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楼主  发表于: 2009-10-18   

医学SCI 论文经典句子

18  L~I<y;x  
Jurkat cells cultured in calcium-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL; number 4h:Oo  
22300-107) containing calcium-free 10% FBS were triggered by anti-Fas IgM. The DtXXfp@;  
treated cells were harvested at the indicated time points and incubated with Fluo-3-AM at _ CXKJ]m4  
a final concentration of 1 micromolar for 30 min at 37°C (Scoltock et al., 2000). The sjWhtd[fgG  
labeled cells (50,000 cells per treatment) were then analyzed by exciting the cells at 488 `lN1u'(:  
nm and examining the fluorescence emission of Fluo 3 at 530 nm with a FACS Scan, :4]&R9J>o  
(Becton Dickinson). A one micromolar concentration of LPA was used as a positive H6bomp"  
control for Ca2+ induction. The data thus obtained was analyzed with the software Win `: i|y  
MDI 2.8 and represented as contour plots.The effect of chelating intracellular calcium on |K aXek  
translocation of annexin I was studied by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 10 XRJ<1w:  
micromolar BAPTA-AM, with or without the addition of anti-Fas IgM. Cells were "EWU:9\0  
harvested and fractionated as detailed above, and the S-100 fractions were assessed by (<itE3P  
immunoblotting for presence or absence of annexin I. \eI )(,A  
Mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation. < LzN/I aJ  
Retrovirus-mediated transduction of mouse bone marrow cells was done by published 9]1-J5iO  
methods49. Prestimulated low-density bone marrow cells were infected with high-titer e`<=& w  
retrovirus supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates. Retrovirus supernatant was generated AN$}%t"  
in the phoenix-gp cells with a mouse stem cell virus–based retroviral vector coexpressing }Jjq ]lW  
EGFP and HA–RhoH as described50. EGFP+ sorted cells were transplanted by x%vt$dy*8  
intravenous injection into the sublethally irradiated (300 rads with a 137Cs irradiator) ^^3 >R`  
Rag2-/- recipient mice. At 9 weeks after transplantation, thymus, peripheral blood, bone kx]f`b  
marrow, spleen and lymph nodes from each recipient mouse were collected for analysis ?n?Ep[D  
of EGFP+ chimerism and hematopoietic lineage by flow cytometry. Expression of Vnv<]D zC  
HA–RhoH and HA–RhoHF73F83 in EGFP+ sorted thymocytes of recipient mice was F3,hx  
confirmed by immunoblot analysis. goIn7ei92  
Determination of renal morphology sJt&`kZ  
Kidney slices were postfixed in buffered 2% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in an 1,,o_e\nn3  
Araldite-EM bed 812 mixture. Large sections were cut perpendicular to the renal capsule, TcO@q ]+S  
containing cortex, and medulla. Thin (1 m) sections were analyzed in a blinded manner OHp 121  
for morphologic alterations, as previously detailed fVb&=%e  
Patient population y9Yh%M(  
Patients included in the study met the following criteria: (1) biopsy-proven IMN; (2) 1i2jYDB"  
creatinine clearance 30 ml per min per 1.73 m2; and (3) persistent proteinuria >5 g per <y-KW WE  
24 h despite treatment with an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) Y]B2-wt-  
reductase inhibitor, an ACEi, and/or ARB at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 months. K s8S^77  
The Mayo Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethical Board, University Health HQQc<7c ",  
Network, University of Toronto approved the study protocol. All patients gave written pY ceMZ$  
informed consent. Patients who had been on treatment with prednisone, cyclosporine, or \qNj?;B  
19 2+sNt6B2  
mycophenolic mofetil within the last 4 months or alkylating agents within the last 6 Z3~$"V*ZB{  
months were not included in the study. Patients with active infection, diabetes, or a  Tx`;y|  
secondary cause of MN (for example, hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sW3-JA]  
medications, malignancies) were also excluded. [=S@lURzm@  
Treatment qD7# q]  
At enrollment, a low-sodium (<4 g day-1) and low-protein (0.8 g per kg per day of ) i.p[  
high-quality protein) diet was recommended and patients were encouraged to maintain oizD: |  
the same diet throughout the duration of the study. All patients received a similar 6@ ToPbj4  
conservative treatment regimen that included loop diuretics to control edema, an pWO,yxr:  
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and an ACEi combined with an ARB if tolerated. l?pZdAE  
-Blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, in that order, were added 2Z\6xb|u  
when required to control systolic blood pressures to <135 mm Hg in >75% of the O292JA  
