填空题常考结构 5Cc6,
]
H5AK n*'7
一、主句单一原则 -SQJH}zCT+
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 qE#&
)
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 P[rAJJN/E
pAJ=f}",]E
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.
eW%L$I
(A) They occur where they are 6P%<[Z
(B) Occuring where 'GV&]
(C) Where they occur "xD}6(NL(r
(D) Where do they occur T>\nWancQM
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 u;+%Qh
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 6?%]odI#
UfK4eZx*`
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center :k WZSN8.D
(A) Fort Wayne "C:rTIH
(B) Although Fort Wayne -d|BO[4j
(C) For wayne is in F3r S6_
(D) Fort Wayne, in !: m`9o
8
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ?gd'M_-J,
*TJBPM,
_wm~}_Q
二、谓语动词专一原则 9Tzc(yCY
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 J*}VV9H
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 t*o7,
96vj)ql
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” +DicP"~*
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with xh{mca>?G
social issues. &[NVP&9&U
(A) covers ,"@w>WL<9
(B) covers it rQ=xcn[
A
(C) which covers zTkFX67)
(D) which it covers `ifb<T
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 l!\1,J:}Z
HMF8;,<_w?
vAi"$e
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused &K06}[J
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on H9sZR>(^
the paper. buRhQ"
(A) the impression is Mg#`t$u
(B) if the impression is Dz,uS nnm
(C) impressions +z+
F-
(D) the impression mRwXN*Izw
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression b([:,T7
三、平行结构 I9;xz ES
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 >+L7k^[,0
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: a/#+92C
A and B, {!lNL[x
A , B, and C
w(/7Jt$
>Q&CgGpW$
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ya#RII']
is known as accounting. z3clUtC+
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary Hyf"iYv+
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's nZ~kZ |VS
transactions 3] N q@t
(C) transactions of an enterprise are X|,["Az
8
summarized B4@fY
(D) summarizing the transactions of an 5~QhX22
enterprise 3eWJt\}?B
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 vlvvi()
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 E!uJ6\
V- /YNRV
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed '|_/lz$h
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and Sg_O?.
r
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ><cU7 ja[^
human patients. (nq^\ZdF
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in hzq5![/sV
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures S.1(3j*
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 9976H\{
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull >:%BNeO
fractures fa4=h;>a+
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 rmsQt
H$Kw=kMw
四、宾语从句结构 P<vo;96JT
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ?.Q3 pUT
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: f}2;N
state(陈述,表明)+that !j0_
cA
indicate(指明,表明)+that &8n?
sDX/zF6t
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, F_v-}bbcFQ
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite IkQe~;Y
units called quanta or photons. D#ZPq,f
(A) energy that ^&NN]?
(B) that it is energy #3+~.,X9
(C) it is energy r%|A$=[Q
(D) that energy 8ljuc5,J
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 #|?8~c;RWG
Im+7<3Z
*{|$FQnR>(
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth r**f,PDZ
indicate--yield when unusual weight is [~)x<=H8{
placed on them. n]iyFZ`9
(A) although its crust and mantle #A )Ab%r8"
(B) its crust and mantle to |z*>ixK
(C) that its crust and mantle Kp&3=e;vn{
(D) for its crust and mantle to N&m_e)E5c
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 G?ig1PB"#
五、介词+ which结构 d@ (vg
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 =)
}nLS3t
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, P,ydt
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 H%z/v|e6
]]PE#DDg
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, X!c?CL
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 RG}}Oh="v
[0!{_E)<
例1:In the United States, a primary election is d.AC%&W
a method ---- voters select the nominees E}YIWTX
for public office. J>h;_jA
(A) that c
1#+Vse
(B)by which ShGp^xVj
(C)is that `0@z"D5c
(D)by those RRzP*A%=
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 YtYy zX5u7
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !y[3]8Xxv
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 +|&0fGv;d9
|,sMST%
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Y;_T=L
hit wooden balls through wire arches called vRr9%zx
wickers. $[z<oN_Q
(A) when B9#;- QO
(B) which Uk'U?9O
(C) is when eaAPKx
(D) in which E9$H
nj+m
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 |^Kjz{
-oh7d$~
六、in that结构 !y*oF{RZ
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, J?D\$u:
because of +名词, 1exfCm
consequently是副词 M-Sv1ZLh
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 ;_tO+xL&
c;!9 \1sr
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals '9q6aM/&
---- it is a liquid. a.,_4;'UE1
(A) whereas GV6mzD@<
(B) in that ( 3;`bvYH"
(C) because of !G+u j(
(D) consequently UvB
nf+,
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 TB#Nk5
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 #{,h@g}W
<'2u
a
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual j
-32S!
