写作必背单词和短语 3i#'osq
1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果(结果)的 Y[s}?Xu]w#
e.g.It is counterproductive to betoo tough: it just makes the staff resentful. q<K/q"0-l
e.g. Although the speaker overlookscertain circumstances in which undue skepticism might becounterproductive, andeven harmful, on balance I agreethat we should not passively accept whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise, human knowledge would neveradvance. <cFj-Ys(T
2. seminal adj.萌芽的,潜在的;开创性的;有重大影响的 }S;A%gYm
e.g.in the seminal state (在萌芽状态)|| seminal thoughts || seminalprinciple(基本原则) 7u:QT2=&
e.g. a seminal book/poet || Thisexperiment was to have a seminal influence on his ownpolitical development. 7M~/[f7Z{
3. forgo v.放弃 "-P z2QJY
e.g.The choice to forgohis security is always available, although it might carry unpleasantconsequence. ]!uId#OH
4. intuition n.直觉 U_RWqKL
e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free willis an essential part of our being as humans. @SI,V8i
5. satisfy v.证明是正当的,公证的;为…寻找正当理由 =y=MljEX
e.g.Such action can be satisfied on the grounds of greater efficiency. +~sqv?8
e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfyassisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving thenation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary towardthese ends. HP\5gLVXY
6. resort to… 诉诸… 4HpKKhv"
e.g.thereis no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot orrebel. 8~F?%!X
7. hinge on… 以…为转移,靠…转动 hrGX65>
e.g.The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children aresocialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. 0Bk-)z|V
8. atbest 最多,充其量;以最乐观的观点来看 $&&+2?cx0
9. collaborateto … ,b:~Vpb1I
e.g.For example, scientists, researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to establish commongoals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines. {q^UWv?1
10. lend somecredence to … 提供支持 lqmr`\@)
e.g.While our everyday experience might lend credence to this assertion. _T_} k:&X
e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting thatthese determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup. LQR^lD+_=
11. dimension n.大小;体积;程度;范围 L#%)@
e.g.a creature of huge dimensions. || I did not realize the dimensions of the problem. IG:2<G
e.g. There is a dimension tothe problem that we have not discussed. || various dimensions of humanexperience. ErgWs Aw-
12. detractor n.损毁者;贬低者 sY1.z5"Mm
13. amount to… 相当于;等于 //RD$e?h~
e.g.What you say amounts to adirect accusation. uL~wMX
e.g. Even where a fiction work amountsto pure fantasy, with no historical context, it can still hold morelasting significance than a factual account. z|t2
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14. fruition n.享用, 结果实, 成就, 实现 C{+JrHV%h
e.g.It is the famous few that provide vision of the future, visions which groupsthen bring to fruition. ?<S fhjU
e.g. bring one's plans to fruition || After years of hard work, his hopes cametofruition. i5|)|x3
reap v.收获;收割 J/3$I
e.g.The consumer reaps rich rewards from thiscompetitive spirit. <\eRa{ef
15. inspire v.激励或鼓舞 IfT: 9
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e.g.To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves --- far moreso than learning about the conditions of groups of people. +~= j3U
16. providenecessary impetus for … 给与…动力 Xoha.6$l5
e.g.It is almost always a key individual who providethe necessary imputes forwhat otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below. ML0_Uc3en
17. favor v.赐予;给与 abCxB^5VL
e.g.He was favored with greatintelligence. || adduce facts to favor one’s contention. 3w"_Onwk
18. paradigm n.样式;典范;范例 "{trK?-8%
e.g. educational paradigms k3KT'
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19. obscure v.使阴暗;使朦胧 Ps<k 2
e.g.Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions ofvarious groups tends to obscure thecause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chieflyconcerned. @%YbptT}
20. takesteps to … 采取措施… 9p1@Lfbj
e.g.take step to help alleviatesocial problems 27}7
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21. serveuseful purposes for … 有益于… WQ9Q:F2
e.g.I agree insofar as some common core curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation TuaP