readings. Patients who after a minimum of 4 months of conservative therapy and TL1pv l  
maximized Ang II blockade had proteinuria >5 g per 24 h received two i.v. infusions of xzz[!yJjG  
rituximab at a dose of 1000 mg on days 1 and 15. To minimize infusion reactions, ,* @m<{DX)  
patients were premedicated with acetaminophen (1000 mg) and diphenhydramine t /EB y"N#  
hydrochloride (50 mg) orally. In addition, methylprednisolone (100 mg, i.v.) was given 1Xu\Tm\Ux  
prior to the first rituximab infusion. B-cell depletion was defined as CD19+ count tceQn ^|<  
<5 cells per l at any time and B-cell recovery was defined as CD19+ cell count V[HHP_  
>15 cells per l. Patients treated with rituximab, who at month 6 had proteinuria >3 g per a4 O   
24 h and in whom CD19+ B-cell counts had increased to >15 cells per l, received a h<$Vry}  
second course of rituximab treatment following the same protocol described above. bJx{mq  
Follow-up .px*.e s  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, ]9l=geZd%;  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum "m3u}!`3  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry `Ft.Rwj2:m  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Creatinine clearance and protein and creatinine excretion iKv{)5  
in the urine were assessed by performing two consecutive 24-h urine collections at each f)({;,q  
time point. Data were considered accurate when urinary creatinine excretion was 4["$}O5  
consistent with a complete 24 h collection. The mean of the two measurements was )^|zuYzN  
considered for the analysis. The presence of HACAs was evaluated at baseline and at ]RML;]^  
months 3, 6, 9, and 12. yLW iY~Fd  
Method / Approach / Study/ Technique #?@k=e\  
A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system L @_IGH  
To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. lo,?mj%M  
In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the QNLkj`PL/  
Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally Gm}ecW  
accepted ;4z6="<Y  
20 g|9' Lk  
This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. 2~<?E`+  
This can be accomplished by $*Njvr7  
This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: ?}D@{%O3T  
The above preliminary analysis has provided important information a<kx95  
Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... "]f0wLzh  
These concepts have been applied to ~gNa<tg"1  
On the basis of the concept mentioned above,  O3bo3Cm$  
This can be achieved by )(oRJu)y  
In addition, tissues were stained for infiltrating lymphocytes (CD20 and CD3), and the "~:o#~F6  
amount of interstitial fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Formalin-fixed, |2,u!{  
paraffin-embedded sections were cut onto coated glass slides. Following heat-induced x=pq-&9>B  
antigen retrieval, sections were incubated at 20°C overnight with either anti-CD20 _Jn-#du  
primary antibody or anti-CD3 primary antibody, both at 1:1000 dilution (Dako, Canada aze}ko NE  
Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). After rinsing all sections, pretreatment with 3% +!\$SOaR{  
hydrogen peroxide was performed to prevent endogenous peroxidase activation. Sections 2%y}El^+_  
were incubated with a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody linked with avidin–biotin l~kxt2&  
complex. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined by light 494"-F6  
microscopy. `rzgC \  
The HACA assay is a proprietary bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 9!6sf GZ  
performed at Genentech Inc. that measures the antibody response to rituximab in human WI/&r5rq   
serum samples.  w~wpm7  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, o(Yj[:+m  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum 59A@~;.F  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry B~K@o.%  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. r8x<- u4  
This fact suggests that a new concept %;$zR}  
This was accomplished by taking ... MwMv[];I  
The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. = s^KZV  
Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility 5]D"y Ay81  
There is little hope of achieving successful ... SC/|o  
There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have .21[3.bp/q  
not taken this approach, with the exception of P/uk]5H^  
Only a few studies can be found. F)rU* i7  
It is a very tedious process to go through EF1aw2  
It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected F*Lm=^:  
The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. J<J_yRg2  
These approaches are sometimes very tedious. gbF^m`A>%+  
