PART I: Cloze (20 points) _/<x
Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. t#eTV@-
Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control. Production workers must be i8HTzv"J
able to do just-in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don't think, do what Tc3yS(aq
you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management. K@w{"7}
This shift occurs not because today's managers are more ___(1)___ than yesterday's managers,
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but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more ___(2)___ than pIKP
XqA
the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work _ZkI)o
force both become more central and require different models of behavior. /fV;^=:8c
To be on top of this situation, tomorrow's managers will have to have strong background in @bP)406p
organizational psychology, human relations, and labor ___(3)___. The MIT Sloan School of quickly S#}
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management attempts to ___(4)___ our understanding in these areas through research and then fXQNHZ|4
quickly bring the ___(5)___ of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge Jo23P.#<
managers when it comes to the human side of the equation. A1zjPG&]
The first three decades after World War II were ___(6)___ in ___(7)___ the United States had a i@M[>~
huge technological lead ___(8)___ all the rest in the world. In a very real sense, ___(9)___ L4y4RG/SJ:
technological competitive. American firms did not have to worry about their technological $l&(%\pp
competitiveness because they were ___(10)___. G+|` 2an
But that world has disappeared. Today we live in a world where American firms ___(11)___
1c{DY
have automatic technological ___(12)___. In some areas they are still ahead, in some areas they are ~Vjl7G\7i
_ vTw>JNVI
__(13)___, and in some areas they are behind, but on average, they are average. p,i[W.dy.'
___(14)___ this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical fMyti$1~
change in ways ___(15)___ were not necessary in the past. Conversely, managers from the rest of N7R!C)!IL
the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they d <JM36j?
understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do. scLll ,~
In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically ___(16)___ ___(17)___ their H\tUpan6fy
functional tasks within the firm. They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new ,^f+^^
technologies, ___(18)___ they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet l$bu%SZ
on new technologies. If they ___(19)___ what is going on and technology effectively becomes a !^Y(^RS@
black box, they ___(20)___ to make the changes. They will be losers, not winners. ><HE;
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1 a. enlightened b. enlightening c. enlightenment d. enlighten Ng>h"H
?R.j^S^
2 a. sterile b. producing c. productive d. extravagant pOG1jI5<{8
3 a. economics b. economic c. economy d. economies 2Ny"O.0h
4 a. take b. arouse c. rise d. advance gn".u!9j
5 . a. results b. evidence c. content d. fruits L"*/:$EJL.
6 a. usual b. flawed c. unusual d. unessential 2n"V}p>8i#
7 . a. which b. / c. that d. those o.\F.C$
8 a. by b. over c. on d. upon e|WJQd4+S
9 a. was the world not b. the world was not c. did the world be not d. was not the world 'o>B'$
10 a.superior b. super c. inferior d. junior G..aiA
11 a. still b. even c. neither d. no longer Oh6fj}eK
12 a. superiority b. inferiority c. majority d. minority 'AEE[
13 a. common b. average c. ignorant d. exceptional {v;&5! s
14 a. How b. That c. What d. Which p\aaJ
15 a. that b. they c. those d. who 3Xy-r=N. l
16 a. illiterate b. sophisticated c. literate d. omniscient Opc
ZU{4b
17 a. regardless b. in spite of c. despite d. regardless of q6`b26
18 a. and b. likewise c. furthermore d. but xx9 g''Q
19 a. didn’t understand b. don't understand c. haven’t understood d. hadn’t understood KRMQtgahc
20 a. failed b. would have failed c. would fail d. would be failed Ayw ;N
KP5C}ZK+s
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PART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points) Jx7C'~,J
Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. "~7>\>UFh
Passage 1 aYS!xh206
The leaders of the mythopoetic men's movement believe that modernization has led to the v)t:|Q{I
feminization of men. Mythopoets believe that the rise of the urban industrial society "trapped men MUREiL9L|
into straitjackets of rationality, thus blunting the powerful emotional communion and collective 5aZ2j26
