改错题常考要点 Q0`wt.}V2
一、代词 <s31W3<v
代词中主要讲解六个问题 \R9(x]nZ%
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 K,;E5
主格、宾格、所有格 q.^;!f1
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) J@HtoTDO3
-n~1C{<
(二) 反身代词 <SAzxo:I
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 [\98$BN
He killed himself. (他自杀了) (&Kk7<#`
He killed him. (他杀了他) ouvA~/5
'A=^Se`=
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating b;B%q$sntC
A B }z'8Bu
a series of indicators that could help 7FP*oN?
C 6m/r+?'
themselves to predict earthquakes. xf\ C|@i
D hE'-is@7
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 <Uk}o8E
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 HYD'.uj
Y!aSs3c
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 RtkEGxw*^
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 :DK {Vg6
!]A
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ^&9zw\x;z
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the xk9%F?)
A B C D 6fE7W>la
Pacific. P8OaoPj
f <Zxz9
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 S1T"Z{$
1SQ3-WUs
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 D%[mWc@1I
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
o)M}!MT
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 kYE9M8s;
p%up)]?0
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined h"
B+hu
A `P@< 3]
the word“normalcy”to express social and *P[hy
B YH}'s>xZz
economic conditions they promised the nation. WMDl=6
C D rET\n(AJ
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 M5LfRBO
LRxZcxmy
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ~p6 V,Q
A dM.f]-g
work is not poetry, but his biography, John B B{$&Oh
B C x
`eo"5.$
Keats, published the year of her death. M/B_#yK
D Gm&Za,4%4
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. q~F|
dZl5Ic
G{~J|{t\yz
(四) Who和which的区别 EmWn%eMN
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 vQG5*pR*w
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ;J( 8
L
3Y4?CM&0v
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who )th<,Lo3#
A B dmtr*pM_
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. GRIti9GD
C D ]Jg&VXrH
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 HQ_Ok`
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ;3coP{
.&iawz
(五) that和which的区别 .bl/*s
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 h|9L5
\[i1JG
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it [ZwjOi:)
A B e`_
LEv
would affect society could not have been foreseen. ij`w} V
C D 9Q^r
O26+
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 `:fZ)$sY
,Ks8*;#r
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *!t/"b
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, cxC6n%!;y
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when )T2Caqs2
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. l}|%5.5-
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !X#OOqPr=
yjX9oxhtL
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly A2Ed0|B y
A B `:KY\
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 7hcYD!DS
C D O"9\5(w
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 .f2bNnB~pP
H[$
"+&q
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has ,/I.t DH
affected the way people in the United States----. ql{OETn#
(A) living and working *u [BP@vE
(B) they live and work ~rKrpb]ow
(C) live and work -<!NXm|kvz
(D) to live and to work j{A y\n (
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 }!r|1$,kL
\ :sUL!
二、介词 *vxk@`K~
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 zu{P#~21
G 4X|Bka
(一) 介词搭配 K7:)nv
E
oW*16>IN9l
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those zP8lN(LA
A B C 24*XL,
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. IueF
x u
D IY\5@PVZ
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 6j]0R*B7`Q
kfY}S
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. 6Y?|w 3f
A B C D /]Md~=yNp
分析:B错改为be rich in oIzj,v8$
9vc2VB$
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Ai?*s%8v
A B C F_{Yo?_
alternation of periods of light and darkness. E]n&=\
D s8t;.^1}
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 {Gk1vcq
D.u{~
vw/J8'
(二) 最重要的两个介词 O-
hAFKx
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 `kXs;T6&
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. xdt-
;w|
A B C D Js?]$V"
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Y)2,PES=
j>" @,B g*
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 5e^ChK0Q
A B v$wIm, j
starred in stage, television, and film productions on ~HsJUro
C } (73Syl#
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. }9OC,Y8?D
D ?GR"FmB(
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 kxhWq:[c
7[XRd9a5(
2、介词by jm/`iXnMf
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by e6$W Qd`O
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing \Uq(Zga4)
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States I,vJbvvl!
