[p:5] |t; ~:A
asY[8r?U
1. 3%.#}O,(
Contend <SI}lQ'i
to compete in order to win something J'N!Omz
There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title. r5!/[_l
He's contending against someone with twice his experience. Q#nOJ(KV
This decisive defeat puts them out of contention for this year's championship finals. pABs!A`N
WVY\&|)$
to state something is true or is a fact ;FZ@:%qDm
The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. >yY'7Ey
4)1s M=u
contend with sth f4L`.~b'hb
to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation +-E~6^>
At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. u|4$+QiD
rXA*NeA3v
content (HAPPY) Ug&,Y/tFw2
He seems fairly content with (his) life. Bdj%hyW
sg+uBCGB
batter (HIT) irN6g#B?
to hit and behave violently towards a person, especially a woman or child, repeatedly over a long period of time, or to hit something with force many times J/}:x;Y
He was battered to death with a rifle-butt. It{ ;SKeo
He was battering (at/on) the door with his fists and howling. Ot]Ru,y->+
The waves battered against the rocks at the bottom of the cliff. !"eIV@7
The burglars had battered down the door of the house (= hit it so hard that it broke and fell down). /%Nr?V
G#M
dfKH
battered Unsogd
1 hurt by being repeatedly hit ?2>
FdtH
She set up a sanctuary for battered wives. Br`IW
2 damaged, especially by being used a lot [H=)
battered furniture/toys gB<3-J1R
{l |E:>Q2
confer (TALK) < P`u}
to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to take .jj$ Kh q]
I should like some time to confer with my lawer 3;a<_cE*@
5|1T}Z#;
confer (GIVE) :rg5Kt&
to give an official title, honour, or advantage to someone \|K;-pL
An honorary doctorate was conferred on him by Edinburgh University. ?2oHZ%G
P><o,s"v
Conference 7P9=)$(EH
,
dx3zBI
2. l\s U
endeavor, v. bP^Je&nS*
try one’s utmost to, take pains to, spare no effort to, make effort to, try everything possible to, undertake, strive, aspire, k70|'* Kh
endeavor. N MX@_=Sp-
exertion \.3D~2cU
)LyojwY_g
potential, adj -UD\;D?$
possible, plausible, within the realm of possibility, %%4t~XC#
n. potentiality. ? 8LXP
Actuality, reality qcN'e.A
|JVk&8
?8
Recession beu\cV3
Depression, slump, stagnation, sag, #cCL.p"]
Inflation, deflation, devaluation. EcCFbqS4W
|P%DkM*X
recess (PAUSE) noun z5r$M
1 [C or U] a period of time in the year when the members of a parliament are not meeting xa
pq*oj
2 [U] US in school, a period of time between classes when children do not study m`FNIY
l'TWkQ-
recess (SPACE) noun ]~E0gsq
1 [C] a small area in a room which is formed by one part of a wall being set back further than other parts Yx>"bv
The room has a recess designed to hold bookshelves. n2fbp\ I
2 [C usually plural] a secret or hidden place 4'LB7}WG
Psychoanalysts aim to explore the deepest/innermost recesses of the mind. 6CMub0
wV^V]c ?U
3. (
)3O=!
optional KFFSv{m[
not compulsory, elective, non-obligatory, alternative, }eRD|1
demanded, imperative, enforced, required, =F;.l@:
Z>^pCc\lH
optimum (also optimal) ti<;7Yb
best; most likely to bring success or advantage U8G%YGMG.4
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. Vl2XDkhq
optimize, optimise verb [T] UF@XK">
to make something as good as possible E_bO9nRHV
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology. V.{H9n]IO
]Qe{e3p;
humane adjective %3$*K\Ai
showing kindness, care and sympathy towards others, ;Yg{zhJX~
The humane way of dealing with a suffering animal (= the way that causes the least pain) is to kill it quickly. >~Qr
The opposite is inhumane &|`C)6[C
humanely adverb [o<VVtB.Gk
I don't support the death penalty, but if people are to be executed, it should be done humanely. NmSo4Dg`U
jr`Es s
Barbaric, barbarian, barbarous, outlandish, vulgar, primitive, +(+Itmx2&
c~v~2DM
4. Ck /F9(
revive, restore, recuperate, zH*KYB
recuperate verb [I] slightly formal Y!T
%cTK)a
to become well again after an illness; to get back your strength, health, etc <~)kwq'
She spent a month in the country recuperating from/after the operation. l#}.^71+
pm6>_Kz
testify verb [I or T] /AQMFx4-5
to speak seriously about something, especially in a court of law; to give or provide evidence =2
*rA'im
[+ that]He testified that he had seen the man leaving the building around the time of the murder. R+7oRXsu
testimonial noun [C] V._(q^
2 6>ZW4Z
predict, t>uN'oCyC
foretell, foresee, forecast, prophesy, envisage, }`NU@O#
SM^-Z|d?
5. 3S&U!
deteriorate ~M(5Ho
deteriorate verb [I] w`DW(hXJ
to become worse `w.AQ?p@
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. A Z{^o4<q
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. E[^ {w
deterioration 1U,1)<z~u
We've seen a deterioration in relations between the countries. 9Mgq1Z
:#
lIx%l
6 d
O~O
|Xsb
once and for all ILic.@st
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem 1HPx|nmE]
Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. A?*o0I
s-ZI
^I2\
7. NOS>8sy
account (JUDGE) verb [+ object + noun or adjective] formal ]0r|_)s
to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge W8g'lqc|
She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work.
3!
