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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 c%bzrYQvA;  
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一、主句单一原则 ?20R\ ]U  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 N!MDD?0  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 c&x1aF "B  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. 5KDCmw  
   (A) They occur where they are H cyoNY  
   (B) Occuring where q3#+G:nh  
   (C) Where they occur (KwC,0p  
   (D) Where do they occur 1q@R04i  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 kN78j  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 N>,`TsUwW  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center 9X%: ){  
   (A) Fort Wayne Goc?HR  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ~#jiX6<I  
   (C) For wayne is in ]@ke_' "  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in 9cUa@;*1  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 ""XAUxo  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 (tOhuSW  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 ]K*R[  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 iB"ji4[z  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” c9fz x  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with ,LN^Zx*  
   social issues. %),u0:go  
    (A) covers ]W14'Z  
    (B) covers it kx?Yin8K  
    (C) which covers r 6'dEa  
    (D) which it covers .ex;4( -!  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 h !K" ;qw  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused q%e'WMG~n  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on tEvDAI} 5  
   the paper. wCg7JW#  
   (A) the impression is 2O Ur">_  
   (B) if the impression is 69)"T{7  
   (C) impressions <tF q^qB  
   (D) the impression [)s4:V  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 0VtjVz*C7&  
三、平行结构 X5[vQ3^  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 `1(ED= |  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: " WQ6[;&V  
A and B, D^6iQW+.P  
A , B, and C ||QK)$"  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- UTKyPCfj  
   is known as accounting. [znN 'Fg:"  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary J.R\h!  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's F+(S-Qk1  
     transactions 3`%E;?2  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are #J&3Zds  
     summarized 7`J2/(  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an o/o6|[=3  
     enterprise vRC >=y*=  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 2A~o)7JaZ  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 j AOy3 c  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed wB0vpt5f  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and ?SFQx \/  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 06^/zr  
   human patients. dV38-IfGkl  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in d-1D:Hs?  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 8bdO-LJ9  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures TS|Bz2(  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull {Z8GG  
     fractures lL:!d.{  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 C_Q3^mLx  
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四、宾语从句结构 r_$*euh@  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 e`g+Jf`AT  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: G4SA u  
     state(陈述,表明)+that \;~Nj#  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that *4%pXm;  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, tNr'@ls  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ; &6 {c  
   units called quanta or photons. ]?1_.Wjtt  
    (A) energy that K9Mz4K_  
    (B) that it is energy .c}+kHv  
    (C) it is energy D#1R$4M=  
    (D) that energy yYJ_;Va  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 Oe\(=R  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth `OMX 9i  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is $k0(iFzR1  
   placed on them. TSewq4`K  
   (A) although its crust and mantle m_0y]RfG  
   (B) its crust and mantle to 7\%JJw6h  
   (C) that its crust and mantle wO%lM  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to B@M9oNWHu  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 G-)e(u   
五、介词+ which结构 }#D=Rf?2\P  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 nktGO  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, _N|%i J5  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 v}u]tl$,  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, <!RkkU& 6  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 W !j-/ql  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is RBf#5VjOG!  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees a~ jb%i_  
   for public office. J' uaZI>'  
    (A) that <$-^^b(y  
    (B)by which hQx*#:ns  
    (C)is that d lfjx  
    (D)by those dQ{qA(m  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 + GQ{{B  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 rd0Fd+t/  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 3?V'O6  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players :'Gn?dv|  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called ]dGH i \  
   wickers. q]: 72+  
   (A) when ?1\I/ 'E9  
   (B) which Mu`_^gG  
   (C) is when 3G4WKg.^  
   (D) in which 1(Vv-bq$  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ,H6P%  
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六、in that结构 (v?@evQ  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, %TN$   
  because of +名词, E8kD#tL  
  consequently是副词 "vybV WEE  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 'L O3[G{  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals geK;r0(f  
