2006医学考博真题

2006
31.He ___ the check and deposited it in hisaccount.
A.cancelled B.endorsed C.cashed cash acheck D.endowed
32.She claimed that she was deniedadmission to the school ___ her race
A.. by virtue of B.in accordance with C.with respect to D.on account of
33.The present is ill.so the secretary willbe ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.
A..standing up B.coming up C.sitting in D.fillingin
34The witness was.___ by the judge forfailing to answer the question
A. sentenced B.threatened C.admonished D.jailed
35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ thislatest failure,but in private they are very worried.
A..put off B.laugh off C.pay off D.layoffv.
36.It is sheer ___ to be home again and beable to relax.
A.prestigen B.paradise C.pride D.privacy
37.During rush hour.Downtown streets are ___with commuters. commuter
A.scattered B.condensed C.clogged D.dotted
38.Someone who is in ___ confinement iskept alone in a room in prison.
A. precise B.solitary solitary confinement C.remote D.confidential
39.She is very ___ , and will be able to perpformall require tasks well.
A.productive B.flexible C.sophisticated D.versatile
40.Various books and papers are ___ uptogethir on her desk.
A.jumbled B.tumbled C.bumbled D.humbled
Section B
42.Sunny periods will be interspersed withoccasionsl showerintersperse with.
A.interrupted   .B.blocked  C.blended   D.interested
46.She kept to her point tenaciously andwould not give away
A..persistently B.constantly C.perpetually D.vigorously
48. I am just fed up with his excuse fornot getting his work done fed up with
A..anguished at B.annoyed at C.agonized by D.afflictedby
49. Let’s get out the dictionary and settlethis dispute once and for all.
A..at the moment B.at any time C.for awhile
D.for the last time
50.I was so absorbed in my work that Icompletely forgot the time.
A..engraved B.engrossed C.enforced D.enveloped
完型填空
Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who havebeen suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptomsand cure.
Culture shock is precipitated by the 51 that result from losing all our familiarsigns and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousandsand one ways in thich we 52 ourselves to the situation of daily life; when toshake hands and what to say,when we meet people, when and how to give tips,howto make purchases,when to accept and when to 53 invitations,when to takestatements seriously and 54 .These cues,which may be words,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growingup and are 55 apart of our cultrue as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.All of usdepend 56 our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues,mostof which we do not carry,57 conscious awareness.
Nowwhen individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are58 .He or she is like a fish out water.No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you maybe, a series of props have been knocked 59 you,followed by feeling offrustrations and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the sameway.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways ofthe host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”When foreigners in astrange hand get together to grouse about the 60country and itspeople.You can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
51.A.complaint B.anxiety C.grief D.conflict
52.A.convert    B.associate C.orient I haven't been able to orient my ideas to the new conditions D.familiarize
53.A.refuse B.welcome C.deliver  D.withdraw
54.A.whynot B.what not C.when not D.where not
55.A.asmuch B.as such C.as well   D.as if
56.A.on B.with C.as   D.for
57.A.onthe level of
B.inaccordance with
C.bemeans of
D.in viewof
58.A.adjusted   B.modified  C.rejeted   D.removed
59.A.frombehind   B.from under   C.out of  D.away from
60.A.guest         B.target        C.host     D.master
passage 2
High-speed Living has become a fact of life andthe frantic pace is taking its toll,according to science writer James Gleick.It’s as if the old“type A”behavior of a few has expanded into the “hurrysickness ”of the many.
“We dofeel that we’re more time-driven and time-obsessed and generally rushed thanever before”write Gleick in Faster:The Acceleration of Just About Everything,a surveyof fast -moving culture and its consfequences.We may also be acting morehastily,losing control, and thinking superficially because we lie faster.
Technologyhas conditioned us to expect instant results.Internet purchases arrive bynext-day delivery and the microvave delivers a hot meal inminutes.Faxes,e-mails,and cell phones make it plssible—and increasinglyobligatory—for people to work faster.Gleick cites numerous examples oflast-forward changes in our lives:Stock trading and news cycles are shorter;sound bites of presidential candidates on network newscasts dropped from 40secinds in 1868 to 10 seconds in 1998 ; and some fast-food restaurants haveadded express lanes
High expectations for instant service makeeven the brief wait for an elevator seem interminable “A good waiting time isin the neighborhood of 15 seconds.Sometime around 40 seconds,people start toget visibly upset”writes Gleick.We’re dependent on systems that promise speedbut often deliver frustration.Like rush-hour drivers fuming when a singleaccident halts the evening commute,people surfing the internet squirm if a Webpage is slow to load or when access itselt is not instantaneous And the concertof “customer service”can become an oxymoron a wise fool; cruel kindness)forcustomers waiting on hold for a telephone representative.