A B ~=l;=7 T
can be performed from a justice of the peace. `|&O*`
C D 5<Nx^D
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 +#@I~u _}D
K1yzD6[eW
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils c,+:i1IAy
A M%P:n/j
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to j'"J%e]
B C D `Eo.v#<
supply moccasins and field rations. n9ej7oj
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 M!D3 }JRm
GH$ pKB
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with #?- wm
A P{lB50
operations on sets of numbers or other elements z_4J)?3
B C @Z:l62l=bE
that are often represented at symbols. =^,m` _1
D +Q"4Migbe@
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 5D//*}b,
三、谓语动词 oV78Hq6
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 v O_*yh1
①、主谓分割原则 )R1<N
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, PtiOz
:zV
A N6i Q8P-
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Se =`N
B C D i?^L/b`H
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 WCixKYq
Yr[\|$H5
②、与后者一致原则 #!+:!_45
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, wNd isI
not only…but also \z(gqkc 6
II{&{S'HU
1=Z0w +v{
③、与前者一致原则 I51@QJX
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Vs!Nmv`
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ]N F[>uiW
例:The athlete, together with his coach and #?:l b1
A B C |aq"#Ml)
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. @b2aNS<T
D =Jb>x#Y
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is vUM4S26"NT
tK\~A,=
④、就近原则 z-)O9PV
or, either…or, neither…nor, [` 7ThHX
单数名词+or+复数名词+are cyz3,3\e
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is qY!Zt_Be6
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 &
>fQp(f
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 <7jW_R@
_I5Y"o
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are YUk\Q%
A B O:T
j"@h
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. /mzlH
C D R4:b{
)=O
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 )lDD\J7
'TB2:W3
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 kE1TP]|
There are five apples that are red. ncT&Gr
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 IW] rb/H
lL0APT;
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ;;/{xvQ.1
A 4^o^F-k'
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. `'7R,
B C D KoT%Mfu
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 FGq[\B
pOoEI+t
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 [ub e6
The rich are not always happier than the poor. \:LW(&[!
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 5]:U9ts#
NC6&x=!3
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 N4TV
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: MkXmA`cP
a. there be 句型 QQc -Ya!v
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 #&e-|81H
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 kvu)
y`
nKj7.,>;:<
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. jq0O22
-R
A B C D 5L}/&^E#p
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is +^F Zq$NP
+k R4E23:
nQ3A~ ()
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <<O$ G7c
A B -jmY)(\
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 A?OQE9'
C }"%N4(Kd
miles in width. 6j|{`Zd)G
D 0jWVp-y
分析:倒装句,are改为is -m#)B~)
gI|~|-'
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NDokSw-
A B C ;8 lfOMf
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ba9?(+i$h
D 1X1dG#:
presented on the five-story-tall screen. )0k53-h&
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 G=bCNn<
<(! :$
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1Ai^cf:S
fifty percent of + 名词 -$Ih@2"6
one percent of + 名词 dlnX_+((KC
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ZWm6eD
one percent of my students + are `kSZX:=};
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. M869MDo
9:
lFo=
这里要强调两个结构 "$vRMpW:
half of =fifty percent xD=csJ'(
most of + 可数名词 + are EKN~H$.
most of + 不可数名词+ is B`sAk
%
1{.9uw"2S
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been :rP=t ,
A B C 9A#i_#[R
found in central and eastern Canada. \
B%+fw
D
Wa~=bH
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 MWh6]gGs
Zb#u0Tq
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized /zox$p$?h
A B wdoR%b{M
in the United States are for foods and beverages. #p{4^
C D (w zQ2Dk
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *OQ2ucC8j
&9>vl*
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Gp\
kU:}&
①、主要考察时间状语 h>bx}$q
.eC1qWZJpd
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. [.}oyz;}N
A B C D q0\6F^;M
N)Z?Z+}
h
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was nT)vNWT=
4`=mu}Y2
]{>,rK[So
②、For和since的区别 3= ;<$+I6
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 (4-CF3D
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 cl/_JQ&
I has been a teacher for three years. 7>*vI7O0l
I has been a teacher since 1996. Dum9lj
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ?Ss!
e$jf
{(?4!rh
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became !Xw5<J3L-
A B Uoix
the primary responsibility of the president. ~7Ux@Sx;
C D ;]:@n;c\
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 o[D9I
hs
is@?VklnB
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 8Xs8A.