   ---- it is a liquid. -x6_HibbD  
   (A) whereas `TO Xkt j  
   (B) in that Cu%BU}(  
   (C) because of _$T !><)y  
   (D) consequently ' u<IS/w  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 aOg9Dqtg)f  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 fIpS P@$<  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual R-pON4D"*  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. QyTN  V  
   (A)they U*K4qJ6U  
   (B)in they 5,XEN$^  
   (C)that they FDuA5At  
   (D)in that they hO> q|+mC  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 lW-G]V  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 n>JJ Xw,,  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ fGj66rMGw  
   great inspiration for her poems. 'U& ]KSzxv  
   (A) that she drew z I9jxwXU  
   (B) by drawing her =1>G * ,  
   (C) from which she drew jm&[8 ApW  
   (D) drawn from which 6&E[hvu  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 JK{2 hr_a  
七、what结构 ZiKO|U@/  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 1HSt}  
  what=the thing that VZamR}x  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend b't6ek kN  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. 7dB_q}<  
   (A) it grows ]_s;olKNI  
   (B) what grows ;gaTSYVe  
   (C) does it grow 7Fa<m]k  
   (D) what does it grow ,,EG"Um6  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 OPq6)(Q  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ):+^893)  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory bjj F{T  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. +=L+35M  
   (A) there f e6Op  
   (B) where +N~{6*@uz,  
   (C) that [;toumv  
   (D) what C]zgVbu  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 l~f9F`~'  
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八、同位语结构 z&qOu8Jh  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 '/ueY#eG  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) &$qIJvMiK  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing 03 v\v9<T  
   and swallowing . 8,CL>*A  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste v!mP9c j  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly m|Z[8Tup  
   (C) the chief organ of taste 9 771D  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes G<*h,'B  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 dt>!=<|k  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 .R^]<b:`  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) >R/^[([;]  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of NXE1v~9V  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of Qbj:^{`>(  
   Dishonor. :~,akX$  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause ~1{~iB2G  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson 7nPm{=B G  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause AkqGk5e ^  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. AqrK==0N  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 abV,]x&.0  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as Nk>6:Ho{G  
   hosts to many insect pests. jmnrpXaAx  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than U09@pne8  
     goldenrods ~HgN'#Y?  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods *;(GL  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy 0h2MmI#  
     plants ~_SVQ7P  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants z:W1(/W~  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 .rbKvd?-}  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 mZ t:  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 a<V*  )  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 3 _k3U  
   Athens. }A_>J7w  
   (A) the distance is N6-bUM6%I  
   (B) that the distance is 04<T2)QgK  
   (C) is that the distance z0&I>PG^  
   (D) the distance 2$%0~Z5  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 _b 8XF&O  
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九、比较结构 ku=XPmZ.\  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 c'6$`nC  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less j k}m  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. RJI*ZNb A  
    (A) does _ .Bite^  
    (B) in C(*)7| m  
    (C) it does in tlFc+3  
    (D) in it does EMejvPnZO  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 H}c, P('  
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. +#<"o#gZ  
    (A) rays more than infrared =<[ZFO~v  
    (B) rays are more infrared than Rx= pk  
    (C) more than infrared rays 7u^6`P  
    (D) more infrared rays than \ o&i63u  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 Zb#  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 T;< >""T  
例3:The activities of the international marketing O_PC/=m1@  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. *WgP+"h  
   (A) the domestic marketer has HnqZ7%jeN  
   (B) the domestic marketer does  U\~[  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer !J' xk  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer i9M6%R1m}E  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。  D-4 PEf  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing MU&5&)m  
   is greater than --. ix&hsNzD  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined _bks*.9}3b  
   (B) mining and farming combination xI~\15PhG  
   (C) that mining and farming combined N]yk<55  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming D\V}Eo';6  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 >8tE`2[i*  
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十、定语从句省略结构 J= |[G'  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 c/2OR#$t  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture s_Dl8O4u  
