一. 不一致(disagreements) e1JHN
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等. mOHOv61
例1. when one have money ,he can do what he want to . _%Xp2`m
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.) TB&IB:4)R
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致. mS;WNlm\
改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 40`Qsv0#
二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers) J?dz>3Rhx9
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus. >?ar
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. na9YlJ\
三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments) )16+Pm8
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生. tq~f9EvC
例1. there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on . <P0 P*>M
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句. YryMB,\
改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper. No[9m_
四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers) U=j`RQ 9,
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了. g@M5_I(W
改为: %x@bP6d[
when i was ten, my grandfather died. s 72yu}
例1. to do well in college, good grades are essential. ;=^J_2ls
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚. R)$]r>YZF
改为:来源:考试大网 TC'S
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to do well in college, a student needs good grades. aQY.96yo
五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech) 9
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“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等. Ez-AQ'
例1. none can negative the importance of money. (vi^ t{k
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 f>cUdEPBb
改为: :@E^oNKa0
none can deny the importance of money. nTs\zikP
六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns) 5&L*'kV@
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: be_h
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mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. y
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(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。) %RF$Y=c'C
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为: \SwqBw
mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. [J eq ?X9
例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself. QKvaTy#
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为: TPkP5w
we can also know society by serving it ourselves. g26_#4 P
七. 不间断句子(run-on sentences) ;Z"Iv
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。 rAW7Zp~KK
例1. there are many ways we get to know the outside world. Y Kp@n8A
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
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改为: ;"9Ks.
there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或: ~=HPqe8
there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside Vi'7m3&
world 9<P%?Q
八. 措词毛病(troubles in diction) .Q@]+&`|}i
diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 XPt>klf
例1. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. D( TfW
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
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剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 SnvT !ca
改为: 4-'0# a
the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. R&P^rrC@B5
九. 累赘(redundancy) TOSk+2P
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如: SjJ$Oinc
in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him. r
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本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:in spite of his laziness, i like him. AtAu$"ue
例1. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. {Q]7!/>>
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。 Kh&a# ~c
改为: !@ AnwV]
diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. *8%uXkM m
十. 不连贯(incoherence) fbah~[5}
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 NW21{}=4
例1. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 1O)m(0tb[
剖析:the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。 !|ic{1!_
改为:来源:考试大 7vGAuTfi/@
fresh water is the most important thing in the world. md : Wx
十一. 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage) C'sA0O@O
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。 _71I9V&
例1.today, money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.