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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 Db|JR  
2[`n<R\  
一、主句单一原则 1/?Wa  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 C;HEv q7  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 *uRDB9#9,  
I\6C0x  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. '6qH@r4Z<  
   (A) They occur where they are {l$)X  
   (B) Occuring where J&~I4ko]  
   (C) Where they occur /c=8$y\%@  
   (D) Where do they occur !`=iKe&%E  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 YX,;z/Jw2  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 8Gy]nD  
h )Y .jY  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 9?ll(5E  
   (A) Fort Wayne n^;-&  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne }rm r0Bh  
   (C) For wayne is in Zc_F"KJL  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in {= &&J@:  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 t'$_3ml  
kK}?NKqT  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Pl'lmUR  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 h#UPU7;  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 jNX6Ct?  
y{(Dv}   
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Cd^1E]O0{  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with k}g4?  
   social issues. aj1g9 y  
    (A) covers )!AH0p  
    (B) covers it TW 1`{SM  
    (C) which covers Y]6d Yq{k  
    (D) which it covers t3.;qDy  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 <n k/w5nKL  
%?V~7tHm>  
:_HdOm  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused J0&-UnJ  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on nvQX)Xf  
   the paper. I+Yq",{%  
   (A) the impression is 6:QlHuy0nH  
   (B) if the impression is @||nd,i`n~  
   (C) impressions X<Xiva85  
   (D) the impression w `d9" n  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression { **W7\h  
三、平行结构 4!ZT_q  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 y~OP9Tg  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: LrdED[Z  
A and B, ryz NM3  
A , B, and C Xep2 )3k>  
{Qd oI Pr3  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- yfqe6-8U  
   is known as accounting. NyC&j`d  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary =_ N $0  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's VS`{k^^  
     transactions 58mpW`Q  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are * _usVg  
     summarized {ktwX\z  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an rN.8-  
     enterprise ON>l%Ae4G  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ]M"U 'Z  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 OM7AK B=S  
)Xt#coagS  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed eMn'z]M&]  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and HHgv, bC!  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on .*+jD^Gr  
   human patients. mL#$8wUdt{  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in noB8*n0  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 9G7Brs:  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures uB6Mj dp6  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull I^n,v) 8  
     fractures sUiO~<Ozpk  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 d mTZEO  
?} E M ,  
四、宾语从句结构 ,E%O_:}R  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 bl10kI:F  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: pnL[FMc  
     state(陈述,表明)+that rAqS;@]0  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Bk5 ELf8pL  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, f?16%Rk<  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ?Ycl!0m  
   units called quanta or photons. VT ~%);.#  
    (A) energy that PAC=LQn&  
    (B) that it is energy 6p&uifY}tR  
    (C) it is energy |S<! 'rY  
    (D) that energy xBf->o S?  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Qs#;sy W@~  
]!jfrj  
/9Qr1@&v  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth NMC0y|G  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is =@hCc  
   placed on them. 0;OZ|;Z  
   (A) although its crust and mantle n\BV*AH  
   (B) its crust and mantle to XJwgh y?(  
   (C) that its crust and mantle F~OQ'59!Pf  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to O@dK^o  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 LN5q_ZvR  
五、介词+ which结构 376z~  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Tfv @oPu  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ~,8#\]xR  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 kK:Wr&X0H  
x'6i9]+r  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 8$IUit h  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 MhD=\Lpj\  
R,OT\FQ<  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is $DnR[V}rR!  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees t!B,%,Dp  
   for public office. ;/IX w>O(/  
    (A) that 5 5Mtjqfp  
    (B)by which g1l:k1\Ht  
    (C)is that lKqFuLHwF  
    (D)by those y;P%=M P  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 zh(=kS `  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 Q?`s4P)14o  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 "st+2#{  
aJ1{9 5ea  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players A ;|P\V  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called /pLf?m9  
   wickers. D C_k0V Bn  
   (A) when :n%&  
   (B) which %`/F> `  
   (C) is when `ah "Q;d$  
   (D) in which cBZJ  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ;!3: 3;  
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六、in that结构 h b}QtQ  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 'jy e*  
  because of +名词, :j/sTO=  
  consequently是副词 #|=lU4Bf  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 (W[]}k ;  
s<3M_mt  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals S&J5QZjC  
   ---- it is a liquid. }-9 c1&m  
   (A) whereas (/{bJt~b  
   (B) in that $Ny:At  
   (C) because of dqFp"Xe"%  
   (D) consequently WQB V~.<Yv  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 4<f^/!9w  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 4|4[3Ye7u:  
@`iz0DPG?Y  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual mDuS-2G=D  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. K@:t6  
   (A)they ~|LAe-e"  
   (B)in they \#F>R,  
   (C)that they "QBl "<<s  
   (D)in that they  ?H_>?,^  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 5Ux=5a  
R+.kwq3CED  
h&~9?B  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 2NB $(4/  
b8Hz l!zO  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ u0qTP]  
   great inspiration for her poems. m SO7r F  
   (A) that she drew OXB 5W#$  
   (B) by drawing her iDltN]zS  
   (C) from which she drew @iBmOt>3  
   (D) drawn from which o5m] Gqa  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 _p^Wc.[~M  
七、what结构 ]]y,FQ,r  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: xP27j_*m>  
  what=the thing that ;3%Y@FS@  
D'^UZZlI^I  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Tz 0XBH_  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. (.5 Ft^3W  
   (A) it grows Q9; VSF)  
   (B) what grows :lK8i{o  
   (C) does it grow .LbAR u  
   (D) what does it grow [ /<kPi  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 A-rj: k!  
