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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 `2G%&R,k"D  
一、代词 d}^hZ8k|  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 <M,=( p{  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 m9$lOk4/  
  主格、宾格、所有格 q9$K.=_5  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) j3'SM#X  
&?APY9\.  
(二) 反身代词 M{XBmDfN  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 F||oSJrI  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) >ZnnGX6$(  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 8+&Da  
W`jKe-jF  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  AaDMX,  
    A                 B    `_pVwa<@w  
  a series of indicators that could help @`rC2-V  
             C      <s (o?U  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. V6^=[s R  
    D slG%o5|m  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 |h2=9\:]  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 -b'/} zz  
u 236a\:  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Ev1gzHd!i  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 cwI3 ANV  
~Z$Ro/;l  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies SM[VHNr,-  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the d5lD!  
     A   B      C          D ~{{@m]P  
  Pacific. ME'LZ"VT  
t^g+nguz  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 o(oD8Ni  
NnO%D^P]  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 eZmwF@  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 88A,ll%  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 J''lOj(@  
v)LSH;<  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined <l$ vnq  
                       A   :Oi}X7\  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and G%SoC  
             B agnEYdM_  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. >,c'Z<TM  
   C       D XPMvAZL  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Ba9"IXKH  
6Bn}W ?  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important MO *7:hI  
        A     ^' 4I%L"  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John #QiNSS  
   B        C      MG3xX;  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Mqm9i  
      D OQ4rJ#b  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. /!W',9ua6  
@mEB=X(-l=  
+(oExp (!  
(四) Who和which的区别 3+V.9TL'a  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 P8GGN  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 M>@PRb:Oc  
aTE;Gy,W  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who cd)}a_9  
              A            B +xBM\Dz8  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 1#nY Z%  
   C                  D HvW6=d(#  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 d>x(Bj6  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 \`8?=_ST  
iLf* m~Q  
(五) that和which的区别 laaoIL^  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .$ 5*v  
4_o+gG%HaM  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 5} 1qo7;  
              A        B 8 <Ex `  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. _"- ,ia[D  
      C              D ux>LciNq  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ou [Wz{  
x!A5j $k0  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 K=!?gd!Vw  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 4j~WrdI*  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?f=7F %  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. LH>h]OTQF  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which A]m_&A#  
5z 9'~Gfb  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly (eO_]<wmky  
              A         B   +c\uBrlZQ;  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. r%^XOw<'  
         C      D KPI[{T\`ZM  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 `-<m#HF:)d  
N"/ be  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  L&qY709  
  affected the way people in the United States----. I}1<epd ,  
   (A) living and working xwu,<M v `  
   (B) they live and work K<7 Db4H  
   (C) live and work 0/?=FM >  
   (D) to live and to work b ;t b&o  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 j:'!P<#  
_D."KU|  
二、介词 X>VxE/  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ru1FJ{n  
kNTxYJ  
(一) 介词搭配 zd#/zUPI  
>rzpYc'~w  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those kR|(hA,$N  
    A         B   C      fIc ra  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 0P6< 4  
                D IDr$Vu4LCW  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 'aW<C>  
zhFk84  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. YC0FXNV  
A       B     C  D aj*%$! SU+  
分析:B错改为be rich in _w>9Z>PR  
d ;W(Vm6  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the (J^2|9r  
    A         B      C E-q*u(IW  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 3xnu SOdh  
             D sj?7}(s  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 |%~sU,Y\(  
v/yt C/WH"  
D>Qc/+  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 Dj9).lgc  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 4X &\/X  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Ya)s_Zr7  
          A      B  C     D P]G`Y>#$r  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 8f<[Bu ze  
5/O;&[lYy  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has !be6}  
                 A  B     LA.xLU3  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ^c{,QS{  
      C U8z$=W o  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. lFNf/j^Z  
      D w$cic  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 vRLkz4z   
?5#Ng,8iT  
2、介词by /]Fs3 uf  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by \ :8eN}B  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing d]OoJK9&&  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States _be*B+?2t  
    A         B       \]U@=w  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. mN^92@eebC  
   C     D !<!sB)  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 xQ62V11R6  
fv !l{  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 5#.uA_Fov  
   A                      AC=cz!3iB  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to aW7{T6.,  
     B    C       D X6 ~y+ R  
   supply moccasins and field rations. R0;c'W)  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。  O+1 e  
|2X Et\P  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with lph3"a^  
        A                :tM|$TZ  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements _> .TB\  
        B          C   )_b #c+  
  that are often represented at symbols. epm  t  
              D  r_]wa  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 .G1NY1\  
三、谓语动词 g?UG6mFbE  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ~R/7J{Sg  
①、主谓分割原则 o(>!T=f  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, #O^H? 3Q3  
     A     a2UER1Yp"  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. p*W4^2(d  
        B      C      D @\Sa)  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 g GN[AqR  
?AyG!F  
②、与后者一致原则 %B3E9<9>U  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, {8Hrb^8!  