A B C UkGCyGyZ[
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. w@fi{H(R
D bi;1s'Y<D
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ;YL i{
1[-tD0{H
IMONgFBS
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. +X]vl=0
A B C D .(2ik5A%9
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live )dd@\n$6
lks!w/yCF
(三) 谓语的语态 d m%8K6|
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 RViuJ;
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: "g8M0[7e3
①、prove sCHJ&>m5-
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 D.XvG _
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; GWip
-wI
Nda *L|
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming xKp4*[}m
A Thit
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be =odFmF
B C V3j= Kf
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. H$4:lH&(
D /&94 eC
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 lHX72s|V
cYt!n5w~W
VP]% Hni]
②、Locate,Situate czd~8WgOa
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 h'F=YF$o
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 |$b}L7_
这两个词也可以用作被动 Ph>%7M%
My school was located near the river. v_-dx
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 DR<9#RRD
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. M/gGoE{
(A)locates d/DB nZN
(B)locating 9q[oa5INd
(C)to locate w+CA1q<
(D)is located ^r,=vO
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 )+ 2hl
Jz e:[MYS
③、表示需要概念的动词 9-*uPK]m9
need, want, require等 <W $mj04@
c\ l kD-\
My watch needed repairing #O dJ"1A|
My watch needed to be repaired. r<^HmpUJ
.OY`Z)SS%
④、表示人的情感的动词 g7
W"
move, annoy, surprise, please等 FQ5U$x.[P
pg)WKbV
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 5"O.,H}
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 '16b2n+F@#
IB]l1<
主动和被动技巧总结: )|=j`jCC
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HRf
Yl,S,
?+}_1x`
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the b2&0Hx
A RdRp.pb8
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 338k?nHxv
B q'Tf,a
power structures, and flood-control works along L>4"(
C mSh[}%swj
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. m`^q <sj
D ou{2@"
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 V{3x!+q
pJ'"j 6Q
四、非谓语动词 <k'h:KB?`
57
(一) 分词 a'yK~;+_9
现在分词和过去分词的区别 )W
_v:?A9
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |"CZ T#
Gm^U;u}=f
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then kzUIZ/+ZL,
A fdi\hg^x
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. sLT3Y}IO
B C D 9w"4K.
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning YHygo#4=8
ywmo#qYe
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 `%"\@<
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in YWO)HsjP
A B ~H<6gN<j(.
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. .2Elr(
&*h
C D 9x9 T<cx
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h_3E)jc
:vQrOn18p
\aUC(K~o\;
一些动词后面必须用doing RmeD$>7
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 k:#!zK}
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ep)n_!$OH"
advocate, suggest N gGp
delay, quit W ]?G}Q;
forgive(原谅),tolerate, tOd&!HYL
avoid, escape(逃避) +RM SA^
spend+名词+doing; }t=!(GOb}
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing b)5uf'?-
H0g
bSd+
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 5o'FS{6U
A B C D dI@(<R
crops. 6"O+w=5B
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 rIu$pZO
FF(#]vz '
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, K6/Q}W
A B RYQR(
v
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. BB!THj69a6
C D 0$)>D==
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 2Aazy'/
j@U]'5EVB
(二) 不定式 b_#m}yZ6
A. 动词不定式的省略 +_?hK{Ib"
①、help后面可以省略to ]}-7_n#cC
help to do +mmSfuO&\
help sb. to do \378rQU
%S@ZXf~:
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 9N%We|L,c
A B h-#6av:
the habits that might shorten the lives. Pw7]r<Q
C D z0p*
Z&
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 <EB+1GFuI
8>2.UrC
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 fcRxp{*zO
make, xd q?/^E
let, /og=IF2:
have sb. do sth +eWQa`g
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. c z#rb*b
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians (lBCO?`fx
A B 55nlg>j
to know when to play various parts of a composition. -LoZs
ru
C D t9k zw*U9
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know b,l$1{
67JA=,EE
③、感官动词 :j9l"5"
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 6@h/*WElG
see sb do sth. 强调过程 oo/qb`-6
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 =1FRFZI!j
}WC[$Y_@
\+oQd=K@
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 r_)' Ps
(1)表示第一人 9|^2",V
the first woman to do sth. I*:%ni2
Go`vfm"S
(2)表示迫使的动词 qTRsZz@
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do .KB^3pOpx
[`#CXq'
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis SB;&GHq"n
A B ;V:i!u u
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 0#7>o^2
C D !P2ro~0/
