PART I: Cloze (20 points) g3Xz-
Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. D{l.WlA.
Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control. Production workers must be %cm5Z^B1"
able to do just-in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don't think, do what ynDx'Q* N'
you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management. x1}q!)e
This shift occurs not because today's managers are more ___(1)___ than yesterday's managers, Z?X$8o^Z
but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more ___(2)___ than zEhy0LLm
the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work |@@mq!>-
force both become more central and require different models of behavior. tm|lqa
To be on top of this situation, tomorrow's managers will have to have strong background in XsG]-Cw
organizational psychology, human relations, and labor ___(3)___. The MIT Sloan School of quickly DS$ _"'g%i
management attempts to ___(4)___ our understanding in these areas through research and then v :HgpZo+
quickly bring the ___(5)___ of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge &
9]KkY=
managers when it comes to the human side of the equation. Q./lX:
The first three decades after World War II were ___(6)___ in ___(7)___ the United States had a nEp'l.T
huge technological lead ___(8)___ all the rest in the world. In a very real sense, ___(9)___ f C^l9CRY
technological competitive. American firms did not have to worry about their technological sTA/2d
competitiveness because they were ___(10)___. @NHRuk+
But that world has disappeared. Today we live in a world where American firms ___(11)___ :t
e xl
have automatic technological ___(12)___. In some areas they are still ahead, in some areas they are ( Lu.^
_ c==Oio("
__(13)___, and in some areas they are behind, but on average, they are average. /SUV'J)
___(14)___ this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical 0%qUTGj
change in ways ___(15)___ were not necessary in the past. Conversely, managers from the rest of (k5DbP[
the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they XF7W'^
understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do. d=#p w*w
In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically ___(16)___ ___(17)___ their QB.'8B_
functional tasks within the firm. They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new ) ]%9Tgn
technologies, ___(18)___ they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet `Of wl%G
on new technologies. If they ___(19)___ what is going on and technology effectively becomes a r;XQ i
black box, they ___(20)___ to make the changes. They will be losers, not winners. 1SFKP$^
1 a. enlightened b. enlightening c. enlightenment d. enlighten gZjOlp
r9M={jC
2 a. sterile b. producing c. productive d. extravagant (v`;ym
3 a. economics b. economic c. economy d. economies 4v|/+J6G
4 a. take b. arouse c. rise d. advance UTTC:=F+
5 . a. results b. evidence c. content d. fruits Wv0'?NL.
6 a. usual b. flawed c. unusual d. unessential L,
{rMLM%
7 . a. which b. / c. that d. those X?6h>%) k
8 a. by b. over c. on d. upon @1F 'V'
9 a. was the world not b. the world was not c. did the world be not d. was not the world 9 <KtI7
10 a.superior b. super c. inferior d. junior Idlu1
g
11 a. still b. even c. neither d. no longer U R@BSK'
12 a. superiority b. inferiority c. majority d. minority kppRQ Q*[
13 a. common b. average c. ignorant d. exceptional R1.sq(z`
14 a. How b. That c. What d. Which z9ShP&^4[
15 a. that b. they c. those d. who {F:v$ K
16 a. illiterate b. sophisticated c. literate d. omniscient %EGr0R(
17 a. regardless b. in spite of c. despite d. regardless of O|Ic[XfLx
18 a. and b. likewise c. furthermore d. but \5P.C
19 a. didn’t understand b. don't understand c. haven’t understood d. hadn’t understood RW7oL:$dt
20 a. failed b. would have failed c. would fail d. would be failed I/Jp,~JT*
_GO+fB/Q1
S7kT3zB
. ;a#*|vx
PART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points) OF&h=1De,
Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. )_v\{N
Passage 1 Iz)hz9k
The leaders of the mythopoetic men's movement believe that modernization has led to the D4q>R;
feminization of men. Mythopoets believe that the rise of the urban industrial society "trapped men V+qJrZ,i
into straitjackets of rationality, thus blunting the powerful emotional communion and collective hoR=%pC*
spiritual transcendence that they believe men in tribal societies typically enjoyed". Most mhk/>+hF
importantly, the movement seeks to restore the "deep masculine" to men who have lost it in their cVay=5].