Up-tempo livinghas turned people multitaskers-eating while driving,writing an e-mailwhiletalking on the phone,or skimming dozens of television programs on splitscreen.Gleick suggests that human beings may be capable of adjusting to thesenew levels of stimuli as high-speed culture challenges our brains“in a way theywere not challenged in the past,except perhaps in times of war”.We may gain theflexibility to do several things at once but lose some of our capacity to focusin depth on a single task.
66．with living pace getting quicker andquick,the number of those of “Type-A”behavior is
A.on therise
B.out orcontrol
C.on thedecline
D.underinvestigation
67．High-speed living brings about the followingconsequences,exclusive of
A.superficialthinking
B.lose ofcontrol
C.wasteof time
D.morehaste
68．The best conclusion can be drawn from the 3^rdparagraph is that
A.techonlogyis building a fast-moving culture
B.we areliving in the age of information
C.economyis booming with technology
D.thefrantic pace is taking its toll
69．As the author implies,the faster we live,___
A.theless we do
B.theless patient we are
C.themore time we save
D.themore efficiency have
70．Living faster and faster,the multitaskerstend___
A.to scratchthe surface of a thing
B.to dothings better at the same time
C.to beflexible with their time scheduals
D.to haveintense concentration on trivial things
passage 3
Imagine a disease spreading across theglobe,killing mostly middle-aged people or leaving them chronicallydisabled.Then one day researchers come up with a drug that can prevent some ofthe disease’s nastier effects.You would think the world’s ageing public wouldbe eternally grateful.
The disease does exist.It is called tobaccoaddiction.The drug too is real and in animal tests has prevented lung damagethat leads to emphysema.But the inventorshave received no bouquets Prevailing medical opinion seems to be that thedrug is a mere sideshow,distracting smokers from the task of quitting.Another experimentaldrug ,which could protect smokers against cancer ,is also viewed with suspicionbecause it could give smokers an excuse not to quit. A{6ZEQAh>
On the face of it these responses make sense.It is ingrained in society that smokers have only themselves to blameand their salvation lies in a simple act of will.If they will not quitsmoking,they cannot expect help from anyone else. &7DE$ S
But thislogic is flawed.Check a survey of smokers and you find two-thirds want to giveup and one-third will have tried in the previous year.Yet,even with nicotinegum,patches and drugs to ease the ordeal,the quit rate is still under 10percent.In the UK , the proportion of people who smoke has not fallen in adecade.Tobacco has a powerful grip,and many smoker are caught in a trap theycannot escape:they have a disease like any other and deserve the chance toreduce the harm it does to them. +]]wf'w
Thisreasoning is hard for many to swallow.It certainly leaves governments andanti-smoking groups. They are happy to pay lip serviceto methods for reducing harm---of which three are agrowing unmber---but they are slow to create policies based upon them.EuropeanUnion countries,for example,look years to even consider regulating thedangerous additives in cigarettes. u khI#:[
One fearis that methods for reducing harm will dilute the message that tobacco kills---especiallywhen given to youngsters.But that message won’t change.In the present case,evenif both drugs turn out to work in human trials,they would not protect againstall the deadly side effects of smoking.And the drugs do not have to be free toall.They could be available only on prescription for people who doctors believegenuinely cannot give up. KH KqE6
There arethings that no drug aimed at harm reduction will ever be able to be.It will notcut passive smoking or stop tobacco companies persuading millionsof teenagers to light up.For these reasons all other ways to counter smokingmust continue,from banning tobacco advertising to raising tobacco taxes.But itwould be a mistake to ignore the harm reduction measures.For those who are notconvinced,forget smokers for a moment.Preventive drugs could also helpnon-smokers,especially those working long hours,as,say,musicians and bar stallin smoky rooms.Should we deny them too? :za!!^
71．The statement “But the inventors have received no bouquets”implies that___ NM8F
