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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 b n<}  
一、代词 w.\#!@kZ!  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 [\e2 ID;  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 9dD;Z$x&Xk  
  主格、宾格、所有格 .m\'|%  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) %QrpFE5 V5  
t@\op}Z-M  
(二) 反身代词 Qape DU;  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }Ii5[nRN  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) x(/{]$h  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) VVyms7 VN  
|VD}:  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  7cJh^M   
    A                 B    (Cjw^P|Y@  
  a series of indicators that could help 1 ojy_  
             C      l TRQ/B  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. csay\Q{  
    D A[O'e  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 .IJgkP)!]  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Fz4g:8qdA  
![*7HE>},  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 O}I RM|r"  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 5b^`M  
d=_Wgz,d  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies L4L[@tMPmY  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Tp?l;DU  
     A   B      C          D `vPc&.-K  
  Pacific. 0'9z XJ"  
>C|i^4ppI  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 D~s TQfWr  
zU)Ib< $  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 {)8!>K%G  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: CUR70[pB)  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 It/IDPx4ga  
xi =\]  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined oJEUNgY&  
                       A   Uj[E_4h  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and <8Zm}-U  
             B jw"] U jub  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. (7qdrAeP  
   C       D jo_wBJKE  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 C<.Ny,U  
?Hd/!I&  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important NdW2OUxw"  
        A     c= }#8d.  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John XJ`!d\WL/!  
   B        C      ][y~(&=T  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  2yyJ19Iul  
      D dSkW[r9Z%l  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ^at X/  
q)ns ui(  
x]Nk T  
(四) Who和which的区别 K; +w'/{  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 mQ@A3/=`  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 O 7_u9lz2  
vn cak  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 'w8k*@cQ  
              A            B C#r1zr6  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. H 40~i=.  
   C                  D Vk/ !_)  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 /7nircXj@  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 FC:+[.fi  
|(Bc0sgw}  
(五) that和which的区别 =q%Q^  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 `n*e8T  
CBqeO@M  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it xIN&>D'|N  
              A        B ,co~@a@9  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. w&v Z$n-|  
      C              D 5@YrtZI  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @2Lp I*]C  
vqC!Ajm  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ^ucmScl  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, aDV~T24  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when /E/Z0<l7  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. jf`QoK  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Ej\M e  
xnuu#@f  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly $ ]ew<j  
              A         B   %j.B/U$  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. gQ < >S  
         C      D ma +iIt;  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 Bb,l.w  
N(6Q`zs  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  h U3!  
  affected the way people in the United States----. d@$]/=%  
   (A) living and working \] j{  
   (B) they live and work x1@`\r#0  
   (C) live and work $s2Y,0>I6  
   (D) to live and to work U<YP@?w  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 AHo4% 5  
c'wxCqnE   
二、介词 .T>^bLuFy  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 W~!uSrY  
m@Q%)sc)  
(一) 介词搭配 4 N!Eqw  
Vr<eU>W  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those G~VukW<e  
    A         B   C      ;kX:k~,]}>  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Rk8oshS+2  
                D >" &&,~  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 N!{waPbPi  
kKFhbHUZa  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. (lz Z=T  
A       B     C  D  CJ~gE"  
分析:B错改为be rich in ?V{AP&#M$x  
b9%G"?~Zz  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the GyVRe]<>B  
    A         B      C "!AbH<M;@  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. s"xiGp9  
             D (2l?~CaK  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 -Wt (t2  
h{Zd, 9H  
0sR+@ \  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ar%!h~  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {S Oy-  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. %n!7'XF'[  
          A      B  C     D %u@}lG k  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 yQ/E0>Uj!  
{Rv0@)P$  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ]iHSU P  
                 A  B     "?f_U/+D<  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on z7PmyU >  
      C l.Yq4qW  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Es^=&2 ''  
      D ndE"v"_H  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 \5q0nB@i5y  
: 6|nXL  
2、介词by J^xIfV~ zt  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by &~MM\,KML  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing c_Fz?R+f?K  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States )N}.n2Y8W  
    A         B       0V!@*Z  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. EA =EcUf'  
   C     D &XF@Dvv  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 0\DlzIO  
g5>c-i  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils in>.Tax*  
   A                      eZ`x[g%1  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to )ipTm{  
     B    C       D z.6I6IfL\L  
   supply moccasins and field rations. yGZsPQIaV  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 dkI(&/  
RuBL_Vi  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with &l;wb.%ijW  
        A                K!A;C#b!  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements vWq/A.  
