改错题常考要点 `2G%&R,k"D
一、代词 d}^hZ8k|
代词中主要讲解六个问题 <M,=(p{
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 m9$lOk4/
主格、宾格、所有格 q9$K.=_5
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) j3'SM#X
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(二) 反身代词 M{XBmDfN
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 F||oSJrI
He killed himself. (他自杀了) >ZnnGX6$(
He killed him. (他杀了他) 8+&Da
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating AaDMX,
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a series of indicators that could help @`rC2-V
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themselves to predict earthquakes. V6^=[s R
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 |h2=9\:]
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 -b'/}
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Ev1gzHd!i
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 cwI3
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies SM[VHNr,-
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the d5lD!
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Pacific. ME'LZ"VT
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 o(oD8Ni
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 eZmwF@
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 88A,ll%
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 J''lOj(@
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined <l$ vnq
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the word“normalcy”to express social and G%SoC
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economic conditions they promised the nation. >,c'Z<TM
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Ba9"IXKH
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important MO
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John
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Keats, published the year of her death. Mqm9i
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. /!W',9ua6
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(四) Who和which的区别 3+V.9TL'a
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 P8GGN
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 M>@PRb:Oc
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who cd)}a_9
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 1#nY Z%
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 d>x(Bj6
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 \`8?=_ST
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(五) that和which的区别 laaoIL^
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .$ 5*v
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 5} 1qo7;
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. _"- ,ia[D
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ou[Wz{
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 K=!?gd!Vw
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 4j~WrdI*
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?f=7F
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. LH>h]OTQF
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which A]m_&A#
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly (eO_]<wmky
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. r%^XOw<'
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `-<m#HF:)d
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has L&qY709
affected the way people in the United States----. I}1<epd ,
(A) living and working xwu,<M
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(B) they live and work K<7 Db4H
(C) live and work 0/?=FM>
(D) to live and to work b;t b&o
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 j:'!P<#
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二、介词 X>VxE/
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ru1FJ{n
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(一) 介词搭配 zd#/zUPI
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those kR|(hA,$N
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 0P6< 4
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 'aW<C>
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. YC0FXN V
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分析:B错改为be rich in _w>9Z>PR
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the (J^2|9r
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3xnu SOdh
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 Dj9).lgc
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 4X &\/X
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Ya)s_Zr7
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 8f<[Bu ze
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has !be6}
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on ^c{,QS{
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. lFNf/j^Z
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 vRLkz4z
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2、介词by /]Fs3
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by \:8 eN}B
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing d]OoJK9&&
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States _be*B+?2 t
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. mN^92@eebC
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 xQ62V11R6
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 5#.uA_Fov
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to aW7{T6.,
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supply moccasins and field rations. R0;c'W)
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with lph3"a^
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements
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that are often represented at symbols. epm
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 .G1NY1\
三、谓语动词 g?UG6mFbE
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ~R/7J{Sg
①、主谓分割原则 o(>!T=f
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, #O^H?3Q3
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. p*W4^2(d
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 gGN[AqR
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②、与后者一致原则 %B3E9<9>U
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, {8Hrb^8!
not only…but also ,Zzh. z::D
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③、与前者一致原则 U{h5uezD
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, s4
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ~!,'z
例:The athlete, together with his coach and rgB`<[:b
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 2z:4\Y5
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ]$4
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④、就近原则 :!N 5daK
or, either…or, neither…nor, jWiB_8-6
单数名词+or+复数名词+are R
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Z%N{Y x(
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 c|:H/Y2n|
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 0LrTYrlj
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are c*1t<OAS~
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. |UZ#2
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 SM@l4GH
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 gJ+MoAM"
There are five apples that are red. Fm`hFBKW
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 WT;=K0W6&
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ,1Suq\
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. g*N~r['dZ
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ]-bA{@tP.
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 y{uRh>l
The rich are not always happier than the poor. N~;=*)_VH
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Q|@!zMy
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 aG%KiJ7KEN
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: k v,'9z
a. there be 句型 e-ljwCD
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 f+}?$'
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 6^H64jM
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 5,:>.LRA
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ]!d #2(
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific g;i>nzf
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ZF_*h`B
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miles in width. w,SOvbAxX2
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分析:倒装句,are改为is Zgkk%3'^'
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and w=
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film oS 7 q#`
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 2.{:PM4Z4
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ]R32dI8N
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 w! ,~#hbt6
fifty percent of + 名词 yDg`9q.ckm
one percent of + 名词 ]dHU
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #!wu}nDu
one percent of my students + are Cp`)*P2
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ;9PJ K5>~
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这里要强调两个结构 `qnSq(tNq
half of =fifty percent A:Pp;9wl
most of + 可数名词 + are _;/onM
most of + 不可数名词+ is >Vc;s!R
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Mhp6,JL
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found in central and eastern Canada. ;}"!|
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 8WU_d`DF
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized M9so3L<N0
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in the United States are for foods and beverages.