Several techniques can be used MD`1KC_m  
A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: t<~$?tuZ  
A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. x xMV2&,Jq  
A xx model represents an xx by its xx. RE~:+.eB  
A process decision model captures the logic essential to 2rK%fV53b  
From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... ';<gc5EK  
21 W6cA@DN$#  
The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. L<8:1/d\  
Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... ;.Dm?J0  
Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. QAs$fi}f]s  
A number of heuristic rules have been developed for -n.ltgW@   
Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that ;Ohabbj*  
An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine ~{- zj  
Euler's formula states the following: )q xZHV  
The completed model should agree with the formula. 2|Of$oMc  
For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary hRKAs ]^j  
Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, |/Q7 o1i  
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. vE4ce  
Point of View j A/xe  
from an implementation standpoint, Na6z1&wS  
From the point of view of this application, %5) 1^  
From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). ,_ zivUU  
Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data k(<:  
in order to allow one to make decisions. a!OS2Tz:  
From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a wOfx7D  
simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. kX0hRX  
The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, '*`25BiQ  
and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM G {wIY"~4  
p.129] >a6{y   
Statistical analysis |@Cx%aEKU  
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance comparing the three conditions osBwX.G'l  
(sham operation, ischemic AKI, and bilateral nephrectomy) at each time point. If QJeL&mf  
significant F-statistic from analysis of variance existed, this test was followed by Dunnett 8XS_I{}?  
post hoc multiple comparison procedure with sham operation as the control group. For all tWT ,U[  
other comparisons, Student's t-test was used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as &?(<6v7  
statistically significant. 5uo? KSX%  
Values are expressed as means s.e.m. and significance was evaluated by Mann–Whitney pJnT \~o  
U test using GraphPad Prism, version 4.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, 8Uv2 p{ <#  
CA, USA). {c(@u6l28  
All values are expressed as means s.d. Statistical significance (defined as P<0.05) was ,b b/ $   
evaluated using analysis of variance and Bonferroni t-tests, and the two-tailed Pearson's PG51+#  
test, where appropriate. X-lB1uq^  
Data are expressed as mean s.d., median and interquartile range, or frequencies, as Fj_ 6jsDb  
appropriate. Variables who deviated from the normal distribution (positively skewed) %oee x1`=  
were log-transformed (log10) before the correlation study. u0o}rA  
Data are represented as means s.e.m. Student's t-test and multiple comparisons with t-test ;?q>F3 n  
post hoc analysis of variance were used as indicated below, for the comparison of t9U-c5bR  
22 ?W27 h  
morphological, immunohistological and functional parameters. Statistical significance D  ,U#z  
was set at P<0.05. uQ(C, f[6p  
The primary efficacy parameter was defined as change in urinary protein excretion from Y<ZaW{%  
baseline (week 0) to 12 months after treatment. The 12-month changes were tested 8@)4)+e  
against zero using the paired t-test. Secondary end points included 6-month changes in ]Yw/}GKB  
protein; the number with PR or CR at 6 or 12 months; and changes in glomerular _aaQ1A`p  
filtration rate (GFR), serum albumin, and lipid profiles. Study sample size was based on lihV! 1  
the desire to have 80% power to detect a drop in urinary protein of at least 2.0 g day-1. mw!EDJ;'  
Assuming a two-sided hypothesis test performed at a significance level of 0.05 and an s.d.  BH<jnQ  
of urinary protein change of 2.5 g, it was determined that 15 patients were required.2 K(: _52rt  
Definition of remission status is according to the criteria established by Cattran et al.30 r8wip\[  
CR was defined as proteinuria <0.3 g per 24 h, PR as proteinuria 3 g per 24 h, and a fZ6-ap,u  
>50% reduction in peak proteinuria and non-response as <50% reduction in peak yGs:3KI  
proteinuria. Any patient reaching a CR or PR was considered a treatment success =qNZ7>Qw  
The statistical significance of differences for the mean values of cytokine concentration {L#+v~d^'n  
and T cell proliferation was determined with Student's t-test. Differences with a P value  L7rEMq  