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 %+aCJu[k(z
6+#Ydii9E
!j8FIY'[
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 GL>O4S<`
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 yJ[0WY8<kC
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 JinUV6cr
be lieable to do 易于…的 b<tNk]7
be apt to do ]{;gw<T
aj-Km`5r}
(4)表示目的的名词, f$o_e90mu
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。
{UX!go^J
固定的句式: k90Y
V(
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. ")1:F>
the objective 目标 y B81f
aim 0G(/Wb
"/
goal v8w q,CYV
reason理由 ` _6C{<O
function功能 9sM!`Lz{
intension意图 1>.Ev,X+e
?=u\n;w)
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]]HNd7Vh
A "6("9"
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 8:q1~`?5"b
B C D av(6wht8
分析:the function to provide, A错
>^O7
!@5 9)
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure NYhB'C2
A mupT<_Y
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds YByLoM*
B V~qNyOtA]
that make up various components of a living cell. HGl|-nW>
C D MnmVl"(/
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 B 5L2<
>e
lJkq|
(5) 其他同根名词 D2#ZpFp"h
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 pG_;$8
Hc
attempt to do 企图 pt?bWyKG
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 )',R[|<
ambition, @?ebuj5{e
be ambitious to do ~"gA,e-)
effort :S]%6gb8G
MyOd,vU
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
oueC
A B WH%g(6w1j
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. m5n#v
C D
=<C:d
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 TT%M'5&
e
v}S+!|U
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great RIR\']WN
A B BX/8O<s0
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. t
mntp
C D hwuiu*
分析:efforts to register, C错 VO5#Qg en
gE'sOT9v
%X]jaX7
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 S)(.,x
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 6{K,c@VFd
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. U)TUOwF
!vi>U|rh
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时
Q>qUk@
I am glad to see you. j a[Et/r
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. $GV7
o{"&
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 9yu\ Ot
u2I*-K
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 QpH'PYy
It is difficult to decide. >gQ>1Bwvi
,oe <
.8g)
av+
五、句子的结构 Ufj`euY
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ;]puq
j3oV+zZ49
(一) 主语的重复 5<k"K^0
QS
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 mM~qBrwL
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any sjTZF-
A B M7\szv\Zc=
compromises concerning the establishment of the GMx&y2. Z
C D E =67e=h
League of Nations. &AMl:@p9
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 Mt|zyXyzX
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson ~NgA
tFn)aa~L
, pfG
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ja'T+!k
A B 6-
YU
[HF
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. P[-E@0h)-t
C D 2"Q|+-Io
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 GVr1`l
/HEw-M9z
(二)谓语的重复 #zy:a%
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 s)t@ol
*R,5h2;
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of ?<,l3pwqa
A B h4}84}5d
one or more sentences related to the same idea. xu%k~4cB,
C D By,eETU]
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 aKDKm
Hd
<=&`ZH
(三)谓语的缺少 59L\|OR
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body :4w ?#
A B T Z@]:e:"b
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.
G_tCmu\
C D 1H`,WQ1mG
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 /s?`&1v|r
) q4[zv9
(四)主句的重复 `RW HN/U
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 3 \,4 ]l|
S13nL^=i
6|=f$a
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite
/maJtX'
A B C ?z+eWL
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. cVpp-Z|s8
D `}\
"Aw c
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 >'$Mp <
.Hm>i
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow _f,C[C[e&
A B S hWJ72c
sweeps across the face of the Earth. re<{
>
C D wlvgg
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。
~~P5k:
Zx@a/jLO[n
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 5tkAFb4P
A B \)[j_^
names for towns, only George Washington :cECRm*
C $%Kfq[Q
is remembered in the name of a state. 3hH<T.@)
D ;'K5J9k
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 &z3o7rif$
六、比较级和最高级 "S]TP$O D
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 G` A4|+W"
m0SlOgRsk
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 }0z)5c
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which LL!
Dx%JZ
A Il'fL'3
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. ZBthU")?
B C D
teF9Q+*~
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 2ilQX
y
HV|,}Wks6s
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用
Otuf]B^s
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. `^&OF uee
A B C D 0h_|t-9j
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 /x$ nje,.
