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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 56w uk [)  
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一、主句单一原则 qXqGhHoe;  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 Upw`|$1S  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ZSWZz8  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. [[$dPa9  
   (A) They occur where they are ylm # Xa  
   (B) Occuring where CS'LW;#[  
   (C) Where they occur _mWVZ1P  
   (D) Where do they occur y0f:N U  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 fn#qcZv?  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。  LXoZ.3S  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center : &bJMzB  
   (A) Fort Wayne ZyM7)!+kPa  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne (/7b8)g  
   (C) For wayne is in av&~A+b .r  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in  WD55(  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 fUMjLA|*I<  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 nW)?cQ I  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 [QFAkEJ--o  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 7KesfH?  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” x<h|$$4S  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with e |K_y~  
   social issues. ~&?57Sw*m  
    (A) covers 5vFM0  
    (B) covers it DIABR%0  
    (C) which covers )DmydyQ'  
    (D) which it covers mqHcD8X  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 ~!S/{Un   
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused kebk f,`p  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on i=L 86Ks  
   the paper. X::@2{-@y  
   (A) the impression is [n2zdiiBd  
   (B) if the impression is O:sqm n  
   (C) impressions cRH(@b Xr  
   (D) the impression <THw l/a  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression mKjTJzS  
三、平行结构 whYk"N  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 #8sy QWlG  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 9% C]s  
A and B, 8o[gzW:Q)U  
A , B, and C Y(t /=3c[  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- Oe x   
   is known as accounting. \?oT.z5VG&  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary ysZ(*K n(?  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's sZ~03QvkT  
     transactions L){V(*K '  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are F53 .g/[  
     summarized !yT=*Cj4  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an tH&e KM4G  
     enterprise yZ 7)|j  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 X $V_  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 4i.&geX A.  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed 8G3 Z,8P4(  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ,"5HJA4  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on sxA]o|  
   human patients. R<_VWPlj  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in 50dN~(;p  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 5L<A7^j  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures dl[%C6  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull QnOs8%HS-  
     fractures 9mp`LT  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 E.;Hm;  
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四、宾语从句结构 V~#5^PF{  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 sVFX(yx0  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: JL!^ R_b&c  
     state(陈述,表明)+that -(e=S^36  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that J zFR9DEt  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, !SE  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ]mi\Y"RO  
   units called quanta or photons. =w;-4  
    (A) energy that a#+$.e5  
    (B) that it is energy Sh5)36  
    (C) it is energy .b`8 +  
    (D) that energy nh0gT>a>@  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 q)o;iR  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth *Q?8OwhJ  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is Y@q9   
   placed on them. 4 ;)t\9cy_  
   (A) although its crust and mantle b@=H$"  
   (B) its crust and mantle to h+!R)q8M  
   (C) that its crust and mantle ltU{P|7!E  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to oxeIh9 E  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 c;]^aaQ+>  
五、介词+ which结构 ar 7.O;e  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 v5e*R8/  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, vfj{j= G  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 +t*I{X(  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子,   u+z  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 |{-?OOKj  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is !B#lZjW#  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees ?-o_]!*v0/  
   for public office. ]oz>/\!  
