独立主格特征
+/Y 2\ s 1. 充当句子的状语。
x<M::")5!V 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
v Re X7 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
l[c '%M |N 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
,we s* 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
On }1&!{1] b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
o=_ 7KWOA c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
%]&$VVVh 真题剖析
$uDgBZA\ (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
6T'UWh0S 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
4h@,hY1# 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
NGSts\D'} 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
zP%s] >hH 虚拟语气
\hgd&H0UU 虚拟语气（2）
BYX c
'K 1. （should）+动词原形
<[)-Q~Gg5 It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
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QU) It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
h8asj0 It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
;6P>S4`w 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
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s(:( 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
Q} @t' would rather +动词过去式
GNMOHqg4 真题剖析
?h&XIM( (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
cb /Q< i 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
C7ivA h (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
8xO 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
H_ $?b 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
[[IMf-] 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
XYzaSp=bb (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
uVn"L:_ (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
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bY, 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
y(Gn+ 非谓语动词
=4eJ@EVM 动名词、分词、不定式。
jXE:aWQht 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
mp8GHV 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
W]oD(eZ To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
XG.[C> 真题剖析
:>fT=$i@ (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
JPqd} :u3 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
:P h>\ aG (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
[j0[c9.p [ 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
Qjfgxy] 主谓一致
~J X z 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
bXnUz?1!d How you got there doesn’t concern me.
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61 |:E Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
G*9 >TavE 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
7{F\b Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
xx`YBn~" 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
;0 B1P|7zK 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
,>-D xS Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
WVa%< 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
Czjb.c:a.Y Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
s-"KABEE If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
+06{5 -, 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
$t;:"i> He no less than John is interested in literature.
`y v?PlKL 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
,j*9 ) Either my father or my brothers are coming.
/q IQE&V- 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
RK!9(^Ja Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
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真题剖析
|0i{z(B (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
=1Sny7G 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
OvX&5Q5 倒装
|E1U$,s~u 全部倒装
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o 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
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There stand big buildings in this district.
unFRf ec{ Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
DPT6]pl"y 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
O^MI073Q>t In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
c* ueI5i 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
B "_O! In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
PMytk`<`zw 4. 表语位于句首
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])*# Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
w,p'$WC* Not far from here is a famous university.
^{uHph9ny 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
V CWW(Y1Fd She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
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] Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
J#$U<`j*G 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
~lo43$)^ Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
[Qnf]n\FJ 部分倒装
Z5v dH5?!r 1. 疑问句
}:2##<"\t 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
lKsn 6c,] Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
@s1T|}AJ 3. “only+状语”位于句首
I0+6p8, Only when he comes back can be leave.
e`n ZiM> 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
`6 ~0W5 No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
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3 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
w-n}&f By no means should you break the rules.
i% 1UUI(W At no time should we give in to difficulties.
u+j\PWOtm 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
Rf!v{\ 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
(I~ Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
< [[yV Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
Y! L-5|G 真题剖析
{5B j*m5 (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
GTR*3,rw 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
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O 限定词的用法
, '0#q 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
&x1A {j_ 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
94w)Yln 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
D3 C 7f' 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
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EFz eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
q@wD@_ eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
Z PH_s^ 从句为考察重点
g[(@@Ti G (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
w x]?D %l 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
23tX" e (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
4H6Fq*W{k 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
or*{P=m+R (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
~LuGfPO^ 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
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)c4tGT< omitting the subject
j1;[6XG Rather formal use
;y,g%uqE 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
%4nf(|8n Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
Es+ I]o0K Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
Nud =K'P= Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
K[icVT2v~ Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
_p 6 r5Y WHILE
!A n?<Sv$ 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
684& H8 2. I often knit while watching TV.
sm`c9[E 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
',R%Q0Q AND
svmb~n &x6 1. often used to link clauses
zwV!6xG I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
Zp7Pw 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
Tv"T +!Z Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
(B4)L % Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
#r #[&b WHERE
p/ (Z2N" 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
r2SZC`Z}-M 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
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\i]gfu8W 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
<XLaJ;j 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
uaO.7QSwN 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
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6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
LVg#E*J WHICH
sY!JB7!j (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
PV#h_X<l% 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
Nqj@p<y/q Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
:O413#8 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
, mz;$z6i He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
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f She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
~qqx Hymc THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
!!Ww#x~k$[ WHAT
2vpQ"e- A (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
>fYcr #i0[ 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
rY(7IX 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
-]^JaQw 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
lPR^~&/ 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
*{VC<<` 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
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fXt%6L AS
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W 1.比较
n>pJ/l%` His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
:oy2mi; 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
#qVTB@ d David, as you know, has not been well lately.
8|@) #: 3.看作，看待
BR|0uJ.M The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
a_! H_J 4.当…时候= while or when
Tl yyJ{~ I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
[q%`q`EG 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
?u#s ?$ Y? 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
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; The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
'1DY5`i{ I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
a0)w/A& When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
zwC ,,U I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
&ic'!h" The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
^Lb\k|U ,\ The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
~8&->?{ The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
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2KN\ 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
_w\i ~To! 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
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/!n| the destructive power of modern weapons
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Damaged: being in a bad state
W5'6L =WG emotionally damaged children
m lc8q s 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
Il4]1d| He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
Pqx?0 f) Respectful: feeling or showing respect
6h5g!GQD They listened in respectful silence.
qN1fWU#$ 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
nGWy4rY2S Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
B egO\0% + Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
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4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
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Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
00D.Jn 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
u~*A-X [ Lovable: a sweet lovable child
l'4 <^q Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
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{ 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
9mk@\Gqqm Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