        B          C   hutdw>  
  that are often represented at symbols. a&)4Dv0  
              D Ew$-,KC[  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 daN#6e4Z+;  
三、谓语动词 I?#B_R#  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 1WJ%n;  
①、主谓分割原则 oV,lEXz  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ^h~oxZJw  
     A     C#@>osC  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. GkYD:o=qx  
        B      C      D ,?(IRiq%  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 %o4HCzId<  
|:G`f8q9  
②、与后者一致原则 e(~Y!:Q#O  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 8iKupaaOX  
not only…but also +E8}5pDt  
n1+,Pe*)  
&Rxy]kBA  
③、与前者一致原则 ^iz2 =}Q8  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, h& Q9  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 +t`QHvx v  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and I$vM )+v=  
     A      B  C     _?J:Z*z?  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ~ @Au<   
         D xK;WJm"  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is eq(Xzh  
Q?"-[6[v  
④、就近原则 F G5e{  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Xh*p\ $  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ({l!'>?  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is +5C*i@v  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 KtY_m`DY4R  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 }iF"&b0n"  
4zw5?$YWO"  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are _m8JU  
        A      B        5Zdxn>  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. kH10z~(e  
    C              D <u9U%V si  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 7 *#pv}Y  
!`-/E']/  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ?[K \X  
There are five apples that are red. >kJEa8  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 _'lrI23I  
I!;&#LT+b  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets -{A!zTw1w  
      A            ua - cX3E  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. $A/$M\ :  
   B   C    D b-x,`s  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 X)K3X:~L+  
tE: m& ;I  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 XNU[\I  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ~Z'3(n*9  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ?r,lgaw  
!PzlrH)M=p  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 4?AggqW  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: JKkR963 O  
a. there be 句型 xM/B"SG2  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 cI O7RD$8  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 JRm:hf'  
x"Hi!h)v  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ,4-)  e  
   A     B      C    D    tBp146`  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is Ua^'KRSO  
- T,;Fr'  
\S)\~>.`y!  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific (o1 *7_]e  
             A     B    L44/eyrp  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 8xQ5[Ov  
     C         >5& '_  
  miles in width. af61!?K  
     D  o yBBW?m  
分析:倒装句,are改为is S=>54!{`x  
%&+j(?9  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and *v[WJ"8@  
   A    B       C         )v-sde\  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film Lt+ Cm$3  
                    D ~Cx07I_lf  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. .$/Su3]K/  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 U5]{`C0H?  
P {x`eD0  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 {H+~4XG  
fifty percent of + 名词 \ %Er%yv)  
one percent of + 名词 ^[no Gjy  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: $DZ\61  
  one percent of my students + are 05mjV6j7m  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. wfQ 6J0  
O(8Px  
这里要强调两个结构 37DyDzW)'  
half of =fifty percent 5w)tsGX\  
most of + 可数名词 + are k{<]J5{7  
most of + 不可数名词+ is }>I|\Z0I  
5o 4\Jwt  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been v /{LC4BF  
   A       B         C   XBE+O7  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ?!=yp#  
           D 095:"Gv O  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 FS7 _ldD  
F!*u}8/_!  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 1*\JqCR  
                 A   B  4}@J]_]Z  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 'thWo wE  
              C     D q}[g/%  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 qRkY-0vB P  
h.PVRAwk  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 EkotVzR5  
①、主要考察时间状语 m20:{fld  
84v7g`lrR  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. tHAr9  
   A        B  C     D Y 3W_Z  
)Qe<XJH!  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was jFbj)!;  
M0Y#=u .  
{j$:9  H  
②、For和since的区别 [B<htD&  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 a"7zz]XO2  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 cu{c:z~  
  I has been a teacher for three years. ?=zF]J:G1w  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. H_w&_h&  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 D d['e  
Kvx~2ZMx6  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became L@ 9@3?  
   A      B              UnTnc6Bo7W  
  the primary responsibility of the president. UAleGR`,  
     C    D CK[w0VCT  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 dsJMhB_41U  
s{g^K#BoFi  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 7]\_7L |>]  
             A  B  C   ckDWY<@v  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. >|j8j:S[  
            D :pz`bFJk  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 O4`am:@  
?7;_3+T#  
9NXL8QmC8  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  b*5Yy/U  
   A       B        C     D Y\7WCaSgi  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ]2zzY::Sd=  
oGIh:n7 q+  
(三) 谓语的语态 )By #({O  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 Nw3K@ Ge  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: F7!q18ew  
①、prove c]Z@L~WW  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ta;q{3fe  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;  []L yu  
RyuI2jEy  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 0&21'K)pW  
                      A   Q[6<Y,}(pd  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be zWA~0l.2  
    B                  C B5R/GV  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. !C6[m1F  
                  D 1b` `y  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 qA;!Pql`  
-|cB7 P  
&sA@!  
