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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 5Cc6 , ]  
H5AK n*'7  
一、主句单一原则 -SQJH}zCT+  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 qE#& )  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 P[rAJJN/E  
pAJ=f}",]E  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.  eW%L$I  
   (A) They occur where they are 6P%<[Z  
   (B) Occuring where 'GV&]   
   (C) Where they occur "xD}6(NL(r  
   (D) Where do they occur T>\nWancQM  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 u;+%Qh  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 6?%]odI#  
UfK4eZx*`  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center :kWZSN8.D  
   (A) Fort Wayne "C:rTIH  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne -d|BO[4j  
   (C) For wayne is in F3r S6_  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in !: m`9o 8  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ?gd'M_-J,  
* T JBPM,  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 9Tzc(yCY  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 J*}VV9H  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 t *o7,  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” +DicP"~*  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with xh{mca>?G  
   social issues. &[NVP&9&U  
    (A) covers ,"@w>WL<9  
    (B) covers it rQ=xcn[ A  
    (C) which covers zTkFX67)  
    (D) which it covers `ifb<T  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 l!\1,J:}Z  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused &K06}[J  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on H9sZR>(^  
   the paper. buRhQ"  
   (A) the impression is Mg#`t$ u  
   (B) if the impression is Dz,uS nnm  
   (C) impressions +z+ F-  
   (D) the impression mRwXN*Izw  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression b([:,T7  
三、平行结构 I9;xzES  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 >+L7k^[,0  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: a/#+92C  
A and B, {!lNL[x  
A , B, and C w(/7Jt$  
>Q&CgGpW$  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- ya#RII']  
   is known as accounting. z3clUtC+  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary Hyf"iYv+  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's nZ~kZ |VS  
     transactions 3]N q@t  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are X|,["Az 8  
     summarized B4@fY  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an 5~QhX22  
     enterprise 3eWJt\}?B  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 vlvvi()  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 E!uJ6\  
V- /YNRV  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed '|_/lz$h  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and Sg_O?. r  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on ><cU7 ja[^  
   human patients. (nq^\ZdF  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in hzq5![/sV  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures S.1( 3j*  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 9976H\{  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull >:%BNeO  
     fractures fa4=h;>a+  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 rmsQt  
H$Kw=kMw  
四、宾语从句结构 P<vo;96JT  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ?.Q3 pUT  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: f}2;N  
     state(陈述,表明)+that !j0_ cA  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that &8n?  
sDX/zF6t  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, F_v-}bbcFQ  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite Ik Qe~;Y  
   units called quanta or photons. D#ZPq,f  
    (A) energy that ^&NN]?  
    (B) that it is energy #3+~.,X9  
    (C) it is energy r%|A$=[Q  
    (D) that energy 8ljuc5,J  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 #|?8~c;RWG  
Im+ 7<3Z  
*{|$FQnR>(  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth r**f,PDZ  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is [~)x<=H8{  
   placed on them. n]iyFZ`9  
   (A) although its crust and mantle #A )Ab%r8"  
   (B) its crust and mantle to |z*>ixK   
   (C) that its crust and mantle Kp&3=e;vn{  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to N&m_e)E5c  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 G?ig1PB"#  
五、介词+ which结构 d@ (vg  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 =) }nLS3t  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, P,ydt  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 H %z/v|e6  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, X!c?CL  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 RG}}Oh="v  
[0!{_E)<  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is d.AC%&W  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees E}YI WTX  
   for public office. J>h;_jA  
    (A) that c 1#+Vse  
    (B)by which ShGp^xVj  
    (C)is that `0@z"D5c  
    (D)by those RRzP* A%=  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 YtYy zX5u7  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 !y[3]8Xxv  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 +|&0fGv;d9  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Y;_T=  L  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called vRr9%zx  
   wickers. $[z<oN_Q  
   (A) when B9#;-QO  
   (B) which Uk'U?9O  
   (C) is when eaAPKx  
   (D) in which E9$H nj+m  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 |^Kjz{  
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六、in that结构 !y*oF{RZ  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, J?D\$u:  
  because of +名词, 1exfCm  
  consequently是副词 M-Sv1ZLh  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 ;_tO+xL&  
c;!9\1sr  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals '9q6aM/&  
   ---- it is a liquid. a.,_4;'UE1  
   (A) whereas GV6mzD@ <  
   (B) in that ( 3;`bvYH"  
   (C) because of !G+u j(  
   (D) consequently UvB nf+,  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 TB#N k5  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 #{,h@g}W  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual j -32S!  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. Funj!x'uE  