~K^Z]
Vj!rT
<@
account (to sb) for sth (EXPLAIN) _qWliw:0#
to explain the reason for something or the cause of something 9Ok9bC'?8@
Can you account for your absence last Friday? |D.O6?v@
She was unable to account for over $5 000. _xLHrT!y
=KT7nl
8 '>(.%@
enlighten verb [I or T] #pHs@uvO
to provide someone with information and understanding; to explain the true facts about something to someone NS C/@._
Should the function of children's television be to entertain or to enlighten? W~Z<1[
I don't understand this. Could you enlighten me? ]/cd;u
*x>3x
Qq&
9 ]P[%Mhg^
count on sth (EXPECT) *XWq?hi
to expect something to happen and make plans based on it H7[6yh
[+ ing form of verb]I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. KL'z
XkS
Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic. {k(eNr,
There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! u? fTL2~
#;#3%?
Wait on sb hand and foot /VHi>
gf)
t)- E
Stand by ,DnYtIERo
She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. 0D~ C
5}/4
stand by (DO NOTHING) phrasal verb 4l8BQz}sb
to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it >\A8#@1
We can't stand by while millions of people starve. #&,H"?"
Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. V^il$'
uENdI2EY8y
10 =22ALlxk
stand for sth (ACCEPT) c3
&m9zC
If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour TQ9D68
,
I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. B
?%L
stand for sth (REPRESENT) s4T}Bsr
1 to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas &
GWkq>
This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. MQcr^Y_
2 If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it \0FT!}
L
'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. 8Og3yFx[rt
!#? kWAU
14 T,JA#Rk|1N
die off F#+ .>!
If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. '7Ig.K&
t0m*PJcF
fall apart (STOP WORKING) t"s5\;IJ
1 If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively KhM.Tc
The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. 8TZENRzx-|
Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. qs=tJ^<<o
2 informal to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way </E>tMW
After his wife died, he began to fall apart. P -Fg^tl
qSiWnN8D
t
15 -fIc4u[
imprudent: indiscreet, injudicious z
X5G;,_
conjecture G?V"SU.
surmise, supposition, speculation Q;26V4
xFsmf< Vm
16 J4yt N3
adhere to sth m@oUvxcd
to continue to obey a rule or maintain a belief uu}-"/<~7
She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life. 3eg5oAZ)G8
They failed to adhere to the terms of the agreement/treaty. ,d
7Z
*W^=XbG
18 \f"?Tv-C
'
give way ,k*F`.[
yield to sth (STOP) w:Q|?30
ac6*v49
20 3X
dn62[&
f9']
jJ+
The course comprises a class book, a practice book and an audio tape. VG#Q;Xd}
The class is comprised mainly of Italian and French students. }[,3yfiX
j-*
TXog
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans. %c1FwAC
~hD{coVTI
21 v*L
'{3f
Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people. v&2+'7]w
r
;](h2Z`3s
approval or permission, especially formal or legal 4e/cqN6
They tried to get official sanction for the scheme. Mdky^;qq3;
lJj&kVHb
22 6S_y%8Fv&[
Such a noisy environment was not conducive to a good night's sleep. Dqr9Vv
This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.
b_ JWnh
qT0_L
Duce, duct = to lead lA4hm4"i(,
Conduce, conduct, deduce, deduct, deduction, induce, induct, induction, ^^
j/
R.UumBM
23 2H>aC
wfX
Leave off! used to tell someone to stop being annoying 1 mHk =J~
Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair. 5m3'Gt4
FpC~1Nau
I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out. {9'hOi50
None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend). :H3(w| T/
UU"d_~pp
26 uOb2npPj
sb/sth in question formal [>wzl"cHW
the person or thing that is being discussed W60Q3
I stayed at home on the night in question. @LHtt/&
#Wq#beBb
27 3f,u}1npa*
repulsive, offensive, atrocious, disgusting, loathsome, obscene, repellent, unwholesome, WRY~fM
alluring .&L
^J&V
5{HtJ?sKc5
Streamlining cars increases their fuel efficiency. &R0OeRToUb
The bodies of dolphins are more streamlined than those of porpoises. 7Qt2gf
j
Pj2
The cost-cutting measures include streamlining administrative procedures in the company. b_ypsGE]5!
The government recently announced details of its plan to streamline the taxation system. )I?RMR
i@Vs4E[b
Overwhelm |O%:P}6c
to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion yI lV[_
They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. /AoVl'R
I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received )< l\jfx e
P~o@9RV-
Disperse, scatter, dispel, dissipate :mzCeX8 *
Police dispersed the crowd that had gathered. AmgWj/>
Dispense `~0P[>|+
They've had to dispense with a lot of luxuries since Mike lost his job. l#p}{
)K8P+zn~
31 <( cM*kV
run over (sth) `B:B7Cpvn
I'm afraid we're starting to run over time, so could you make your speeches short please. *O!T!J
to quickly say or practise something omNpE_
She quickly ran over her speech before going on-stage. uAc@ Z-
The director wants to run through the whole play this morning. 7&=-a|k~
Lf[G>0t&n
33 zoJ_=- *s
legitimate IkiQOk
1 allowed by law OiYNH~hv
The army must give power back to the legitimate government. m*\B2\2gJ
2 reasonable and acceptable a|8|@,
He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense. [0h* &
Poverty-stricken _{[k[]
34 lb-S0plw
indisposed (ILL) I/oIcQS!k
not willing <jpe u^7
After their rude attitude in the past, we feel distinctly indisposed to help them now. tniPEmeS
pQk=x T
35 :D<:N*9i
rectify (CORRECT) YtV |e|aD
1 to correct something or make something right Pz5ebhgq
I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to rectify the situation. IlcNT_
5a8
Every effort is made to rectify any errors/mistakes before the book is printed. b24NL'jm
Rect=right, straight NFrNm'v
Rectal,直肠的 rectangle, direct, erect, 6 {b%Jfo
Es.toOH$S
37 9(QU2QY
tap 6(ka"Vu~
to obtain or make use of something N>uA|<b,
For more than a century, Eastern cities have expanded their water supplies by tapping ever more remote sources. :5TXA
There is a rich vein of literary talent here just waiting to be tapped (into) by publishers.
