填空题常考结构 56w uk
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一、主句单一原则 qXqGhHoe;
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Upw`|$1S
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ZSWZz8
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. [[$dPa9
(A) They occur where they are ylm #Xa
(B) Occuring where CS'LW;#[
(C) Where they occur _mWVZ1P
(D) Where do they occur y0f:N
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分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 fn#qcZv?
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 LXoZ.3S
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center :
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(A) Fort Wayne ZyM7)!+kPa
(B) Although Fort Wayne (/7b8)g
(C) For wayne is in av&~A+b.r
(D) Fort Wayne, in WD55(
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 fUMjLA|*I<
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二、谓语动词专一原则 nW)?cQ
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任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 [QFAkEJ--o
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 7KesfH?
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” x<h|$$4S
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with e
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social issues. ~&?57Sw*m
(A) covers 5vFM0
(B) covers it DIABR%0
(C) which covers )DmydyQ'
(D) which it covers mqHcD8X
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ~!S/{Un
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused kebk f,`p
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on i=L 86Ks
the paper. X::@2{-@y
(A) the impression is [n2zdiiBd
(B) if the impression is O:sqm
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(C) impressions cRH(@b
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(D) the impression <THwl/a
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression mKjTJzS
三、平行结构 whYk"N
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 #8sy QWlG
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 9%
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A and B, 8o[gzW:Q)U
A , B, and C Y(t/=3c[
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Oe
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is known as accounting. \?oT.z5VG&
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary ysZ(*K
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(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's sZ~03QvkT
transactions L){V(*K '
(C) transactions of an enterprise are F53
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summarized !yT=*Cj4
(D) summarizing the transactions of an tH&e
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enterprise yZ 7)|j
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 X $V_
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 4i.&geXA.
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 8G3 Z,8P4(
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ," 5HJA4
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on sxA]o|
human patients. R<_VWPlj
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in 50dN~(;p
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 5L<A7^j
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures dl[%C6
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull QnOs8%HS-
fractures 9mp`LT
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。
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四、宾语从句结构 V~#5^PF{
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 sVFX(yx0
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: JL!^
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state(陈述,表明)+that -(e=S^36
indicate(指明,表明)+that J zFR9DEt
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, !SE
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ]mi\Y"RO
units called quanta or photons. =w;-4
(A) energy that a#+$.e5
(B) that it is energy Sh5)36
(C) it is energy .b`8
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(D) that energy nh0gT>a>@
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 q)o;iR
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth *Q?8OwhJ
indicate--yield when unusual weight is Y@q9
placed on them. 4;)t\9cy_
(A) although its crust and mantle b@=H$"
(B) its crust and mantle to h+!R)q8M
(C) that its crust and mantle ltU{P|7!E
(D) for its crust and mantle to oxeIh9
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 c;]^aaQ+>
五、介词+ which结构 ar
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许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 v5e*R8/
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, vfj{j=
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因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 +t*I{X(
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子,
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因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 |{-?OOKj
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is !B#lZjW#
a method ---- voters select the nominees ?-o_]!*v0/
for public office. ]oz >/\!
(A) that xzfugW
(B)by which *81/q8Az
(C)is that FqGMHM\J
(D)by those 65U\;Ew
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 B]b/(Q+
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 }M"])B I
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 %[~g84@
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players wL]#]DiE
hit wooden balls through wire arches called @x
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wickers. Btr>ek
(A) when c05-1
(B) which YwZx{%f
(C) is when 3fX_XH1Q
(D) in which 7B5b
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分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 =oiz@Q @H
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六、in that结构 -`z%<)!Y
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 0Krh35R_)F
because of +名词, Uugq.'>
consequently是副词 &
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而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 xI#rnx*
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals XN?my@_HpM
---- it is a liquid. %z-s o?gF
(A) whereas ^'Rs`e
(B) in that h -091N
(C) because of W >}T$a}\
(D) consequently ~ oq.y n/1
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 E[zq<&P@
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 oOubqx
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual k,<7)-
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 9PG{>W$M
(A)they 28+{
(B)in they 4k<U5J
(C)that they P%Q'w
(D)in that they '0_W<lGB
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ~d,$nZ"z
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Uqj$itqUQ
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ 86?~N
great inspiration for her poems. };Df ><
(A) that she drew <Zfh5AM
(B) by drawing her |m*l/@1
(C) from which she drew _Vt9ckaA
(D) drawn from which \FCPD.2s+
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 Gb"kl
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七、what结构 E6T=lwOZ
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Wap\J7NY
what=the thing that M9~'dS'XI
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Su
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. U!BZsVx
(A) it grows )S#?'gt*
(B) what grows j9/iBK\Y
(C) does it grow 9>&p:+D
(D) what does it grow :qShP3 ^
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ALInJ{X
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 0dD.xuo
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was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory L$, Kdpj
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. }h3[QUVf%
(A) there {aopGu?i
(B) where N>sH
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(C) that u,`V%J?vW
(D) what "/taatcH
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 oIE3`\xS
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八、同位语结构 Ca/N'|}^
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 {9Q**U`w
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [8acan+
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例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing T7Ju7_q}
and swallowing . e_S,N0
(A) is the chief organ of taste .8[uEQ_L
(B) tasting the organ chiefly I}}>M#
(C) the chief organ of taste ScT{Tb]9bt
(D) the organ chiefly tastes srKEtd"
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 {aU|BdATI
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 diKl}V#u
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) a`U/|[JM
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of .[?2_e#9 %
Native Americans in her novel, Century of q1rD>n&d
Dishonor. N{a=CaYi+
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause Juk'eH2^s
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Ju"c!vu~
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause P_.AqEH
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. )]zsAw`/
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 J)H*tzg
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as iBY16_q
hosts to many insect pests. z)u\(W*\iA
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than wf^p?=Ke
goldenrods !2.eJ)G
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods DX/oHkLD'
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy }:]CXrdg>
plants #9HX"<5
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants mPo.Z"uy7
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 zS`KJVm
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 }LoMS<O-[
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 LMLrH.