   (A)they d~`-AC+  
   (B)in they 5\S&)ZA@  
   (C)that they h=[-Er'B  
   (D)in that they F$yeF^\g  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 c[5@ \j \  
fl)zQcA  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 `~nCbUUee  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ bl.E IyG>  
   great inspiration for her poems. B.K4!/cF  
   (A) that she drew 2AK}D%jfc  
   (B) by drawing her C #aFc01B  
   (C) from which she drew @L8;VSI  
   (D) drawn from which z2~87fv+  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 yVY kuO  
七、what结构 (8x gn  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: P` ]ps?l  
  what=the thing that 3EOyq^I%  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend Q>%E`h  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. tN!Bvj:C[M  
   (A) it grows /7vE>mSY  
   (B) what grows PbN3;c3  
   (C) does it grow ^A#x<J+  
   (D) what does it grow GNZ#q)qT  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 G?ZC 9w]rA  
qc&jd  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ^U{P3 %uZ  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory Hz?,#>{  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. T 9MzUV&  
   (A) there JZw^ W{  
   (B) where c(&AnIlS  
   (C) that S}mm\<=1  
   (D) what Om6Mmoqh  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 ?FDJqJM  
tvCcyD%w  
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八、同位语结构 C[0MA ,^  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 xD^wTtT  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) L6x B`E9  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing W1`Dx(g  
   and swallowing . 1q`k}KMy  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste &t_A0z  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly TH>,v  
   (C) the chief organ of taste XD 5n]AL  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes y:C)%cv}*  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 XJ O[[G `  
1y~L8!: L  
$8Ig&k|~8  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 [bsXF#  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) @wMQC\Z  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of OelU D/[$  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of \Vz,wy%-  
   Dishonor. S7Znz@  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause i`R(7Z  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson ;}UzJe ,S  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause  gU+ss  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. C/bxfp{?  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 Q7L)f71i  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as [A|(A$jl  
   hosts to many insect pests. O/(3 87=U  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than iQu^|,tHEM  
     goldenrods y2GQN:X  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods R08&cd#$  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy '^e0Ud,  
     plants xna7kA  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants v: giZxR  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。  ccRlql(  
J`4Z<b53  
?n2C  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 (Z5q&#f  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 Ih(:HFRMq6  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to *U :VM'a  
   Athens. S>.q 5  
   (A) the distance is =sxkrih  
   (B) that the distance is :wFb5"  
   (C) is that the distance "&@gX_%  
   (D) the distance Yd[U  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 iKohuZr  
b*cW<vX}~  
九、比较结构 ur?d6 a  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 4s[`y V  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less 7F,07\c  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. f$G r`d  
    (A) does (irk$d %  
    (B) in H~~7~1"x  
    (C) it does in F(J\ctha  
    (D) in it does Cw6>^  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !>CE(;E>z  
_2NN 1/F5  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects.  C/SapX  
    (A) rays more than infrared np<f,  
    (B) rays are more infrared than _`TepX R  
    (C) more than infrared rays QIR4<]/  
    (D) more infrared rays than kEp.0wL'  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 K%98;e9  
`6 |i&w:b  
:&xz5c`"04  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 NYWG#4D  
例3:The activities of the international marketing }rO?5  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. *rS9eej  
   (A) the domestic marketer has H+S~ bzz  
   (B) the domestic marketer does i}.{m Et  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer s/r5,IFR  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer 'CP/ymf/a  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 Yh}zt H  
L~@ma(TV{K  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing |pfhrwJp  
   is greater than --. QH@Q\ @,  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined jA20c(O  
   (B) mining and farming combination FQ ;4'B^k]  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 08<k'Oi]  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming 5*s1qA0^  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 +)/Rql(lY  
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十、定语从句省略结构 '5|Q<5!o  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 ig2{lEkF  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture />dB%*  
   and overpower. RB S[*D  
   (A) can   #6Efev  
   (B) they can _hAj2%SL  
   (C) which can ({;P#qCX  
   (D) and fe& t-  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 Hmz=/.$  
5}.,"Fbr  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can no~OR Q  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the %v?jG(o  
   food they eat. Nz(c"3T;  
    (A) require %Y)PH-z  
    (B) requires EIq{C-(  
    (C) requiring x&hvFG3  
    (D)to require OPvj{Dv$0  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 s)=!2AY  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food x'E'jh%  
dXA{+<!!  