   and overpower. 65J'u N  
   (A) can   iQGoy@<R  
   (B) they can t8)Fkx#8}  
   (C) which can iy: ;g  
   (D) and m&A/IW,.  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 "msg./iC  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can P7y[9|^  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the QX]tD4OH  
   food they eat. m#;:%.Rm  
    (A) require Jc%>=`f  
    (B) requires Io"=X! k  
    (C) requiring $z,bA*j9  
    (D)to require >Ia(g0  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 f@/qW!o  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food s{: Mu~v  
I] "$h]T  
r?+u}uH  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 z vYDE]  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of *HXq`B  
    A oF6MV&q/  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around RYhdf   
   B          C      D ) k2NF="o  
   the world. 0Its;|  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to .6;B3  
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive -*Pt781  
          A  B      C {pg@JA  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. xXYens}  
              D % b&BLXW  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more (hV"z;rI  
*Fc&DQT(  
十一、状语从句省略结构 '_<`dzz  
Metals expand when they are heated. F@lpjW  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: W.R'2 R#  
U;xWW9  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ? 7EVmF  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, {.OoOqq9  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 .:raeDrd  
//,'oh~W  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of htRZ}e  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand vTEkh0Ys  
   considerable impact. #G=QL(f>/  
   (A) apparently C941 @I  
   (B) are apparently xwxjj  
   (C) apparently their fYjsSUnf  
   (D) are they apparently t>sX.=\$  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 c):*R ]=  
a0.3$  
Umt ia~x=&  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ')-(N um  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; z}tp0~C  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 'uzv\[  
tuUXW5!/  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 6<$|;w-OV  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly 05 Q8`  
   white. [s{:}ZuKc  
   (A) when, pure which C+?s~JL  
   (B) when, which pure X/Rx]}[   
   (C) which, pure when U(=9&c@]  
   (D) which, when pure D>e\OfTR:  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, I 47GQho  
# pB:LPEsK  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine cgXF|'yI&l  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing %*q0+_  
   infrequently DjzBG*f/  
   (A) Even T$8~9 qx  
   (B) It is uEGPgYY(  
   (C) Even though 0s9z @>2  
   (D) There is dX@A%6#?  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Gb|}Su  
i;hc]fYb=K  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 jJ"EGFa8  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 "SU-^z  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; m?VRX .>  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 :sV HY2x  
MhI)7jj`mt  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: >`<2}Me6  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 [x<6v}fRn  
  The starring troops have to surrender. +Sd,l>8\  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; C9F+e  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 LJ(n?/z%  
V9E6W*IE  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is h [IYA1/y  
.y7)XLC  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often U7"BlT!V\  
   called scapegoating. TwuX-b  
   (A) Eliminate problems ! -5S8b  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) IjDT'p_  
   (C) Eliminating problems .FKJ yzL  
   (D) Problems are eliminated uPFHlT  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 |#&V:GZp  
(}C^_q:7d  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them Sc/`=h]T  
   from damage due to weather. !FB \h<6  
    (A) Painting >Qm<-g  
    (B) Painted Y%/ YFO2vb  
    (C) The paint ?]W~ qgA  
    (D) By painting \o B'  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 *^D@l%av;  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 B.YMP;7>  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting !{Q:(B#ec  
CQSpPQA  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to |"R_-U  
   conserve water in the winter. M ?Ndy*]  
   (A) when losing leaves ^XBzZ!h|  
   (B) leaves are lost I7fb}j`/  
   (C) that losing leaves tyEPU^PM  
   (D) the leaves losing j2 }  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 Ufdl|smt1  
SOp=~z  
十三、make结构 C,A!tj7@  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) E dn[cH7  
共有三种形式: p^1zIC>F  
   make it possible+to do pb^,Qvnp   
   make it possible+that引导的从句 'qL5$zG  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) r{\BbUnf)  
#bT8QbJ(  
做题技巧: >Mvka;T]  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it VL+N: wb>  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it / O|:{LQ  
{O^TurbTFA  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and I^~=,D  
   thus make--details that are otherwise mZ~qG5@/F  
   impossible to observe . `)R?nV b   
   (A) it visible D  ]OD.  
   (B) visibly . yZm^&  
   (C) visible 01udlW.  
   (D) they are visible (1CJw:  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 _!n} P5  
yN*:.al  
s%~L4Wmcq  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large q M %O  
   amount of information on a single map. kG/X"6pZ  
   (A) possible kt^yj"C>  
   (B) it possible FigR1/3o'6  
   (C) it is possible \PpXL*.  
