填空题常考结构 Db|JR
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一、主句单一原则 1/?Wa
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 C;HEvq7
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 *uRDB9#9,
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. '6qH@r4Z<
(A) They occur where they are {l$)X
(B) Occuring where J&~I4ko]
(C) Where they occur /c=8$y\%@
(D) Where do they occur !`=iKe&%E
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 YX,;z/Jw2
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 8Gy]nD
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 9?ll(5E
(A) Fort Wayne n^;-&
(B) Although Fort Wayne }rm
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(C) For wayne is in Zc_F"KJL
(D) Fort Wayne, in
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分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 t'$_3ml
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二、谓语动词专一原则 Pl'lmUR
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 h#UPU7;
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 jNX6Ct?
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” Cd^1E]O0{
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with k}g4?
social issues. aj1g9y
(A) covers )!AH0p
(B) covers it TW 1`{SM
(C) which covers Y]6dYq{k
(D) which it covers t3.;qDy
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 <nk/w5nKL
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused J0&-UnJ
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on nvQX)Xf
the paper. I+Yq",{%
(A) the impression is 6:QlHuy0nH
(B) if the impression is @||nd,i`n~
(C) impressions X<Xiva85
(D) the impression w
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分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression { **W7\h
三、平行结构 4!ZT_q
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 y~OP9Tg
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: LrdED[Z
A and B, ryzNM3
A , B, and C Xep2)3k>
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- yfqe6-8U
is known as accounting. NyC&j`d
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary =_ N$0
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's VS`{k^^
transactions 58mpW`Q
(C) transactions of an enterprise are * _usVg
summarized {ktwX\z
(D) summarizing the transactions of an rN .8-
enterprise ON>l%Ae4G
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 ]M "U 'Z
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 OM7AK
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed eMn'z]M&]
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and HHgv,bC!
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on .*+jD^Gr
human patients. mL#$8wUdt{
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in
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(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 9G7Br s:
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures uB6Mjdp6
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull I^n,v )
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fractures sUiO~<Ozpk
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 d mTZEO
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四、宾语从句结构 ,E%O_:}R
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 bl10kI:F
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: pnL[FMc
state(陈述,表明)+that r AqS;@]0
indicate(指明,表明)+that Bk5 ELf8pL
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, f?16%Rk<
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ?Ycl!0m
units called quanta or photons. VT
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(A) energy that PAC=LQn&
(B) that it is energy 6p&uifY}tR
(C) it is energy |S<!
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(D) that energy xBf->o S?
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Qs#;sy
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth NMC0y|G
indicate--yield when unusual weight is =@hCc
placed on them. 0;OZ|;Z
(A) although its crust and mantle n\BV*AH
(B) its crust and mantle to XJwgh y?(
(C) that its crust and mantle F~OQ'59!Pf
(D) for its crust and mantle to O@dK^o
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 LN5q_ZvR
五、介词+ which结构 376z~
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Tfv@oPu
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, ~,8#\]xR
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 kK:Wr&X0H
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, 8$IUit h
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 MhD=\Lpj\
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is $DnR[V}rR!
a method ---- voters select the nominees t!B,%,Dp
for public office. ;/IXw>O(/
(A) that 55Mtjqfp
(B)by which g1l:k1\Ht
(C)is that lKqFuLHwF
(D)by those y;P%=MP
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 zh(=kS`
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 Q?`s4P)14o
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 "s t+2#{
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players A
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hit wooden balls through wire arches called /pLf?m9
wickers. D
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(A) when :n%&
(B) which %`/F>`
(C) is when `ah
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(D) in which cBZJ
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ;!3: 3;
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六、in that结构 hb}Qt Q
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 'jye*
because of +名词, :j/sTO=
consequently是副词 #|=lU4Bf
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 (W[]}k;
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals S&J5QZjC
---- it is a liquid. }-9 c1&m
(A) whereas (/{bJt~b
(B) in that $Ny: At
(C) because of dqFp"Xe"%
(D) consequently WQBV~.<Yv
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 4<f^/!9w
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 4|4[3Ye7u:
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual mDuS-2G=D
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. K @:t6
(A)they ~|LAe-e"
(B)in they \#F>R,
(C)that they "QBl
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(D)in that they ?H_>?,^
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 5Ux= 5a
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 2NB$(4/
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ u0qTP]
great inspiration for her poems. mSO7 r F
(A) that she drew OXB 5W#$
(B) by drawing her iDltN]zS
(C) from which she drew @iBmOt>3
(D) drawn from which o5m]Gqa
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 _p^Wc.[~M
七、what结构 ]]y,FQ,r
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: xP27j_*m>
what=the thing that ;3%Y@FS@
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Tz
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. (.5
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(A) it grows Q9;
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(B) what grows :lK8i{o
(C) does it grow .LbAR
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(D) what does it grow [/<kPi
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 A-rj: k!