VYl_U?D  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 /t$+Af,}  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of SeRK7Q&_  
    A _1w.B8Lyz@  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around !uj !  
   B          C      D nhVK?  
   the world. "k\Ff50  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to boC>N   
n}AR/3}  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive ++J Bbuzj!  
          A  B      C n&2=6$*,k  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. 3X-{2R/ 3  
              D g[=\KrTSg  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more  m+7 2C]9  
/ctaAQDUh\  
十一、状语从句省略结构 d+YVyw.z  
Metals expand when they are heated. \jF" nl  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: TRr4`y%  
UZ4tq  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; dN$D6*  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, E5Snl#Gl\0  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 *hk{q/*Qw  
eu}:Wg2  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 7)8rc(58  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand 9AVK_   
   considerable impact. ~$y#(YbH  
   (A) apparently y:i[~y  
   (B) are apparently C$2o o@  
   (C) apparently their z/P^-N>  
   (D) are they apparently %~B)~|h  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 >PTu*6Z  
3-9J "d !  
ZaNyNxbp>z  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: R uFu,H-  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; K;ry4/Vap  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 35@Ibe~  
GH; F3s  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the fdCxMKlu;  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly Be14$7r  
   white. ( 7Ca\H3$  
   (A) when, pure which PTI'N%W  
   (B) when, which pure R<0!?`b  
   (C) which, pure when z hR_qW+  
   (D) which, when pure y?R <g^A  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, +}G>M=t::  
*2m&?,nJ  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine `X.=uG+m  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing ("P mB?20  
   infrequently On96N|  
   (A) Even (?&_6B.*  
   (B) It is nE "b`  
   (C) Even though 2h? r![  
   (D) There is [%)B%h`XGf  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 DRmh(T  
$RFu m'`5  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 $qyM X[  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 OTFu4"]M  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; OHtZ"^YG  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 M3ZJt'|  
aab4c^Ms=  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: [Ey%uh 6*  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 RVKaqJ0e<  
  The starring troops have to surrender. ;Q,).@<C  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; PS<tS_.  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 "y ,(9_#  
ThQEQ6y  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is \3Ald.EqtM  
+sbacMfq  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often {j=hQL3   
   called scapegoating. }Yl8Q>t  
   (A) Eliminate problems E~ O>m8hF  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) #1!BD!u  
   (C) Eliminating problems Q@.9wEAJ  
   (D) Problems are eliminated  yURh4@  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 i.dAL)V  
4y}a,  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them iU+,Jeu  
   from damage due to weather. 8JO\%DFJ  
    (A) Painting 3LnyQ  
    (B) Painted M,U=zNPnk  
    (C) The paint ~S{\wL53  
    (D) By painting Glc4g  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 9d (v^T  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 eS%6 h U b  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting nPX'E`ut-V  
cZF;f{t  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to ]T$w7puaJ  
   conserve water in the winter. (S 3kP5:F  
   (A) when losing leaves MZMv.OeYt,  
   (B) leaves are lost  1`J N  
   (C) that losing leaves \D k^\-  
   (D) the leaves losing \ bmboNe  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 2Sd6b 2-  
) G &3V  
十三、make结构 JV{!Ukuyp+  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) JKv4 }bv  
共有三种形式: _^$b$4)  
   make it possible+to do ptL}F~  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 APm[)vw#f  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) U.} =j'Us+  
?^GsR[-x  
做题技巧: Mo r-$a8  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it Bm>(m{sX>  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it [< Puh  
p tfADG  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and / UBA Q8TR  
   thus make--details that are otherwise &,|uTIs  
   impossible to observe . UZ0O j5B.  