of less than 0.05 were considered significant. qt.Y6s:r_  
Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test. Data with a P value of less |bM?Q$>~  
than 0.05 were considered significant. ssUm1F\  
In vitro and in vivo experiments were analyzed by the two-tailed Student's t-test, with P xE"QX N  
values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. },& =r= B  
The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and 713)D4y}  
one-way analysis of variance (SigmaStat software; Jandel). fnJ!~b*qo  
Comparisons "3H?_!A9  
As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view *B0 7-  
will be discussed. ?E|be )  
The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more ^;DbIo\6H  
suitable {[tx^b  
As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], rE5q BEh  
Relation [ }1+=Ub  
We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. i4g99Kvl  
The relationships appear very complicate e N Y?  
Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and H]a@"gO  
the human operator's characteristics. x/]]~@:  
These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... 1^R:[L4R`  
The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship JQde I+  
among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. _N2tf/C&=  
This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. W9A [Z  
The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. |.;LI= CT  
Importance W%&'EJ)62  
'du{ky  
23 (Tbw@BFk  
The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision 18{" @<wIs  
making. idLC q^jnJ  
Consideration / Attention D$$,T.'u  
Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure 6d%'>^`(o-  
Such a formulation does not change further considerations. :f|X$> b  
Considerable attention has been paid to %^VQw!  
Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. fD:>cje  
Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... Or9`E(  
Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated @2eV^eO9  
After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine \Tii S  
A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the #Emz9qTsce  
appropriate decision. rh%-va9  
It should be noted that `E4OgO  
It is important to point out that ... <xpHlLc  
These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ... g-cC&)0Q  
We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx }M+2 ,#l  
Results. v?S~ =$.  
Advantages / Disadvantage tUR9ti  
One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the TA~YCj$  
experimental study of KE k]<b=  
One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. HGJfj*JH  
It has a very fast decision making process nL[ zXl  
All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. hExw}c  
It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor;based 2*<'=*zaQ  
environment. $*Z Zh  
It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. >*"6zR2 o  
The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: vKCgtk  
However, xx is not without its shortcomings. buv*qPO  
In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. O*d4zBT  
Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. /e0cx:.w  
The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. 0-9.u`)#yu  
Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . <P"4Mk7`s  
Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. G L> u3K  
Some other advantages of xx are the following: hDf|9}/UQd  
The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. m <cvx3e  
It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that ydyGPZ t  
was impossible in practice. 7w U$P  
There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, ( ^Q:zU  
The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. W"@FRWcd  
This combines the best features of both techniques 3Q@HP;<  
24 h6Vm;{ ~  
Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, t#0/_tD  
and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in ]-D;t~  
virtual communities. +[DL]e]@U  
Results P2+Z^J`Y>  
An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided +cw;a]o^>  
Recent work has identified onuhNn_=>  
Time-dependent changes of j3W)5ZX  
Cyclosporine-induced cell death is triggered by a non-classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase BK_x5mGu3  
and does not require ERK activation. (v\Cv)OS  
Much of the current work on w;;.bz m  
Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review ?Q< o-o;B  
Based on the information contained in this J)w58/`?t  
The result can be categorized into nine classes k]n=7vw;  
The results are illustrated by an example 6tE<`"P!  