A.thedrugs have received suspicion 2qr%xK'^B
B.theinventors just presented a sideshow cE*|8'rSf
C.it willtake time for the public to accept the new drug I$mOy{/#
D. theeffects of the drug need further test on human trials ldX]A#d.
72．The author argues that ____ >leOyBEAR
A.nosmoker is expected to succee in quitting akqXh 9g
B.smokersdeserve the harm smoking does to them +Zr03B
C.smokerswith resolution to stop smoking need halp kcYR:;y
D. smokerscould succeed with strong resolution to give up `\Npu
73．The author is trying to emphasize that the drugs____ z{n=G
A.areaimed at youngsters ,!Hl@(
B.shouldbe available to smokers free of charge ~b7Nzzfo
C.willnot change the message that tobacco kills %eah=e
D.helpregulate the dangerous additives in cigarattes cKfYkJ)A'
74．The drugs,according to the author,are expected____ MoX*e
A.toperform preventive functions in non-smokers p5H Mg\hT
B.toreduce the number of passive smokers d)G-K+&B
C.toenforce the combat against smoking ]t=>#
D.all ofthe above ;% !?dH6
75．we can draw a conclusion from the passage that___ 53T2w,?
A.withinnovative drugs smokers can still enjoy personal gratifications and stayhealthy O:x=yj%^
B.if adrug can save lives,we shouldn’t withhold it without good resaon zyR pHM$E
C.thebattle against smoking is far from won 1=D!C lcb
D. therewill be a safe way to smoke t!=S[
passage 4 v8X&H
Eating is related to emotional as well asphysiologic needs.Sucking ,which is the infant’s means of gaining both food andemotional security conditions the association of eating with well-being or withdeprivation.If the child is breast-fed and has supportive body cintact as wellas good mild intake,if the child is allowed to suck for as long as he or shedesires,and if both the child and the mother enjoy the nursing experience andshare their enjoyment,the child is more likely to shrive both phgysically andemotionally.On the other hand,if the mother is nervous and resents the child orcuts him her off from the milk supply before either the child’s hunger orsucking need is satisfied,or handle the child hostilely during the feeding,orprops the baby with a bottle rather than holding the child,the child maydevelop physically but will begin to show signs of emotional disturbance at anearly age.If ,in addition,the infant is further abused by parental indifferenceor intolerance,he or she will carry scars of such emotional deprivationthroughout life. B 3h<K}
Eatinghabits are also conditioned by family and other psychosocial environments.If anindividual’s family eats large quantities of food,then he or she is inclined toeat large amounts.If an individual’s family eats mainly vegetable,then he orshe will be inclined to like vegetables.If mealtime is a happy and significantevent,then the will tend to think of eating in those terms.And if a family eatsquickly,without caring what is being eaten and while fighting at the dinnertable,then the person will most likely adopt the same eating pattern and beadversely affected by it.This conditioning to food can remain unchanged througha lifetime unless the individual is awakened to the fact of conditioning and tothe possible need for altering his or her eating patterns in order to improvenutritional intake.Conditioning spills over into and is often reinforced byreligious beliefs and other customs so that ,for example,a Jew,whose religionforbids the eating of pork,might have guilt feeling if he or she ate pork.Anolder Roman Catholi might be conditioned to feel guilty if he or she eats meaton Ffiday,traditionaly a fish day. UEeqk"t^
76．A well-breast-fed child____ s=nds"J
A.tendsto associated foods with emotions Lf-8G5G
B.isphysiologically and emotionally satisfied Rk=B;
C.cannothave physiologic and emotional problems btYPp0o~
D. ismore likely to have his or her needs satisfied in the futrue Kaa*;T![
77．while sucking ,the baby is actually___ Vg+SXq6G
A.consciousof the impact of breast-feeding "+WR[-n>\
B.interactingwith his or her mother fkG8,=
C.creatinga nursing environment .3&m:P8zV
D. impossibleto be abused ; M(}fV]
78．A bottle-fed child___ e>^R 8qM?
A.can behealthy physiologically,but not emotionally Dk-L4FS
B.cannotavoid physiologic abuse throught life J$Q-1fjj
C.isdeprived of emotional needs ah92<'ix
D. is ridof physiological needs vy#(|[pL{
79．From the list of eating habits,we learn that____ .9xGLmg
A.everyonefollows his or her eating pattern to death NIfc/%
B.one’seating pattern varies with his or her personality Cg Sdyg@
C.thereis no such things as psychosocial environments H1[aNwLr
D.everyoneis born into a conditioned eating environment {P-PH$ E-
80．A Jew or an older Roman Catholic___ q T].,?