,8cVv->u/  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 5'<a,,RKu  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory |qU~({=b  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. H.o3d/8:  
   (A) there PI"6d)S2  
   (B) where -<e_ ^  
   (C) that o"kL,&  
   (D) what JbN,K  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 [@]i_L[  
qca=a }  
z f >(Y7M  
八、同位语结构 j(M.7Z7^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 c4s,T"H  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) o>&-B.zq  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing E 5mYFVK  
   and swallowing . def\=WyK  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste &v feBth  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly Qtt3;5m  
   (C) the chief organ of taste E 0@u|  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes m';4`Y5-  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 >LB*5  
\3hFb,/4k  
L(C0236r  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 #IJ6pg>K  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ;{0%Vp{  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ,pUB[w\  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of ']Z%6_WF  
   Dishonor. '<O.J(N~4!  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause hE'>8{  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 6w_TL< S  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause at\$ IK_  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. &egP 3  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 s=Kz9WLy  
5fLp?`T  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as //bQD>NBO  
   hosts to many insect pests. TxTxyYd  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than cs4IO O$  
     goldenrods /74)c~.W  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods o ?aF  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy .Vs|&c2im  
     plants {5+ 39=(  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants >xXq:4l>}  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 _P%PjFQ)  
KYq<n& s  
+^.xLTX`$  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 HaF&ooI5+  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385  J@J`)  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {&FOa'bP  
   Athens. oq (W|  
   (A) the distance is sBNqg~HwB?  
   (B) that the distance is `*i:z'  
   (C) is that the distance y-Lm^ GW4  
   (D) the distance {l\Ep=O vx  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 BiZYGq  
<W*6=HZ'  
九、比较结构 {9~3y2:  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性  p.,`3"C1  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less }x_:v!G  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. dX-j3lM:#  
    (A) does Z,>owoP4  
    (B) in W^ eQ}A+Z  
    (C) it does in E:P_ CDSd]  
    (D) in it does qI[AsM+  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 /5Yl, P  
= jTC+0u  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. }RQHsS  
    (A) rays more than infrared ] B>.}  
    (B) rays are more infrared than `Zci <  
    (C) more than infrared rays JE;!~=   
    (D) more infrared rays than d;).| .}P  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 RuOse9  
>{"E~U  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 W'v o?  
例3:The activities of the international marketing *tl;0<n  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. tl=e!  