more modern lifestyles. Other causes for the loss of the "deep masculine" include: Men no longer y|.fR>5
being comrades who celebrated their masculinity together. Rather, they had become competitors ~pevU`}Uqc
within their workplaces; Men spending more time in their houses with women than they did with qon{
g
men (in non-competitive terms outside of work). Excessive interaction with women generally kept `\jTpDV_W
men from realizing their internal masculinity; Feminism is bringing attention to the “feminine ESMG<vW&f
voice.” Through this, the mythopoetic men felt that their voices had been muted (though Bly and fYhR#FVI
others are careful in not blaming feminism for this); The separation of men from their fathers kept A=%k/
them from being truly initiated into manhood, and was a source of emotional damage. Men were i<m$#6<Z
suffering further emotional damage due to feminist accusations about sexism. Men should celebrate 1s`)yu^`v
their differences from women, rather than feeling guilty about them. Men is being discouraged from !&`}]qQZ
expressing their emotions. Male inexpressivity is an epidemic and does not correspond to their i_u
{5 U;
"deep masculine" natures. Groups of primarily white, middle-aged, heterosexual men from the -@2'
I++"@
professional class retreated from their female loved ones in order to join in spiritual rituals that @H\pipT_b
emphasized homosociality, with the central goal of reclaiming the parts of their masculinity that JoCA{Fa}
they had lost called the "deep masculine." Because most men no longer perform masculine rituals, EqnpMHF
mythopoets assert that men have mutated into destructive, hypermasculine chauvinists, or, in the st?
gA"5w
opposite direction, have become too feminized. The mythopoetic men performed rituals at these 2@ 9pr
gatherings, which were meant to imitate those performed by tribal societies when men initiated qO-C%p
[5
boys into a deeply essential natural manhood. The movement emphasized the importance of u#+RUt
M
including multiple generations of men in the rituals, so that the men could learn about masculinity 9?;@*x
from those who were older and wiser. Characteristic of the early mythopoetic movement was a c^=R8y-N
tendency to retell myths, legends and folktales, and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal %bP~wl~
insight. Using frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungiananalytical psychology, the 3ai (x1%
movement focused on issues of gender role, gender identity and wellness for the modern man (and o]Wz6L
woman). Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music, these acts being seen as a r C_d$Jv
modern extension to a form of "new ageshamanism" popularized by Michael Harner at G02ox5X
approximately the same time. The movement sought to empower men by means of equating 74K)aA
archetypal characters with their own emotions and abilities. For instance, Michael Messner 4xm&pQo{V6
describes the concept of "Zeus energy" as emphasizing "male authority accepted for the good of the upypxC
community". Beliefs about the emotional system based in archetypes of great men, mythopoets I%@e
@Dm,h
sought to channel these characters in themselves, so that they could unleash their "animal-males". pW\z\o/2
This group primarily analyzed the archetypes of King, Warrior, Magician, Lover and Wildman. ITyzs4"VV
As a self-help movement the mythopoetic movement tends not to take explicit stances on .H8mRvd?
political issues such as feminism, gay rights or family law (such as the issues of divorce, domestic }Y Q:6I
violence or child custody), preferring instead to stay focused on emotional and psychological <cYp~e%xIw
well-being. Because of this neutrality, the movement became a site of social criticism by feminists, I:#Ok+
and was often characterized as anti-intellectual as well as apolitical. Michael Messner once gave a |;P^clS3
speech at a gathering, in which he addressed the dangers of celebrating the warrior, as instances of =3*Jj`AV
rape are higher in countries that glorify war. The mythopoets responded that they were not J58#$NC
`'
interested in intellectual or political pursuits, but were primarily concerned with conducting =7 VCtd/
spiritual and emotional work. Additional feminist critique revolved around the movement's absence ga-{!$b*
of women's perspectives, as well as the essentialism in the movement's teachings. OX+hZ<y
Comprehension Questions: Fn!SGX~kx$
i\Yl
+Hj/0pp
21. The mythopoetic men's movement can best be understood as ________________. %M9;I
a. a men’s literary movement x;j{}
%
c. a men's rights movement EJLQ&oH[
b. a men's liberation movement :.$"kXm^
d. a second-wave feminist movement qD-fw-,:
22. The mythopoetic men's movement consists of groups of men who retreated from their female Seda }
loved ones in order to strive for ________________. t?{B_Bf
a. gay rights
dQ9
ah
b. same-sex marriage Vl<9=f7[
c. masculinity V^n0GJNo
d. myths, legends and folktales +8AvTSgX%