   (D) that possible 9tn;L"#&N  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 <FY&h#  
v*SAI]{#~  
6vto++  
十四、the more …the more…结构 !X|k"km"  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: oid[syPB  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 XS?gn.o\  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 z}ElpT[(;  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 P;vxT}1  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 62[8xn=(%  
m9$a"$c  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the jin db#)bz  
   number of lines of magnetic force. k[\a)WcY8  
   (A) of j!\dn!Xwt  
   (B) the $&hN*7Ts  
   (C) is the !K cWH9  
   (D) is of the >"v9i T  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B _;hf<|c  
5RF4]$zT  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the lCJ6Ur;  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  x5}lgyt  
   (A) the stress it is greater VWx]1\  
   (B) greater is the stress  c 6"Ib)  
   (C) greater stress is wpXgPVZT  
   (D) the greater the stress T%$jWndI  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 jV O{$j  
P(,?#+]-  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 nirDMw[  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 X|}2_B  
!E2W\chi  
>|g?wC}V;  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 8|@9{  
             A     B !m;H@ KR{  
   thus making it possible the gentle dtZE67KS  
       C            d$t40+v  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. -TO\'^][X  
         D ALc`t(..}A  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 PL X>-7@  
>6<q8{*  
B07v^!Z>  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more T/pqSmVpM  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, k&/OU:7Y  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the ~q+hV+fa>  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” {pL+2%`~  
    (A) however x79Ha,  
    (B) thus <\ `$Jx#  
    (C) and ? *>]")[>  
    (D) moreover =K\r-'V  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 nKoiG*PI  
0@I S  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the ) ZfdQ3  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. /FD5 G7ES  
    (A) to save the seeds qpIC{'A.  
    (B) saving the seeds ]\ !5}L  
    (C)which saves the seeds +{ <#(}  
    (D) the seeds saved N@ \&1I`c$  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B ryB}b1`D  
8N&+7FK  
7x);x/#8Z  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 js iSg/  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. I/Jb!R ~  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. Ar*^ ; /  
?;[w" `"  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. HY)-/  
   (A) the tallest L:XC  
   (B) the tallest that is (e(:P~Ry  
   (C) which is the tallest 8YC_3Yi%  
   (D) which the tallest is 1`ayc|9BR  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 =[b)1FUp  
/1U e?)g  
Zm6{n '  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of P Ds@?nz,  
       A  B       C QQWadVQo  
   domestic animals. i3rH'B -I.  
    D *G* k6.9W!  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 dFKM 8_jH  
x)(|[  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ` ,SiA-3*  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: JvY}-}?c  
  program, programmed, programmed (J z1vEEV  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: Q ]}Hd-  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 [ VE8V-  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be <J^MCqp!v  
vM5k_D  
~]QHk?[wc  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona D8$G`~hD  
   features structures built of red sandstone by Uu`9 "  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. R6]Gk)5  
   (A) That the Evedc*z~P  
   (B) In the ))"6ern  
   (C) Around the >k (C  
   (D) The h2XfC. f  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 tNbN7yI  
5yP\I+Fm  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called 'h,VR=e<  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. Sy0$z39  
   (A) to be made >s<^M|S07  
   (B) making uC(V  
   (C) made Zg{KFM%  
   (D) are made ]SLP}Jwy  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 Xg;}R:g '  
~ v|>xqWV  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 1=d6NX)B  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of Na]:_K5Dp  
   human beings. 6\q]rfQ  
   (A) without RwpdRBb  
   (B) lack ,)Znb=  
   (C) minus 3 : <WY&9  
   (D) not having e?8FN. q  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 JR@`2YP-  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 gc-@"wI?  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 Lr~=^{  
'!!CeDy  
kuszb~`zPY  
十八、逻辑主语结构 b*c*r dTx  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 r\'A i6  
uKUiV%p!  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. iT gt}]L  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members d928~y W  
    of the committee R;&AijS8  
   (B) the committee members discussed the P}n_IV*@  
    problem 0zmE>/O+  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee .WA-&b_  
    members the problem x[ ~b2o  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by lb4Pcd j  
    the members of the committee 4i)1'{e  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B C~,a! qY  
GfoLae  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until AG`L64B  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. pjKWtY@=X  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch =Y{(%sn  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn %g{X?  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch z+0I#kM"1  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn ^a0um/+M}  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 q9KHmhUD  
+rd|A|hRq  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her )WNzWUfn=z  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her e'6/` Evqz  
   first article in print. JU1~e@/'%  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 6iVxc|Ia  
    Hawes had <=zQ NBtx  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane _<n~n]%  
    Hawe's first H%qsjB^  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first b|l:fT?&  
    teaching position vOn`/5-  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching PCHu #5j_a  
    position }|0^EWL  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 !E<[JM  
[A+ >^ {  
例4: Even at low levels, --. YqhAZp<  
   (A) the nervous system has produced Qf~vZtJ+J  
     detrimental effects by lead sXLq*b?  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the bkOv2tZ  
    nervous system N]>=p.#j  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ,?J!  