    (A) that xzfugW  
    (B)by which *81/q8Az  
    (C)is that FqGMHM\J  
    (D)by those 65U\;Ew  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 B]b/(Q+  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 }M"])B I  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 %[~g84@  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players wL]#]DiE  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called @x A^F%(  
   wickers. Btr>ek  
   (A) when c05-1  
   (B) which YwZx{%f  
   (C) is when 3fX _XH1Q  
   (D) in which 7B5b +  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 =oiz@Q@H  
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六、in that结构 -`z%<)!Y  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 0Krh35R_)F  
  because of +名词, Uugq.'>  
  consequently是副词 & @_PY  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。  xI#rnx*  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals XN?my@_HpM  
   ---- it is a liquid. %z-so?gF  
   (A) whereas ^'Rs`e  
   (B) in that h -091N  
   (C) because of W >}T$a}\  
   (D) consequently ~ oq.yn/1  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 E[zq<&P@  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 oOubqx  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual k,<7)-  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 9PG{>W$M  
   (A)they 28+{  
   (B)in they 4k<U5J  
   (C)that they P%Q'w  
   (D)in that they '0_W< lGB  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ~d,$ nZ"z  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Uqj$itqUQ  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ 86?~N  
   great inspiration for her poems. };Df ><  
   (A) that she drew <Zfh5AM  
   (B) by drawing her |m*l/@1  
   (C) from which she drew _Vt9ckaA  
   (D) drawn from which \FCPD.2s+  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 Gb"kl .j  
七、what结构 E6 T=lwOZ  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: Wap\J7NY  
  what=the thing that M9~'dS'XI  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Su +<mW  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. U!BZs Vx  
   (A) it grows )S#?'gt*  
   (B) what grows j9/iBK\Y  
   (C) does it grow 9>&p:+D  
   (D) what does it grow :qShP3^  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ALInJ{X  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 0dD.xuo r  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory L$,Kdpj  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. }h3[QUVf%  
   (A) there {aopGu?i  
   (B) where N>sH T =_  
   (C) that u,`V%J?vW  
   (D) what "/taatcH  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 oIE3`\xS  
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八、同位语结构 Ca/N'|}^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 {9Q**U`w  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [8acan+ 2l  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing T7Ju7_q}  
   and swallowing . e_S,N0  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste .8[uEQ_L  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly I}}>M#  
   (C) the chief organ of taste ScT{Tb]9bt  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes srKEtd"  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 {aU|BdATI  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 diKl}V#u  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) a`U/|[JM  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of .[?2_e#9%  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of q1rD>n&d  
   Dishonor. N{a=CaYi+  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause Juk'eH2^s  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Ju"c!vu~  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause P_.AqEH  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. )]zsAw`/  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 J)H*tzg  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as iBY16_q  
   hosts to many insect pests. z)u\(W*\iA  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than wf^p?=Ke  
     goldenrods !2.eJ)G  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods DX/oHkLD'  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy }:]CXrdg>  
     plants #9HX"<5  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants mPo.Z"uy7  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 zS`KJVm  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 }LoMS<O-[  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 LMLrH.  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {r#uD5NJ/  
   Athens. KppYe9?  
   (A) the distance is $gCN[%+j  
   (B) that the distance is x+[ATZ([  
   (C) is that the distance &_\;p-1:  
   (D) the distance y-~_W 6\  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 xZVZYvC,t  
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九、比较结构 tHr4/  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 (g1Op~EM  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less XI,=W  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. E,Xl8rC  
    (A) does 1yFIIj:^|  
    (B) in 8= g~+<A  
    (C) it does in h+j*vX/!  
    (D) in it does ;s+3 #Py  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 #oN}DP  
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. . "7-f]!  
    (A) rays more than infrared |\94a  
    (B) rays are more infrared than [p]UM;+  
    (C) more than infrared rays e7plL^^`  
    (D) more infrared rays than ,R=$ qi|  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 J7t) H_S{  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 -z% ->OUu  
例3:The activities of the international marketing >:BgatyPH  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. Y=y 0`?K  
   (A) the domestic marketer has hf;S#.k  
   (B) the domestic marketer does q d:"LS  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer <&bBE"U4  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer mP?}h  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 md|I?vk  
P F+Or  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing [w)KNl  
   is greater than --. -OnKvpeI  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined H}(WL+7  
   (B) mining and farming combination 15%6;K?b  
   (C) that mining and farming combined ==trl#kQ%%  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming U!YoZ?  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 a)7&2J  
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十、定语从句省略结构 @moaa}1  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 J?tnS6V  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture l>J%Q^  