A.takesan eating habit as a religious belief }D^Gt)
B.isconditioned to feel guilty of eating pork in his or her family XbC8t &Q],
C.cannothave a nutritional eating habit conditioned by religion beliefs v,+@ U6i
D. observesan eating pattern conditioned by his or her psychosocial environment t}7wRTG
Passage 5 ~^S-
Several classes of bitter citrus compoundhave looked promising as anticancer agents in laboratory tests.A new studyindicates that long-term consumption of orange juice.A source of such chemicalscuts cancer risk in rats. mSfhl(<L
In test-tube studies,one class of the bittercompounds-flavonoids -has inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells.Relatedstudies showed that bitter citrus limonoids similarly wardoff cancer inanimals.Mulling over such data,Maurice R Bennink of MichiganState Universityin East Lansingwondered whether drinking orange juice would have a beneficial effect. [q&J"dt
His teaminjected 60 young rats with a chemical that causes colon cancer and then raisedhalf of the animals on a normal diet.The others received orange juice insteadof drinking water-and less sugar in their food to compensate for sugars in thejuice. pJz8e&wyLM
At anAmerican Institute for Cancer Research meeting last week in Washington D.C..Bennink reported that after 7 months 22 of the animals receiving a normal diethad developed colon cancers.Only 17 of the rats on the orange-juice diet showedtumors.That’s 77 percent of the control group’s incidence. |pqpF?h5|
Concludes Bennink,whosework was supported by orange-juice producer Tropicana products ofBrandenton,Fla…“These data show orange juice helps protect against cancer”,Hesays that the study might also apply to breast,prostate,and lung cancers. Yg[IEy
BandaruS.Reddy of the American Health Foundation in Valhalla.N.Y.,was not surprised byBennink’s finding of an orange juice benefit.However,he calls the reported riskreduction. unimpressive,his own data show that citrus limonoids protect againstchemically induced colon cancer in lab animals. kA4ei
Luke K.T. Lam of LDT Laboratories in St. Paul,Minn.,findsBennink’s data“quite interesting.” although he describes as “borderline” thesuppression of cancer incidence observed by Bennink.Lam has inhibited tumors inthe lung,skin and forestomach of mice with limonoinds. =]a@)6y
The scientists don’t know what compounds inorange juice underlie its effect.The juice is rich in one limonoid-asugar-containing version of limonin,which suppressed tumors in Lam’s rich inone experiments.It’s possible,Lam speculates,that rats convert the juice’slimonoid into limonin. v8Zgog)V
Indeedargues Gary D,Manners of the Agricultural Research Service in Albany,Calif..“thereis no doubt that these( anticancer) citus compounds are bioavailable in animalsto the site of a cancer.The question remains whether they are similiarlyavailable in people”. To find out,his team will soon begin measuring the humanboy’s uptake of limonoids from orange juice. Y14R"*t~
81.whatmade Bennink hypeothesize the protetive effect of orange juice? R3n&o%$*
A.Thewide consumption of the fruits ~8(X@~Tn*
B.thecitrus limonoids of the fruits lM,zTNu-z
C.His ownpersonal experience. _o TT3[7P
D Hispromising research `M ygDG+u
82.whichof the following is true of the results of Bennink’s study? e@=[+iJc
A.onlyeitht rats of the control group showed tumors =h::VB}Lv
B.thirteenrats of the test guoup failed to show tumors #2jn4>
C.seventy-sevenpercent of the test group did not show tumors GB?#1|,
D.onlythirty-three percent of the control group showed tumors i\;&CzC:
83.It canbe inferred from the passage that Bennink___ m->%8{L
A.wonmuch financial support with his unexpected results. m5w9l"U]H
B.had acommercial intention in the first place I~LQ1_
C.triedto please orange-juice manufacturers :{:?D\%6
D.found aright sponsor Kxc$wN<
84.BothReddy and Lam___ 9]@J*A}=l
A.seemedto be surprisingly impressed by Bennink’s findings W}k?gg=
B.did notseem to be surprised by Bennink’s findings d Zz^9:C+
C.did notseem to believe in the orange juice benefit tH,K\v`f
D.seemedto be doubtful of Bennink’s findings NB5L{Gf6-
85.Fromthe passage we can learn that scientists are still in the dark about___ G^rh*cb K
A.thesubstance that supprisses tumors *OOa)P{^D
B.cheexistence of bioavability in the human body #/t>}lc