The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. mv1_vF:  
From the results obtained so far, it seem that *Q<%(JJ  
Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as z k[%YG&  
Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion. S=^a''bg  
The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. P8JN m"C  
Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more *S).@j\{W  
detailed. bBQ1 ~ R  
Conclusion JZ[~3swR  
From the discussion, one may conclude that ... n=vW oU9  
The first indication that V}l >p?  
In summary, we have shown that $lj1924?^  
These results suggested that fz`+j -u  
Our findings have shown that =H_|007C  
Our observations have provided %bnDxCj"  
This study reveals following five main findings: MorR&K  
To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical report of both PIM and HIFs in tQy@d_a=y  
the diabetic kidney. P`'Nv  
As mentioned above, 6g*B=d(j  
Moreover, we demonstrate that, d jeax  
A number of studies have elaborated a body of knowledge about a*d>WN.;U  
There are findings to indicate that (hefpqpi  
On a descriptive level, there is agreement that for A f@IsCOJ  
One issue that became particularly evident from our study is @Z.s:FV[  
Our data are in agreement with the findings and models presented by previous iHo2=Cz  
publications, in particular those of Jones et al Oo<^~d2=  
According to our observations, '&5A*X]d  
…was not evident from our data L  &F0^  
25 ?]}1FP  
It could therefore be concluded that 9l?#ZuGXp  
our data illustrate that />(e.)f  
All these different aspects, as listed above, lead to qZlb?b"  
In fact, it has already been speculated that & ZgB b  
It should be furthermore mentioned in this context that mh>)N"  
To identify and verify the essential factors triggering developmental renin expression, it n83,MV?-  
is of interest now to study the development of intrarenal renin expression in mice with :tY ;K2wDM  
defined gene mutations, using the results of this study as a reference system. N<$U:!Z  
In conclusion, using several approaches, we demonstrated that ;"=a-$vm  
But we have not provided formal proof yet that 2E^zQ>;01  
In summary, our results suggest that DQ^yqBVgQ  
In conclusion, we identify 4f <%<Z  
A better understanding of such regulatory systems may yield novel therapeutic 5An| #^]  
approaches to glomerular diseases. CRvUD.D  
Preliminary results of short-term studies (2 weeks) indicate that w+bQpIP M  
However, we believe that x|G# oG)_  
However, despite our extensive measurements of these parameters, we found no s8 .OL_e  
relationship between response and initial proteinuria, time to B-cell recovery, the Af5O;v\  
development of antibodies to rituximab, B-cell count in the kidney tissue, nor the degree dL'hC#!h  
of tubular interstitial damage present. A clear conclusion for efficacy, however, cannot be wxpE5v+f|  
obtained from an uncontrolled study, and definitive claims of efficacy should be reserved L,0HX   
for rigorous, prospective, controlled, and randomized trials with the use of rituximab and .Ya]N+r*  
that will also look for factors that may determine its efficacy in IMN. O.e^? ysp/  
It has become increasingly clear that MCU{@ \?Xf  
Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that &*RJh'o|N(  
The conclusions drawn are also valid @yPa9Ug(V  
In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in... v:(_-8:F  
We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of HJ]\VP9Zb  
Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area Qfr%BQV  
Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in 0l!%}E  
achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. 'n% Ac&kk  
This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx \2)a.2mAz  
concept. 'h_PJ%  
The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for bvz eU n  
improvements for xx work. C72?vAc,F  
The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. /~V .qisZ  
This has a tremendous impact on our understanding of y-O# +{7  
Significant progress has been made in advancing RNAi therapeutics in a remarkably (nfra,'  
short period of time SC)4u l%  
To date, little is known about… |rkj$s,  
Irrespective of the mechanisms and the molecules –which are still largely unknown – I^ sWf3'db  
involved in MSC functions, current data suggest that Z W` Ur>  
To better understand EL $"MT}p  
26 G=a.Wff  
Future Research (常用于conclustion 的结尾) o-2FGM`*VB  
Thus, first extension of the approach could be, bs$x%CR  
Further studies are needed to determine the importance of [,)yc/{*  
Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through IE!fNuR4  
additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling &hWLG<IE  
activity. [?VYxX@  
It also unveiled new aspects of the role played by thyroid hormone in response to injury [vb>5EhL!  