23. The idea that modernization has led to the feminization of men means that n 'K6vW3
_________________. Uoji@
a. men cannot be themselves sTkkM9
c. men’s voices have changed AW~"yI<
b. men can no longer make friends .9h)bf+
d. men cannot express themselves 8>N wCjN
2 {%b
}Z2
24. The root issue is ________________. :#u}.G
a. feminism uS<_4A;sD,
b. masculinity bik*ZC?E
c. sex #BY`h~&T
d. gender
!tNd\}@
25. According to the text, the causes for rape must be sought in _________________. @{d\j]Nw
a. the celebration of the archetype of the warrior G[Tl%w
b. the unleashing of men’s "animal-males” {]kaJ{U>
c. domestic violence qZk:mlYd
d. the loss of masculine rituals M#,Q
^rH#
vl:J40Kfn
Passage 2 ,^$|R32
Although in the novel the millennium has been and gone, there are no references at all to real -rSIBc:$8
contemporary American or global political events of the time of writing. Chapstick, Pledge, and Yr+23Ro
Skevener in their study The Endless Loop of History: Space Time in the work of David Foster L}%dCe
Wallace (London 2001) have already noted the way Infinite Jest divorces itself from history by the 9&Ne+MY^%
use of sci fi elements. They note how compared with the American post moderns, whose works 86qI
interact with real historical time, Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical, allegorical time. DFW’s _P7tnXww
invention of Subsidized Time, and the renaming of years after products and companies shows the / T
c=
way in which the soul-rotting effects of advertising infect time as well as internal and external iwF9[wAft
space (cf: Phillip K Dick’s adverts projected onto the moon in The Man in the High Castle). q%/uQT?
Otherwise, the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life is absent from the {i [y9
novel. Actually, this is not correct. The theme of waste management (also the underlying structure Dg>^A
of Don DeLillo’s novel Underworld) reflects some of the anxieties of the 90s, the decade in which Pbu{'y3J
the novel was written: namely, global warming, environmental concerns, nuclear waste 7 sFz?`-
management, including its export to third world countries, the trading of carbon emission points, kkCZNQ~I
futures swaps in carbon footprints etc. DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns; and a =L-I-e97@
Freudian reading of this theme is both unnecessary and not really illuminating, Don Gately’s work {+.r5py
as a shit hoser notwithstanding. DFW’s use of spurious knowledge and scholarship (including a Q<(YP.k
spurious academic apparatus at the back of the book) has been amply commented on, especially the 0CExY9@Wq
doubtful physics of J.O. Incandenza’s work with lenses and nuclear annulation, and the iffey math K>/%X!RW
involved in the Eschaton game. By his use of the spurious DFW is not only satirizing the discourse {zLhiUH
a0
of academic knowledge, but making a serious point about the extent and typology of knowledge ,)FdRRj
itself. Once knowledge becomes so specialized as to become comprehensible to only a very few /+]s.V.
those firmly inside the discourse- what status does that knowledge gain? To those outside the C.Uju`3
discourse, the knowledge can only be taken on trust, and therefore all manner of hoods may be Orn0Zpp<z
winked. In this case the boundaries between the fictional and the real become blurred, a matter for ~B i_7 Q
argument. We are used to questioning the reliability of the narrative voice in fiction, but not so able t=
#&fSR
to question in the same way the reliability of academic discourse or specialist knowledge. The XXZaKgsq
presence of the spurious next to the real infects the real, inviting us to extend our distrust of .="bzgC3A
fictional narrative to non-fictional exposition, the fiction (le mensonge) and the truth become }_'IE1bA
mirrors of each other. The title of a work stands in metonymic relationship to the content of the ;,h/
work: War and Peace, for example, signifies the two main themes and structuring devices of that 4,Ic}Cv
M
novel. For existing books, (real, read books), the title summons up everything we know or )!bUR\
remember about the book. Where that work is non-existent (fictional, spurious, lost or simply 2}6%qgnT-
unknown/unread) the title acts as an empty signifier, which we can fill with our imagination, {Ro2ouQ!V
effectively writing the work ourselves in a flash. Barthes calls these bookless titles prolepses; 7cDU2l
Nabokov creates summaries and detailed commentaries for them (in Pale Fire and The Real life of OR1DYHHT/1
Sebastian Knight); Borges bases his whole stylistics on this process of metonymic expansion; and 9m2, qr|
Eco fills entire imaginary libraries with these fantastical books. DFW for his imaginary works, like XN=67f$Hw
Hoffmann, has a penchant for excessively long and humorous titles, whose length guides us in this I=)hWC/
process of creation cf: Good Looking Men in Small Clever Rooms that Utilize Every Centimeter of 6RO(]5wX
