英语倍数句型及其译法 3LJ+v5T~
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: L
O_k@3
倍数增加 J{p1|+h%
c)TPM/>(p
(一) A is n timesas great(long,much,…)as B.(①) BOb">6C
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) -LoZs
ru
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) t9k zw*U9
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. $Uq|w[LA
(Du@ S
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. P_dCR
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 *KZYv=s,u
9-VNp;V
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 b(eNmu
U8s2|G;K
(二)increase to ntimes(④) [i21FX
increase n times/n-fold(⑤)
>\-hO&%_
increase by n times(⑥) X:f UI4
increase by a factor of n(⑦) . oF
&Ff/[
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 :)-Sk$
=57
>!)
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times ascompared with last year. :;RMo2Tl
The output of chemical fertilizer has beenraised five times as against l986. LiC*@W
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 {g'(~ qv
That can increase metabolic rates by two orthree times. p,EQ#Ik
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 Q,,e+exbb5
The drain voltage has been increased by afactor of four. %^)fmu
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 -V*R\,>
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 WA<v9#m
A]_7}<<N
(三)There is an-fold increase/growth…(⑧) bbDZ#DK"
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: h/QXPdV
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. wm+};L&_
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 z 4e7PW|
$f$SNx)),
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) k90Y
V(
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. ")1:F>
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 =eq[:K<6
WqR&&gz
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: [CTnXb
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) T )&A2q
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 OW&!at
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. (fhb0i-
【= A is one and ahalf times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) {Ea
b
j
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 ]E{NNHK%2N
b.OsiT;_j
倍数减少 %6t:(z
3RUy,s
(一)A is n times assmall (light,slow,…)as B.(12) Q*GN`07@?d
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) QDZWX`qw{
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 i}(LqcYU
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. t"sBPLU\
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 V~qNyOtA]
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. ,S\CC{!
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 O4 w(T
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 [=C6U_vU
)J=! L\
(二)decrease ntimes/n--fold (14) ??5Q)Erm1
decrease by n times(15) ]iVcog"T
decrease by a factor of n(16) 3s*mbk[J
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 ip\sXVR
K&u_R
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 #{0HYg?(f
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. xl{=Y< ;
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 t6rRU~;}
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by tentimes. 0mp/Le5
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 'JtBZFq
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. I]|Pq
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 3l]lwV
(三)There is an-fold decrease/reduction… |*Yr<zt
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) a9e>iU
这个句型还有其它一些形式, P.se'z)E
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. alJ)^OSIe
发现迅速减少到1/7。 ^^u5*n+5
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 8qoMo7-f
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 thh.A
+ /G2fhE
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 Z9E\,Ly