   (A) the domestic marketer has .Z@iz5  
   (B) the domestic marketer does p }3$7CR/  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer UDlM?r:f  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer xQNGlVipZ@  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 ;/!o0:m^I  
</ 2Cn@  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 7H?lR~w  
   is greater than --. jN/snU2\0  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined 9dva]$^:*1  
   (B) mining and farming combination ~eXI}KhBw6  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 8>|<m'e^\r  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming !#PA#Q|cO  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 43*;"w=  
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十、定语从句省略结构 USKC,&6&}  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 LKg9{0Y:  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture UryHte  
   and overpower. 4XSq\.@G  
   (A) can   ob9=/ R?i  
   (B) they can 0hq\{pw_y*  
   (C) which can m" ]VQnQ  
   (D) and |wyua@2  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 +ux`}L(  
',I$`h  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can SGpe\P]k  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the 8L*#zaSAf  
   food they eat. DK|/|C}6  
    (A) require x)f<lZ^L&H  
    (B) requires kE1k@h#/  
    (C) requiring sr H.$Y;~  
    (D)to require Iz&<rL;s  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 8x9;3{R   
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food VgMuX3=  
H:o=gP60]  
7+rroCr"  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 TIno"tc3  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of _ + >V(,{G  
    A ,N8SP 'R  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ?*cCn-|  
   B          C      D XKvH^Z4h{l  
   the world. .<6'*X R  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 2D"aAI<P  
!Za yN  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive qG#ZYcVec  
          A  B      C )yS8(F0  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. RF'&.RtVa  
              D Xkf|^-n  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ,j eC7-tX  
5]2 p>%G  
十一、状语从句省略结构 c4}|a1R\=  
Metals expand when they are heated. L!~ap  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: @R;&PR#5  
z]!w@:  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; dHtEyF  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, wM! dz&  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 d5n>2iO  
EEiWIf&S,  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of vZXdc+2l  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand ;dTxQ_:  
   considerable impact. #j"GS/y"  
   (A) apparently 593!;2/@  
   (B) are apparently & 5QvUn  
   (C) apparently their Nop 61zj  
   (D) are they apparently 'a>D+A:  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 Bq tN=  
n/YnISt  
6sT( t8[  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 7t+H94KG7  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; LdnTdh?  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) }Ggn2 X  
t<%+))b  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the SBY0 L.  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly %1)JRc  
   white. (Z8wMy&:  
   (A) when, pure which ri4:w_/{,Y  
   (B) when, which pure ?\zyeWK0L  
   (C) which, pure when IEWl I  
   (D) which, when pure Pd~z%VoO  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, v+CW([zAx#  
JC}T*h>Ee  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine {'#7b# DB>  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing c$_}   
   infrequently 7r pTk&`  
   (A) Even Gi&/`vm  
   (B) It is am/D$ (l1  
   (C) Even though B9'2$s+Z;  
   (D) There is eYPIZ{S7h  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 8qT^=K $  
d!"gb,ec  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 qnO/4\qq  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 V_KHVul  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; lNv xt6@s  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 :BblH0'  
s2 K8|q=  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: XL(2Qk  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 `U{#;  
  The starring troops have to surrender. I2?g'tz  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; UQjZhH  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 h5[.G!  
oSP^ .BJ$  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is bbWW|PtWwP  
'he&h4fm  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often Q>\9/DjUp  
   called scapegoating. {;hR FQ^b  
   (A) Eliminate problems jDW$}^ 6  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) fJn4'Q*U  
   (C) Eliminating problems 5I5#LQv0  
   (D) Problems are eliminated J(`(PYo\i  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 d C6t+  
)eBCO~HS  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them 2}.EFQp+  
   from damage due to weather. M\=/i\-  
    (A) Painting yzz(<s:o/  
    (B) Painted A<cnIUW  
    (C) The paint :4S~}}N  
    (D) By painting aP +)  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 M"z3F! -j  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Y_M3-H=0  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting P\.1w>X  
G+jcR; s  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to < ,(Ww   
   conserve water in the winter. Z~ {[YsG  
   (A) when losing leaves ;O * o  
   (B) leaves are lost !\N|$- M  
   (C) that losing leaves Z/= HQ8  
   (D) the leaves losing H%`|yUE(  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 vhu5w#]u*  
1N\-Ku  
十三、make结构 agxR V  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) EXTQ:HSES  
共有三种形式: +G<9|-  
   make it possible+to do 9mfP9  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 Fwv(J_'q  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) qox31pnS  
a76`"(W  
做题技巧: (3M7RpsL@  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it S) [$F}  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it A/{0J\pA  
dJwE/s  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and nXnO]wXC  
   thus make--details that are otherwise nPS:T|*G  
   impossible to observe . QUU'/e2^c  
   (A) it visible x nm!$ $W  
   (B) visibly dF/HKBJ  
   (C) visible L 2:N@TP  
   (D) they are visible 5L8)w5   
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 SYsbe 5j  
]aF!0Fln~  
Pwh0Se5Z  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large XY1e eB-  
   amount of information on a single map. X}s}E ;v9  
   (A) possible +P?^Yx0d  
   (B) it possible 4Cdl^4(LT  
   (C) it is possible I T\lkF2  
   (D) that possible x.OCE`  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 ;.<0lnV  
qrtA'fU  
6 -\ghPo  
十四、the more …the more…结构  #nS  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: 3LaqEj  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则  %wYGI  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 *75?%l  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 ]"Qm25`Qz  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 X-&U-S;  
0Q1s JDa.  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the -8]M ,,?  
