equal amount of protein in each lane, western \Ku6 gEy  
blots against total protein were performed for ERK and PKB. \NwL#bQ~  
The means of optical density (OD) values of the bands detected in western blots of three pJ[7m  
different experiments are plotted, taking the maximal value of phosphorylation of ERK +V*FFv  
and PKB as 100%. )? WiO}"  
CT3 cells were treated with 25 g ml-1 CsA or vehicle alone for 24 h and then fixed with fbp6lE  
paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoescht as indicated in Materials and Methods. Then 4{H>V_9zs  
cells were visualized by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel) and fluorescence %m r  
microscopy (lower panel). RbUBKMZ U  
The data are the means of three experiments performed on different days taking the 44axOk!G[/  
number of cells at the onset of the experiment as 100%. KA1Z{7UK%  
Rats were killed at 4 h and at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21, and 28 after disease induction :FOMRrf7.  
(n=9 each). aV`4M VWOz  
*P<0.05 versus non-nephritic rats. @4dB$QF`&  
The expression of the CCN3 protein was detected by western blot analysis (n=4 each, PC, ]l.y/pRP5[  
positive control, M, molecular weight markers). {'P7D4w  
Original magnifications: 200 in A, E, G, H; 600 in B, C, D, F. y1P KoN|K  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. fnV^&`BB  
*P<0.05 versus 0.5 h. 16=tHo8|  
PDGF-BB and -DD, but not PDGF-AA and -CC, induce a downregulation of CCN3 G\3@QgyQ  
mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and normalized to zTb!$8D"g  
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA. bf ]W_I]B  
Cell number was counted in duplicate using a Malassez hemocytometer r<4FF=  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus cells treated with < wV?B9j  
MCDB media for 24 h, #P<0.05. dX|(n.}  
28 Dl hb'*@  
The curves are adjusted for history of coronary artery disease, CRP, and progression to tEP~`$9  
ESRD. h;105$E1  
Both models are independent of age, gender, baseline GFR and proteinuria, and other a& b75.-  
clinical characteristics and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors P wL]v.:  
Correlation between serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and serum PTH ],{b&\  
(n=99, P<0.0001, r2=0.190) "e<Z$"7i  
Concentration of serum FGF23 concentration before starting and at the end of the 4-h z45 7/zO  
hemodialysis procedure in 23 patients, expressed as log10 values (n=23, P<0.0001, u'}SaX]0  
Student's paired t-test). D.?Rc'y D  
Immunohistochemistry for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIM) and HIF-2 ; k fS44NV  
arrow=endothelial cell and CD=collecting duct "bZ {W(h  
Magnification: 1000. # T_m|LN 7  
A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made. E _d^&{j  
CONJUGATION r(9#kLXg  
To Indicate Addition ?g*#l d()  
additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, t,|`#6Ft  
especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, (}1 gO  
likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, kc#<Gr&Z&  
broadly speaking wWV`k  
To Indicate Cause and Effect ge*(w{|x  
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, D90m..\w  
therefore, thus, truly R7YL I1ov  
To indicate Comparison ox9$aBjJ  
in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively Qu4Bd|`(k  
To Indicate Concession 6`(x)Q9  
after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, 4t3Y/X  
naturally, of course *N5cC#5`=  
To Indicate Contrast )+ }\NCFh  
and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, ^~iu),gu  
in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, \va'>?#o1  
still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately, yk r5bS  
To Indicate Time Relationships ^&gu{kP  
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, " sh%8 <N  
at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in $Pw@EC]  
the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, %mLQ'$  
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while # `}(x;ge  
29 [,;h1m ~iX  
To Indicate Special Features or Examples ?LE\pk R  
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in b|7c]l  
practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned A6D.bJ)  
before / above khS b|mR)  
To Indicate Summary uCX+Lw+As  
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude pv/LTv  
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, 46U?aHKW@|  
VERB PHASE ){yw k  
build a .. model i-6,r[<  
have been described to 6$42 -a%b  
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we detected g.3 . C?  