   and overpower. "#iO{uMWb  
   (A) can   /q/^B> ]  
   (B) they can U.ZA%De  
   (C) which can :`0,f?cE  
   (D) and M. _5mZ{  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 |:u5R%  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ETR7% 0$r  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the !~ j9Oc^  
   food they eat. Iv{iJoe;UH  
    (A) require ^}:0\;|N  
    (B) requires H)y_[:[  
    (C) requiring +?5 Vuc%  
    (D)to require 0/cgOP!^  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 dkg+_V!  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food B =DV!oUg  
Svs&?B\}{6  
Upm#:i|"  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 5cl^: Ua  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 715J1~aRNr  
    A 'z+Pa^)v  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !u`f?=s;  
   B          C      D jASK!3pY  
   the world. ol_&epG;ST  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 7'`nTF-@v  
m 7+=w>o  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive Ysi@wK-LnF  
          A  B      C DG3Mcf@5  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. Z(J 1A x  
              D .0|_J|{  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more $=C ` V  
N0ZD+  
十一、状语从句省略结构 9YBlMf`KEf  
Metals expand when they are heated. i-x /h -  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: /4+*!X  
mrVN&.  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ~Oi.bP<,  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, \o w(4O#  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 |J ^I8gx+  
0s.4]Zg>5  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of J!'IkC$>  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand %\%&1  
   considerable impact. /EvT%h?p  
   (A) apparently d-]!aFj|U  
   (B) are apparently U.|0y=  
   (C) apparently their 14y>~~3C4  
   (D) are they apparently ?Y9VviC  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ay=f1<a  
W#9LK Jj  
o* QZf *M  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: /(i~Hpp  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; EFs\zWF  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ?j} Fxr  
QO|jdlg  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 4o@^._-R  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly l +O\oD?-  
   white. 1sfs!b&E  
   (A) when, pure which W1O m$S1  
   (B) when, which pure |%=c<z+8  
   (C) which, pure when d,t'e?  
   (D) which, when pure OEHw%  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, sAP  YQ  
;B"S*wYMN  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine 'ExQG$t  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing 5OC3:%g  
   infrequently jt&rOPL7  
   (A) Even L4Si0 K  
   (B) It is }4xz,oN  
   (C) Even though d^XRkB:h  
   (D) There is 5U(ry6fI=  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 <t.  w(?  
{s[,CUL0  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 X(K5>L>  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 Yo2n [  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; &$_#{?dPt  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 EA!I& mBq  
X FvPc  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: n )>nfnh  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 $:0?"?o);  
  The starring troops have to surrender. o!|TCwt  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 62J -)~_  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 N >+L?C  
sVT\e*4m}  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is JUC62s#_z  
#5W-*?H  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often Kl k[ h  
   called scapegoating. \BxE0GGky  
   (A) Eliminate problems a`uHkRX )U  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) -<WQ>mrB&  
   (C) Eliminating problems Wq]Lb:&{a  
   (D) Problems are eliminated CZ_ (IT7  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。  -!z,t7!  
^H UNq[sQ  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them gdyP,zMD7  
   from damage due to weather. 'Ijjk`d&c  
    (A) Painting c_^-`7 g  
    (B) Painted 6tg0=_c  
    (C) The paint jB!Q8#&Q  
    (D) By painting :If1zB)  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 m;d#*}n\p  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 C~dD'Tq]  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting o Z#4<7K  
Lg[_9 `\  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to Ju"*>66  
   conserve water in the winter. o {bwWk7v6  
   (A) when losing leaves >O:j.(*!  
   (B) leaves are lost 2nGQD{  
   (C) that losing leaves sOBy)vq?\  
   (D) the leaves losing LMmW3W`   
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 r!vSYgee  
^gpswhp 5  
十三、make结构 0oFRcU  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) .?YLD+\A  
共有三种形式: {$ghf"  
   make it possible+to do *VF UC:  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 v<z%\`y  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 6R+m;'  
pZ,P_?  
做题技巧: C= 6Vd  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ]_yk,}88d  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it OJUH".o  
4epE!`z_&  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and pbe" w=<  
   thus make--details that are otherwise h<50jnH!  
   impossible to observe . DV(^h$1_  
   (A) it visible p<\yp<g  
   (B) visibly 4|*H0}HOm  
   (C) visible 3rEBG0cf]  
   (D) they are visible FbVdqO  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 *OT6)]|k  
xe;1D'(   
LO,G2]  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large Htseu`>_$  
   amount of information on a single map. DbdxHuKa>  
   (A) possible #TLqo(/  
   (B) it possible ceDe!Iu  
   (C) it is possible w1-/U+0o  
   (D) that possible <6=kwV6  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 6@T Ga%:G  
85P7I=`*d  
E4^zW_|xE  
十四、the more …the more…结构 iEG`+h'  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: }| BnG"8  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 "=0#pH1o  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 n%lY7.z8d  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 tl|Qw";I  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 N'nI ^=  
DW ^E46k)A  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the -MrEJ  
   number of lines of magnetic force. V 45\.V  
   (A) of v:c_q]z#B  
   (B) the /xmUu0H$R  
   (C) is the ^zP a^lo-  
   (D) is of the VY)! bjW.  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B c!Gnd*!?-  
-I7"9}j3  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the R=jIVw'  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  1*{ ` .  