Available Space With Mind-Boggling Efficiency (title of one of J.O. Incandenza’s entertainments), HAz By\M{
and Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race (title of Qd _6)M-
one of Murr’s books from Hoffmann’s The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr). `3H4Ajzcc
|y;}zQB-dH
Comprehension Questions: PX:'/{V
26. According to the author, the use of some of the anxieties of the 90s does not contradict the h0--B]f@
proposition that the novel Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical time because 1J=.N|(@Q
______________. 94uNI8
a. the millennium has been and gone <P[T!gST
b. DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns
/-_=nf}w
c. DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time :K`ESq!8u
d. he uses sci fi elements W:,4 :|3
27. DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time exemplifies _______________. ZX!r1*c
6
a. the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life {e[%;W%c&
b. the commercialization of American society .;y#
c. the endless loop of history
Amr[wx
d. American post modernism Xp\/YJOibd
28. Following Roland Barthes, which of the following titles would be an example of prolepsis? Ds#/
a. War and Peace. ~CB[9D=
b. The Real life of Sebastian Knight 'j^xbikr
c. Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race. @2pu^k^
d. The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr ;k"Bse!/
29. An innovation by DFW to post modern fiction is exemplified by ________________. Y$N)^=7
a. the unreliable narrator #_lt~^6
b. the distrust of academic discourse iHwLZ[O{
c. the process of metonymic expansion [Vd[-
d. fictional, spurious, lost or simply unknown/unread works q)H
1pwxD
30. The title of the novel suggests that it is ________________. "|;:>{JC
a. an allegory Hsih[f
b. a parody D3|oOOoG
c. an apophasis ;^*Unyt[4]
d. a procatalepsis xe7O/',pa=
Passage 3 A7(hw~+@
According to the Koran, it was on a Tuesday that Allah created darkness. Last September 11, `D9]*c
!mO
when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings, I did not W_m"ySQs
have to look to the calendar to see what day it was: Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow uwRr LF
across Manhattan and along the Potomac River. I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so 91Uj}n%
trillion dollars that we have spent since 1950 on what is euphemistically called “defense,” there z0|&W&&D
would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency. }2K $^uR
While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North nz9DLAt
Korea, clearly marked with flags, would rain down on Portland, Oregon, only to be intercepted by r]OK$Ql
our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on +C1QY'>I
the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened SQeRSz8bK4
to be aboard hijacked airliners. C3G)'\yL
For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in the RI68%ZoL
American media. Since I am a loyal American, I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken :
tWU .f#
place, but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens; we simply accuse others of .uNQBBNv
motiveless malignity. “We are good,” G.W. proclaims, “They are evil,” which wraps that one up in M$0u1~K
a neat package. Later, Bush himself put, as it were, the bow on the package in an address to a joint b;)~wU=
session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the 3!5Ur&
Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam’s wiles and ways: “They hate what they see right here qc#)!
in this Chamber.” I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets. “Their bT
2a40ul
leaders are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms, our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, Rb(SBa
our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.” At this plangent moment what a_h]?5
:c
American’s gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait? ljKrj
A member of the Pentagon Junta, Rumsfeld, a skilled stand-up comic, daily made fun of a C&++VRnm
large group of “journalists” on prime-time TV. At great, and often amusing, length, Rummy tells us .S(,o.
nothing about our losses and their losses. He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was c5|:,wkx
holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, Hcc"b0>}{
two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not. In any case, never before in ~4?9a(>3
our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we, the American people, been treated )[1)$-Ru
with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed (those of us who are q5>v'ZSo
not rich) and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll. *6 _tQ9G
The Bush administration, though eerily inept in all but its principal task, which is to exempt the ?BhMjsy.
rich from taxes, has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like 1 { , F
the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia. The Bushites go about their BL 3gKx.'