C.theuptake of limonoids from orange-juice in people wYQ1Z
D.thebioavailability of citrus compounds in the human body. mXU?+G0
passage 6 ~|Ih JzDt
Just before dawn we received a call that anunresponsive infant was being brought by emergency medical services to ourhospital.As the medical team--the pediatric resident,intern,respiratorytherapist,nurse,and me---prepared for the incoming patient,an eerie silenceenveloped the trauma room,an event that frequently precedes a pediatricresuscitation. xUo)_P\_
The child arrived in our emergency departmentpulseless and cold,with compressions being performed on him in the arms of theparamedic (,Further history obtained by the paramedics indicated that themother had left the infant alone in the home with two young children to watch.Thechild ,and upon her return the infant was found in bed not breathing andcold,As a medical team we sinultaneously performed multipleprocedures,(intubation,insertion of intraosseous lines,administration ofepinephrine ,cardiac compressioN),all to no avail.Twenty minutes after hearrived,Ideclared this 2-months-old child dead with a high suspicion of abuseof neglect.Everyone vacated the room almost immediately ,expcept for thenurse,who never left the child’s beside.I asked her why the needed to stay,andshe looked at me and smiled,“why of course ,to be with my patient a little bitlonger.” t7oz9fSz=?
I knewthe difficult part was yet no come;telling the family the bad news .The motherwas still at home being interviewed by the police.The father had arrived fromhis place of employment to the emergency department minutes after death waspronuounced and not knowing the condition of his son.The father and I sat withchaplain to explain what we had done for the babyt.I could tell from thestunned look on his face that he knew before I finished my story that his childwas dead despite this I said in muffled voice.“I am sorry your child passedaway.” 2x`xyR_Q.R
We walkedslowly back to the resuscitation room.The infant,who only momints ago laycovered with blood and secretions oozing from every orifice,had beentransformed.The nurse had left her patient,tending to him,cleaning him,wrapping in soft blankets,and now presenting the boky to the grievingfathet.He seemed relieved to see his baby,no alive,surely but at peace and thusthe man could begin in the mourning process.I again left the room tend to thebusy emergency department;seeing patients somehowseemed to blunt myemotional response to what had jusft happened.As I listen to a resident presentthe next case,I saw the nurse carry the blanketed body of the child to themorgue As I reflect on this episode,I realized that our medicalresuscitation of this child was futile,as has been shown in childrin whopresent to the emergency department in full cardiacarrest.But it was thecompassionat work of the nurse that ultimately made the difference in how weperformed our job. ]u4>;sa
86.Notuntil the pediatric resuscitation was over___ )_b@~fC
A.did theparamedics find the infant unresponsive /i k)4]>
B.was theinfant left alone in the emergency room fteyG$-s
C. wasthe infant’s further history obtained (#-=y~%
D. wasthe infant declared to dead D;^ZWz0
87.Thanksto the nurse,___ 2>MP:yY;K
A.thegrieving father could see his baby finally QVSsi j
B.themedical team performed all the procedures 8g# Y
C.thegrieving father arrive at the hospital in time ZaRr2Z:!
D.thebaby was presented at peace to the grieving father v;bM.OL
88.whenshe saw the nurse carry blanketed body of the baby to morgue,the physiciaanmust have been___ F`;TU"pDf
A.blunted neB.Wu~WH
B.moved (Y'UvZlM%P
C.puzzled nz&b5Xb2
D.all ofthe above '#McY'.D T
89.whatthe nurse did when the resuscitation was over reflects___ =p,4=wo{
A.theawareness of law suit >uyeI&z
B.thehuman aspect of medicine zfP[1
C.aneglect of duty in medical practice m0BG9~p|
D.the lackof promptness the procedure A{ i][1N
90.Thephysician may do as the nurse did___ aR="5{en{:
A.toappreciate nuring care u-%r~ }
B.tocherish medical profession fz<|+(_>J
C.toembody medical compassion 8"?Vcw&
D.toimprove pediatric resuscitations HC9vc,Fp
31-40CDCCB BCBDA k lP{yxU'n
41-50 ACACA ACDDB q19k<BqR
51-60 BCACA AADBC _q$0lqq~u
61-70DDDDA ACABD #|{BGVp
71-80ACCCC BCAAD .*RB~c t
81-90DBDBD DDBBC DqurHQ z)m
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