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Q#!|h:K
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 T7+_/
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①、主要考察时间状语 >wx
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. BO]}E:C9
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was CjeAO 2
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②、For和since的区别 .zDm{_'
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 lJ y\Ky(*
I has been a teacher for three years. *Y"j 0Yob
I has been a teacher since 1996. v>ygr8+C,
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 7l+>WB_]
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became U_\3preF
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the primary responsibility of the president. dJ/(u&N
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 A]x'!qa@=
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of J|Af`
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. >wPMJ>
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 S z
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. LEM^8G]O
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live fBZ\,
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(三) 谓语的语态 JsA9Xdk`
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 MZ/PXY
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: KR4vcI[4
①、prove X*cf|g
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ":o1g5?
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; jNO8n)a&p
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming [;]@PKW?w
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be E\%'/3o
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. limzDQ^
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 )kE(%q:*P$
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②、Locate,Situate jgr2qSUC
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 K7x,>
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 L
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这两个词也可以用作被动 >%"Q]p
My school was located near the river. _n3Jf<Y
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 @QAyXwp
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. P7Th94
(A)locates }}GBCXA
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(B)locating kUJ\AK
(C)to locate #0-!P+c[
(D)is located tk^1Ga3
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ax0:v!,e
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③、表示需要概念的动词 |wf:
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need, want, require等 !U"1ZsO)l
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My watch needed repairing + R)x5
My watch needed to be repaired. HrA6wn\O
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④、表示人的情感的动词 S.+)">buH
move, annoy, surprise, please等 PL8
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 3zb;q@JV
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 fB5Bh;K
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主动和被动技巧总结: " 7!K'i
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 L%a ni}V
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the i:WHql"Kw_
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0D>~uNcT}
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power structures, and flood-control works along as
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Be2@9
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 i{VjSWq
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四、非谓语动词 ~GfcI:Zz&
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(一) 分词 Y[T;j p(k
现在分词和过去分词的区别 n<CJx+U
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 vD) LRO
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ;FZ\PxN
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Ats"iV
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning {L$b$u$7:
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 w}NgFrL
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ^Sy\<
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. <$Uj
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 8)"KPr63M
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一些动词后面必须用doing G:WMocyXI'
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 #4na>G|
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, $o]zNW;X
advocate, suggest .j}u'!LKul
delay, quit ;%dkwKO
forgive(原谅),tolerate, xA!o"VZPq7
avoid, escape(逃避) :R_{tQ-WG
spend+名词+doing; 0BaL!^>
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing +o'. !sRH
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their R@VO3zs W
A B C D f6|3|
+
crops. HENCQ_Wra
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 huKz["]z[
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (6h7 'r $
A B )D[xY0Y~
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. t91CxZQ^s
C D =]zPUzr,|
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ~!&[;EM<bm
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(二) 不定式 8V|-BP5^
A. 动词不定式的省略 xrX("ili
①、help后面可以省略to .ERO*Tj
help to do %[Ds-my2
help sb. to do s
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Aj
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the habits that might shorten the lives. jU#%@d6!#
C D Wey\GQ`"8
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /Z@.;M
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ^7''x,I
make, >L;O, {Px-
let, ;C{_T:LS
have sb. do sth aLq;a
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. qB:`tHy
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians mzw*6e2T
A B [T^6Kzz
to know when to play various parts of a composition. MmK\|CtV
C D JQ1VCG
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know a;zcAeX
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③、感官动词 z7_./ksQ
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe !INr
see sb do sth. 强调过程 (BGipX4
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 i,HAXPi
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 wf4Q}l2,d
(1)表示第一人 oEN_,cUp
the first woman to do sth. H:_`]X"
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(2)表示迫使的动词 3IkG*enI
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 21[F%,{.),
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis P:vy
A B
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. t|m3b~Oyv
C D x,%&[6(
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 D4|_?O3|m
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 k.ZfjX"
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 +9X[gef8
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 'w2;oO
be lieable to do 易于…的 t/Fe"T[,V
be apt to do 7E95"B&w
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(4)表示目的的名词, +0
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一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 IoA;q)
固定的句式: CkU=0mcY
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. d
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the objective 目标 0pFHE>
aim d%3BJ+J
goal (4LLTf0
reason理由 ^ne8~
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function功能 T8-$[
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intension意图 ^&iV