e.g. immediate disclosure would have servedno useful purpose and might even have resulted in mass hysteria. B@#vS=g
22. nascent adj.初生的 _/u(:
e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art Rf2mBjJ(z
23. reach a (fully informed) consensus as to … 对于…达成共识 Pjxj$>&;*j
24. unfettered adj.除去脚镣的;自由而不受约束的 ?YUL~P
25. irrespectiveof whether … 无论如何 )vpYVr-
e.g.While we must invest in research irrespectiveof whether the results might be controversial. .g?D3$|K
26. draw a distinctionbetween … 区分… 7%[ YX
e.g.One useful approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and publicmorality. u } +?'B)
27. catalyst n.催化剂;刺激因素 Bk^o$3#
e.g.circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism. X[f)0w%
28. accountfor …解释原因 =+I-9=
e.g.This combination of very high density of population, goods and services, andmachines, all increasing with almostbrutal speed, does account forsome really antisocial tendenciesin modern urban growth. &49WfctT
29. proviso n.限制性条款;(附带)条件 I6gduvkXi4
e.g. The carpenter agreed to do the work, with the proviso that he was paid in advance. 8R-;cBT
e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentallydisagree with the speaker’s claim. JG7K-W|!c
30. conversely adv.相反的 Aon.Y Z
e.g. hold converse opinions. || Without knowledge, we can hardly survivethrough abominable conditions, depending solely on the admiration of the beingsderived from imagination. Conversely, without imagination, wecan as well not possible to get through due to the impediment of knowledge andthe depletion of spiritual asylums. OVc)PMp
31. core values upon which any ( democratic ) society dependsto thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价值核心 %o{IQ4Lz#
32. be superior (in …) to … 比更好,更优秀 ULgp
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e.g. this engine is superior in every respect tothat. || whenever moving images are central to an event the video camera issuperior to a written word. TJ_6:;4,|_
33. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报 8?x:PkK
e.g. legal proceeding || governmentalproceedings pd& HC
34. thwart v.反对;妨碍;挫败 td23Z1Elk#
e.g. the government’s strategies for thwarting specific plansof an international terrorist ora drug trafficker. m{~L Fhhd1
35. public panic 公众恐慌 M%W#0
36. unprecedented adj.空前的,史无前例的 rk@qcQR
e.g.the society is changing at aspeed which is quite unprecedented. =dQ/^C_hj
37. inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的;坚持不懈的;无情的 UO!} 0'
e.g.Facts are inexorable || the inexorable march of science h@\HPYi#.
38. Science is on the march. || the march ofscience/events/time Jf\`?g3#
39. make great effort 努力; make every effort 尽一切努力; *!{&n*N
overcome a myriad of politicalimpediments克服政治障碍 o^//|]H3Y
40. a myriad of 无数,数不清 o)x&|0_
e.g.Each galaxy contains a myriadof stars. %y*'bS
41. take precedence over … 居先于…;优先于… Dhfor+Epy
e.g.This interest might take precedenceover the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of aparking structure. 64`l?F
42. strike a balance among competing interest fX6pW%Q'6
43. serve asa substitute for …取代… s0/m qZ]s
be superceded by 代替;取代 w"#rwV&
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, moreimmediate options. g)D@4RM
44. 源自于: `P-d. M6Oa
emergefrom … (in everyage and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.) 8Gy*BpmJn
stem from … (prevailing attitudes about sexual morality stemfrom the ideas of key religious leaders) Wa.!eAe}
spring from… (this desire to identifyoneself with an exclusive social group seems to spring from some innate psychological need to define one'sself through one's personal associations.) -yg;,nCg
45. 坏影响;负面影响:
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detrimental effects of … (In politics, the detrimentaleffects of competition are blatant.) OL:hNbw'~T
negative/adverse effects on/to … 7!FiPH~kM
46. 名人 ^P/OHuDL
notable figures PxvxZJf$@
celebrity `w8cV?
elite Kx
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personality (television personalities) 5J&Gc;[p
47. 普遍;普及 hNgT/y8
prevailing adj.普遍的;流行的;占优势的 (the prevailing view in Western corporate culture|| prevailing principle) A&%7Z^Pp
popular adj. O:RN4/17
prevalent adj. (The habit of traveling by aircraft is becoming more prevalent each year.) 1p&=tN
48. 灌输;教育 r<