ZAI1p+
>P<k[vF
NmH}"ndv+
She carefully steered the car around the potholes. a)I=U[
This car is very easy to steer. 7V9%)%=h|
She steered her guests into the dining room. *%ed;>6:Q
I'd like to steer our discussion back to our original topic. g28S3 '2
The main task of the new government will be to steer the country towards democracy. <7vI h0
steer clear of btUUZ"q<
to avoid someone or something which seems unpleasant, risky or dangerous NYSj^k;^(z
Her speech steered clear of controversial issues. c7FfI"7HR
1Qp1Es<)
38 5@w'_#!)
illusory (also illusive) gE-w]/1zD5
not real; based on illusion 0Zc*Yd
H
Their hopes of a peaceful solution turned out to be illusory. C$N4
ostensible e.3sAUHZ-
appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else cc2d/<:
Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat the government. 'U|MM;(
{f@xA
Lud= to play FT|/WZR
Allude,暗指 allusion, collude,共谋串通 delude,欺骗迷惑 delusion, elusive,逃避的,难以捉摸的 illusion, disillusion,幻灭 prelude, interlude, ?L<UOv7;t
#`N6<nb
Practical, practicable HKEop
Xa? 6#
40 \,@Yl.,+
pull sth off (SUCCEED) }\PE {
to succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected 3]:p!Y`$
The central bank has pulled off one of the biggest financial rescues of recent years. }\`-G+i{W
13370209065 T>%uRK$
Cover the expense C]\^B6l<
}C`}wS3i
pull (sb) through (sth) (MANAGE) {E3<GeHw4
to succeed in dealing with a difficult period, or to help someone do this `aO@N(
It was a crisis year for the company, but we have pulled through. OIXAjU*N
Dj,+t+|
42 lH,]ZA./
The proposed restrictions have ignited a storm of protest. @??c<]9F
43 U'h[{ek
compel fo!Lp*'0
pel,puls =drive Pw^c2TQ
pulse, compel,强迫 compulsive, compulsory, dispel,驱散 expel,驱逐 expulsion,放逐 impel, impellent, impulse, impulsion, impulsive, propel, propeller, propulsion, repel,逐推 repellent驱虫剂 +>i<sk
v8
'`gY
45 (Q h7bfd
integrate 1 to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs `%mBu`A
[R]It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own. @KXz4PU
Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. -u3SsU)_%N
`!Ge"JB6
The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. GmmT'3Q
The town's modern architecture is very well integrated with the old. x3I%)@-Z
integrated circuit Z@.ol Y
7QOC]:r
46 Qq FfR#
intricate %:be{Y6
complex, complicated, sophisticated, knotty, elaborate, 8O.:3%D~
t
b
Kt3x+x(
47 wJeqa
denote R/Dy05nloe
to represent something C!/8e
(!N
The colour red is used to denote passion or danger. \")YKN=W
1z};"A
endorse (SUPPORT) A]SB c2
1 to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone X $9D0;L
I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said. YZ%f7BUk
K`_E>k
49 jXDzjt94J
assert verb [T] RJ@e5A6_
1 formal to say that something is certainly true 73sAZa|
[+ that]He asserts that she stole money from him.
y1"^S
2 to do something to show that you have power GLKN<2|2@y
She very rarely asserts her authority over the children. VY&9kN
assert yourself yA>p[F
to behave in a way which expresses your confidence, importance or power and earns you respect from others n,Mw#
r?y
I really must assert myself more in meetings. _]r)6RT
-WW!V(~p
aggravate (MAKE WORSE) 4#7@KhK}
1 to make a bad situation worse 08jUVHdt
Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion. lSbM)gL
2 to make a disease worse wsGq>F~
The treatment only aggravated the condition. &qI5*aQ8T
(PrPH/$
51 vLT12v:)`
for fear of: in case of \utH*;J|x
Shut the window in case of rain Tx?@*Q
in case of: for fear of 3^-)gK
We’d better ensure the house in case of fire. NCM{OAjS5U
In case of fire, break the glass. ieF 0<'iF
Take the coat in case it rains (in case it should rain) 6=lQT
9u{
W6/p-e5y
52 z`:^e1vG
blare ]:#$6D"
to make an unpleasantly loud noise PaeafL65=
The loudspeakers blared across the square. [[DFEvOEh
Glare zr9Pm6Rl
a long angry look n2hsG.4
She gave me a fierce glare. +~{nU'
to shine too brightly )ZU#19vr7
The sun was glaring right in my eyes. Fl>j5[kLZ
4wD^?S!p
Blemish: defect, flaw, vice, imperfection. ~4` ec
cCKda3v!O
53 0H]9$D
ingenious 128 rly
(of a person) very clever and skilful, or (of a thing) cleverly made or planned and involving new ideas and methods ^B=z_0 *
an ingenious idea/method/solution \mit&EUh}
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials. ,^66`C[G
Adroit, canny, creative, innovational, innovative, innovatory, original, con. Awkward, clumsy, {cHTg04
Jpnp'
ingenuous h4xdE
0
honest, sincere and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems foolish by ee-BU
It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to look after his luggage. JkEQ@x
9.}3RAB(cv
55 @].aFhH`)
entail >(Ddw N9l
to make something necessary, or to involve something g+{MvSj$
Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk. GDe$p;#"9g
Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money. {lw
ec"{
KiHAm|,
defy [vJosbU;
1 to refuse to obey, or to act or be against, a person, decision, law, situation, etc 8u23@?