and tissue repair. p% ESp&  
In the near future, the ongoing clinical trials with siRNAs for macular degeneration and Bi2be$nV  
RSV may reveal the exciting potential of RNAi therapeutics as the next major class of +hL+3`TD#H  
drug molecules. CLU!/J $!  
In the next few years it should become clear whether c0jdZ#H  
It should be an exciting time for researchers seeking to harness this powerful endogenous 6r"uDV #0  
pathway to treat human disease. -]c5**O}  
Acknowledgement YgiwtZ5FY  
The authors are grateful to the insightful work provided by Mr. John W. Harney and all s.+2[R1HF  
of the fellows and students that contributed with some of the studies discussed in this ^~}|X%q3  
article D ODo !  
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete &RP!9{F<  
this thesis. xMJF1O?3  
I want to thank the Department of Transport of the former Interim Government of Dgh|,LqUB  
Namibia for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance, to do the .E:[ \H"  
necessary research work and to use departmental data ^Cb7R/R3  
This work was supported by NIH grants AI058695 and AI056900. We thank members of $,"{g <*k;  
the laboratory and our collaborators for many useful suggestions. SvC|"-[mJ  
We thank J. Maraganore and B. Greene for critical reading of the manuscript, M. "8 |y  
Duckman for graphics assistance and A. Capobianco for word processing assistance. A3ad9?LR[R  
Author contributions a*JM2^,HO  
All authors were involved in experimental planning and data analysis and contributed to r *]0PQ{?  
manuscript preparation. iK{q_f\"  
Tables and Figures :/fG %e  
Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. fU^B 3S6X  
The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. O-B~~$g  
The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. ,GEMc a,`  
Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the {H s" "/sb  
Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that ]4SnOSV?S  
the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2. {V%ZOdg9  
Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system ;AKtb S;H  
Table shows the q]q(zUtU  
27 +:1ay ^YI  
Time-dependent changes of )l*H$8  
as shown in Table 1 and 2 @OAX#iQl  
This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 cAC2Xq  
At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. ?cdSZ'49[  
Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row;headings, vai.",b=n6  
xx through xx as column;headings. 6~GaFmW=  
Time course of calculated renin immunoreactive tissue volumes during development of %lNWaA  
the mouse kidney. Data are single values per time point. They were derived from the w=\Lw+X  
kidneys shown in Figure 1. \lHi=}0  
Yellow color indicates Pa 2HFy2  
PCT3 cells were pretreated with 50 M PD98059 or 10 M U0126 for 30 min and then vgOmcf%;  
cells were stimulated with 25 g ml-1 CsA for 6 h. ERK and PKB activation were :xZ/c\  
analyzed by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. 'dM &~L SQ  
ERK and PKB activation were measured by western blot using phospho-specific  A$ %5l  
antibodies @va{&i`%A7  
The data are the means of three different experiments taking the number of untreated cells Mo &Ia6^  
(vehicle alone) as 100%. \*6%o0c  
ERK and PKB activation were then analyzed by western blot with the corresponding "-XL Y_  
phospho-specific antibodies. To ensure equal amount of protein in each lane, western cRz7.9-<  
blots against total protein were performed for ERK and PKB. x(3E#7>1  
The means of optical density (OD) values of the bands detected in western blots of three i\2MphS  
different experiments are plotted, taking the maximal value of phosphorylation of ERK 2N)=fBF%-  
and PKB as 100%. %^^2  
CT3 cells were treated with 25 g ml-1 CsA or vehicle alone for 24 h and then fixed with "m})~va  
paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoescht as indicated in Materials and Methods. Then +^<CJNDL9  
cells were visualized by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel) and fluorescence \l_ RyMi  
microscopy (lower panel). ;3Fgy8 T  
The data are the means of three experiments performed on different days taking the h0 Acpd2  
number of cells at the onset of the experiment as 100%. eOy{]< l3  
Rats were killed at 4 h and at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21, and 28 after disease induction 9cFFQM |o  
(n=9 each). *kgbcUf8  
*P<0.05 versus non-nephritic rats. 65N;PH59D  
The expression of the CCN3 protein was detected by western blot analysis (n=4 each, PC, - ,q&Zm  
positive control, M, molecular weight markers). C2AP   
Original magnifications: 200 in A, E, G, H; 600 in B, C, D, F. Ia)wlA02S  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. G9z Q{E  
*P<0.05 versus 0.5 h. =r+u!~%@''  
PDGF-BB and -DD, but not PDGF-AA and -CC, induce a downregulation of CCN3 W>dS@;E  
mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and normalized to ~zRUJ2hD!  