not only…but also ,Zzh.z::D  
;%]Q%7  
;38DBo  
③、与前者一致原则 U{h5uezD  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, s4 1<e"  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ~!,'z  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and rgB`< [:b  
     A      B  C     er,R}v  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 2z:4\Y5  
         D ^] Lr_k  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ]$4 k+)6  
* ?rw'  
④、就近原则 :!N 5daK  
or, either…or, neither…nor, jWiB_8- 6  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are R 5r )01  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Z%N{Y x(  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 c|:H/Y2n|  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 0LrTYrlj  
L<J';#BD  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are c*1t<OAS~  
        A      B        9&g//JlD  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals.  |UZ#2  
    C              D J1 a/U@"  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 S M@l4GH  
tUGnD<P  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 gJ+MoAM"  
There are five apples that are red. Fm`hFBKW  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 WT;=K0W6&  
KCe =$  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ,1Suq\ L  
      A            [j?n}D@L  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. g*N~r['dZ  
   B   C    D KX"?3#U#Fm  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ]-bA{@tP.  
1  C{n!l  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 y{uRh>l  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. N~;=*)_VH  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Q|@!zMy  
f h)Cz)  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 aG%KiJ7KEN  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: k v,'9z  
a. there be 句型 e-ljwCD  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 f+}? $'  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 6^H64jM  
H~i+: X=I  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 5,:>.LRA  
   A     B      C    D    >DBaKLu\  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ]!d #2(  
MBIt)d@Ix  
}y(1mzb  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific g;i>nzf  
             A     B    ^o,P>u!9  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ZF_*h`B  
     C         sTP`xaY  
  miles in width. w,SOvbAxX2  
     D  b6RuYwHWV0  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Zgkk%3'^'  
Ck%nNy29  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and w= |).qQ]  
   A    B       C         8)s}>:}  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film oS 7q#`  
                    D 7;:R\d6iL  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 2.{:PM4Z4  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ]R32dI8N  
U$Z)v1&{  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 w!,~#hbt6  
fifty percent of + 名词 yDg`9q.ckm  
one percent of + 名词 ]dHU  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #!wu}nDu  
  one percent of my students + are Cp`)*P2  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ;9PJ K5>~  
M>nplHq   
这里要强调两个结构 `qnSq(tNq  
half of =fifty percent A:Pp;9wl  
most of + 可数名词 + are _; /onM   
most of + 不可数名词+ is >Vc;s !R  
 =z`#n}v  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Mhp6,JL  
   A       B         C   V<:scLm#OF  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ;}"!|  
           D x8 :  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 8WU_d`DF  
uv,&/ ,;S  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized M9so3L<N0  
                 A   B  x.W93e[]H  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. j`tBki:  
              C     D K;j}qJvsb  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Q #!|h:K  
L-SWs8  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 T7+_/ Qh  
①、主要考察时间状语 >wx 1M1  
J; @g#h?  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. BO]}E:C9  
   A        B  C     D ~Psv[b=]  
!<'0 GOl  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was CjeAO 2  
hHXT Sk2  
lO)-QE+  
②、For和since的区别 .zDm{_'  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点  3"B$M  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 lJ y\Ky(*  
  I has been a teacher for three years. *Y"j 0Yob  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. v>ygr8+C,  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 7l+>WB_]  
o]gS=iLp  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became U_\3preF  
   A      B              @x u/&pbI  
  the primary responsibility of the president. dJ/(u&N  
     C    D j)A$%xUo  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 A]x'!qa@=  
85fv])\y  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of J|Af` HJ  
             A  B  C   335\0~;3  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. >wPMJ> 2  
            D ]E8S`[Vn  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 S z qY@  
<;T$?J9  
Hf^Tok^6@]  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  LEM^8G]O  
   A       B        C     D  ~wX4j  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live fBZ\,  
n-% 8RV  
(三) 谓语的语态 JsA9Xdk`  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 MZ/PXY  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: KR4vcI[4  
①、prove X*cf|g  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ":o1g5?  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; jNO8n)a&p  
t G{?  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming [;]@PKW?w  
                      A   _tGR:E  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be E\%'/3o  