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. Funj!x'uE
(A)they d~`-AC+
(B)in they 5\S&)ZA@
(C)that they h=[-Er'B
(D)in that they F$yeF^\g
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 c[5@\j
\
fl)zQcA
l%<c6;
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 `~nCbUUee
@?a4i
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ bl.E
IyG>
great inspiration for her poems. B.K4!/cF
(A) that she drew 2AK}D%jfc
(B) by drawing her C #aFc01B
(C) from which she drew @L8;VSI
(D) drawn from which z2~87fv+
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 yVY
kuO
七、what结构 (8x
gn
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: P`
]ps?l
what=the thing that
3EOyq^I%
Cuv|6t75'
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Q>%E`h
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. tN!Bvj:C[M
(A) it grows /7vE>mSY
(B) what grows PbN3;c3
(C) does it grow ^A#x<J+
(D) what does it grow GNZ#q)qT
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 G?ZC9w]rA
qc&jd
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ^U{P3%uZ
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory Hz? ,#>{
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. T 9MzUV&
(A) there JZw^W{
(B) where c(&AnIlS
(C) that S}mm\<=1
(D) what Om6Mmoqh
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 ?FDJqJM
tvCcyD%w
g-|Kyhr?=
八、同位语结构 C[0MA ,^
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 xD^wTtT
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) L6xB`E9
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing W1`Dx(g
and swallowing . 1q`k}KMy
(A) is the chief organ of taste &t_A0z
(B) tasting the organ chiefly TH>,v
(C) the chief organ of taste XD
5n]AL
(D) the organ chiefly tastes y:C)%cv}*
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 XJ O[[G
`
1y~L8!:L
$8Ig&k|~8
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 [bsXF#
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) @wMQC\Z
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of OelU
D/[$
Native Americans in her novel, Century of \Vz,wy%-
Dishonor. S7Znz@
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause i`R(7Z
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson ;}UzJe ,S
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause
gU+ss
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. C/bxfp{?
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 Q7L)f71i
?P%|P
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as
[A|(A$jl
hosts to many insect pests. O/(3 87= U
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than iQu^|,tHEM
goldenrods y2GQN:X
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods R08&cd#$
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy '^e0Ud,
plants xna7kA
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants v: giZxR
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。
ccRlql(
J`4Z<b53
?n2C
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 (Z5qf
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 Ih(:HFRMq6
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to *U:VM'a
Athens. S> .q5
(A) the distance is =sxkr ih
(B) that the distance is :wFb5"
(C) is that the distance "&@gX_%
(D) the distance Yd[U
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 iK ohuZr
b*cW<vX}~
九、比较结构 ur?d6a
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 4s[`y
V
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 7F,07\c
snow than --eastern Nebraska. f$G
r`d
(A) does
(irk$d %
(B) in H~~7~1"x
(C) it does in F(J\ctha
(D) in it does Cw6>^
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !>CE(;E>z
_2NN1/F5
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. C/SapX
(A) rays more than infrared np<f,
(B) rays are more infrared than _`TepX R
(C) more than infrared rays QIR4<]/
(D) more infrared rays than kEp.0wL'
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 K%98;e9
`6|i&w:b
:&xz5c`"04
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 NYWG#4D
例3:The activities of the international marketing }rO?5
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. *rS9eej
(A) the domestic marketer has H+S~ bzz
(B) the domestic marketer does i}.{m Et
(C) those of the domestic marketer
s/r5,IFR
(D) that which has the domestic marketer 'CP/ym f/a
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 Yh}zt
H
L~@ma(TV{K
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing |pfhrwJp
is greater than --. QH@Q\
@,
(A) that of its mining and farming combined jA20c(O
(B) mining and farming combination FQ;4'B^k]
(C) that mining and farming combined 08<k'Oi]
(D) of its combination mining and farming 5*s1qA0^
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 +)/Rql(lY
\>*MMe
十、定语从句省略结构 '5|Q<5!o
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ig2{lEkF
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture />dB%*
and overpower. RB S[*D
(A) can #6Efev
(B) they can _hAj2%SL
(C) which can ({;P#qCX
(D) and fe&
t-
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 Hmz=/.$
5}.,"Fbr
例2:A majority of people in the United States can no~O R Q
get all the calcium their bodies----from the %v?jG(o
food they eat. Nz(c"3T;
(A) require %Y)PH-z
(B) requires EIq{C-(
(C) requiring x&hvFG3
(D)to require OPvj{Dv$0
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。
s)=!2A Y
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food x'E'jh%
dXA{+<!!
