独立主格特征
1} x%%RD_ 1. 充当句子的状语。
0mE 0 j 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
x 5Bk/e' 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
ftb\0,- 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
-@'FW*b 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
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4,Y QM b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
>MZ/| `[M c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
D.:Zx 真题剖析
$Sq:q0 (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
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-\ 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
O - wzz 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
C|bET 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
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dEC % 虚拟语气
|!ELV 7?( 虚拟语气（2）
&ZO0r ^ 1. （should）+动词原形
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It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
pglVR </ It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
z{q`G wW It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
*. t ^MP 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
WJi]t9 3 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
[),ige would rather +动词过去式
kJU2C=m@e2 真题剖析
u8^lB7! e/ (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
(Ld i|jL 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
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Sy (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
9c],<;{' 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
+T ?NH9 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
z:O8Ls^\T 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
tPvp JX6kP (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
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buC{ r, 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
y`Fw-!'o 非谓语动词
}Z>)DN=+ 动名词、分词、不定式。
KoY F] 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
~[: 2I 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
1 YA% -~ To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
Efe 7gE' 真题剖析
:&Nb w (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
AW .F3hN) 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
rNM;Z PF# (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
J4utIGF 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
z#N@ 0R 主谓一致
^8tEach 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
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hLg How you got there doesn’t concern me.
NI5``BwpO Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
+p^u^a 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
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; jP Xs 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
A Gno6g 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
p<2,=*2 Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
.pq%?& 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
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-T+ Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
^{{ q V If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
u>$t' 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
%S I'BJ He no less than John is interested in literature.
z2c6T.1M 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
zzz3 Bq~ Either my father or my brothers are coming.
5uf a 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
n(Uyz`qE Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
IB< d 真题剖析
fh{`Mz,o (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
9kojLqCT 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
$N\Ja*g 倒装
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全部倒装
/> Nt[o[r 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
P$sxr There stand big buildings in this district.
Y~Ifj,\ Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
nie % eC&U 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
I |J/F}@p In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
| ' . 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
i&k7-< In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
T KjFp% 4. 表语位于句首
4s M.C9W Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
?}7p"3j'z Not far from here is a famous university.
T Ge_G_'o 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
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aoTP [Bp Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Df#l8YK# 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
=mGez )T5\ Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
<,(,jU)j 部分倒装
akT6^cP^ 1. 疑问句
B ZxvJQ 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
j7c3(*Pl Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
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3) 3. “only+状语”位于句首
nOz.G" Only when he comes back can be leave.
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4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
0^ibNiSP No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
v}x&?fU ` 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
LDD|(KLR*. By no means should you break the rules.
l +R+&b^ At no time should we give in to difficulties.
B UR*n;V` 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
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^s3G 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
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Mim- Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
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Bz Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
qv* ^fiT 真题剖析
h@h! ,; (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
@v B!u[{ 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
&I406Z f7y 限定词的用法
F/A|(AH' 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
ukY"+& 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
f`/x"@~H5 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
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O|S:4 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
VQ{f ne< eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
^ BL" wk eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
2"S}bfrX 从句为考察重点
N&V`K0FU (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
3Le{\}-$. 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
B~du-Z22IZ (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
y|q 3Wa 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
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% (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
"x /OIf 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
[ 66! bM& 0{ [,E. omitting the subject
Q1l ' 7N Rather formal use
|B2+{@R 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
t!\tF[9e Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
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V Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
@oad,=R& Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
9?3&?i2- Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
uL/ m u< WHILE
2Q"K8=s 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
0k(a VkZ I 2. I often knit while watching TV.
SG4%}wn% 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
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AND
E1U",CMU 1. often used to link clauses
Gm.]sE?. I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
K>l~S DcZ3 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
q =qcm`ce Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
@[i4 ^ Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
3 gj+%%!G\ WHERE
^Zy% fv, 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
klR|6u]% 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
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3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
k/gZ , 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
Y,e B| 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
Y.ToIka{ 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
yw3$2EW WHICH
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ea\ vZ (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
:7?FF'u 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
;K &o-y Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
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a&^8 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
=;& yd';k He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
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xt} She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
2WVka THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
>:! X.TG$ WHAT
s1=G; (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
]Y8<`;8/ 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
!*. - `$x 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
:| 8M`18lZ 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
W= qVc 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
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vf%&4 \ ib 1.比较
,1CIBFY His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
%k?U9pj^ 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
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+OFw)8od David, as you know, has not been well lately.
7.#F,Ue_0T 3.看作，看待
fs%. }^kn The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
lun\`f 5Q 4.当…时候= while or when
e`xdSi>E I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
^y1j.M@q 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
H>B&|BO_[ 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
UsQ+`\| The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
F!Q@ u I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
A.F738Zp{Z When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
`FTy+8mw I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
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$ .%A The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
\GZM&Zd The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
8a'.ZdqC? The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
J | bd)0 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
0ANZAX5 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
cm[&? the destructive power of modern weapons
v+`N*\J_ Damaged: being in a bad state
u TK,& emotionally damaged children
e`T H91@ 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
(Dl$k Gn He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
s1NKLt Respectful: feeling or showing respect
tEK my7'# They listened in respectful silence.
TbGn46!: 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
\LppYXz Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
U`d5vEhT Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
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4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
?$^2Umt 0 Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
PuT@}tw 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
#Xb+`' Lovable: a sweet lovable child
T' &I{L33Y Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
4 G-wd 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
J}+6 UlD Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