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {r#uD5NJ/
Athens. KppYe9?
(A) the distance is $gCN[%+j
(B) that the distance is x+[ATZ([
(C) is that the distance &_\;p-1:
(D) the distance y-~_ W 6\
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 xZVZYvC,t
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九、比较结构 tHr4/
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 (g1Op~EM
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less XI,= W
snow than --eastern Nebraska. E,Xl8rC
(A) does 1yFIIj:^|
(B) in 8=g~+<A
(C) it does in h+j*vX/!
(D) in it does ;s+3#Py
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 #oN}DP
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. . "7-f]!
(A) rays more than infrared |\94a
(B) rays are more infrared than [p]UM;+
(C) more than infrared rays e7plL^^`
(D) more infrared rays than ,R=$qi|
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 J7t) H_S{
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 -z%
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例3:The activities of the international marketing >:BgatyPH
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Y=y
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(A) the domestic marketer has hf;S#.k
(B) the domestic marketer does q d:"LS
(C) those of the domestic marketer <&bBE"U4
(D) that which has the domestic marketer mP?}h
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 md|I?vk
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing [w)KNl
is greater than --. -OnKvpeI
(A) that of its mining and farming combined H}(WL+7
(B) mining and farming combination 15%6;K?b
(C) that mining and farming combined ==trl#kQ%%
(D) of its combination mining and farming U!YoZ?
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 a)7&2J
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十、定语从句省略结构 @moaa} 1
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 J?tnS6V
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture l>J%Q^
and overpower. "#iO{uMWb
(A) can /q/^B>]
(B) they can U.ZA%De
(C) which can :`0,f ?cE
(D) and M. _5mZ{
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 |:u5R%
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ETR7%0$r
get all the calcium their bodies----from the !~j9Oc^
food they eat. Iv{iJoe;UH
(A) require ^}:0\;|N
(B) requires H)y_[:[
(C) requiring +?5
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(D)to require 0/cgOP!^
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 dkg+_V!
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food B =DV!oUg
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 5cl^:
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例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 715J1~aRNr
A 'z+Pa^)v
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !u`f?=s;
B C D jASK!3pY
the world. ol_&epG;ST
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 7'`nTF-@v
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive Ysi@wK-LnF
A B C DG3Mcf@5
than the Sun dies and exploded. Z(J
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more $=C
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十一、状语从句省略结构 9YBlMf`KEf
Metals expand when they are heated. i-x/h-
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: /4+*!X
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ~Oi.bP<,
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, \o
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比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 |J^I8gx+
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of J!'IkC$>
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand %\%&1
considerable impact. /EvT%h?p
(A) apparently d-]!aFj|U
(B) are apparently U.|0y =
(C) apparently their 14y>~~3C4
(D) are they apparently ?Y9VviC
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ay=f1<a
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: /(i~Hpp
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; EFs\zWF
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ?j}
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 4o@^._-R
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly l+O\oD?-
white. 1sfs!b&E
(A) when, pure which W1Om$S1
(B) when, which pure |%=c<z+8
(C) which, pure when d,t'e?
(D) which, when pure OEHw%
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, sAPYQ
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 'ExQG$t
is highly efficient and needs servicing 5OC3:%g
infrequently jt&rOPL7
(A) Even L4Si0 K
(B) It is }4xz, oN
(C) Even though d^XRkB:h
(D) There is 5U(ry6fI=
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 <