    B                  C Xc^7  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. l imzDQ^  
                  D -6()$cl}0  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 )kE(%q:*P$  
R+s_uwS  
0M?nXHA[  
②、Locate,Situate jgr2qSU C  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 K 7x,>  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 L qHeLN  
这两个词也可以用作被动 >%"Q]p  
  My school was located near the river. _n3Jf<Y  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 @QAyXwp  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. P7Th 94  
   (A)locates }}GBCXA f_  
   (B)locating kUJ\AK  
   (C)to locate #0-!P+c[  
   (D)is located tk^1Ga3  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ax0:v!,e  
N_vVEIO9  
③、表示需要概念的动词 |wf: |%  
need, want, require等 !U"1ZsO)l  
/~_Cb= 7  
My watch needed repairing + R)x5  
My watch needed to be repaired. HrA6wn\O  
@1 #$  
④、表示人的情感的动词 S.+)">buH  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 PL8 {|Q  
iSx xy1R  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 3zb;q@JV  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 fB5Bh;K  
r'hr 'wZ  
主动和被动技巧总结:  "7!K'i  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 L%a ni}V  
+G&h  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the i:WHql"Kw_  
                 A      1h\:Lj  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 0D>~uNcT}  
                 B qH6DZ |  
  power structures, and flood-control works along as R6,k  
                    C $*%Ml+H-  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.  Be2@9  
                D *&e+z-E  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 i{VjSWq  
}se)=7d8 Z  
四、非谓语动词 ~GfcI:Zz&  
`q eL$`  
(一) 分词 Y[T;j p(k  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 n<CJx+U  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 vD) LRO Z  
;sNyN#  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ;FZ\PxN  
   A t2OX m  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Ats"iV  
     B      C            D ItKwB+my  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning {L$b$u$7:  
2k"a%#H8  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 w}NgFrL  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ^Sy\<  
      A               B   S97.O@V!$  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. <$Uj ~jN  
               C         D 9aZ3W<N`M  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 8)"KPr63M  
OM!ES%c,  
_5 tw1 >  
一些动词后面必须用doing G:WMocyXI'  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 #4na>G|  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, $o]zNW;X  
 advocate, suggest .j}u'!LKul  
 delay, quit ;%dkwKO  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, xA!o"VZPq7  
 avoid, escape(逃避) :R_{tQ-WG  
 spend+名词+doing; 0BaL!^>  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing +o'. !sRH  
j~Gu;%tq  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their R@VO3zsW  
   A     B    C              D f6|3| +  
  crops. HENCQ_Wra  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 huKz["]z[  
]LSa(7>EU  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (6h7'r $  
               A        B )D[xY0Y~  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. t91CxZQ^s  
        C          D =]zPUzr,|  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ~!&[;EM<bm  
yPQ{tS*t  
(二) 不定式 8V|-BP5^  
A. 动词不定式的省略 xrX("ili  
①、help后面可以省略to .ERO*Tj  
  help to do %[Ds-my2  
  help sb. to do s lI)"+6  
2(c#m*Q!b  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Aj `4uFhiL  
              A      B   -{7N]q)}  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. jU#%@d6!#  
         C     D Wey\GQ`"8  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /Z@.;M  
|n|2)hC  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ^7''x,I  
  make, >L;O, {Px-  
  let, ;C{_T:LS  
  have sb. do sth aLq;a  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. qB:`tHy  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians mzw*6e2T  
        A               B [T^6Kzz  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. MmK\|CtV  
   C     D JQ1VCG  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know a;zcAeX  
oaK~:'  
③、感官动词 z7_./ksQ  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe !I Nr  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 ( BGipX4  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 i,HAXPi  
5jLDe~  
p[eRK .$!  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 wf4Q}l2,d  
(1)表示第一人 o EN_,cUp  
the first woman to do sth. H:_`]X"  
8B+uNN~%]  
(2)表示迫使的动词 3IkG*enI  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 21[F%,{.),  
d0^2<  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis P:v y  
     A                 B    9T1G /0k-  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. t|m3b~Oyv  
       C           D x,%&[ 6(  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 D4|_?O3 |m  
I}WJ0}R  
h]#)41y<  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 k.ZfjX"  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 +9X[gef8  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 'w2;oO  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 t/Fe"T[,V  
  be apt to do 7E95"B&w  
-eMRxa>  
(4)表示目的的名词, +0 MKh  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 IoA;q)  
固定的句式: CkU=0mcY  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. d eg>m?Y  
the objective 目标 0pFHE>  
aim d%3BJ+J  
goal (4LLTf0  
reason理由 ^ne8~ ;Q  
function功能 T8-$[ 2  
intension意图 ^&iV%vQ[  
8GldVn.u  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing +0Gep}&z.  