②、Locate,Situate Kk9eJ\  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 -~+Y0\%E  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 Y I?4e7Z+  
这两个词也可以用作被动 :c/](M  
  My school was located near the river. b%_[\((  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 1)N~0)dO  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. $ T2 n^yz  
   (A)locates r1]DkX <6  
   (B)locating x6iT"\MO  
   (C)to locate ^`f( Pg!  
   (D)is located 0(h'ZV  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ^2<nn op  
\!J9|  
③、表示需要概念的动词 Q<UKR|6  
need, want, require等 Xxmvg.Nl  
^(.utO  
My watch needed repairing  Z5[f  
My watch needed to be repaired. A1kqWhg\  
R) 'AI[la  
④、表示人的情感的动词 \EC7*a0  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 cuUl r  
bqI| wGCA"  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 67b[T~92o  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 $@ }\ T  
j|c6BdROl  
主动和被动技巧总结: =2tl149m/z  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 @;T?R  
.:?cU#.  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the P6([[mmG  
                 A      otSF8[  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, TkjPa};R  
                 B :eR[lR^4*  
  power structures, and flood-control works along ^{(i;IVG  
                    C K" U!SWv  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. %. -nZC  
                D .|Bmg6g*  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 *d/,Y-tl  
K-f\nr  
四、非谓语动词 PdNxuy  
j9IeqlL  
(一) 分词 WKB@9Vfju  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 #Ies yNKZ  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 i@|.1dWh  
G*$a81dAX  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ?=lnYD j  
   A !s:v UY58  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. |}y6U< I  
     B      C            D oL 69w1  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning %=O$@.%Zc  
`'^&* 7,  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 _Mis-K:]{?  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in $3C$])k  
      A               B   !Ho=(6V  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. LN?b6s75U  
               C         D M+N7JpR  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living :i24 @V~){  
VN1a\  
6$JRV  
一些动词后面必须用doing {lhdropd  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 fDa$TbhjI  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, H@8g 9;+  
 advocate, suggest &2!F:L  
 delay, quit &$ ?i  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, |F'k5Lh  
 avoid, escape(逃避) |5}~n"R5  
 spend+名词+doing; $ZPiM  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing `[+nz rLkO  
3t4_{']:/  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their t*? CD.S  
   A     B    C              D Q.Kr;64G  
  crops. O_p:`h: ;M  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Q1Jkt  
rX%qWhiEJ  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, V^t5 Y+7  
               A        B m_TZY_;  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. at/v.U |F  
        C          D t:X[Blw3$  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing %^l77 :O  
d8b'Gjwtw  
(二) 不定式 Bu'PDy~W,  
A. 动词不定式的省略 dm Lgt)-t  
①、help后面可以省略to .,K?(O4AY  
  help to do 2O|o%`?  
  help sb. to do DlR&Lnv  
=*q:R9V  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid O,_2dj d  
              A      B   _c|>m4+X  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ;<#fZ0(l;  
         C     D FeS6>/  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 G:.Nq,513  
t%Z_*mIfmE  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 0>-l {4srs  
  make, `}F=Zjy  
  let, d8g3hyI5\  
  have sb. do sth #UC4l]Ru A  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. xZS  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ?T5^hQT   
        A               B pF.Ws,nQ5  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. c?d+>5"VX  
   C     D +I2P{7  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know )^)VyI`O  
V0L^pDLOV  
③、感官动词 `NV =2T  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Qoq@=|7kxa  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 u[s+YGS  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 SNff  
1WcT>_$  
X~G"TT$)  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Li Qs;$V  
(1)表示第一人 s&y  
the first woman to do sth. =q[3/'2V$?  