VYl_U?D
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 /t$+Af,}
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of SeRK7Q&_
A _1w.B8Lyz@
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !uj
!
B C D nhVK?
the world. "k\Ff50
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to boC>N
n}AR/3}
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ++J Bbuzj!
A B C n&2=6$*,k
than the Sun dies and exploded. 3X-{2R/ 3
D g[=\KrTSg
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more
m+7
2C]9
/ctaAQDUh\
十一、状语从句省略结构 d+YVyw.z
Metals expand when they are heated. \jF" nl
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: TRr4`y%
UZ4tq
第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; dN$D6*
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, E5Snl#Gl\0
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 *hk{q/*Qw
eu}:Wg2
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 7)8rc(58
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 9AVK_
considerable impact. ~$y#(YbH
(A) apparently y :i[~ y
(B) are apparently C$2o
o@
(C) apparently their z/P^-N>
(D) are they apparently %~B)~|h
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 >PTu*6Z
3-9J"d!
ZaNyNxbp>z
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: R
uFu,H-
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; K;ry4/Vap
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 35@Ibe~
GH; F3s
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the fdCxMKlu;
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly Be14$7r
white. (7Ca\H3$
(A) when, pure which PTI'N%W
(B) when, which pure R<0!?`b
(C) which, pure when zhR_qW+
(D) which, when pure y?R <g^A
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, +}G>M=t::
*2m&?,nJ
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine `X.=uG+m
is highly efficient and needs servicing ("P mB?20
infrequently On96N|
(A) Even (?&_6B.*
(B) It is nE"b`
(C) Even though 2h? r![
(D) There is [%)B%h`XGf
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。
DRmh(T
$RFu
m'`5
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 $qyM
X[
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 OTFu4"]M
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; OHtZ"^YG
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 M3Z Jt' |
aab4c^Ms=
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: [Ey%uh
6*
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 RVKaqJ0e<
The starring troops have to surrender. ;Q,).@<C
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; PS<tS_.
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。
"y
,(9_#
ThQEQ6y
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is \3Ald.EqtM
+sbacMfq
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often {j=hQL3
called scapegoating. }Yl8Q>t
(A) Eliminate problems E~
O>m8hF
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) #1!BD!u
(C) Eliminating problems Q@.9wEAJ
(D) Problems are eliminated yURh4@
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 i.dAL)V
4y}a,
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them iU+,Jeu
from damage due to weather. 8JO\%DFJ
(A) Painting 3LnyQ
(B) Painted M,U=zNPnk
(C) The paint ~S{\wL53
(D) By painting Glc4g
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 9d
(v^T
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 eS%6hUb
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting nPX'E`ut-V
cZF;f{t
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to ]T$w7puaJ
conserve water in the winter. (S 3kP5:F
(A) when losing leaves MZMv.OeYt,
(B) leaves are lost 1`J
N
(C) that losing leaves \D k^\-
(D) the leaves losing \bmboNe
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 2Sd6b 2-
)
G &3V
十三、make结构 JV{!Ukuyp+
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) JKv4
}bv
共有三种形式: _^$b$4)
make it possible+to do ptL}F~
make it possible+that引导的从句 APm[)vw#f
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) U.} =j'Us+
?^GsR[-x
做题技巧: Mo
r-$a8
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it Bm>(m{sX>
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it [<
Puh
ptfADG
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and / UBA
Q8TR
thus make--details that are otherwise &,|uTIs
impossible to observe . UZ0O
j5B.