,O(hMI85]
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere jLluj
A B C D 5]0<9a
is the grizzly bear. $&td=OK
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 L,!?Nt\
#6=
7.oM
J
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 y6a3tG
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 WsB ?C&>x
>[#f\bG>
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with U K!(G
A B JZx[W&]zT
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. mf
r|:i
C D W=?<<dVYD
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Bzf^ivT3L
$&c*'3
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 hZb_P\1X
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as FS O).=#
"tK=+f`NM
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 (bS&D/N.
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 "{t$nVJ
the taller boy }GM'.yutX
LS[]=Mk@1
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 %hP^%'G
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed .%-8 t{dt
A B ueNS='+m
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is c71y'hnT
abundant, and humidity is moderate. bN.Pex
C D EU#^7
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Fr-SvsNFB
3so%gvY.'
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 * 4
n)
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States,
K
8O|?x]
A B C fP1!)po
the Navajos form largest group. I/N *gy?*
D +ZV5o&V>
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 %TqC/
c
"@ n%Z
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, MQ2_
`pi
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 2g<Xtt7+o
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the !r-F>!~
:Dp0?&_
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many \2z>?i)
A B C KPki}'GO
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. FI.\%x
D v[<T]1=LRC
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 i30!}}N8
i#O SC5ZI
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ~#/
例如:my best friends vQ.R{!",>
@)}L~lb[)
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial #9s,#
}
A B C xD 7]C|8o
and banking center. OrW
D F"kAkX>3}
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 qgB_=Q#E
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 [>9is=>o.
jWgX_//!
}0 ?3:A
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary fV~~J2IK
A `@%LzeGz
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 3U}%2ARo_
B C D BLFdHB.$T
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 3$/IC@+
d 'ifLQ\
七、平行结构 d=^z`nt !R
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 NlXimq
4!$"ayGv;D
,z6~?6m
(一) 对等连接词 M\=2uKG#
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 )}vl\7=
单一式: and, or ,but 2zpr~cB=
相关式: both…and, not … but, #E]59_
either …or, neither…nor *ui</+
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as t,'<gI
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, cCX*D_kCB
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also n !(F, b
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, IA(5?7x`<
# "an9<
短语式: as well as K^[?O{x^B
rather than (而不是) Ts9uL5i
other than (除…之外) M3AXe]<eC1
instead of (代替) v0y(58Rz.
r*Xuj=
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 SAz
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, j!ch5A
A B i9$
Av
but he is now living in Detroit. n:X y6H
C D fR|A(u#9
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 @WB@]-+J
T
M(fTKs
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics =Sv/IXX\di
A B qWw=8Bq
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford <QvOs@i*
remained active in city and regional planning. A=4OWV?
C D 0`hdMLONR
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 He)%S]RLk
(二)平行的内容 Lr<cMK<
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6nQq
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of n| ;Im&,
A B $u.z*b_yy
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, {8OCXus3m
C D ]{iQ21`a-
or yearly periods of light and darkness. :%.D78&
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 O84i;
S+-p
A's{j7
}*-@!wc-N
第二、名词单复数的平行 7Wno':w8
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 putrSSL}
c:0L+OF}xY
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 6pzSp
A B C ] @'!lhLi
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 99S^f:t
D P%6~&woF
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 xmG<]WF>E
q@&6#B
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, p[-O( 3Y
A B O}P`P'Y|'
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
,>M[@4`,U
C D yr
6V3],Tp
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have nEfK53i_
q<J~ ~'
第三、时态的平行 )7d&NE_
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated iwq!w6+
A :U\tv[
with the imagist movement , but later develops @,}UWU
B !<oe=)Iz|
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ~@!bsLSMU
C D Fs{*XKv&lH
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 *_e3 @g
q| 7(
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ,I9bNO,%JK
spread from its home in Central America and lFkR=!?=
now grows throughout the tropics. CAlCDfKW}
(A) to be (B) it KXrjqqXs
(C) the (D) its )_:NLo:
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _M1 %Z~
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow {_}I!`opr$
df=f62
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- {I((p_
commercially for their meat and eggs. DH=hH&[e(d
(A) raised (B) and are raised vI?, 47Hj+
(C) raised as (D) are raised SJLis"8
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 JT?h1v<H]
_g8yDfcLG
第四、排列位置的平行 WxDh;*am:
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h1RSVp+?n
(A) Not only does rust corrode )+^+sd
(B) Not only rust corrodes + 3gp%`c4
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes K"6vXv4QO
(D) Rust not only corrodes #Z #-Ht
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 b>W%t
$qiya[&G4
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: VTM/hJmwJ
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 =|=(l)8
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 0Gk<l{o?^
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 [0of1eCSl
e.C)jv6qr
八、词序的颠倒 hxx.9x>ow
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 I]575\bA
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 R-:2HRaA
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 0sqFF[i
A B ^~dWU>
that can be given to any individual in the United States. [
3Gf2_
C D
XX@ZQcN
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Y*^[P,+J*}
yevPHN"M
{=WgzP
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 "g|#B4'e
例:Certain types of computers work properly only AdEMa}u6
A B -"`=1l
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. =&]L00u.