|ki#MtCp  
(2)表示迫使的动词 = q5A@!D  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ]pb;q(?^  
TmX~vZ  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis S~/iH Xm  
     A                 B    x 6,S#p  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. FAE>N-brQ  
       C           D 4)'5;|pI  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 348Bu7':  
NZeIqhj  
v l {hE~  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 b;m6m4i'f{  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 R"O9~s6N  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 G0]q(.sOy  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ~~5kAY-  
  be apt to do gdCU1D\  
3\mFK$#sr  
(4)表示目的的名词, `i{o8l  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Mh_jlgE'd#  
固定的句式: z= ppNP0  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.  )b!q  
the objective 目标 qKO\;e*  
aim 7ky(g'  
goal ZibHT:n  
reason理由 4,<~t>M1  
function功能 fG,qax`:c  
intension意图 OvK_CN{  
>Q+E qT  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing MQG$J!N  
                       A  SxH}/I|W  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. m,up37-{  
           B          C     D x!YfZ*  
分析:the function to provide, A错 ,vN#U&RS  
;H\,w /E9  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure !J2Lp  
                  A       Kw?,A   
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds /+IR^WG#C}  
     B  BC4u,4S  
  that make up various components of a living cell. <#R7sco'  
    C    D R jAeN#,?  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 +ZZiZ&y  
^WD [>E~  
(5) 其他同根名词 A6UtpyS*'  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 7NXT.E~2  
 attempt to do 企图 3}T&|@*  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 m=}kGzIY4  
 ambition, 4< H-ol  
 be ambitious to do  , 1`eH[  
 effort yNN2}\[.  
qBwqxxTc  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 5?I]\Tb  
  A                    B   QR8F'7S  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. h|-r t15  
          C       D 5VPuHY2  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 GdP9Uj)n-  
mC93 &0  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great h\ ybh  
  A                   B   Lh,<q >t  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. /y-P) 3_  
       C            D x)Gox H~#  
分析:efforts to register, C错 `kz_ q/K  
AzQ}}A;TSx  
jBB<{VV|  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 lA ,%'+-  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 3NJH"amk  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 7u}r^+6_o  
9\n}!{@i  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 >\i{,F=U7  
I am glad to see you. ~/.&Z`ls  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ~KNxAxyVi  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. f2Slsl;  
%8-S>'g'  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 jQdfFR  
It is difficult to decide. bEE:6)]G  
fU8;CZnx  
TRiB|b]8Q#  
五、句子的结构 \"*l:x-u  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Ga h e-%J  
7oWv'  
(一) 主语的重复 H9nq.<;p  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 (+U!# T]'D  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any }s|v-gRM{  
          A      B      #}gc6T~0  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the X >**M  
          C          D *83+!DV|  
  League of Nations. k~gQn:.Cx  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 -cW5v  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson hN}X11  
qzLRA.#f^  
(0][hdI~B  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are "-Ns1A8  
        A        B  H Ow][}M_w  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. x O)nS _I  
    C         D r`krv-,O$  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 '"TBhisky  
j` x9z_  
(二)谓语的重复 a0n F U  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 E*ic9Za8`h  
tQ/w\6{  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  @-m&X2J+c  
    A            B    =y4g. J\  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. fT@#S}t  
         C   D N7E[wOP  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 A ssf f;  
NBeGmC|  
(三)谓语的缺少 qmK!d<4  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ;?y?s'>t&  
          A     B    +-oXW>`&  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. $+mmqc8  
         C               D 1S=I(n?E  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 [qy@g5`  
!~ZL  
(四)主句的重复 n8iN/Y<%U  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 _Y0o\0B  
fLy s$*^)^  
`$i`i'S  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite o`#;[  
      A         B        C   A$ S9 `  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ?>,aq>2O$  
     D { ~Cqb7  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 R#r?<Ofw4  
G,XFS8{%  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow @^P=jXi<  
        A   B       # v v k7  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 4];NX  
      C    D q<7Nz] Td  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 LAr6J  
]vlQNd?  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided  b'ew Od=  
   A                     B  C ]#R7G  
  names for towns, only George Washington YZoH{p9f  
      C z cA"\  
  is remembered in the name of a state. }q~A( u  
          D 7?kvrIuY&  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 MBa/-fD  
六、比较级和最高级 LN7;Yr  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 lI D5mg3 1  
sd=i!r)ya  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 nGP>M#F  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ha(hG3C  
      A               'Oq}BVR&  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. #S1)n[  
     B       C           D on(W^ocnD  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 G& ;W  
%i^%D  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 7u!p.kN  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. myXp]=Sb?  