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle 5'<a,,RKu
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory |qU~({=b
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. H. o3d/8:
(A) there PI"6d)S2
(B) where -<e_
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(C) that o"kL,&
(D) what JbN,K
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 [@]i_L[
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八、同位语结构 j(M.7Z7^
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 c4s,T"H
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) o> &-B.zq
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing E
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and swallowing . def\=WyK
(A) is the chief organ of taste &vfeBth
(B) tasting the organ chiefly Qtt3;5m
(C) the chief organ of taste E
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(D) the organ chiefly tastes m';4`Y5-
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 >LB*5
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 #IJ6pg>K
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) ;{0%Vp{
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of ,pUB[w\
Native Americans in her novel, Century of ']Z%6_WF
Dishonor. '<O.J(N~4!
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause hE'>8 {
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 6w_TL<S
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause at\$
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. &egP
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分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 s=Kz9WLy
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as //bQD>NBO
hosts to many insect pests. TxTxyYd
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than cs4IO
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goldenrods /74)c~.W
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods o?aF
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy .Vs|&c2im
plants {5+ 39=(
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants >xXq:4l>}
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 _P%PjFQ)
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 HaF&ooI5+
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 J@J`)
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to {&FOa'bP
Athens. oq(W|
(A) the distance is sBNqg~HwB?
(B) that the distance is `*i:z'
(C) is that the distance y-Lm^GW4
(D) the distance {l\Ep=O vx
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 BiZYGq
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九、比较结构 {9~3y2:
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 p.,`3"C1
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less }x_:v!G
snow than --eastern Nebraska. dX-j3lM:#
(A) does Z,>owoP4
(B) in W^
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(C) it does in E:P_
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(D) in it does qI[AsM+
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 /5Yl, P
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. }RQHsS
(A) rays more than infrared ] B>.}
(B) rays are more infrared than `Zci<
(C) more than infrared rays JE;!~=
(D) more infrared rays than d;).| .}P
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 RuOse9
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 W'v
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例3:The activities of the international marketing *tl; 0<n
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. tl=e!
(A) the domestic marketer has .Z@ i z5
(B) the domestic marketer does p }3$7CR/
(C) those of the domestic marketer UDlM?r:f
(D) that which has the domestic marketer xQNGlVipZ@
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 ;/!o0:m^I
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing 7H?lR~w
is greater than --. jN/snU2\0
(A) that of its mining and farming combined 9dva]$^:*1
(B) mining and farming combination ~eXI}KhBw6
(C) that mining and farming combined 8>|<m'e^\r
(D) of its combination mining and farming !#PA#Q|cO
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 43*;" w=
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十、定语从句省略结构 USKC,&6&}
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 LKg9{0Y:
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture UryHte
and overpower. 4XSq\.@G
(A) can ob9=/ R?i
(B) they can 0hq\{pw_y*
(C) which can m"
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(D) and |wyua@2
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 +ux`}L(
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can SGpe \P ]k
get all the calcium their bodies----from the 8L*#zaSAf
food they eat. DK|/|C}6
(A) require x)f<lZ^L&H
(B) requires kE1k@h#/
(C) requiring sr
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(D)to require Iz&<rL;s
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 8x9;3{R
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food VgMuX3=
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 TIn o"tc3
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of _+ >V(,{G
A ,N8SP
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bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ?*cCn-|
B C D XKvH^Z4h{l
the world. .<6'*XR
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to 2D"aAI<P
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive qG#ZYcVec
A B C )yS8(F0
than the Sun dies and exploded. RF'&.RtVa
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more ,jeC7-tX
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十一、状语从句省略结构 c4}|a1R\=
Metals expand when they are heated. L!~ap
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: @R ;&P