relentless plundering of the Treasury and now, thanks to Osama, Social Security (a supposedly 9<Kj6t_
untouchable trust fund), which, like Lucky Strike green, has gone to a war currently costing us $3 ,t)x{I;C)
billion a month. They have also allowed the FBI and CIA either to run amok or not budge at all, kh%{C]".1
leaving us, the very first “indispensable” and—at popular request—last global empire, rather like
vSonkJ_
the Wizard of Oz doing his odd pretend-magic tricks while hoping not to be found out. Meanwhile, JoSJH35=:
G.W. booms, “Either you are with us or you are with the Terrorists.” That’s known as asking for it. nI0[;'Hn,
Comprehension Questions: 7OjR._@
v
:+~9w+
Z@Ae$ '9H
31. The author believes that America’s defense spending ______________. udeoW-_
a. protects the national security m! U9m
c. primarily fights terror Qv-@Zt!8
b. is good for humanity s|y:UgD
d. is a misnomer f@co<iA
32. The author uses the term “rigged pole” to ______________. <9>vO,n
a. cast doubt upon the voting process LL$_zK{
b. refer to public opinion polls eSW
{Cb
d. add humor to an otherwise serious article J~(Wf%jM~
c. remind the reader of political corruption NAPX_B,6
33. In the essay, President George W Bush’s use of dichotomy is portrayed as ______________. ^*\XgX
a. jingoistic and rational b. misleading and simplistic KR"M/#
c. well-considered and politically expedient d. effective rhetoric that will stand the test of time -X+H2G
34. The use of the term “Pentagon junta” indicates the author’s belief that ______________. id?h >g
a. the Pentagon has transformed into a populist political machine WMMO5_Mz
b. the leaders of America’s military establishment were overrepresented in Bush’s White House n&A'C\
c. the military-industrial complex has taken control of America’s political process %7g:}O$
d. journalists have not been able to get solid information from the Bush administration {D g_?._d
35. When the author mentions the Tresury, Social Security, the FBI, and the CIA, he intends to #Km:}=
highlight the fact that ______________. Q?AmOo-a
a. war-related expenses are like magic tricks lgpW@g
b. America is spending harmful amounts of money on “security” =+w*gDr
c. it is difficult to fund the American empire NzKUtwnIz
d. America’s empire is not popular, but it may be necessary to maintain “security” +y 87~]]
Passage 4 fIGFHZy,
The ground broken by Freud and Breuer’s pronouncement, in the “Preliminary g/CxXSv@0
Communication” concerning the psychogenesis of hysteria, that “hysterics suffer mainly from m0{ !hF[^
reminiscences” brought to view the tangled roots linking the developing concept of a hidden and ! Q<>3xZ
powerful unconscious with nineteenth century anxieties concerning memory’s absence and excess. ET];%~ ^
Freud’s later emphasis upon fantasy, rather than memory, in his revised writings on hysteria’s 4.RG4Jq
aetiology can be regarded, in part, as the vanquishing of memory’s unbiddability by fantasy’s
Quf_'
origins in unconscious wishes and anxieties. :fk2
]{KTL
Two qualifying currents ran through this new emphasis upon fantasy and desire rather than !EQ@#qW/
upon involuntary memory. First, the issue of personal responsibility raised by this new emphasis on I]!^;))
unconscious sexual and violent fantasies was mitigated by Freud’s consolation to his earliest fIF<g@s
hysterical patients that “we are not responsible for our feelings”. Second, the possible association f.GETw
only of fantasy with the determining force of unconscious inner processes. d3^OEwe
Hystories, which continues its author’s earlier study of hysteria associates this return with the ~el3I=KC}
development of a divisive “survivor” culture characterized by blame and vengeful litigation. >!6i3E^
Showalter’s fundamentally Enlightenment critique of this culture suggests that only a renewed 2k6 X,
emphasis upon fantasy can rescue contemporary western culture from the distortions that threaten 2wqk,c[]
its stability and limit its capacity for healthy and democratically organized public life. In short, .k4W_9
Showalter calls for the nurturing of a psychically enlightened culture within which collective or }6 5s'JB
individual responsibility can be acknowledged for violent, fearful, or sexual fantasies. G,= yc@uq