spiritual transcendence that they believe men in tribal societies typically enjoyed". Most ![_*(8v}S
importantly, the movement seeks to restore the "deep masculine" to men who have lost it in their hp7|m0.JW
more modern lifestyles. Other causes for the loss of the "deep masculine" include: Men no longer UK O[r;
being comrades who celebrated their masculinity together. Rather, they had become competitors lc,tVe_
within their workplaces; Men spending more time in their houses with women than they did with i}mVQ\j5
men (in non-competitive terms outside of work). Excessive interaction with women generally kept vZ&T}H~8
men from realizing their internal masculinity; Feminism is bringing attention to the “feminine CpeU5 o@
voice.” Through this, the mythopoetic men felt that their voices had been muted (though Bly and Vjp1RWb
others are careful in not blaming feminism for this); The separation of men from their fathers kept jW3!6*93
them from being truly initiated into manhood, and was a source of emotional damage. Men were
6dN7_v)
suffering further emotional damage due to feminist accusations about sexism. Men should celebrate 'H&2HXw&2
their differences from women, rather than feeling guilty about them. Men is being discouraged from (@<c6WS
expressing their emotions. Male inexpressivity is an epidemic and does not correspond to their !K}~/9Z=m
"deep masculine" natures. Groups of primarily white, middle-aged, heterosexual men from the f~y%%+{p
professional class retreated from their female loved ones in order to join in spiritual rituals that t2I5hSf
emphasized homosociality, with the central goal of reclaiming the parts of their masculinity that m)v"3ib
they had lost called the "deep masculine." Because most men no longer perform masculine rituals, dzsmIV+
mythopoets assert that men have mutated into destructive, hypermasculine chauvinists, or, in the oe
|)oTv
opposite direction, have become too feminized. The mythopoetic men performed rituals at these hp*/#D
gatherings, which were meant to imitate those performed by tribal societies when men initiated l(u.I2^o
boys into a deeply essential natural manhood. The movement emphasized the importance of Xti[[s J
including multiple generations of men in the rituals, so that the men could learn about masculinity Wm"4Ae:B
from those who were older and wiser. Characteristic of the early mythopoetic movement was a }Q?c"H!/
tendency to retell myths, legends and folktales, and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal wF,UE_
insight. Using frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungiananalytical psychology, the VsgE!/>1
movement focused on issues of gender role, gender identity and wellness for the modern man (and 6c"0})p
woman). Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music, these acts being seen as a %Bn?n{/
modern extension to a form of "new ageshamanism" popularized by Michael Harner at (m.ob+D
approximately the same time. The movement sought to empower men by means of equating 8:>1F,
archetypal characters with their own emotions and abilities. For instance, Michael Messner Q6AC(n@:FV
describes the concept of "Zeus energy" as emphasizing "male authority accepted for the good of the e
8]\U/
community". Beliefs about the emotional system based in archetypes of great men, mythopoets oCi=4#g%7
sought to channel these characters in themselves, so that they could unleash their "animal-males". [*H N"
This group primarily analyzed the archetypes of King, Warrior, Magician, Lover and Wildman. H]p!\H
As a self-help movement the mythopoetic movement tends not to take explicit stances on OQT;zqup
political issues such as feminism, gay rights or family law (such as the issues of divorce, domestic gb> }v7
violence or child custody), preferring instead to stay focused on emotional and psychological 2f:Eof(B
well-being. Because of this neutrality, the movement became a site of social criticism by feminists, ?~;:jz|9<'
and was often characterized as anti-intellectual as well as apolitical. Michael Messner once gave a *@Y3oh}
S
speech at a gathering, in which he addressed the dangers of celebrating the warrior, as instances of .k9{Yv0
rape are higher in countries that glorify war. The mythopoets responded that they were not bKQ"ax>6p
interested in intellectual or political pursuits, but were primarily concerned with conducting H nUYqhZS
spiritual and emotional work. Additional feminist critique revolved around the movement's absence 8J~1-;
of women's perspectives, as well as the essentialism in the movement's teachings. BV(8y.H
Comprehension Questions: \XM^oE#G
;._7jF
j.
