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一、代词 w.\#!@kZ!
代词中主要讲解六个问题 [\e2 ID;
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 9dD;Z$x&Xk
主格、宾格、所有格 .m\' |%
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %QrpFE5V5
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(二) 反身代词 Qape DU;
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }Ii5[nRN
He killed himself. (他自杀了) x(/{]$h
He killed him. (他杀了他) VVyms7
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 7cJh^M
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a series of indicators that could help 1 ojy_
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themselves to predict earthquakes. csay\Q{
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 .IJgkP)!]
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Fz4g:8qdA
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 O}I
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 5b^`M
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies L4L[@tMPmY
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Tp?l;DU
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Pacific. 0'9zXJ"
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 D~s
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 {)8!> K%G
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: CUR70[pB)
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 It/IDPx4ga
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined oJEUNgY&
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the word“normalcy”to express social and <8Zm}-U
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economic conditions they promised the nation. (7qdrAeP
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 C<.Ny,U
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important NdW2OUxw"
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John XJ`!d\WL/!
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Keats, published the year of her death. 2yyJ19Iul
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ^atX/
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(四) Who和which的区别 K; +w'/{
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 mQ@A3/= `
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 O
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 'w8k*@cQ
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. H40~i=.
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 /7nircXj@
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 FC:+[.fi
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(五) that和which的区别 =q%Q^
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 ` n*e8T
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it xIN&>D'|N
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. w&v
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @2LpI*]C
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ^ucmScl
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, aDV~T24
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when /E/Z0<l7
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. jf`QoK
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Ej\Me
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly $ ]ew<j
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. gQ< >S
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Bb,l.w
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has hU3!
affected the way people in the United States----. d@$]/=%
(A) living and working \]
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(B) they live and work x1@`\r#0
(C) live and work $s2Y,0>I6
(D) to live and to work U<YP@?w
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 AHo4%
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二、介词 .T>^bLuFy
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 W~!uSrY
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(一) 介词搭配 4
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those G~VukW<e
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Rk8oshS+2
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 N!{waPbPi
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. (lzZ=T
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分析:B错改为be rich in ?V{APM$x
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the GyVRe]<>B
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. s"xiGp9
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 -Wt
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ar%!h~
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {SOy-
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. %n!7'XF'[
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 yQ/E0>Uj!
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ]iHSU
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on z7PmyU
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Es^=&2''
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 \5q0nB@i5y
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2、介词by J^xIfV~zt
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &~MM\,KML
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing c_Fz?R+f?K
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States )N}.n2Y8W
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. EA
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