The thesis propounded in this polemical and accessible work is that hysteria, despite the views TO,rxf
of the psychological establishment, is “alive and well” in the late twentieth century western world, I|$
RJkD
though in transformed guise. Hysteria’s domain has shifted, argues Showalter, from the clinic to the Cc?TSZ8[
popular narrative, or “history”, in which various arguably “traumatic experiences” take centre-stage. YJxw 'U
>P
TV, the popular press, and e-mail spread hystories with which growing numbers of troubled &4dz}zz90
individuals are coming to identify. These hystories of ME, Gulf War Syndrome, recovered memory, dMx4ykrR
multiple personality disorder, satanic abuse and alien abduction each provide explanatory narratives ]<DNo&fw
that allow somatic or psychical symptoms. _B2V "p
The sub-title of the US version of Hystories and aspects of its argument foreground the part }G$]LWgQx
played by the speed and spread of contemporary electronic communications in the escalation of H(0q6~|
hystories. However, Hystories’ argument, in keeping perhaps with the book’s critique of hystories =G~~?>=@2
themselves, eschews direct accusation. Nevertheless, the sharpest edge of Showalter’s cultural weMww,: ^[
critique of hystories is directed against their crossing of the line from private narratives that enable J` {6l
therapeutic sense to be made of a life, to media-spurred, public, political and judicial “rituals of ihT~xt
testimony” that involve accusation and persecution. In a final chapter that warns — a little AgF5-tz6x
hysterically perhaps — of the coming hysterical plague, Showalter likens the emergence and ngulc v
proliferation of these public discourses to the witch-hunts of the seventeenth century. She concludes y?[snrK G
that this development, demonstrates the “human propensity to paranoia”. 2}}?'PwwT
At base, Hystories calls for a return to those insights and values arguably delivered by Freud’s `P+(&taT
turn towards fantasy. For Showalter, hystories appear to represent a withdrawal from the hard task YEjY8]t
enjoined by those insights: that of grasping as our own unconscious fantasies the violent, lhC6S'vq
destructive, or sexual forces that hystories locate and persecute elsewhere and in others. ~$O1`IT
Showalter’s impassioned plea is to return to enlightenment values. “The hysterical epidemics of the TY;U2.Ud
1990s continue to do damage”, she concludes “in distracting us from the real problems and crises of |P6EO22p
modern society, in undermining respect for evidence and truth, and in helping support an 0/]_n
d
atmosphere of conspiracy and suspicion. They prevent us from claiming our full humanity as free 2xmk,&s
and responsible beings”. It is the recognition of universal human propensities and, in particular, the g jG2
grasping of responsibility for our own projections that promises to move us beyond a culture of Z$K+
7>^
blame inhabited by perpetrators and victims, and towards a freer and a more equal society. m^!Sv?hV
Comprehension Questions: .PVLWW
36. Showalter’s interest in to be found mainly in the academic discipline of ________________. bLG ]Wa
a. history b. sociology c. psychology d. the media 3_qdJ<,
37. According to Showalter, soldiers suffering from psychosomatic ailments known as the ‘Gulf 993d/z|DX
War Syndrome’ are dealing with ________________. {V2bU}5
[
a. repressed memories from the First Iraq War (1991) :B#EqeI
b. delusions created by chemical or biological weapons }X1.Wt=?
c. unconscious fears about contact with toxins K_-MkY?+
d. somatic expression of exposure to depleted uranium iV)ac\
38. The attitude of the reviewer of the book by Showalter may best be described as jW5iqU"{*
________________. eYP=T+
a. reserved \ZnN D1A
b. ironic <Ry$7t,
c. sympathetic ' Js?N
d. convinced huAyjo
39. According to the researcher, mankind has always had the tendency of ________________. ce5nG0@#
a. externalization of the causes of unhappiness g3rRhS
b. reduction of complexities to simplified stories {% F`%_{"
c. deification of supernatural phenomena q:yO92Ow
d. schizophrenic paranoia w`#fH
40. The analysis and comparison with seventeenth-century witch-hunts by Showalter, successfully aF])"9
predicts the hysteria and persecution in our day of _________________. IxP^i{/1?