   (A) it visible Z4sjH1W  
   (B) visibly ZI]K+jza  
   (C) visible ~u1J R `y  
   (D) they are visible hzVO.Q*  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 r{;4(3E2  
+6E<+-N  
IMEoov-x  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ;:1mv  
   amount of information on a single map. Um&@ 0C+L  
   (A) possible ~kFRy{z  
   (B) it possible %"B$I>h  
   (C) it is possible =~*u(0sJa  
   (D) that possible -v&srd^  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 pp_ddk  
>?x Vr  
Yq.@7cJ  
十四、the more …the more…结构 u^9,u/gj  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: fTcRqov  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 _en8hi@Z  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 :eO0{JN4T  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 o !d0  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 %J'_c|EQM  
$ S/ 8T  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the uEY5&wX`  
   number of lines of magnetic force. P V Q%y  
   (A) of YN3uhd[2  
   (B) the wVB8PO8  
   (C) is the kE}I b4]J  
   (D) is of the !Ai;S  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B Am FHn  
8iB}a\]B  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the Z )I4U  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  TY}?>t+  
   (A) the stress it is greater vJs /ett  
   (B) greater is the stress 3]Mx,u  
   (C) greater stress is EWi@1PAZK  
   (D) the greater the stress /:)4tIV  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 Z9y:}:j"  
?T"crX  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 ;DOz92X94  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 0%GWc}o  
c4|.!AQ>  
m[XN,IE#u  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , f.{0P-Np  
             A     B +oa]v1/W  
   thus making it possible the gentle 9cQSS'`F  
       C            3 ren1   
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. $n) w4p_  
         D :>5]A6Wi  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 5VN4A<))  
Lv"83$^S9  
=W6P>r_  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +q(D]:@,[  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, DRnXo-Aaj  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the BsAglem  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” :5(TOF  
    (A) however *e R$  
    (B) thus Ce:kMkJ  
    (C) and CfAqMH*ip  
    (D) moreover x8H)m+AW  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 >/>a++19  
W^x[ma z  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the B3D4fYQ  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. :p{iBDA  
    (A) to save the seeds BBX4^;t  
    (B) saving the seeds 2a G<^3  
    (C)which saves the seeds -vMP{,  
    (D) the seeds saved E,;nx^`!l  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B U> >J_2  
67e1Y@Xu  
$6_J` 7  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 Yp Wu\oP  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. 6x{B  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. 1F=x~FMvY  
Y3thW@mD05  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. zIL.R#|D=  
   (A) the tallest ScI9.{  
   (B) the tallest that is d+bTRnL  
   (C) which is the tallest A_2ppEG  
   (D) which the tallest is f_ ::?  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 xGA%/dy,;  
H1X6f7`  
NZl0sX.:  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of GUK/Xiu  
       A  B       C _K9jj  
   domestic animals. eVy,7goh  
    D $`uL^ hlj]  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 !6kLg1  
LO QEU? z  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 %9M_ * ]  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: WUHijHo5(8  
  program, programmed, programmed <5nz:B/  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: l<gg5 Zea  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 O*30|[  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be d9E:LZy  
J3 K!@m_\  
lc*<UZR  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona 3.8d"  
   features structures built of red sandstone by 2r1., 1  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. N5 g!,3  
   (A) That the ba ,2.|  
   (B) In the :sJV klK  
   (C) Around the /Wt<[g#  
   (D) The Iz VtiX  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 O[$ &]>x]]  
^f@EDG8  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called G !wFG-Y}  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. p*vEVo  
   (A) to be made INi(G-!g  
   (B) making  q&7J1  
   (C) made G/=tC8eX  
   (D) are made %gmf  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 SxH b76 ;  
:H3qa2p  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given V D-,)f  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of fm Fh.m.+N  
   human beings. usX aT(K  
   (A) without BlMc<k  
   (B) lack WF`y j%0  
   (C) minus r+ k5Bk'  
   (D) not having (@[c;+x  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 +O2T%  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 rISg`-  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 >Ta|#]{  
]gx]7  
wgp{P>oBX  
十八、逻辑主语结构 3%p^>D\  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 \%g# __\  
$GB/}$fd&  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. <#k(g\/R  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members My vp PW  
    of the committee tY'fFz^Ho  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ezS@LFaA  
    problem __O@w.  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee OXAr..  