   (A) the stress it is greater _{z.Tu  
   (B) greater is the stress kYwk'\s  
   (C) greater stress is sfSM7f  
   (D) the greater the stress *Z*4L|zT  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 ?ic7M  
"V!y"yQ  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 Wb:jZ  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 PYDf|S7  
Sr1xG%;|/  
E5.3wOE  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ZSj^\JU  
             A     B F%!ZHE7  
   thus making it possible the gentle _ F&BSu  
       C            x{IxS?.j+  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. h~rSM#7m  
         D FBpf_=(_1  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 6]#pPk8[Z  
d4h1#MK  
`~'yy q  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more {S4^;Va1  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, AL%H$I  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the t><AaYij_  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” U5 ~L^  
    (A) however jRP.Je@t  
    (B) thus /*DC`,q  
    (C) and AZ~= ]1  
    (D) moreover FZTBvdUYp  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 Ar4@7  
5!Y51R^c  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the Jybx'vZj  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. bgs2~50  
    (A) to save the seeds [ix45xu7  
    (B) saving the seeds D^1H(y2zp  
    (C)which saves the seeds <t[WHDO`  
    (D) the seeds saved |Rk$u  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ?0HPd5=<v  
u\gPx4]4c  
)r _zM~jI  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 }lzUl mRTe  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. K1c@]]y)  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. @ m14x}H  
_\M:h+^  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. :Z0m "  
   (A) the tallest m}Z=m8  
   (B) the tallest that is )sg@HFhY'  
   (C) which is the tallest  w+<`>  
   (D) which the tallest is > *v!2=  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 XBi}hT  
L' w }  
z& !n'N<C  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of 6{/HNEI*1  
       A  B       C C^>txui8  
   domestic animals.  #P8R  
    D k`H#u,&  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 bnS"@^M  
cTW3\S=  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 5v:c@n  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: ]+RBykr  
  program, programmed, programmed ,U9gg-.Lp  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: 7VWq8FH`  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Kts#e:k@  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be CT1)tRN  
Ys8p,.OMs  
q.]>uBAQ?  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona 1&_9 3  
   features structures built of red sandstone by (7 i@ @  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. c#l W ?  
   (A) That the &g dtI  
   (B) In the  iC]=S}  
   (C) Around the BJzNh>-#=  
   (D) The :{za[,  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 Rlvb@aXgy  
2, bo  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called 5&}~W)"9  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. <w@ziUr  
   (A) to be made ~&bn} M>W  
   (B) making G&i<&.i  
   (C) made m0XdIC]s  
   (D) are made ?f{{{0$S  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 9d7`R'  
w}*2Hz&Q!  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given -rC_8.u :  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of +6cOL48"  
   human beings. S.,om;`  
   (A) without TFrZ+CcWp2  
   (B) lack i vy+e-)  
   (C) minus t[L0kF9en  
   (D) not having ,Mt/* ^|  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 x8L$T (^  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 @m*^v\q<u  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 .Sz<%d7XIQ  
5v&mK 5zZ  
)?@X{AN&  
十八、逻辑主语结构 !3]}3jZ.  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 $+#Lq.3,  
a>1_|QB.  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. p-p]dV  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members r!DUsE  
    of the committee #0yU K5J  
   (B) the committee members discussed the xW`,@a }  
    problem N{6 - rR  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee MiB"CcU  
    members the problem (]*otVJ  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by F( ?A7  
    the members of the committee )ad-p.Hus  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B hrLPy V:  
XMt5o&U1  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until cr;\;Ta_!W  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. W{z7h[?5,  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch Sb9O#$89  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn #q[k"x=c  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch *U[Nn5#?  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn v61'fQ1Qg!  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 K'Gv+UC*6  
0vu$d xb[  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her .{pc5 eUf  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her 9DAk|K   
   first article in print. Y|NL #F  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane _A[k&nO!&J  
    Hawes had _trF/U<  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane p5 !B  
    Hawe's first `pB]_"b  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first #n9:8BKf  