>teOm?@U
21. The mythopoetic men's movement can best be understood as ________________. ?a8(azn
a. a men’s literary movement r8&^>4
c. a men's rights movement i|}[A
b. a men's liberation movement C,NxE5?h
d. a second-wave feminist movement ,FMx5$
22. The mythopoetic men's movement consists of groups of men who retreated from their female :ORR_f`>
loved ones in order to strive for ________________. .E&z$N
a. gay rights ;9ly'<up
b. same-sex marriage )aao[_ZS
c. masculinity >sjhA|gXk
d. myths, legends and folktales /43-;"%>
23. The idea that modernization has led to the feminization of men means that ~$ f;U
_________________. o fMY,~w
a. men cannot be themselves pM&YXb?
c. men’s voices have changed saAxGG
b. men can no longer make friends ^1x*lLf
d. men cannot express themselves U{$1[,f
2 ym/fFm6h
24. The root issue is ________________. }%`~T>/
a. feminism #nO|A\N
b. masculinity zT|)uP*
c. sex j:&4-K};Z`
d. gender OxtOd\0$
25. According to the text, the causes for rape must be sought in _________________. }Jh: 8BNuP
a. the celebration of the archetype of the warrior 7HJS.047
b. the unleashing of men’s "animal-males” 9W>Y#V~|v!
c. domestic violence ;.Ie#Vr1N
d. the loss of masculine rituals r-IVb&uFb
?Xo*1Z =
Passage 2 $1zvgep
Although in the novel the millennium has been and gone, there are no references at all to real @[?!s%*2
contemporary American or global political events of the time of writing. Chapstick, Pledge, and >Aq870n
Skevener in their study The Endless Loop of History: Space Time in the work of David Foster qxMnp}O
Wallace (London 2001) have already noted the way Infinite Jest divorces itself from history by the XC3Kh^
use of sci fi elements. They note how compared with the American post moderns, whose works }o,z!_^PLQ
interact with real historical time, Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical, allegorical time. DFW’s +wk`;0s A
invention of Subsidized Time, and the renaming of years after products and companies shows the 'QH1=$Su
way in which the soul-rotting effects of advertising infect time as well as internal and external @C-dG7U.P
space (cf: Phillip K Dick’s adverts projected onto the moon in The Man in the High Castle). wFIh6[3
Otherwise, the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life is absent from the
5q<zN
novel. Actually, this is not correct. The theme of waste management (also the underlying structure p(m1O70C
of Don DeLillo’s novel Underworld) reflects some of the anxieties of the 90s, the decade in which YIp-Y}6
the novel was written: namely, global warming, environmental concerns, nuclear waste ql&*6KZ"
management, including its export to third world countries, the trading of carbon emission points, p'?w2YN/
futures swaps in carbon footprints etc. DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns; and a hsG#6?l3
Freudian reading of this theme is both unnecessary and not really illuminating, Don Gately’s work 5lJ)(|_
as a shit hoser notwithstanding. DFW’s use of spurious knowledge and scholarship (including a Q1&P@Io$
spurious academic apparatus at the back of the book) has been amply commented on, especially the xq-
$\#O
doubtful physics of J.O. Incandenza’s work with lenses and nuclear annulation, and the iffey math z&$/EP-
involved in the Eschaton game. By his use of the spurious DFW is not only satirizing the discourse h?yG<>wI
of academic knowledge, but making a serious point about the extent and typology of knowledge 1(GHCxA8G
itself. Once knowledge becomes so specialized as to become comprehensible to only a very few 2#/p|$;Ec'
those firmly inside the discourse- what status does that knowledge gain? To those outside the `Xcirfp
discourse, the knowledge can only be taken on trust, and therefore all manner of hoods may be fd8#Ng"1
winked. In this case the boundaries between the fictional and the real become blurred, a matter for 3|@t%K
argument. We are used to questioning the reliability of the narrative voice in fiction, but not so able ;+I4&VieK
to question in the same way the reliability of academic discourse or specialist knowledge. The zy N (4
presence of the spurious next to the real infects the real, inviting us to extend our distrust of 22KI]$D#f
fictional narrative to non-fictional exposition, the fiction (le mensonge) and the truth become yNJAWM7
mirrors of each other. The title of a work stands in metonymic relationship to the content of the C@HD(..#
work: War and Peace, for example, signifies the two main themes and structuring devices of that 8!h'j
novel. For existing books, (real, read books), the title summons up everything we know or GZ0aOpUWVq
remember about the book. Where that work is non-existent (fictional, spurious, lost or simply 0%)5.=6
unknown/unread) the title acts as an empty signifier, which we can fill with our imagination, C'9 1d7E
effectively writing the work ourselves in a flash. Barthes calls these bookless titles prolepses; h[ 6hM^n
Nabokov creates summaries and detailed commentaries for them (in Pale Fire and The Real life of bv\ A,+
Sebastian Knight); Borges bases his whole stylistics on this process of metonymic expansion; and ZZ
A.a
Eco fills entire imaginary libraries with these fantastical books. DFW for his imaginary works, like |r~
uos
Hoffmann, has a penchant for excessively long and humorous titles, whose length guides us in this .:;fAJPf
process of creation cf: Good Looking Men in Small Clever Rooms that Utilize Every Centimeter of It
2U
fW
Available Space With Mind-Boggling Efficiency (title of one of J.O. Incandenza’s entertainments), sdF3cX
and Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race (title of r2G*!qK*1
one of Murr’s books from Hoffmann’s The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr). 9 |K*G~J
&?$\Y,{
Comprehension Questions: TJ2/?p\x
26. According to the author, the use of some of the anxieties of the 90s does not contradict the ye r>
x
proposition that the novel Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical time because {u]CHN`%Z
______________. eECj_eH-
a. the millennium has been and gone C/+nSe.
b. DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns jCWu\Oe
c. DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time "<dN9l>
d. he uses sci fi elements w?ai,Pw
27. DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time exemplifies _______________. CSL4P)
a. the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life
g@(30{
b. the commercialization of American society *7vue"I*Z
c. the endless loop of history U3q5^{0d/
d. American post modernism 0P:F97"1,
28. Following Roland Barthes, which of the following titles would be an example of prolepsis? OX,F09.C
a. War and Peace. mSj76'L#
b. The Real life of Sebastian Knight uf0^E3H
c. Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race. >
#i $Tw
d. The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr vj@V
!j?
29. An innovation by DFW to post modern fiction is exemplified by ________________. 4O Zy&,
a. the unreliable narrator 9l=Fv6
b. the distrust of academic discourse 9_`3IJ
c. the process of metonymic expansion fsb=8>}63}
d. fictional, spurious, lost or simply unknown/unread works =[8d@d\
30. The title of the novel suggests that it is ________________. )ldUayJ
a. an allegory 9e76pP(
b. a parody 8I {56$
c. an apophasis `i{4cT8:
d. a procatalepsis K/A ? ]y
Passage 3 $u-lo|
According to the Koran, it was on a Tuesday that Allah created darkness. Last September 11, QZ9M{Y/
when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings, I did not nvwDx*[qN
have to look to the calendar to see what day it was: Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow FrgV@4'2G
across Manhattan and along the Potomac River. I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so qIUC2,&g
trillion dollars that we have spent since 1950 on what is euphemistically called “defense,” there EXH!glR[$
would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency. D)RdOldr
While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North f>b!-|
Korea, clearly marked with flags, would rain down on Portland, Oregon, only to be intercepted by (#lm#?<)
our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on !4!S{#<q
the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened G0^V!0I&O
to be aboard hijacked airliners. xg4T` ])
For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in the <(ubZ
American media. Since I am a loyal American, I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken U5 -zB)V
place, but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens; we simply accuse others of L)j]~^P$-
motiveless malignity. “We are good,” G.W. proclaims, “They are evil,” which wraps that one up in vC s6#PR$
a neat package. Later, Bush himself put, as it were, the bow on the package in an address to a joint X~`.}
session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the H{&a)!Ms
Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam’s wiles and ways: “They hate what they see right here @DUN;L 4
in this Chamber.” I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets. “Their @)S sKk|
leaders are self-appointed. They hate our freedoms, our freedom of religion, our freedom of speech, ,Uv{dG
our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.” At this plangent moment what {A!;W
American’s gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait? H,01o5J
A member of the Pentagon Junta, Rumsfeld, a skilled stand-up comic, daily made fun of a wGZ>iLe:
large group of “journalists” on prime-time TV. At great, and often amusing, length, Rummy tells us m[//_TFf]
nothing about our losses and their losses. He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was %D`^
holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, \fkS_r, i
two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not. In any case, never before in
&
bp#1KR)
our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we, the American people, been treated sj?`7kg
with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed (those of us who are Xq} n^W
not rich) and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll. Vq? 8u/
The Bush administration, though eerily inept in all but its principal task, which is to exempt the }L{_xyi>#
rich from taxes, has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like
|*/uN~[
the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia. The Bushites go about their |>jqH @\P
relentless plundering of the Treasury and now, thanks to Osama, Social Security (a supposedly P 'FPe55F
untouchable trust fund), which, like Lucky Strike green, has gone to a war currently costing us $3 [MSDk"o&