   number of lines of magnetic force. zu~E}  
   (A) of )fo9Qwe  
   (B) the :i4>&4j  
   (C) is the *Hnk,?kPq  
   (D) is of the `n# {}%  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B JY|f zL  
'7!b#if  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the V _&>0P{q  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  [a&|c%h  
   (A) the stress it is greater Myj 68_wf  
   (B) greater is the stress $LLy#h?V]  
   (C) greater stress is 1?6;Oc^  
   (D) the greater the stress d{UyiZm\  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 4&Q.6HkL  
Wgt[ACioN  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 #)aUKFX  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 @w)Vt $+b]  
/e^q>>z  
]*8K4n G  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , Ylc[ghx  
             A     B ohFUy}y  
   thus making it possible the gentle t,mD{ENm&  
       C            Jl-Lz03YG  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. pg\Ylk"T  
         D hrpql_9.  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 wic& $p/%  
 vO 85h  
jl;%?b x  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more Jww LAQ5  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, oUMY?[Wp  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the G@Z,Hbgm  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” CNCWxu  
    (A) however uyt]\zVT  
    (B) thus S]kY'(V(*  
    (C) and Q+ r4  
    (D) moreover J. ;9-  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 a?4'',~  
%#!`>S)O  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the (Ev/R%Z  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. 2f'3Vjp~G  
    (A) to save the seeds W'l &rm@  
    (B) saving the seeds M_wqb'=  
    (C)which saves the seeds oxN~(H)/ #  
    (D) the seeds saved V87?J w%2  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B S2/6VoGE   
A=LyN$ %  
5$kv,%ah  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 95Q{d'&  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. Z^AOV:|m  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. cVHv>nd#  
JZQT}  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. *\9JIi 2  
   (A) the tallest iOCx7j{BS  
   (B) the tallest that is >heFdKq1  
   (C) which is the tallest oLJP@J  
   (D) which the tallest is ; t'~  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 vA(V.s`  
YQU #aOl  
{-28%  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of m"MTw@}SJ;  
       A  B       C -"u9s[L{  
   domestic animals. 577H{;p W  
    D Gy*6I)l  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 Iu`B7UOF  
-J?i6BHb  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ZqaCe>  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: $0[T=9q <+  
  program, programmed, programmed n !ty \E  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Do3;-yp>`  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Y|bCbaF  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be w!{g^*R+!  
vas   
D'y/ pv}!  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ]-O/{FIv  
   features structures built of red sandstone by _9!_fIY  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. @}&o(q1M0  
   (A) That the Q /T\Rr_d  
   (B) In the V9 <!pMj  
   (C) Around the Rg! [ic !  
   (D) The 't3/< h<  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 \ ]  
fDo )~t*~  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called MrIo.  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. )ymd#?wq  
   (A) to be made Q5'DV!0aSv  
   (B) making f`@$ saFD  
   (C) made )]Xj"V2  
   (D) are made y~_wr}.CS  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 09y%FzV  
:| J' HCth  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ffo{ 4er  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of ]Bw2>6W  
   human beings. /5 :C$ik  
   (A) without ;RNU`I p  
   (B) lack L2Ynv4llm  
   (C) minus ^`NU:"  
   (D) not having C5;=!B  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 R%iyNK,  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 4R-Y9:^t  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 -d? 9Acd  
:JW!$?s8H  
D. !m*oq  
十八、逻辑主语结构 isK~=  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 t_1a.Jv  
UD6D![e  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. kylR)  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members N8.K[m  
    of the committee p#HbN#^Hy  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 9{bG @g  
    problem e _\]Q-  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee (.Tkv Uj`  
    members the problem b6%T[B B  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by FtbqZN[  
    the members of the committee T;D`=p#  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B k{ >rI2;  
vaQZ1a,  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until .sNUU 3xSC  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ]Cd 1&  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch weCRhA  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Pe@M_ r  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch ~J1;Z0}#  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn X;ef&n`U0  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 o_   
PZ2$ [s0W  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her F*QZVg+<*X  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her F[/Bp>P7  
   first article in print. /zZ$<mVG  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane \wRbhN  
