考博写作

第十部分    如何写摘要
1．    考试要求：阅读一篇800-1000字的英语原文后，用英语写出一篇约200个单词的摘要。
2．    写摘要的具体要求：简明扼要，用词精确，对原文不加任何解释和评论，忠实写出作者的中心思想。
3．    应试技巧：
1．    仔细阅读原文，了解原文大意和中心思想。
1）    通过阅读找出文章中写出的一个词或一个短语来点出文章的中心思想，即给摘要拟个题目。
2）    每段或每隔5-8行做一个简短的小结。做小结时找出与中心思想有密切关系部分写下来，关系不大的部分不写。
2．    根据考试要求写出200个单词的摘要。一般不得少于所规定的字数。
1）    要用自己的语言写。一篇好的摘要应是一个文字的再创造，而不是对原文的词语重新编排或简单的堆砌。
2）    为使摘要条理清楚，最好按原文的顺序去写。
3）    写好的摘要应做到内容完整并且没有大的遗漏。
4）    为了达到以上几点要求，在写摘要时要注意以下几点：
删除细节。削减例子。简化描述。避免重复。压缩长句.
3．    举例说明
    把短语改成字词
1). The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh.
The witness’s story was absurd.
2). They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution.
3). John fell into the river and, before help could reach him, he sank.
4). He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.
    用短语取代长句或长句中的从句
5). Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.
6) Much of the work done by the Forestry Commission in England during the last fifty years is disliked by the man in the street. From what he sees on holiday he complains that it is unnatural, with straight lines of little trees all alike, of the same species and the same age, with too many pine trees, and not enough variety and color.
    多用概括性词语, 少用具体描述性词语
7) Tourists bring in a substantial revenue, not merely through payments in the national parks themselves, but chiefly through what they spend in the country at large, on transport, accommodation, equipment, photography and souvenirs.
8) to escape farther and farther from its results, in the shape of over-large and over-crowded cities, smoke, noise, boring routine, and the over-mechanization of life.
9) She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.
    原文中的对话用间接引语表示
10）美国著名的长寿研究专家卡尔•迈博士指出：“人类要想长寿，首先要有绿色的生活空间和新鲜空气，因为人生活在绿色环境里，视野所及，春意盎然，一派生机，心胸开阔，身体自然也就健康了。”
1.    The witness’s story was absurd.
2.    They acted illegally.
3.    John was drowned in the river.
4.    He was in financial difficulties.
5.    Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation.
6.    Average Englishman complains Forest Commission creates unnatural forests of formal shape and uniform content.
7.    The tourists bring substantial direct and indirect revenue.
8.    to escape evils of industrialism. / to avoid the unpleasantness of their industrialized environment.
9.    She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
An American scholar pointed out that longevity needs fresh air and a green environment.
练习一
Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the computer. For better or worse, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today computers do much more than simply compute: supermarket scanners calculate our grocery bill while keeping store inventory; computerized telephone switching centers play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communication untangled; and automatic teller machines (ATM) let us conduct banking transactions from virtually anywhere in the world. But where did all this technology come from and where is it heading? To fully understand and appreciate the impact computers have on our lives and promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand their evolution. (110 words)
None has more impacts on our modern life than computers, which have been involved in every aspect of our society, such as supermarket scanners, computerized telephone switching centers, and automatic teller machines. Questions about the technology and the prospect of their future arise. So, it is necessary to know their evolution. (51 words)

None has more impacts on our modern life than computers, which have been involved in every aspect of our society. So, it is necessary to know the technology, the prospect and the evolution of computers.. (35 words)
练习二
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Though transistors were clearly an improvement over the vacuum tube, they still generated a great deal of heat, which damaged the computer's sensitive internal parts. The quartz rock eliminated this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer with Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Another third-generation development included the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory. (122 words)

The third-generation development of computers included two aspects. One is the use of a silicon chip, first called the integrated circuit and then developed as a semiconductor. Another is the use of an operating system in which different programs can be run at once with a central program. (48 words)

The third-generation development of computers included two aspects. One is the use of a silicon chip. Another is the use of an operating system. (24 words)

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