The fact that aircraft don't fall out of the sky always seems to me to defy (= act against) the law of gravity. imuHSxcaV
A forest fire raging in the south of France is defying (= is not changed by) all attempts to control it. :udZfA\sW
2 defy belief/description/explanation to be extreme or very strange and therefore impossible to believe/describe/explain ]sIFK
The chaos at the airport defies description. ld0WZj
0(.C f.B~
denounce (CRITICIZE) S+ x[1#r
to criticize something or someone strongly and publicly |LhuZ_;1xo
We must denounce injustice and oppression.
R'_[RHFC
<7h'MNf&
57 z#ET-[I
sever verb [T] HxAa,+k
The knife severed an artery and he bled to death. WfI~l)
Electricity cables have been severed by the storm. cwM0Z6
The US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961. H$HhB
8z3
^Y!`wp2vn
59 Q0A1N[
call (in) on sb (VISIT) to visit someone for a short time L.(k8eX
I thought we might call in on your mother on our way - I've got some magazines for her. P#]jPW
\>Q,AyL
call on sth (USE) p^3d1H3
to use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something P^r8JhDJ
She would have to call on all her strength if she was to survive the next few months. a$-ax[:\sm
W@LR!EW)
61 iWEYSi\)n
Hang on a minute - I'll be with you in a moment! 5VS<I\o}
Hang on tight - it's going to be a very bumpy ride. ^YV[1~O
The safety of air travel hangs partly on the thoroughness of baggage checking. :JmNy<
-u(#V#}OV?
hang over sth bT |FJ\aC
If a threat or doubt hangs over a place or a situation, it exists *&km5@*
Uncertainty again hangs over the project. 0!T $Ef
x4(WvQ%O#
hang out od>.5{o
to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone ?Uz
HQr
You still hang out at the pool hall? Z(cgI5Pu
v2^CBKZ+
63 NUseYU``
access 8^~]Ym:
cede, ceed, cess= go, yield W0Vjs|/
accede,应允、就职 access, accessible, antecede,先行、超越 antecedent, cede,放弃、割让 cessation, concede,容许、勉强 concession, 特许权、租借地exceed, excess, excessive, incessant,不断的 intercede, 从中调停precede, precedent, proceed, process, procession, recess, secede,脱离、退去 succeed, x[E`2_Ff 0
0&)4^->c
64 uu:BN0
revoke ^"I!+Teb
to say officially that an agreement, permission, a law, etc. is no longer in effect 4R.#=]F
The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area. O-RiDYej
Voc, voke = call, voice YI/vt2
Vocal, vocalist, vocabulary, vocation, vouch,保证、担保 advocate, convoke,召集 equivocal,模棱两可 evoke, 唤起、使追忆到invoke,祈求、求助于 provoke, 刺激、激起、provocation, irrevocable, 不能取消的、 ;iWCV&>w
*@< jJP4
65 g~
]FI
inviting, tempting, appetizing, palatable, #
F
kdcY
i=+ "[ h^
68 8V@3T/}
She pampers her dog with the finest steak and salmon. y~
w$>7U.
Why not pamper yourself after a hard day with a hot bath scented with oils? pq4frq
V@F~Cx
69 ZCa?uzeo]
befall
z>!b
If something bad or dangerous befalls you, it happens to you SI\zW[IL
Should any harm befall me on my journey, you may open this letter. q~lmOT~E
.- w*&Hd7b
afflict -LF^u;s8&S
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it k;]&`c^5
It is an illness which afflicts women more than men. Oo,<zS=ICk
a country afflicted by civil war N.uw2Y%
H}d&>!\}F
impose >qOhzbAH{<
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. _d:l1jD
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences. (URWicaB
I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. E[
,Ur`>:
*9G;n!t
70 I-
^Y$6-
A note of discord has crept into relations between the two countries. Rv }e+5F
{'
JoVJKv
71 |]V0sgpoZ
by virtue of because of; as a result of 7JjTm^bu
She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent. !pgkUzMW
i0hF9
M
be at the mercy of sb/sth ?EdF&^[3rD
to be in a situation where someone or something has complete power over you /K1YDq<=
Poor people are increasingly at the mercy of money-lenders. Go8 m
PXWBc\
73 2 g,UdG
Let's confine our discussion to the matter in question, please! M,zUg_ @
Please confine your use of the telephone to business calls. TX$j-TM'
By closing the infected farms we're hoping to confine the disease to the north of the region {eL XVNR7R
d=`hFwD9
acquiesce to accept or agree to something, often unwillingly !gu#
#MrJ9
Reluctantly, he acquiesced to/in the plans. !A qSG-
p xjb^GZ0
confirm (MAKE CERTAIN) _DS_AW}D
to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing ,5.ve)/dE
[+ that]Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet. N2WQrTA:S+
Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure. U,\3 !D0jt
The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party. P`0}( '"U
1$H*E
~
to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing qX>mOW^gT8
to combat crime/terrorism/inflation/disease eT0Y
p
The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse. RG4T9eZq
rE)lt0mkv
74 5o- WA1
Students are required to undertake simple experiments. e
i%L[>N
She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. 8iQ8s;@S&>
=wEU+R_#o
The prisoners' attempt to escape was foiled at the last minute when police received a tip-off. ^VabXGzo#
-*HR0:H
78 ROb2g|YXG
hold/keep sth/sb at bay GI']&{
to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming you eb10=Lmj
Exercise can help keep fat at bay. <u`m4w
F)XO5CBK
80 xYSNop3
_
They made for the centre of town. v@n
0ma=
Having faster computers would make for a more efficient system. H
+lBb$
B bP&-c
take after jxeZ,w o
to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character T3H\KRe6