a. paedophiles =h\E<dw
b. catholics iBHw[X,b
c. veganists ,Oi^ySn
d. terrorists {bTeAfbf]
请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。 !Zj#.6c9
PART III: Reading and Writing {&`VGXG
Section A (10 points) 6PJ'lA;*b
Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable P!>g7X
one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not b Fn(w:1Q
fit in any of the blanks. )d_U)b7i
(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but CXa Ld7nMX
chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of cyb(\ fsC
her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to &E]"c]i+
return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should
|`v^ d|
Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her ~ a>S#S
command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player p|s2G~0<
2 PHl4 vh#E!
has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit. zi_[V@Es/
(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the cE2R r
so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has bQpoXs0w;
to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet (ic@3:xR
despite the economic orthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the :1N
Ypsd.i
course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and =ty2_6&>
three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back. i2U/RXu
Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to d~,n_E$q;
understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely +ruj
ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, W7T"
d4
neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn WSSaZ9
=
more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the rSbQ}O4V
social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extended order of Qv74?B@
exchange through markets.” >LCjtm\
(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: Hj1k-Bs&'w
“Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, .GtINhz*
individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends ELD
+:b
to depress the national economy.” m9uUDq#GJ
And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the "hfw9Qm
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think }el,^~
strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to 2pw>B%1WP)
about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be td%Y4-+ -
urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack. 40rZ~!}
A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows mJ/^BT]
trust in us is largely outside our control. "hz>{oe
B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also +)% ,G@-`
to be true for nations. z)r8?9u
C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the xMLrLXy
case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked zv&ePq\#
poverty trap. O#A8t<f|M
D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb. .`b4h"g:
E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive
uT
#Acg
and successful. lrq>TJEcx
F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living. /abmjV0
G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory. ?]759,Q3L
Section B (10 points) j'#)~>b
Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part. eUi> Mp
PART IV: Translation &IIJKn|_
Directions: Write your translations in your answer sheet. ':5Trx
Section A: Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. (15 points) `8.1&fBr
On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves. (1) Often they sit on the shelves absorbing SjFF=ib
dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust—and it is precisely the appetite for this -9hp+0 <
posthumous dimension that sets one’s pen in motion. 5)h+(u C3
So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won’t be terribly amiss if we ~NTDG
surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes. After all, what goes into @'6S[zU
writing a book is, ultimately, a man’s only life. (2) Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise 3U :YA&K(
in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger. J
r=REa0
Nor does one become any younger by reading one. Since this is so, our natural preference $w 5#2Za
should be for good books. The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined ]Om'naD
by its distinction from “bad”. (3) What’s more, to write a good book, a writer must read a great deal m~A[V,os
of pulp—otherwise he won’t be able to develop the necessary criteria. That’s what may constitute U^vUdM"
bad literature’s best defense at the Last Judgment. V'Sd[*
Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we must devise a TyxU6<>4J4
system that allows us a semblance of economy. Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of a>-}\GXTA
holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel, but in the end, we read not for reading’s sake
&"@HWF
but to learn. (4) Hence the need for the works that brings the human predicament into its sharpest ::^qy^n
possible focus. Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter. xg*\j)_}
(5) The role of that compass, of course, is played by literary criticism, by reviewers. Alas, its `8$:F4%P
needle oscillates wildly. What is north for some is south for others. The trouble with a reviewer is x9FLr}e
threefold: (a) he can be a hack, and as ignorant as ourselves; (b) he can have strong predilections for dXf]G6
a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry, and (c) if he is a )3D+gu
writer of talent, he will turn his review writing into an independent art from—Jorge Luis Borges is a j\i;'t}8g
case in point—and you may end up reading reviews rather than the books. W>aQ
tT
Section B: Translate the following sentences into good English. (15 points) i}
NkHEK
1. 故宫雄伟、壮丽,是中国古建筑艺术的巅峰之作,其规模和独具特色的风格享誉世界。故 \FY/eQ*07
宫内保存着大量珍贵、稀有的古物,它们对研究明、清两代历史和历史艺术具有十分重要 Q{ |+3!!'
的意义。1925 年故宫改名为故宫博物馆,成为世界最大的博物馆之一。 &sr:\Qn X/
2. 这一年,我们隆重纪念了中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利 70 周年,举行了盛 |,M#8NOp:
大阅兵,昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜的真理。我和马英九先生在新加坡会面, : pE-{3I
实现了跨越 66 年时空的握手,表明两岸关系和平发展是两岸同胞的共同心愿。 V{a}#J
3. 新西兰是发达的高福利社会,并以盛产高质量的水果、肉和乳制品著称于世。服务业,特 {Kq*5Aq8
别是旅游以及与教育相关的产业,也在经济发展中起着重要作用。每年有很多来自中国的 ArEH%e
游客和留学生来到新西兰享受它所提供的一切。 9^b7jw
!DY2{Wb
&kr_CP:;