C D Wri<h:1
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 pkzaNY/q
pb}*\/
s
O?2DQY?jT
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 NJ<F>3
#4PN"o@
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 6t$8M[0-U
A B C u[YGm:}
in what is now the United States. p'%s=TGwv
D xEI%D|)<
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 YWLj?+
XTyxr
所有的系动词分为三大类: k:;r2f
第一种:表示保持某种状态, >A= f1DF
is, remain, keep, stay, $Yq9P0Ya
lie, exit(表示位于) h
0$iOE
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 b=vkiO`2
become, turn, grow, C]6O!Pb0
get (It is getting warmer and warmer)
Hka2
aUp
g u"
第三种,感官动词 ^!d3=}:0
seem(好像是) ;pAK_>
look(看起来好像是) Ac@VGT:9
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste uT"rq:N
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Hs8>anVo[
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe V!Uc(
A B &
21%zPm
to cause numerous deaths. .Mbz3;i0
C D aN?zmkPpov
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 <)9y{J}s:
?9/G[[(
九、词性的混用 dV_G1'
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 e6*8K@LHB
RZLq]8pM
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 jcOcWB|
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; iS^QTuk3%
';CNGv -
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high pBHRa?Y5
A B SUiOJ[5,
mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and j#|ZP-=1_
C q9"96({\@
when they are in captivity they breed poorly. p K*TE5
]
D c 9Mz]1@f
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) Txu/{M,
y29m/i:
M`_0C38
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 x2xRBkRg=
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 G|Ti4_w
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds `5*}p#G
A B rq{$,/6.
and keeping the soil in the best condition to Wtnfa{gP%
C OUnA;
_
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. #
!=tDc
&
D )%TmAaj9d
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 F59 TZI
0-gAyiKx?
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, }>
\C{ClI
A 3]hWfj1m2
was concerned with the depicting the experience of ?6!LL5a.
B C +`4A$#$+y
urban Black people in the United States. 4+n\k
D ib m4fa
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 hH.G#-JO
sW$XH1Uf#
y_,bu^+*
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 [[ZJ]^n,
表示时间有两种可能, tPvpJX6kP
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 $G>. \t
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Gj*9~*xm(
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 x-c"%Z|
d9ihhqq3}
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 2%1hdA<
A B ~[: 2I
were made while the American Civil War. 1YA% -~
C D '-6~tWC~7
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 iLT}oKF2N;
$>gFf}#C
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the i4Jc.8^9$
A B C 6zkaOA46V
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 3T
9j@N77
D C~[,z.FvO
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 m|# y
>4
fM
}#ON>Z
v=k$A
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 l,
wp4Ll
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 <VcQ{
F
D$N/FJ8|G
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social *"kM{*3:v
A !W0v >p
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. %SI'BJ
B C D % nIf)/2g
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 tDo"K3
+
#By*;BJ
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples y]imZ4{/
A B C aT<q=DO
easily under the stress of compression. q;U,s)Uz^
D 7KPwQ?SjT
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 F"<vaqT2
z=FZiH
s(^mZ
-i
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 {T8Kk)L
eq" ]%s
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ^&)|sP
A B bfO=;S]b!
article that gives personal comments on current events. a>)f=uS
C D W`&hp6Jq
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 e*!kZAf
rbQR,Nf2x
}i2V.tVB-
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, Th[dW<