He takes after his mother/his mother's side of the family. m6+4}= Cn
:$qa
82 G)cEUEf
d
take sth on (ACCEPT) r" 4u)H>
to accept a particular job or responsibility }:SWgPfc
She took too much on and made herself ill. s\/$`fuhx
h_*!cuH
take sth on (BEGIN) to begin to have a particular quality %0
&c0vT
Her voice took on a troubled tone. LKX; ^
D^dos`L0b
take sb on (EMPLOY) 4C]>{osv
to employ someone qE:/~Q0
She was taken on as a laboratory assistant. =pa
F6!AB
/
U@T#S
84 `PH]_]:%
underway, under way 1 If something is underway, it is happening now ;nx? 4f+6h
Economic recovery is already underway. 4s_|6{ANS
OK8|w]-A
It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way. .G/>X%X
;:Kd?Tz$
85 3{/[gX9
Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather. v$JhC'
The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces. a Byetc88/
[+ two objects]I don't bear them any ill feeling . LFwRTY,G
Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind ,'}qLor
Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted. 6C@W6DR3N
u#bd*(
disclaim rfH'&k
to say that you have no responsibility for, or knowledge of, something that has happened or been done hO?RsYJ.F
We disclaim all responsibility for this disaster. 1&2X*$]y
IN!,|)8s
86 \g;o9}@3~
meager: very small or not enough 31-:xUIX
a meagre salary }K3!ujvR
The prisoners existed on a meagre diet. K (!+l
=jEh#
87 v<u`wnt
flamboyant a very confident in behaviour, or intended to be noticed, especially by being brightly coloured TQ`4dVaf
a flamboyant gesture -1z<,IN+
His clothes were rather flamboyant for such a serious occasion. o?]N2e&(
Her flamboyance annoys some people but delights others. dd>
qy
V;-$k@$b.
88 9L+g;Js$4
Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence suspended for two years zQ>|`0&8
A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air. E9]\ I>v
A@81wv
They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students. $kD;*v=
discounted goods/rates ^6kE tTO*
discount (NOT CONSIDER) verb [T] 9esMr0*=
You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back. kaG@T,pH(
s%OPoRE
90 "
>
]{t[Ib
replenish to fill something up again M[1!#Q><!
Food stocks were replenished by/with imports from the USA. tQYkH$e`/{
Does your glass need replenishing? 0<4Nf]i
B3NDx+%m
replete j8[RDiJ
1 full, especially with food P;7
Y9}
After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete. /Y_)dz^@
2 well supplied "'@>cJ=
This car has an engine replete with the latest technology. g\~n5=-D
d:&=|kKw
91 U9/6F8D1Y1
matrimonial ih\=mB
related to marriage or people who are married )wdTs>W7
s"-gnW
92 >Y8\I
dispatch, Yk @/+PE
1 to send something, especially goods or a message, somewhere for a particular purpose <Y"h2#M "
Two loads of woollen cloth were dispatched to the factory in December lFT`
WO
A(v5VvgZE
93 e4mAKB
s!
outgrow nA4PY]
1 to grow bigger than or too big for something \iQ{Q&JR:
My seven-year-old had new shoes in April and he's already outgrown them (= his feet have grown too large for them). )8@|+'q
2 to lose interest in an idea or activity as you get older and change sn-P&"q
He eventually outgrew his adolescent interest in war and guns. NDYm7X*et
kPvR ,
alleviate, relieve, LE]mguvs
HY>zgf,0
95 45aFH}w:
assemblage noun ^=@`U_(,G
1 [C] formal a collection of things or a group of people or animals ?&_u$Nn
A varied assemblage of birds was probing the mud for food. U@:h';.
2Y1y;hCK
96 /#-zI#iK
refer to sb/sth (DESCRIBE) peD7X:K\s
In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. N;mJHr3[F
He always refers to the house as his "refuge". }-N4D"d4o
2 The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors. \ Dccf_(Pb
*&O4b3R
look to sb for sth 6.6;oa4j
to hope that someone will provide something for you GzEvp
They looked to the government for additional support. 8k9Yoht
TW~%1G_v
look up (IMPROVE) 3{H&{@Q
to become better dj2w_:&W
I hope things will start to look up in the new year. kHz?vVE/l
Our financial situation is looking up at last. 7!PU}[
:
HyYol*
100 9+"ISXS
put sth/sb up (SUGGESTION) %G/(7l[W
to suggest an idea, or to make a person available, for consideration -58Sb"f
Each party is allowed to put up one candidate. 0lLg uBW@
William has been put up as a candidate for the committee. %(A@=0r#
Is Chris willing to be put up for election? 63HtZ=hO7
"?S>}G\
put sb off (sth) (TAKE ATTENTION AWAY) 7;@o]9 W
Once she's made up her mind to do something, nothing will put her off. jZR2Nx}16
Could you be quiet please - I'm trying to concentrate and you're putting me off. x\b+B
=|V [^#V
put sth/sb forward (SUGGEST) Z)!#+m83>-
The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration. 3(3-#MD0
I wasn't convinced by any of the arguments that he put forward. 0,1)Sg*
TXbnK"XQ
101 u85?f
barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment, 6ANAoWg*
<(_${zR
102 I<!,_$:
prevail ?6 _U>d{
1 to get control or influence IPk"{T3
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end. EfqC_,J*3
And did reason prevail over emotion? \OVw
G5*_
The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. sfR0wEqI
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. @vPGkM#oW
O5dBI_
permeate \9k{h08s
to spread through something and be present in every part of it B&?xq)%*#
Dissatisfaction with the government seems to have permeated every section of society. +t}<e(
T#ehJq 5
103 /Y8{
?