build up the key link y ^u tMH  
Although a number of studies have identified predictors of JY$B%R4;]  
began a new era in ... Yc5{M*w  
can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through w.tQ)x1h  
can result in JPeZZ13sS  
carries out ... tasks /$]#L%   
production information in order to simultaneously R~9\mi5^UH  
contains all information necessary to describe N =k}"2_=  
do not make use of production information kzZdYiC  
deals with {Pi+V uLE  
end with failure gu'Yk  
fetch the information from the model directly -K+" :kiS  
has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / y^M ~zOe  
been recognized as k-o(Q"[ '  
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / RPb/U8  
finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / -Oj}PGj$e\  
interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown p([g/Q  
in / used to effectively guide the search cP >MsUZWl  
makes use of *k&yD3br-V  
was significantly higher as compared to ZS\ jbii8  
To assess disease-specific alterations, we measured BQ&G7V  
To specifically assess the relationship between tS$^k)ZXip  
make up <<xUh|zE  
To determine if Vl91I+Ev  
This statistically significant difference still QG~4 <zy  
They positively correlated with :n1^Xw0q  
Present \ C^fi}/]  
Our results are consistent with our recent data that suggest that r9),F.6,  
30 *pu ,|  
contribute to FiN^}Kh  
meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it mM6g-)cV  
must be justified 2WKYf0t  
point out #>I*c _-  
play an important role )qg cz<p?W  
relates to $L~?!u&N  
rely on jm|x=s3}h  
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satisfy the needs 3J^"$qfSn  
determine the total requirements for the ... i)vbmV  
uses ... as a key to search for... v[3QI7E3  
without relying on J%_m`?  
will be available/ performed/ overlooked ||M;[-JoJ  
NOUN PHASE 4 _*^~w  
a basic technical function of .?1 6w`Y  
a significant reduction of C \ ~!2cy  
drug variability i,[S1g  
a critical need )<fa1Gz#^  
negatively correlated with ;zMZ+GZ?;+  
a key / principle feature of /7s^OkQ  
a substantial impact on {P /5cw  
an intensive review was conducted k&|#(1CFY  
The analysis of the correlations by k9V#=,K0  
an increasing need for expanding the application of .... fyRSg B00$  
an important component / function / aspect / issue ,KT[ }P7  
each rule is numbered in sequence l ~b  
each of these involves scXY~l]I*  
for this calculation, it is necessary to define oS2L"#  
in the physical environment / integration of EAPLe{qw:q  
in the reality of situations where … OA_WjTwDs  
many aspects of ?h7,q*rxk  
most past efforts have been spent on ... Ys+2/>!  
common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. /o$C=fDF  
sources of additional information on ... are listed E41ay:duAl  
systematic and rationally structured format i4Ps#R_wx  
the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown #i t)  
THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list ^lI>&I&1  
of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / R#K,/b%SV  
impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions n7CwGN%  
the number of parts needed to h$[tEmD%  
the above statement means that Vo G`@^s  
the output data is passed to bL6, fUS  
31 2^V/>|W>w  
the proposed method / underlying principle @4ccZ&`  
the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should "DpgX8lG_  
this information resides in ?y1G,0,  
this process is composed of ... different ... operation "  M+g=  
along with the use of 8<2 [ F  
concerning general aspects of n'i~1pM,?  
due to @v:p)|Ne;  
for later use in generating..., Z(~v{c %<  
in turn, s)eU^4m  
it can be claimed/concluded that EN\ uX!  
it demonstrates the decisions required of Qf$3!O}G  
it also provides information to .. oh @|*RU  
it becomes essential to S.E'fc1  
let ... be the probability that Z1&<-T_  
once... is written, it is compiled into... 9 M< 3m  
suppose it is observed that vgyv~Px]AW  
this is because &B c$8ZR  
this results in a T\"eq a  
upon completion of the ... analysis, k X1#+X  
when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be ]K^#'[  
recorded in books and papers xDtJ& 6uFw  
selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, EPn0ZwnS:M  
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. :'+- %xUM  
for the sake of convenience @/yQ4Gr  
correct decision to be reach J Gpy$T{t  
keeping the number of rules to a minimum. 9Z_!}eY2mc  
a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: kbR!iPM-;  
practical solutions {CVn&|}J  
because of rather small job lot sizes E$?:^ausu  
Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should milling tool be select" aEJds}eE6)  
different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning
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