(A) it visible Z4sjH1W
(B) visibly ZI]K+jza
(C) visible ~u1JR
`y
(D) they are visible hzVO.Q*
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 r{;4(3E2
+6E<+-N
IMEoov-x
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ;:1mv
amount of information on a single map. Um&@
0C+L
(A) possible ~kFRy {z
(B) it possible %"B$I>h
(C) it is possible =~*u(0sJa
(D) that possible -v&srd^
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 pp _ddk
>?xVr
Yq.@7cJ
十四、the more …the more…结构 u^9,u/gj
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: fTcRqov
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 _en 8hi@Z
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 :eO0{JN4T
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 o
!d0
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 %J'_c|EQM
$
S/ 8T
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the uEY5&wX`
number of lines of magnetic force. P
VQ%y
(A) of YN3uhd[2
(B) the wVB8PO8
(C) is the kE}Ib4]J
(D) is of the !Ai;S
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B Am
FHn
8iB}a\]B
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the Z )I4U
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. TY}?>t+
(A) the stress it is greater vJ s/ett
(B) greater is the stress 3]Mx,u
(C) greater stress is EWi@1PAZK
(D) the greater the stress /:)4tIV
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 Z9y:}:j"
?T"crX
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ;DOz92X94
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 0%GWc}o
c4|.!AQ>
m[XN,IE#u
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , f.{0P-Np
A B +oa]v1/W
thus making it possible the gentle 9cQSS'`F
C 3 ren1
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.
$n ) w4p_
D :>5]A6Wi
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 5VN4A<))
Lv"83$^S9
=W6P>r_
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +q(D]:@,[
than sixty-five million items of scientific, DRnXo-Aaj
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the B sAglem
popular title, “attic of the nation.” :5(TOF
(A) however *e R$
(B) thus Ce:kMkJ
(C) and CfAqMH*ip
(D) moreover x8H)m+AW
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 >/>a++19
W^x[maz
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the B3D4fYQ
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. :p{iBDA
(A) to save the seeds
BBX4^;t
(B) saving the seeds 2aG<^3
(C)which saves the seeds -vMP{,
(D) the seeds saved E,;nx^`!l
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B U>>J_2
67e1Y@Xu
$6_J`7
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 Yp
Wu\oP
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 6x{B
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 1F=x~FMvY
Y3thW@mD05
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. zIL.R#|D=
(A) the tallest ScI9.{
(B) the tallest that is d+bTRnL
(C) which is the tallest A_2ppEG
(D) which the tallest is f_
::?
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 xGA%/dy,;
H1X6f7`
NZl0sX.:
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of GUK/Xiu
A B C _ K9jj
domestic animals. eVy,7go h
D $`uL^ hlj]
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 !6kLg1
LO
QEU?z
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 %9M_*]
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: WUHijHo5(8
program, programmed, programmed <5nz:B/
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: l<gg5 Zea
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 O*30|[
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be d9E:LZy
J3
K!@m_\
lc*<UZR
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona 3.8d"
features structures built of red sandstone by 2r1.,1
ancestors of the Hopi people. N5g!,3
(A) That the ba
,2.|
(B) In the :sJV
klK
(C) Around the /Wt<[g#
(D) The Iz
VtiX
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 O[$&]>x]]
^f@EDG8
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called G!wFG-Y}
lymphocytes and plasma cells. p*vEVo
(A) to be made INi(G-!g
(B) making
q&7J1
(C) made G/=tC8eX
(D) are made % gmf
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 SxH b76 ;
:H3qa2p
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given V
D-,)f
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of fmFh.m.+N
human beings. usX
aT(K
(A) without BlMc<k
(B) lack WF`y j%0
(C) minus r+ k5Bk'
(D) not having (@[c;+x
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 +O2T%
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 rISg`-
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 >Ta|#]{
]gx]7
wgp{P>oBX
十八、逻辑主语结构 3%p^>D\
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 \%g#
__\
$GB/}$fd&
例1:Having been served lunch, --. <#k(g\/R
(A) the problem was discussed by the members Myvp PW
of the committee t Y'fFz^Ho
(B) the committee members discussed the ezS@LFaA
problem __O@w.