                       A  #A; Z4jK  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. >9`ep7  
           B          C     D aTsfl  
分析:the function to provide, A错 sFK<:ka  
W#j,{&KVn  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ^A`(  
                  A       Gq/6{eRo\  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Wi^rnr'S s  
     B  l,wN@Nk  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 8n5nHne  
    C    D tY=%@v'6?  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 8F`  
RFY!o<   
(5) 其他同根名词 m7vxzC*  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ?(yFwR,(  
 attempt to do 企图 Hs=N0Sk]j  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 \_nmfTr!K  
 ambition, !" %sp6Wc  
 be ambitious to do  !m(L0YH  
 effort Aq%^>YAp  
<0)ud)~u  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u3mT l  
  A                    B   W'h0Zg  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. AUsQj\Nm%  
          C       D x ;,xd  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 p''"E$B/(  
D"4&9"CU  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great f&|A[i>g  
  A                   B    5!jNL~M  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. )kKmgtj  
       C            D DnsP7k.8T  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ikN!u t  
$?J+dB  
o 7W Kh=  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 5b1uD>,;y  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 `k]!6osZo  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. }?]yxa~  
H9VXsFTW  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 b>= Wq  
I am glad to see you. @ Rx6 >52>  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ?Wg{oB@(  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 2k}-25xxL  
T<+ht8&M8  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 [AZ aT  
It is difficult to decide. 0vuKGjK  
4s~HfxY T  
X') Zm+  
五、句子的结构 AwXt @!(  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 qwF*(pTHq  
n(1wdlEp  
(一) 主语的重复 Bhu@ 2KdA  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 Y62u%':X  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any K6v $#{$6  
          A      B      8pk#sJ51  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the t1w2u.]  
          C          D Ln=>@  
  League of Nations. d]CviQUq  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 h41$|lonU%  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson c.(Ud`jc  
6Q2or n[  
 ,v*p  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ?""\  
        A        B  B;GxfYj  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. x2C/L  
    C         D ]-um\A4f  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 $ZI~8rI~  
=[P%_v``  
(二)谓语的重复 N7*C P|?E  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 vuR5}/Ev  
#\pP2  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  &Y,Q >bu  
    A            B    2{t)DUs  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. $ViojW>  
         C   D Op v1B2  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 pi`;I*f/  
q yg*n>nt  
(三)谓语的缺少 &/](HLdF  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body i8Fs0U4"  
          A     B    hZAG (Z  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. #P(l2(  
         C               D > P<z |8  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 4~O6$;!|~  
GAv)QZyV$  
(四)主句的重复 nQ5N=l  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 Bv^+d\*1  
3->,So0Y  
pT4qPta,2  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite oW^k7 #<e}  
      A         B        C   #G3` p!"  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. "H>.':c"+3  
     D Mx8Gu^FW.d  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 \e<m SR  
<eY %sFq,  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow [s~JceUyX  
        A   B       zI:(33 )  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. );nz4/V  
      C    D %`#G92Z_  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 8O6_iGTBh  
 Y %K~w  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ,eDD:#)$}  
   A                     B  wf?u (3/%  
  names for towns, only George Washington IAf$]Fh  
      C AYcgi  
  is remembered in the name of a state. s`"OM^[-  
          D a9=>r  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 }!8nO;  
六、比较级和最高级 4U?<vby  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Pp+~Cir  
87i"   
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ocF>LR%P  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which (YwalfG {C  
      A               9@n diu[  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. >GXXjAIu/  
     B       C           D y7z(&M@  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 GRT] aw  
SWs3SYJ\  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 H\E7o" m  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. w2{g,A|  
     A      B     C  D hv>KX  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 YLOwQj'  
D`pQ7  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere jvHFFSK  
     A       B     C   D pYo=oI  
  is the grizzly bear. ~~nqU pK?v  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ?^u^im  
6Ps.E  
R,t$"bOd  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 A&zS'toU  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 [A5W+pDm  
a460|w6  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with w^q7n  
   A           B  SV.z>p  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. G:IP? z]  
   C                 D Pbn!KX~F~  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 %S@L|t  
F~HRME; Z  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 8Pmdk1 ~  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 3qaMO#{M  
]< XR]FHx)  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 W)*p2 #l  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 CMW,slC_3  