     A      B     C  D 4[5Z>2w  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 7&+Gv6E  
6%5A&&O(b  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere '9b<r7\@  
     A       B     C   D b9:E0/6   
  is the grizzly bear. x-q er-  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 i edoL0#  
{wd.aUB  
*ZY{^f  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 M.t5,NJ  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 w%L0mH2]ng  
< 'T6k\  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with wCkkfTO  
   A           B  v1;`.PWD  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. tFb49zbk  
   C                 D BI}>"',  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 !iZ*ZPu  
4cs`R+]o  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 *X,vu2(I-=  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as n /rQ*hr  
w8>p[F5`O  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 [5:F  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 .*v8*8OJ&  
the taller boy c?[A  
zQ7SiRt7*  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 Fnr*.k  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed v6iV#yz3(  
          A            B =<FFFoF*C_  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is l=kgRh  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. !dmI}<@&k  
    C          D 2\m+  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they *}yW8i}36  
A D~\/V&+  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 lQ)ZsFs=  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ~!Onz wmO  
  A  B         C     F4d L{0;j  
  the Navajos form largest group. MYjDO>(_  
         D dB< \X.   
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 zYF'XB]4  
Lv#DIQ8y  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, A2F+$N  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Q +qN`  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the QNn$`Qz.  
q!}&<w~|  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many c1e7h l  
            A      B         C sL[,J[AN;  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. H6*F?a`)I  
            D ^'[Rb!Q8  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 fv#e 8 y  
4B!]%Mw;c  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the mtmtOG_/=  
例如:my best friends #^#N%_8  
R6CxNPRJ  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial aY8>#t?  
            A    B     C ;nSaZ$`5  
  and banking center. P4ot, Q4  
        D SIzW3y[  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ,SS@]9A &  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 rzY7f: '  
A5B  5pJ  
sR'rY[^/|  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ]-["sw  
                 A         T?NwSxGo  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 8_mdh+  
    B   C     D ) Q]kUG#`  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 i%v^Zg&FU  
js'* :*7  
七、平行结构 0.bmVN<  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 //f[%j*>  
h"M}Iz~|V?  
Cm(Hu  
(一) 对等连接词 'I*F(4x  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 $Ob]JAf}  
单一式: and, or ,but C`7HC2Is  
相关式: both…and, not … but, ${0Xq k  
     either …or, neither…nor +#,t  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ZXe[>H  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 1m|1eAGS{  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also H Viu7kue`  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, hFyN|Dqhds  
WcbJ4Ore  
短语式: as well as bP(V#6IJ8  
     rather than (而不是) `p*7MZ9 -  
     other than (除…之外) h9&<-k  
     instead of (代替) a(BWV?A  
$ bD 3  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 GVCyVt[!-  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  |`E\$|\p  
       A     B   %t:1)]2  
  but he is now living in Detroit. x.>z2.  
       C   D ~u/Enl7\-  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 3sHC1 +  
daY^{u3  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics qyQPR  
       A         B /!d,f4n  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 5 -5qm[.;  
  remained active in city and regional planning. %~ZOQ%c1  
          C    D  C(7LwV  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 T->O5 t c  
(二)平行的内容 akrEZ7A  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 Z!^iPB0~D  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of J$]d%p_I  
             A         B   !@%m3) T8  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, )TVyRYZ1  
         C            D NrhU70y  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. w!8h4U. ;  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 Xp4pN{he  
u`R  
D.)R8X  
第二、名词单复数的平行 8{epy  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 &yp_wW-  
q J@XVN4   
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, =Q[ 5U9  
  A     B          C   e nDjP  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. r }pYm'e  
                 D   haqL DVrf  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 Y[ a$~n^:n  
&NB[:S =  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ]geO%m  
                   A         B Q<wrO  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. "qMd%RP  
      C          D G0xk @SE  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have U43PHcv_  
k 32 Jz.\B  
第三、时态的平行 S^a")U4  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated s{'r'`z.  
                A     w)5eD+n\-  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops G# .z((Rj  
                   B u\<z5O  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. #zZQ@+5zw  
          C    D j2k,)MHu!x  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ?R#-gvX%  
P!0uA kt9C  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 6zaO$  
  spread from its home in Central America and PL%U  
  now grows throughout the tropics. |36d<b Io  
   (A) to be    (B) it   K.JKE"j)d  
   (C) the     (D) its ?qO_t;:0>  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ?FA} ;?v  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow z^ rf;  
+YI/(ko=  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- j[F\f>  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. Z[[q W f  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised dNUi|IYm$  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised 6`J*{%mP  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 [?Cv^t${+  
C-V,3}=*2  
第四、排列位置的平行 4%Z!*W*  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h-].?X,]Q  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode gp`$/ci  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  K7 -AVMY  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes wa\Yc,R  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes yT.h[yv"w  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 &CpxD."8x  
^ Vso`(Ss  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: =\"88e;b2  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 K`{P/w  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 m(i84~  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 -GCC  
<2"'R(4",  
八、词序的颠倒 WXV(R,*Tc  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 q^; SZ^yW5  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 *?x$q/a  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage B52n'.  