    members the problem s"gNHp.oF  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by g ] %sX6T  
    the members of the committee > PHin%#  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B V $Y=JK@  
mhpaPin*JS  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until @A?Ss8p'  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. ^qvN:v$1  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch xL&M8:  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn a/p} ?!\  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch WOkAma-  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn QPr29  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 {B|)!_M#  
0;6eSmF  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her tr?U/YG  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her >x'R7z23  
   first article in print. X3mHg5zt  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane rlMahY"C  
    Hawes had ,v\^efc:%  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane JO[7_*s  
    Hawe's first FqwH:Fcr:  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first w{ +G/Ea  
    teaching position mZ_643|  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q# C;iK4  
    position HAKB@h)  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 r&rip^40  
1RHFWK5Si  
例4: Even at low levels, --. ngLpiU0H&  
   (A) the nervous system has produced /Pv dP# !  
     detrimental effects by lead Lqa|9|!  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the %r =9,IJ  
    nervous system b%wm-p  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the m:-=K  
    nervous system K6Z/  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on BWF>;*Xro  
    the nervous system ;M<R  e  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 'f_[(o+n  
IoKN.#;^  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking g>*P}r~;^b  
            A   B     C F<0GX!p4u  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. G0h/]%I  
       D iy-~CPNB_  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 [cso$T v  
~{cG"  
:meq4!g{1  
十九、复合宾语结构 nnZM{< !hF  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 hM nJH_siY  
We played soccer. @:w[(K[^b/  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 ;d<RP VE:  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 |%$mN{  
Y^2]*e%  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 K<E|29t^k  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, @)x8<  
例:We appoint him monitor. hQ_g OI  
  We elected him president. 5: vy_e&  
M32Z 3<  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck zlhI\jRdc  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not `nv82v  
   consider them --because they are now primarily PzH#tG&.j  
   kept as pets. MVkO >s  
   (A) where sporting dogs s)5W:`MH?  
   (B) sporting dogs + 0 |d2_]E  
   (C) when sporting dogs Sp\ 7  
   (D) they are sportingdogs !b{7gUjyI  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 IRK(y*6  
J_N`D+m  
二十、It结构 VQ/Jz5^  
一、强调句型 Zp_vv@s  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 uoMDf{d  
rssn'h  
这个句型需要注意几点: {w Czm  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; n]a/nv  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; tWa_-Un3  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 {Ax{N  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: UlH;0P?  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. tis h%Qnpd  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. *Ry{}|_8  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ZE4xF8  
uS&NRf9A  
二、形式主语 H-'~c \)  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 %bZ}vJ5b  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 Pj7n_&*/  
99u 9L)  
(C60HbL   
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 6\GL|#G  
    A               B m+'vrxTY  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are +9[s(E?SY  
                  C qJq2Z.>hy  
   the main focus of social psychology. pqnZ:'V  
           D L6f$ID:  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ~E*`+kD  
5,u'p8}.  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of ar[*!:!  
   educational films. jw$[b=sa  
   (A) It is  gbL!8Z1h  
   (B) There is  2}8xY:|@(U  
   (C) Though there is L0dj 76'M  
   (D) Although it is 9Bw.I h[Z  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 @WfX{485  
 k.("<)  
TaTs-]4  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 |)+; d  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, K3On8  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 G~fM!F0   
 M qG`P  
in which+完整的句子 _pe_w{V-b6  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 1Kc[ ).O1  
DU=rsePWE  
名词+of which+谓语动词 Qk q9oZ  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Mz#<Vm4  
:UDT! 5FNO  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of :$gR >.`  
   which are accented. afNqK~  
   (A) line consists of each }Rx`uRx\  
   (B) consists of each line %?WR 9}KU0  
   (C) each line consists [9>h! khs  
   (D) it consists of each line /n&Y6@W  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 vk] vtjf&%  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 e ) ?~  
02F[4c~  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a :\<D q 71  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. z6+D=<  
   (A) traps   '|JBA.s|  
   (B) trap its  CW9vC  
   (C) which traps H$o=kQN  
   (D) which it traps U81--'@y  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 &3t[p=  
Nt5`F@;B  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists aF (L_  
  have paid little attention to cultural zXRq) ;s  
   A             FC BsC#  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 9KgGK cy%  
         B      C THl={,Rw`  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. - fm1T|>#  
           D Z|k>)pv@  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 XVwJr""+  
D{)K00mm  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin v+b#8  
   became interested in the art movement .nG14i7C  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, )5NjwLs  
   both --her novels and short stories. q<Sb>M/\,  
   (A) in which the influence f}%paE"  
   (B) of which influenced Vhi4_~W3j]  
   (C) to have influence rT mVHt  
   (D) its influence in ^_rBEyz@  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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