surge noun [C] E[M.q;rM
1 a sudden and great increase ,8+Jt@L
There has been a surge in house prices recently. =|qYaXjT$
3 a sudden increase of an emotion )w0K2&)A
She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse. :s#&nY
PY[!H<tt
The company's profits have surged. FmhN*ZXr#
She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her. %$=}ePD
02q*z>:^
104 K!;>/3Y2-
expand c{!XDiT]P
to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way @.l?V6g9T
The air in the balloon expands when heated. uY:u[
They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s. v,Yz\onB^
the rapid expansion of the software industry 7jYW3
Expansion into new areas of research is possible. dgW/
5g
an expansion of industry Mf`@X[-;
v}&J*}_XZ
extend (REACH) }bYk#6KX
to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer ]`\~(*;[W9
The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. b0[H{q-z{X
The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. W(jP??up
5j#
XNc)"
105 zzZK S
turn off (sth) (ROAD) to leave the road you are travelling on and travel along another one cfUG)-]P~
Turn off the motorway at the next exit. i`EG80\[Z
9+co`t.
turn sth/sb down Hb@P
Qcj
to refuse an offer or request YE1X*'4
He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down. !z?;L_Lb
He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling. 9Xeg&Z|!
gBJM|"_A?
106 rPF2IS(5
eligible
LABLT;c
1 having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions 9vJ'9Z2\
Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. }XIUz|
2 describes someone who is not married and is desirable as a marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive dnstm@0k
I can think of several eligible bachelors of my acquaintance. DT>Gii
c
[qQ~\]
edible suitable or safe for eating V"Y-|
R
Only the leaves of the plant are edible. 'U'Y[*m@
d9yfSZ
legible describes writing or print that can be read easily 7Un5Y[FZo
Her handwriting is barely legible. E:S (v
The opposite is illegible Nt
P=m
@
Kf'oXCs
elated Zh3hCxXa
extremely happy and excited, often because something has happened or been achieved GHR,KB7 xM
The prince was reported to be elated at/by the birth of his new daughter. br_D
Orq|
elation ^V;2v? O
o%$'-N
107 H?W8_XiN
Trim the lateral shoots of the flower =#sr4T
"[p-Iy1
108 !(-S?*64l
Pornography degrades women. 'n0u6hCSb
It is so degrading to have to ask for money. |)IS[:X
`w/`qG:dK
deteriorate )H`1
CcT
to become worse cuW&X9\m,
She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly deteriorated. E G3?C
The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. cR"?EQ] `N
ew{(@p+$
1 causing a lot of damage or destruction j1U,X
The drought has had devastating consequences/effects. Qfd4")zhG
2 making someone very shocked and upset uf<nVdC.
devastating news @ob4y
3 describes a personal quality that has a powerful effect }[m,HA<j
She had a devastating beauty/charm/smile that few men could resist. z~y=(T
hd)HJb-aR
109 7"0l>0 \
tune in (UNDERSTANDING) be tuned in to have a good understanding of what is happening in a situation or what other people are thinking 7.N~e}p8
She just doesn't seem to be tuned in to her students' needs. uDXRw*rTv
jizp\%W+
revolve around/round sb/sth LIZsDTU
The conversation revolved around childcare problems.
(c=.?{U
His whole life revolves around football. 5fqQ;r
&q0s8'qA
111 m"y_@Jk
As a young man, he had agitated against the Vietnam war. -AcVVK&
The anti-war agitation is beginning to worry the government. xpjv@P
[~#]p9|L
to make someone feel anxious and not calm uiQR RT
She became very agitated when her son failed to return home. eW>Y*l%B
MhXJ /bup
112 8Z:T.Gc
oblivious |}
Wm,J
not aware of something, especially what is happening around you /3mt=1/~{B
Absorbed in her work, she was totally oblivious of her surroundings. g=5vnY
The government seems oblivious to the likely effects of the new legislation. 9p{7x[ C
ndCH
Whi
an obscure island in the Pacific [x\?._
>
Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. wq@{85
His answers were obscure and confusing. ]6BV`r]
Y)oF;ko:
113 y/(60H,{{
deterrent noun [C] lUJ~_`D
something which deters people from doing something D`e6#1DbJ
a nuclear deterrent ,6iX
l ch
Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as (= be) a deterrent to other would-be offenders. b|KlWt'
Y"dUxv1Ap
detergent noun [C or U] e[
9
a chemical substance in the form of a powder or a liquid for removing dirt from clothes or dishes, etc. aHR&6zj4
gf\F%VmSN
114 Y;dQLZCC
on the wane (of power, popularity, etc.) becoming less strong _a`J>~$
There are signs that support for the party is on the wane. ZFH;
9iy3 dy^
115 c ?(X(FQ
comply to act according to an order, set of rules or request C1ZuDL)e
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. $YztLcn
compliance )U5Ba^"fI
1 formal when people obey an order, rule or request >o_cf*nx
The company said that it had always acted in compliance with environmental laws. L63B# H"
(l]_0-Z
encumber %m5&Y01
to weigh someone or something down, or to make it difficult for someone to do something aSVR+of
Today, thankfully, women tennis players are not encumbered with/by long, heavy skirts and high-necked blouses. }
VDJ
"t!_bma
117 !bGMVw6
_
incident noun [C]
}xG~a=,
an event which is either unpleasant or unusual ?Zv>4+Y'
an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident XRx^4]c
A youth was seriously injured in a shooting incident on Saturday night. WTX!)H6Zv
kX8Ey
she experienced/suffered a setback. 5`QN<4?%
There has been a slight/temporary setback in our plans. ;cD&qheDV
<#%kmYSL
recurrence noun [C or U] U0fr\kM
The doctor told him to go to the hospital if there was a recurrence of his symptoms. >Nr~
7s
G'c6%;0)
118 &++t
p5
infer 7:Be.(a
What do you infer from her refusal? t1rAS.z&
[+ that]I inferred from her expression that she wanted to leave. :9Mqwgk,;3
Fer=carry, bear sMHP=2##
Ferry, fertile (sterile), circumference,圆周 confer, defer,延期,顺从 deference, differ, differentiate, indifferent, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer, :vo#
(
PGNH<E)
119 -kkpEw\
diffuse T'${*NVn
1 to (cause something to) spread in many directions JthW"{E
Television is a powerful means of diffusing knowledge. }J m~b9j
2 to (cause a gas or liquid to) spread through or into a surrounding substance by mixing with it )FSa]1t;x
The drop of red dye diffused slowly in the water. LnlDCbF;!