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA. ho#] ?Z#  
Cell number was counted in duplicate using a Malassez hemocytometer Ha$|9li`  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus cells treated with ^o!K0 t*  
MCDB media for 24 h, #P<0.05. V;=SncUb  
28 ma~WJ0LM\  
The curves are adjusted for history of coronary artery disease, CRP, and progression to J\_tigd   
ESRD. vb9G_Pfz  
Both models are independent of age, gender, baseline GFR and proteinuria, and other _zJY1cr  
clinical characteristics and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors + R])u5c'  
Correlation between serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and serum PTH PQ@(p%   
(n=99, P<0.0001, r2=0.190) mY(~94{d  
Concentration of serum FGF23 concentration before starting and at the end of the 4-h .pu]21m =  
hemodialysis procedure in 23 patients, expressed as log10 values (n=23, P<0.0001, GUmOK=D >  
Student's paired t-test). oQ8W0`bZa  
Immunohistochemistry for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIM) and HIF-2 ; n1DD+@  
arrow=endothelial cell and CD=collecting duct L\nWhmwl  
Magnification: 1000. }_3<Q\j  
A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made. lj@c"Yrk  
CONJUGATION 1 W2AE?  
To Indicate Addition p[hA?dXn  
additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, +_06{7@h  
especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, YX18!OhQ  
likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, ^=pn!lK;^  
broadly speaking 6~&4>2b0f  
To Indicate Cause and Effect 7tUl$H;I/R  
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, e {N8| l  
therefore, thus, truly I Vq9z  
To indicate Comparison u <%,Ql  
in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively ;?yd;GOt)  
To Indicate Concession 72&xEx  
after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, qdL;Ii<Y0  
naturally, of course r_-iOxt~5  
To Indicate Contrast (VWTYG7  
and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, hoO8s#0ED  
in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, ;I:jd")  
still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately, g.s~Ph-G  
To Indicate Time Relationships #QXB2x<*  
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, )4D |sN  
at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in RoJ{ ou@cs  
the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, 4@4$kro  
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while ](aXZ<,  
29 `CUTb*{`  
To Indicate Special Features or Examples 3*/y<Z'H  
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in eXc`"T,C.  
practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned @tM1e<  
before / above HKP<=<8/O  
To Indicate Summary 0%<Fc9#  
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude \@N8[  
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, 3T'9_v[Y  
VERB PHASE ]L"jt8E  
build a .. model ,_!pUa l  
have been described to ey_3ah3x  
To assess the functional role of rUc2'Ct  
we detected H!y1&   
build up the key link ^a0{"|Lq  
Although a number of studies have identified predictors of Bk_23ygO_  
began a new era in ... 6U Q~Fv`]  
can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through 9{RCh 9  
can result in l ~b# Y&  
carries out ... tasks &G\Vn,1v  
production information in order to simultaneously 8oK*NB29  
contains all information necessary to describe InBnU`(r  
do not make use of production information J&CA#Bg:w  
deals with *'H0%GM  
end with failure (HbA?Aja  
fetch the information from the model directly " R!,5HQF;  
has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / ^SM>bJ1Z_  
been recognized as _JNSl2  
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / [U'I3x,  
finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / O$z XDxn  
interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown %;/?DQU  
in / used to effectively guide the search (SGX|,5X7  
makes use of %])U(  
was significantly higher as compared to u#!QIQW  
To assess disease-specific alterations, we measured NH9"89]E  
To specifically assess the relationship between RwKnNIp  
make up D8X~qt/  
To determine if j/ [V<  
This statistically significant difference still 2(I S*idq  
They positively correlated with tE'^O< K  
Present $,u>,  
Our results are consistent with our recent data that suggest that rj}O2~W~4  
30 =j~BAS*"  
contribute to tn{YIp   
meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it f+!k:}K  
must be justified 7F2 WmMS  
point out t)|~8xp P  
play an important role }1 ,\ *)5  
relates to ?wP /l  
rely on %rlMjF'tG  
We performed  8 X Qo  
satisfy the needs  WD55(  
determine the total requirements for the ... A(_HM qA]  
uses ... as a key to search for... |\2>n!  
without relying on dbJ3E)rF  
will be available/ performed/ overlooked /!?b&N/d)  
NOUN PHASE qjObu\r  
a basic technical function of L{&>,ww  
a significant reduction of 4a0Ud !Qcs  
drug variability Xdi<V_!BC-  
a critical need \ZM5J  
negatively correlated with up{0ehr  
a key / principle feature of iX o(  
a substantial impact on uwQgu!|x  
an intensive review was conducted R#3zGWr~  
The analysis of the correlations by _&~l,%) &  
an increasing need for expanding the application of .... -:95ypi  
an important component / function / aspect / issue h/oun2C  
each rule is numbered in sequence >?1GJ5]\s  
each of these involves fF(AvMsO  
for this calculation, it is necessary to define >fMzUTJ4  
in the physical environment / integration of <THw l/a  
in the reality of situations where … '<3h8\"  
many aspects of 'z^'+}iyv  
most past efforts have been spent on ... ^ ^ &H:q  
common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. W/\pqH  
sources of additional information on ... are listed *xJ] e.  
systematic and rationally structured format CuK>1_Dq  
the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown ia3Q1 9r  
THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list i9Beap/t$  
of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart /  6/#+#T  
impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions +_ /ys!  
the number of parts needed to 2z*}fkJ  
the above statement means that p6NPWaBR  
the output data is passed to akk*f+TD`  
31 W4$aX5ow$  
the proposed method / underlying principle u:']jw=f  
the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should M*bsA/Z  
this information resides in ,"5HJA4  
this process is composed of ... different ... operation :-#7j} R&  
along with the use of 2q]ZI  
concerning general aspects of J~xm[^0  
due to 7FkiT  
for later use in generating..., n|?sNM<J3  
in turn, E.;Hm;  
it can be claimed/concluded that g33Y$Xdk  
it demonstrates the decisions required of :CezkD&  
it also provides information to .. :R +BC2x  
it becomes essential to 8RuW[T?  
let ... be the probability that >r C*.  
once... is written, it is compiled into... @YRy)+  
suppose it is observed that ]mi\Y"RO  
this is because hrD2 -S  
this results in a a!4p$pR  
upon completion of the ... analysis, Z ztp %2c  
when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be (w2lVL&   
recorded in books and papers 8+7*> FD)1  
selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, 'AWWdz  
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. !gV{[j?~zr  
for the sake of convenience A-.Wd7^~*  
correct decision to be reach ^K::g)  
keeping the number of rules to a minimum. >'=9sCi  
a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: <KtL,a=2+  
practical solutions yK9EHJ$  
because of rather small job lot sizes N"RPCd_  
Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should milling tool be select" 7JuHa /Mv  
different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning
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