    nervous system ?&8^&brwG  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on e>} s;H,  
    the nervous system G,&<<2{(f;  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 ;v}GJ<3  
[+rfAW>p}  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking  :|>h7v  
            A   B     C 8zZvht*  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. b.2aHu( 3  
       D MU`1LHg  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 K^ vIUZ>  
u(z$fG:g  
[`ebM,W  
十九、复合宾语结构 ?h$NAL?  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 z6KCv(zvB  
We played soccer. v"y-0$M  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 0!4Ts3qn1  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 Gt\lFQ  
DwM)r7<Ex  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 iowTLq!?  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, LoURC$lS  
例:We appoint him monitor. 3U<cWl@  
  We elected him president. ahJ`T*)HY  
dH;8mb|#'  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck 1auIR/=-  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not j b!x:  
   consider them --because they are now primarily $jjfC  
   kept as pets. BGvre'67  
   (A) where sporting dogs qEyyT[:  
   (B) sporting dogs ~k"=4j9  
   (C) when sporting dogs %41m~Wh2  
   (D) they are sportingdogs vHgi <@u  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 0CWvYC%e  
`XJG(Oas\  
二十、It结构 -z ID x  
一、强调句型 .6ylZ  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 f&=AA@jLv  
IQAZuN"<  
这个句型需要注意几点: yks__ylrl(  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; ?U%qPv:  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; dph{74Dc  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 WO7z  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: 1gE [v  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. sv2A-Dld  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. &9.Cl;I  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. 7z%L*z8V  
~Z-Vs  
二、形式主语 VRVO-Sk  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 [ZNtCnv  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 YC*"Thuu  
ZFA`s qT  
[xbSYu,&  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than 3RigzT3  
    A               B 5u,{6  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are l94b^W}1)W  
                  C W 6^5YH%  
   the main focus of social psychology. )~& CvJ  
           D n|6Ic,:[  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is %{7|1>8  
_Ym]Mj' ln  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of |sa]F5  
   educational films. ww)<E`eGi  
   (A) It is  imVo<Je7z(  
   (B) There is  |+{)_?  
   (C) Though there is Av$]|b  
   (D) Although it is 4%{,] q\p  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 ~Q*%DRd&Z-  
\0A3]l  
E}%B;"b/Tj  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 G5{T5#  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, R%Hi+#/dr-  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 {5A2&  
oxr#7Ei0d  
in which+完整的句子 uY0lR:|  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 ]yV!  
c& < Fr[AK  
名词+of which+谓语动词 NxfOF  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 u+dLaVlLJ  
G %BjhpL  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of -6Z\qxKqZ  
   which are accented. -7SAK1c$  
   (A) line consists of each __uA}f Zp  
   (B) consists of each line /pm]BC  
   (C) each line consists 5sdn[Tt##  
   (D) it consists of each line '|ad_M  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 Nv$ R\'3  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 PYQ;``~x  
'Jiw@t<o3`  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a Q[Z8ok  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. T _r:4JS  
   (A) traps   #akpXdXs  
   (B) trap its  C,wL0Yj[  
   (C) which traps > f^r^P  
   (D) which it traps H[m:0 eF'5  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 Gq+z/Be  
Y5f1lUT  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists -#7'r<I9@  
  have paid little attention to cultural \@Ts+7%  
   A             Ac96 [  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of %}[i'rT>  
         B      C Jlri*q"hE  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. oxC[F*mD  
           D c7<wZ  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 VdPtPq1  
t\ ?ik6  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin >l]Xz*HE  
   became interested in the art movement &@G:G(  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, E8!e:l =Q  
   both --her novels and short stories. ;i8g41qjF  
   (A) in which the influence Bu#E9hJFvA  
   (B) of which influenced cT<1V!L4  
   (C) to have influence hM@ HA  
   (D) its influence in wZG\>9~  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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