the taller boy 9Uf j  
YKZa$@fA?  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 S($Su7g%_  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed ZnW@YC#9   
          A            B IH9.F  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is VT%:zf  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. #8XL :I  
    C          D 7f{=w, U  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they o0bM=njok  
T-_"|-k}P%  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 |7k_N|E  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, XH}'w9VynR  
  A  B         C     vBcq_sbo  
  the Navajos form largest group. `=lc<T^  
         D 9$ qm>,o  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 j|4C\~i  
dG7OqA:9  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, sEJC-$   
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language T .FI'wy  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the p Z: F:  
W2FD+ wt  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many V w||!d  
            A      B         C :a ->0 l  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. #X 52/8G  
            D ^T"vX  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ^. dsW0"0  
x^4xq#Bb7  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the U4aU}1RKz  
例如:my best friends SCvVt  
CHrFM@CM  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial +t5U.No  
            A    B     C <Ln 1pV~k  
  and banking center. MjlP+; !  
        D x8S7oO7  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 vVE2m=!v  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Zjbc3 M5  
MrZh09y  
UfN&v >8f  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary d&ex5CU5  
                 A         > ;/l)qk,  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. rE}%KsZ  
    B   C     D yE}}c{hSn  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 X!e[GJ  
#Q2Y&2`yGT  
七、平行结构 O3I8k\ `  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 (p2K36,9m  
anXc|  
:2 *g~6  
(一) 对等连接词 $0 vb^  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 {NHdyc$  
单一式: and, or ,but ;kY(<{2  
相关式: both…and, not … but, q@[Qj Gj@  
     either …or, neither…nor xai*CY@cQ  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as a!=D[Gz*5  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 9I}-[|`u  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also Wk)OkIFR  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 5`~PR :dN  
vN`klDJgW[  
短语式: as well as uScMn/%  
     rather than (而不是) "N`[r iq{  
     other than (除…之外) Tf'hc]`vS  
     instead of (代替) %J+E/  
E=nIRG|g  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 y*qVc E  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  aDU<wxnSvO  
       A     B   sB7# ~p A  
  but he is now living in Detroit. h2G$@8t}I  
       C   D YtmrRDQs  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 ~E17L]ete  
_852H$H\  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics '=b/6@&  
       A         B Ayxkv)%:@)  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford !|^|,"A)  
  remained active in city and regional planning. |fK1/<sz#  
          C    D  k\5c|Wq|g  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 9jM}~XvV  
(二)平行的内容 KcWN,!G  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 *4\:8  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ag [ZW  
             A         B   t}r ' k/[  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ldU?{o:\s  
         C            D &."iFe  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. (7wc*#}  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 9ijfRqI=x  
11 Q1AN  
, qMzWa  
第二、名词单复数的平行 9+Np4i@  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 rB Q_iB_  
^O?/yV?4c  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, jys:5P  
  A     B          C   u-QB.iQ+s  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. WlOmJtt4)  
                 D   Ua:}Vn&!  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 r8`ffH  
I ce~oz)  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, l!D}3jD  
                   A         B Cjn#00  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. =9H7N]*h  
      C          D KjD/o?JUr  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ?g_3 [Fk  
)3cAQ'w  
第三、时态的平行 8SMxw~9$  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated L^1NY3=$  
                A     A#e%^{q$  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ;YaQB#GK%  
                   B 1I%w?^sm_  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. M[NV )q/)  
          C    D 'NWfBJm  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 iDpSj!x/_  
* ` JYC  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- akmkyrz'&  
  spread from its home in Central America and em y[k  
  now grows throughout the tropics. z}.e]|b^H  
   (A) to be    (B) it   vx{}} /B]J  
   (C) the     (D) its !Z1@}`V&;  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? =7?4eYHC  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow n'"/KS+_  
AzPu)  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- :a!^   
  commercially for their meat and eggs. @="Pn5<]C  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Mc)}\{J  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised <;lkUU(WT2  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 \P[Y`LYL  
n3WlZ!$  
第四、排列位置的平行 pd?M f=>#  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. )Om*@;r(  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode -oGdk|Yn  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  &0d# Y]D4`  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes #`^}PuQ  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ]U+ LJOb  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 yWmJ~/*lG  