              A    B        Tsch:r S  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. n("Xa#mY[  
      C       D    e=Ko4Ao2y  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 %A64AJZ  
"{(|}Cds  
N-Fs-uB  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 6B`XHdCq  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only !IF]P#  
          A      B     0)F.Y,L  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. cq+G0F+H  
    C         D |y1 O M  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 #N Qpr  
@n2Dt d  
IU f&*'_  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 + OKk~GYf  
mxD]`F  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were dhrh "x_?:  
          A   B     C   3 PkVMX  
  in what is now the United States. wnUuoX(  
    D O|K-UTWH%  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 5"sd  
E? l K(C  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 9*~bAgkWI  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, )7]la/0  
    is, remain, keep, stay, K@%o$S?>z_  
    lie, exit(表示位于) OSoIH`t A  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 |7%has3"  
    become, turn, grow, .*}!XKp0j  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) sqXwDy+.  
elJ?g &"  
第三种,感官动词 ycq+C8J+Ep  
    seem(好像是) t=nZ1GZyM  
    look(看起来好像是) 1X5MknA  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste c,CcKy;+  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 jOUM+QO  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe a = * '  
    A               B     'm=TBNQTS  
   to cause numerous deaths. KvjsibI/Y  
        C   D  Nl]_Ie6  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ^'%Q>FVb  
Ec9%RAxl  
九、词性的混用 C/?x`2'  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 oRo[WQla  
]z O6ESH  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 uc{s\_  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; buldA5*!o  
s%QCdU ]  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high r>#4Sr  
          A        B      |2E:]wT}qg  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ~|G`f\Ln"  
              C HvR5-?qQ  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. ;V?3Hwl  
          D 82)%`$yZw[  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) MQe|\SMd  
@;G%7&ps  
tkYPfUvTE  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 Bz(L}V]\k  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 -FF#+Z$  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds nx(jYXVT  
         A       B      xS4?M<|L63  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ;qO3m -(d  
          C        X?YT>+g;  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. q[Tl#*P?y  
            D 0Bt>JbGs4  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ev #/v:$?  
^RE[5h6^q  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, DS+BX`i%#p  
            A       OHwH(}H?  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of O2":)zU.  
      B      C  HzL~B#  
   urban Black people in the United States. ?E,-P!&R  
   D 3&I3ViAH  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 e7y,zcbv  
7^V`B^Vu  
s ?"\+b  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 B}P!WRNmln  
表示时间有两种可能, Wv%F^(R7  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 o=RxQk1N  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, r:PYAb=g  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 b'C#]DorE  
V*r/0|vd  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence Lxn-M5RPQ  
       A     B     S'`G7ht  
  were made while the American Civil War. z}iz~WZ  
   C    D M1]w0~G  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 "!& o|!2  
h+7U'+|%A  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the zJh!Q* *  
   A      B           C    r oPC ^Q  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. t<"`gM^|  
          D -tx%#(?wH  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 Q"Exmn3p  
1;+77<  
3sRI 7g  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 R5mb4  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 4jlwu0 L+  
>l=jJTJ;q  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social I. Xbowl  
                   A     xOr"3;^  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ks69Z|D  
     B   C    D <;@E .I\N  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 `Ba?4_>k  
_{ 2`sL)  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples |MN2v[y  
   A        B   C       z).&0K  
  easily under the stress of compression. bdvpH DA  
   D (w+SmD  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 dtj b(*x  
-O r\  
%tPy]{S..  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 {d0 rUHP  
EMxMJ=  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine >6W#v[  
    A         B EY.m,@{  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. IL uQf-  
          C            D ~ 588md :  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 qv >l  
|VjD. ]I  
}[PC Yn S  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, *(XGNp[0  
         A pB]*cd B?  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. $Y\7E/T  
   B      C      D Okd.  ~  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 -i_XP]b&  
4Me3{!HJz  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 +D[C.is>]}  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; YY$Z-u(  
two hundred diligent students
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