一、比喻(the figures of speech) T^ ^o
比喻是语言艺术的升华。英语中常见的比喻方法有三种：明喻、隐喻和借喻。 "Fu*F/KW
1.明喻(thesimile) 格式：本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/asif---) + 喻体 g jJ?*N[
常用介词like 、连词as，as if，as---so、动词seem等以及句型A---to B as C---to D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。 MkG3TODfHB
例如： s HSZIkB-r
（1）Teacher, youare like the sun, but more magnificent, and more brillant. hGx)X64Mw
老师，您像太阳，又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。 `Li3=!V [
（2）Your soul is as pure as snow, yourpersonality is as noble as pine trees! All praise to you, our beloved teacher. 您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。 vcnUb$%
英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如： (7G5y7wI"
(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶 (2)as weak as water软弱无力 @54D<Lj
2.隐喻(the metaphor) 格式：本体 + is/are+ 喻体 yT<yy>J9l#
例如： %:2<'s2Si
（1）Time is a river, of which memory isthe water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.时间是河、记忆如水，朋友，我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。 B(x
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（2）Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 4~8++b1/;
注意：英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语，用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。例如： pmR6(/B#
(1)You areone in a million.你真是人见人爱。 w:P$ S
(2)He hasone over the eight.他酩酊大醉。 UGK4 uK+I`
（3）This filmstar is a nine days' wonder; I doubt whether anyone will remember her in ayear's time.这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。 1H{M0e
注意：英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如： KPI c?|o/6
（1）to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧 p9ligs7V'
（2）to plough thesand 白费力气 c0.i
（3）up the tree骑虎难下；lame duck强弩之末；above board光明正大 48JD >=@7
3.借喻(the metonymy) 格式：直接用比喻事物代替本体事物 -NW7ncB|
例如： y -j3d)T
(1)The busesin America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。 ,b2YUb]U
(2)The penis mightier than the sword（刀剑，战争）.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。 N6M o |
注意：英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如： ^W|B Xxo
(1)She is a social butter fly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。 u-g2*(ZT
二、借代(the synecdoche) M}|<#
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借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全体互代，单数代复数，描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如： !P X`sIkT
(1)Uncle Samwill not help us.美国人不会帮助我们。（用UncleSam代替船美国人本身） cs[_5r&:
(2)You candepend on him for help whenever you're in tourble. He's a true blue.你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙，他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。（用true blue代替真金烈火，忠诚可靠的---） e|)6zh<O:
使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好，能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象，以避免重复、累赘，并给人以新鲜感。 42X N*br
三、夸张(the exaggeration) x _&=IyU0j
把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张。 w8$rt
例如： [\(}dnj:
Thank you a thousand.千恩万谢。 dc[w`
四、拟人(thepersonifjcation) GORu*[U8
就是把无生命的事物人格化。 @Sb 86Ee
例如： Id`?
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(1)Books area guide in youth and an entertainment for age. They support us under solitude,and keep us from being a burden to ourselves.书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。 ~ Pq(Ta
（2）Love is the master key that opensthe gates of happiness.爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。 ~ZbEKqni2
拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。 3KFw0( S/
五、排比 Rv R ,V
把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来，使句式得到增强，感情得到加深，这种修辞叫排比。 W\xM$#)m
例如： .yp"6S^b
（1）You are overwhelming jade, as whiteas snow, as smooth and moist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firm asrock.你洁白如雪，润泽如脂，你光辉如烛，坚贞如磐，你是令人倾心的美玉。 d5?"G Fy
（2）You are in my mind and in my heart.You are in the very air I breathe. You are part of me. Forever. &^WJ:BvA|^
你占据了我整个思绪和心灵；你在我呼吸的空气里；你永远是我的一部分。 # 3{g6[Y
此外，在英语的具体写作过程当中，我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作，达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例，进行写作。 7gIK+1`
提纲要求： ;DWtCtD
In honor ofteachers on the occasion of Teacher’s Day
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向老师致以节日祝贺 CRs gR)
从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献 FQ N w89g
我如何回报老师的关爱 2?;
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范文： #@h3#IC
Dear Miss Zhang, 7 ky$9+~
I’m not the best student of yours, butyou’re the most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasion for you,what I can dedicate is my highest consideration and earnest blessings. May yoube happy; may all of your life be full of happiness, joy as well as sweetness. z?C;z7e T
I still remembered clearly that the day Iwas crying with a heavy heart because I failed to pass the examination. Ididn’t know what to do and where to go, just like a bird lost its way. Teacher,it was you who lighted the beacon of hope in my heart in the dark night. Yourwarm words, affectionate eyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heartand kindled the flame of hope as well. And I still remembered that theplatform, the desks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flower petals ofyour heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowers and fall fruits, allowe to your sincere devotion. F_Q,j]0
In my view, all I want to do is to make thebest of every day, and come a little closer to what I dream of. Furthermore, Imust not relax my efforts to be the best I can be and do the best I can do. 