eccJt
The lecturer temporarily digressed from her subject to deal with a related theory. 2Mw^EjR
Digression k@Mt8Ln
JGG (mrvR
121 !v68`l15
succumb 1 to lose the determination to oppose something; to accept defeat L7OFZ|gUz
I'm afraid I succumbed to temptation and had a piece of cheesecake. {No
Y`j5S
I felt sure it would only be a matter of time before he succumbed to my charms. &E0L 2gbI
2 to die or suffer badly from an illness -4LckY=]1
Thousands of cows have succumbed to the disease in the past few months. 4ZCD@C
n1PV/
Z
Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident. u)9YRMl
Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy. qi=v}bp&
M=#'+CF}W
122 :O/QgGZN$
rather (MORE EXACTLY) |$G|M=*LN
1 more accurately; more exactly eiJ~1HX)
She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to. 9*;OHoD h
I'e`?H t
126 #iVr @|,
The children are playing in the open. _qvzZ6
Animals live in the wild. 91\]Dg
SI9PgC
127 ':#DROe!
Of course, a 200-year-old building is very old in American terms. Ngw/H)<c
I've always been on good terms with my neighbours. DW>|'w %
@@"abhT
128 +~\ 1g^h
O*udV E>
It's hard work teaching a class of lively children. BXa.XZ<n(
a lively city $*c!9Etl4
A new coat of paint would liven the kitchen up. P]<15l
|oX1J<LM
139 6oy[0hj
Medieval knights took an oath of allegiance/loyalty to their lord. MoC@n+Q+@
The witness placed her hand on the Bible and took the oath .Zm de*b
V#TNv0&0
obligation noun q$7/X;A
1 [C or U] when you are obliged to do something ]6@6g>f?
[+ to infinitive]If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to (= it is not necessary to) pay them any money. Q3rLCg,;
You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education. 6!Uk c'r
Wiere0 2*
151 |u_fVQj
let out a secret 04#<qd&ob@
BDT"wy8
pay up phrasal verb informal #+(@i|!ifo
to give someone the money that you owe them, especially when you do not want to ?e2G{0V
Eventually they paid up, but only after receiving several reminders. L3Ivm:
(N?nOOQ
part with sth 52.%f+Oa
to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to NfND@m{/
I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them. }#phNn
6
~WKWx.ul
155 V?"1&m&E
destination noun [C] cS(=wC
the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken
Qb8Z+7
We arrived at our destination tired and hungry. =}'7}0M_=
His letter never reached its destination. @`XbM7D 5
The Caribbean is a popular tourist/ holiday/ vacation destination. vQ8$C 3
2Ws'3Jz
destiny noun H^<?h6T
1 [C] the things that will happen in the future {hVc,\A
The destiny of our nation depends on this vote! z[l_<`J$9
People want to control/determine/take charge of their own destinies. V\=%u<f
N5 mhs#
157 g=jB'h?
gear (sb/sth) up eN0lJ ~
to prepare for something that you have to do, or to prepare someone else for something u3\_![Jt?
Politicians are already gearing up for the election. R0e!b+MZ.
I'm gearing myself up to ask him to give me my money back. <`Qbb=*
I'm trying to gear myself up for tomorrow's exam. p~OX1RBI
y\R-=Am".