    teaching position )Ha `>  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching U$-;^=;  
    position {  S]"-x  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 Kbdjd p  
~M>EB6  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 8$c_ M   
   (A) the nervous system has produced J\WUBt-M  
     detrimental effects by lead +Wr"c  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the c^4^z"Mo`  
    nervous system \w yn  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the  .<0s?Q  
    nervous system M9 _G  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on {iz,iv/U  
    the nervous system KGVAP  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 }qqE2;{ND  
S:\a&+og  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 5BztOYn,  
            A   B     C F"#8`Ps>  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. SO~]aFoYt  
       D u:6PAVW?  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 5|4=uoA<  
0<,Q7onDD:  
/Ir|& <yB  
十九、复合宾语结构 Ps0 g  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 &~%( RO  
We played soccer. L\:f#b~W  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 I jK  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 zW,Nv>Ac5  
<Z$r\Huf  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 v(ATbY75  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, TAkM-iyH]  
例:We appoint him monitor. d )}@0Q  
  We elected him president. TQcEe@$)  
Ap{2*o  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck O_f+#K)  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not CdTyUl  
   consider them --because they are now primarily ^kS44pr\Q  
   kept as pets. np>RxiB^  
   (A) where sporting dogs c]pO'6]  
   (B) sporting dogs _?5$ST@5  
   (C) when sporting dogs :HJ@/ s!J  
   (D) they are sportingdogs ,P?R 3  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 vYYLn9}5  
W?(^|<W  
二十、It结构 33R_JM{  
一、强调句型 L4)@lmd3  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 UF g N@  
'O\me  
这个句型需要注意几点: 12NV  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; /1Xji 0LK  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; )u. ut8![T  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 p'`SYEY@Z  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: C ?^si  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. O_PKS$sz{  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. IT`r&;5  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ;'o:1{Y  
-&#H@Gyw  
二、形式主语 w85PRruW  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 u6~|].j R  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ` "Gd/  
^,Sl^ 9K  
K%Sy~6iD&  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than FyXz(l:  
    A               B u 1?1x  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are Ha~g8R&  
                  C uZyR{~-C  
   the main focus of social psychology. mkfU fG&  
           D u&iMY3=  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is &^HqbLz  
}&Eb {'  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of Pkr0| bs*  
   educational films. [Z3B~c  
   (A) It is  XO)|l8t#$=  
   (B) There is  bK)gB!  
   (C) Though there is H3=U|wr|  
   (D) Although it is z0;+.E!  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 uvo2W !  
$-dz1}  
l \=M'D  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 l vuoVINEp  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, #,dE )  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 +U(m b  
Kt,ENbF  
in which+完整的句子 zt1Pu /e  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 b|i94y(  
M1Jnn4w*d  
名词+of which+谓语动词 @_&@M~ u  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 L#'B-G4&y  
_v2 K1 1  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of Sm2 |I6  
   which are accented. ?]S!-6:  
   (A) line consists of each o=`FGowF  
   (B) consists of each line hP4*S^l  
   (C) each line consists `[JX}<~i  
   (D) it consists of each line |V2+4b,  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 p]*BeiT#n%  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 {`0GAW)q  
e2~i@vq  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a \2!v~&S  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. RVmD&  
   (A) traps   f Q.ea#xh^  
   (B) trap its  v4}kmH1  
   (C) which traps P7n+@ L$  
   (D) which it traps f!}c0nb  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 4C&L%A  
U!sv6=(y@  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists Hh=D:kE  
  have paid little attention to cultural `vJ+ sRf  
   A             |[x) %5F  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 8H_3.MK  
         B      C }}v04~  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ~y{(&7sM  
           D [o)P  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 rt5UT~  
G0Wzx)3]  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin EJYfk?(B  
   became interested in the art movement S2)rkX$  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, TL(L[  
   both --her novels and short stories. O&93QN0  
   (A) in which the influence %p?u ^rq  
   (B) of which influenced b'fj  
   (C) to have influence LQSno)OZ  
   (D) its influence in o >{+vwK  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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