    Hawes had krwY_$q  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane g+8{{o=  
    Hawe's first B6~a `~"  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first D-*`b&i48  
    teaching position RE/'E?G  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching lC&U9=7W  
    position ?_36uJo}  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 s>d@=P>R  
n[4F\I>  
例4: Even at low levels, --. vy W/f  
   (A) the nervous system has produced zOA{S~>  
     detrimental effects by lead k&|L"N|w  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the mmP>Ji  
    nervous system xe} d&  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the E/x``,k  
    nervous system HJ[@;F|aU  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on to~Ap=E  
    the nervous system v <1d3G=G  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 eqD|3YX  
$%!'c# F  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 6|gC##T  
            A   B     C Yt79W  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. y]$%>N0vLX  
       D $%9.qy\8  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 L+y}hb r  
b 'p0T1K(  
Htd-E^/  
十九、复合宾语结构 sd|5oz )  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 &u) R+7bl,  
We played soccer. 'J(rIH3U  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 $g? ]9}p  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 h:{rjXK  
`)e5pK  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 HD^Ou5YB  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, :l~^un|<2Y  
例:We appoint him monitor. =.19 7)e  
  We elected him president. $80 TRB#  
i*-[-hn-V  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck }6zo1"  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not g}(yq:D  
   consider them --because they are now primarily (`C#Tq  
   kept as pets. Mf'T\^-!  
   (A) where sporting dogs M*XAyo4 fI  
   (B) sporting dogs kn2s,%\`<p  
   (C) when sporting dogs p5RnFe l  
   (D) they are sportingdogs 3<Qe'd ^  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 &Pk #v  
~SKV%  
二十、It结构 "cJ))v-'  
一、强调句型 Ag[Zs%X  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 { owXyQ2mK  
#bI ,;]T  
这个句型需要注意几点: D\13fjjHlu  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; &m{SWV+   
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; 4gR;,%E\TO  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 q4y P\B  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: +( Q$GO%  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. <8J_[ S  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. -hd@<+;E  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. + *xi&|%  
P/!W']OO  
二、形式主语 3Q0g4#eP  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 S4ys)!V1V  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 R$|"eb5  
!B*l'OJw  
i!<1&{  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than -~_[2u^3  
    A               B 7 :C_{\(  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are JGHQzC  
                  C 5:yRFzhqd  
   the main focus of social psychology. "@^^niSFl  
           D koojF|H>  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is goqm6L^Cu  
;5 p;i 8m  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of @ogj -ol&  
   educational films. 0FcG;i+  
   (A) It is  Y|!m  
   (B) There is  q o6~)Aws  
   (C) Though there is >ZwDcuJ~Lz  
   (D) Although it is G]n_RP$G  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 _)S['[  
(M2hK[  
%-KgR  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 TD sjNFe3  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, cTBUj  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 D (WdI  
J9/EJ'My  
in which+完整的句子 Y?6}r;<  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 >a;LBQ0  
9vP#/ -g  
名词+of which+谓语动词 cGyR_8:2cv  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 ;@*<M\O  
lA` qB1x  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of Kk,u{EA  
   which are accented.  KF6N P  
   (A) line consists of each bcUSjG>  
   (B) consists of each line 82 dmlPwJC  
   (C) each line consists ?O Puv5!pI  
   (D) it consists of each line V,% K"b=  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 l cM  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 }; R2M  
*&tTi v{^  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a E5 #ff5  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. ,|Gjr T{vf  
   (A) traps   /'zXb_R,$  
   (B) trap its  gi>W&6  
   (C) which traps 8;"9A  
   (D) which it traps ,:#h;4!VRF  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 W56VA>ia  
~Q#! oh'i  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists Bt#'6::  
  have paid little attention to cultural jo1z#!|Yw}  
   A             S_ nAO\h  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of h4=mGJpm  
         B      C mfF `K2R  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. %iME[| u&  
           D cL!A,+S[_  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 :xTm- L  
BPl% SL  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin >y,. `ECn  
   became interested in the art movement j6};K ~N`  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, 2s> BNWTU  
   both --her novels and short stories. kma>'P`G  
   (A) in which the influence '/OQ[f=K  
   (B) of which influenced ^16 zZ*  
   (C) to have influence &cd>.&1<2  
   (D) its influence in +V9xKhR;x  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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