161 qRXHaQi@9
reference noun [C or U] ro8C^d]
a mention of something x LGMN)@r
Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. K~+x@O*
formal I am writing with/in reference to (= in connection with) your letter of 15 March. I5E+=.T*ar
e#@u&+K/f
preference mh35S!I3I^
I have a preference for sweet food over spicy. oI"gQFGu`u
Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference. m5l&
2 an advantage which is given to a person or a group of people S+l>@wa)|
We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time. 4KY@y?H g
64D4*GQ
He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university. o3HS|
+1Pu29B0
The government's interference in the strike has been widely criticized. pIY3ft\
!J(6E:,b#
163 AjINO}b
prosecution noun [C or U] H%;pPkIi
A number of the cases have resulted in successful prosecution. ).jna`A,
Doctors guilty of neglect are liable to prosecution. ^9XAWj"
rLcXo%w
The prosecution alleged that he lured the officer to his death by making an emergency call. Oyp)Wm;@
*2Q x69`
Religious minorities were persecuted and massacred during the ten-year regime. RY*yj&?w[
They left the country out of fear of persecution. ;V^ I>-fnm
e)oi3d.wJf
166 u43-\=1$T
come to (BECOME CONSCIOUS) to become conscious again after an accident or operation =h}PL22
6e;8\1^
come off (SUCCEED) to happen as planned or to succeed jyC>~}?
uR82},r$m
I tried telling a few jokes but they didn't come off (= no one laughed). [}y"rs`!
come through (sth) (DIFFICULT SITUATION) to manage to get to the end of a difficult or dangerous situation >k(AQW5?
We've had some hard times, but we've come through. )==Qo/N :
;
. hTfxE0
169 ||.Ve,<:
drought noun [C or U] >IHf5})R
a long period when there is little or no rain <@=w4\5j9
draught (COLD AIR) ; T WYO
a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room %`:+A?zL
YHr<`Q</
183 zuvP\Y=V`
take to sb/sth (LIKE) %$F\o1S
to start to like someone or something [Kd"M[1[<
She's taken to tennis like a duck to water 5va ;Ol4
)F:
UkS
188 JP 8v2)
p
optimal) kk3G~o+
best; most likely to bring success or advantage cin3)lm
A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. j(\jYH>
DKqO5e\l8@
compelling adjective BmFs6{>~c
1 If a reason, argument, etc. is compelling, it makes you believe it or accept it because it is so strong _1P8rc"Dx
compelling evidence xr-v"-
It's a fairly compelling argument for going. z=VL|Du1OT
2 very exciting and interesting and making you want to watch or listen yy|F6Pq3`
I found the whole film very compelling. @KC;"u'C
a compelling story gNzamorv[
Mhze!!
190 CT#N9
hold off
8W
yv!tL
They've decided to hold off on buying a car until they're both working. OAtn.LU
hold forth 8p~G)J3U
to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring 5*7
\Yjk?
She held forth all afternoon about/on government incompetence. v"G) G)*z
j4.deQ,
hold down a job yTL<S '
to manage to keep a job for a period of time ?]u=5gqUU
'; Z!(r
192 <',bqsg[
He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness. VtD:'L-
She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers >0qe*4n|M
l@ W?qw
205 )s4a<Sc]
transcend verb [T] 4Fpu68y
to go beyond, rise above or be more important or better than something, especially a limit h*\/{$y
The best films are those which transcend national or cultural barriers. o>Jr6:D(
The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else. Kwa$5qZI
s0x;<si_
209 /DBldL7yi
pledge noun [C] ;v^1V+1:z
I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you. y6S:[Z{~A
N/&t)7
compulsion (DESIRE) +Qe"O0
a very strong or uncontrollable desire (to do something repeatedly) bR}{xHe
I seem to have a constant compulsion to eat. i5 F9*
compulsive z(&~O;;N#
a compulsive liar/thief/eater E|fQbkfw
I2PFJXp_]n
233 )2
jBhT
stand up to sb/sth (DEFEND) 1v^eXvY
to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you unfairly 7xmif YC
He wasn't afraid to stand up to bullies. ;,yjkD[mWE
]TmxCTVL
stand up to sth (NOT CHANGE) RIO4`,
to not be changed or damaged by something H_CX5=Nq^
Will the lorries stand up to the journey over rough roads? (NBq!;_2,x
^1^muc[
235 +/E
yX=
burst into song/tears/laughter LiF(#OuZ
to suddenly begin to sing/cry/laugh N=oWIK<;-
Much to my surprise Ben suddenly burst into song. h NCoX*icd
Dqw?3 KB
break into sth oHbG-p
to suddenly begin to do something -}Iw!p#O3
He felt so happy that he broke into song. *=X$j~#X
She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run Do&/+Ssnu
I;<aJo6Yl
250 J~jR`2+r
counterfeit adjective Iw<:
k
made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes ]Eh
W
counterfeit jewellery/passports/coins W_E0+
a\Ond#1p
251 c9eLNVM
keep sth off (sb/sth) (STOP) 2C!K
o"1Y'
to stop something touching or harming someone or something !Deg!f\g
Wear a hat to keep the sun off [JY 1| N
&ZRriqsQg
write sb/sth off (FAILURE) n!r<\4I
to decide that a particular person or thing will not be useful, important or successful : ;nvqb d
A lot of companies seem to write people off if they're over 50. =wEqI)Td
&C.{7ZNt
255 oA;sP'
fall away/off (AMOUNT) [LQD]#
to become smaller or lower in amount or rate KL8G2"Z
Membership of the club has fallen away in recent months. TA.ugF)h
FG^Jh5
fall out (ARGUE) BJ0P1vh6M
to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them q;^Q1[Ari
He left home after falling out with his parents. ]>33sb
S6
SpM|b5c5
fall short 't+
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to fail to reach a desired or expected amount or standard, causing disappointment DcO$&)Eb
August car sales fell short of the industry's expectations. pQGlg[i2/
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fall through =V- ^
to fail to happen J-6l<%962%
We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through. m5wfQ_}}ss
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repulsive adjective cN#c25S>
extremely unpleasant or unacceptable ^~3u|u
What a repulsive old man! m#\I&(l+
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obnoxious }#u.Of`6"
very unpleasant or rude \iBEyr]
Some of his colleagues say that he's loud and obnoxious.