(C) it was discussed by the committee OXAr..
members the problem s"gNHp.oF
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by g]
%sX6T
the members of the committee >PHin%#
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B V $Y=JK@
mhpaPin*JS
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until @ A?Ss8p'
almost two centuries later, in 1834. ^qvN:v$1
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch xL&M8:
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn a/p}
?!\
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch WOkAma-
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn QPr29
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {B|)!_M#
0;6eSmF
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her tr?U/YG
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her >x'R7z23
first article in print. X3mHg5zt
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane rlMahY"C
Hawes had ,v\^efc:%
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane JO[7_*s
Hawe's first FqwH:Fcr:
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first w{+G/Ea
teaching position mZ_643|
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q#C;iK4
position HAKB@h)
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 r&rip^40
1RHFWK5Si
例4: Even at low levels, --. ngLpiU0H&
(A) the nervous system has produced /Pv
dP#
!
detrimental effects by lead Lqa|9|!
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the %r
=9,IJ
nervous system b%wm-p
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the m:-=K
nervous system K6Z/
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on BWF>;*Xro
the nervous system ;M<R
e
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 'f_[(o+n
IoKN.#;^
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking g>*P}r~;^b
A B C F<0GX!p4u
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. G0h/]%I
D iy-~CPNB_
分析:应该把D中的were去掉
[cso$T
v
~{cG"
:meq4!g{1
十九、复合宾语结构 nnZM{<!hF
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 hMnJH_siY
We played soccer. @:w[(K[^b/
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 ;d<RPVE:
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 |%$mN{
Y^ 2]*e%
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 K<E|29t^k
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, @)x8<
例:We appoint him monitor. hQ _gOI
We elected him president. 5:vy_e&
M32Z
3<
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck zlhI \jRdc
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not `nv82v
consider them --because they are now primarily PzH#tG&.j
kept as pets. MVkO >s
(A) where sporting dogs s)5W:`MH?
(B) sporting dogs +
0 |d2_]E
(C) when sporting dogs Sp\
7
(D) they are sportingdogs !b{7gUjyI
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 IRK(y*6
J_N`D+m
二十、It结构 VQ/Jz5^
一、强调句型 Zp_vv@s
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 uoMDf{d
rssn'h
这个句型需要注意几点: {w
Czm
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; n]a/nv
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; tWa_-Un3
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 {Ax{N
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: UlH;0P?
原句: Ann bought these books last year. tis
h%Qnpd
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. *Ry{}|_8
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ZE4xF8
uS&NRf9A
二、形式主语 H-'~c\)
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 %bZ}vJ5b
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 Pj7n_&*/
99u
9L)
(C60HbL
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 6\GL|#G
A B m+'vrxTY
the events that occur in their lives , that are +9[s(E?SY
C qJq2Z.>hy
the main focus of social psychology. pqnZ:'V
D L6f$ID:
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ~E*`+kD
5,u'p8}.
例2: --an increasing international exchange of ar[*!:!
educational films. jw$[b=sa
(A) It is gbL!8Z1h
(B) There is 2}8xY:|@(U
(C) Though there is L0dj 76'M
(D) Although it is 9Bw.I
h[Z
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 @WfX{485
k.("<)
TaTs-]4
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 |)+;d
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, K3On8
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 G~fM!F0
M qG`P
in which+完整的句子 _pe_w{V-b6
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 1Kc[).O1
DU=rsePWE
名词+of which+谓语动词 Qk
q9oZ
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Mz#<Vm4
:UDT!
5FNO
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of :$gR
>.`
which are accented. afNqK~
(A) line consists of each }Rx`uRx\
(B) consists of each line %?WR9}KU0
(C) each line consists
[9>h! khs
(D) it consists of each line /n&Y6@W
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 vk]vtjf&%
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 e
)?~
02F[4c ~
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a :\<D q71
sticky substance on them ------ insects. z6+D=<
(A) traps '|JBA.s|
(B) trap its CW9vC
(C) which traps H$o=kQN
(D) which it traps U81--'@y
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 &3t[p=
Nt5`F@;B
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists aF
(L_
have paid little attention to cultural zXRq) ;s
A FC BsC#
interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 9KgGK cy%
B C THl={,Rw`
social contexts in which tends to occur. -
fm1T|>#
D Z|k>)pv@
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 XVwJr""+
D{) K00mm
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin v+b#8
became interested in the art movement .nG14i7C
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, )5Nj wLs
both --her novels and short stories. q<Sb>M/\,
(A) in which the influence f}%paE"
(B) of which influenced Vhi4_~W3j]
(C) to have influence rTmVHt
(D) its influence in ^_rBEyz@
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。