hDDn,uzpd  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: U4'#T%*  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ~g91Pr   
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 p%ki>p )E|  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 wLIMv3;k  
Ov@gh kr  
八、词序的颠倒 p T?}Kc  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 A`%k:@  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 phXGn m  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage Z-%\ <zT  
              A    B        iT+8|Yia  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. E_rI?t^  
      C       D    C[cbbp  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ~12EQacOT  
h,:m~0gmj  
.vf'YNQ%  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 _;S-x  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ;fTKfa  
          A      B     bW427B0  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. BKCiIfkZ  
    C         D mthA4sz  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 +HpA:]#Y  
UW={[h{.|@  
,<_ A2t 2  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 J[|y:N  
lN)C2 2  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were H7Rx>h_  
          A   B     C   /U*C\ xMm  
  in what is now the United States. !?jrf] A@  
    D O/(`S<iip  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 R%WCH?B<}  
k .; j  
所有的系动词分为三大类: wU36sCo  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, BwEN~2u6  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Et_bH%0  
    lie, exit(表示位于) +)om^e@.  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 k"%~"9  
    become, turn, grow, :pY/-Cgv  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) tS5hv@9cWx  
r,3DTBe  
第三种,感官动词 |A~jsz6pI  
    seem(好像是) x+:UN'"r  
    look(看起来好像是) {4}yKjW%z  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste XEp{VC@=  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 U$.@]F4&  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 4[r0G+  
    A               B     D/xbF`  
   to cause numerous deaths. /9*B)m"  
        C   D  6<SAa#@ey  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 \ZFGw&yN  
<z&/L/bl"  
九、词性的混用 .V/Rfq  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 wu!59pL  
:{v#'U/^  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 F#Ryu~,"  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; (0r3/t?DQ  
ZohC P  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 6Q@j  
          A        B      }O5i/#.lR  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and (O?.)jEW(.  
              C P>C~ i:4n  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. drP=A~?&:  
          D Qh3YJ=X &  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) BWa,f8  
M61xPq8y5  
~O0 $Suv  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用  2DtM20<>  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 kQSy+q  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds !8d{q)JZ  
         A       B      ?k&Vy  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to mbxZL<ua  
          C        4#xDgxg\f  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 4y?n [/M/  
            D R6Km\N  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 Oi'5ytsES  
QL&ZjSN  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, Eqd<MY7  
            A       H?vdr:WlTN  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of {0wIR_dGX  
      B      C rNWw?_H-H(  
   urban Black people in the United States. $aD VG})  
   D @sW24J1q+  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 &tLgG4pd  
WYm\)@  
SumF  2  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 KK /tu+"  
表示时间有两种可能, X; \+<LE  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 45@ I*`  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, HSE!x_$  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 #C74z$  
%op**@4/t\  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence Xv5wJ lc!d  
       A     B     ^B.5GK)!  
  were made while the American Civil War.  ul6]!Iy  
   C    D wY{-BuXv  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 hB]Np1('  
2+ N]PW\V  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 7 UKh688  
   A      B           C    6EoMt@7g  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ]KKS"0a  
          D >-RQ]?^  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 :\`o8`  
,GhS[VJjR  
YlJ@XpKM  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 Fh&G;aEq  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 HT v2#  
^qvZXb  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social aB2F C$z  
                   A     g-4M3of  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. a{'vN93  
     B   C    D R3)~?X1n  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 x$A+lj]x  
wv>^0\o  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ,a{P4Bq  
   A        B   C      8rAg \H3E  
  easily under the stress of compression. > ym,{EHK  
   D kf\PioD8  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 R^8o^z['6u  
n$A9_cHF7  
 sg^zH8,3  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 U#7#aeI  
x xHY+(m  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine @(EAq<5{  
    A         B h 6L&\~pf  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. IkL #SgY  
          C            D >jDDQ@  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 >4x(e\B  
Pa>AWOG'  
6%\J"AgXO  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, Y,qI@n<  
         A @Myo'{3vF  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. &~cBNw|  
   B      C      D ?> 9/#Nv  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 &Q/W~)~  
etQCzYIhn  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 X;+sUj8  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; ;DQ ZT  
two hundred diligent students
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