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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 Tof H =d  
一、代词 ?]u=5gqUU  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ?AJE*=b  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 9q !./)  
  主格、宾格、所有格 Qape DU;  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) \Lu] %}  
x(/{]$h  
(二) 反身代词 |cUBS)[)X  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 |VD}:  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ^J Y]w^u  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) (Cjw^P|Y@  
1 ojy_  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  l TRQ/B  
    A                 B    +_LWN8F  
  a series of indicators that could help CA{(x(W\:  
             C      .IJgkP)!]  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Fz4g:8qdA  
    D ![*7HE>},  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 O}I RM|r"  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 5b^`M  
d=_Wgz,d  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 L4L[@tMPmY  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Tp?l;DU  
`vPc&.-K  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 0'9z XJ"  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the >C|i^4ppI  
     A   B      C          D $m-rn'Q  
  Pacific. zU)Ib< $  
{)8!>K%G  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 psZAO,p  
9AsK=/Buf  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 xi =\]  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: E5J2=xVW#  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 N=oWIK<;-  
h NCoX*icd  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Dqw?3 KB  
                       A   oHbG-p  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and #AJo75E%  
             B *=X$j~#X  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. yfd$T}WW6  
   C       D _26<}&]b*  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ^<}eONa  
LPNJuz  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important rI E m  
        A     VHlN;6Qlff  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John h8Bs=T  
   B        C      nKzS2 u=:Y  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  |aT&rpt   
      D tX$ v)O|  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ,y+}0q-Ou  
o"Dk`L2  
xSQ:#o=8G  
(四) Who和which的区别 XRMYR97  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 12yr_   
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ;e>pu"#  
^rmcyy8;g  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who :q .g#:1s  
              A            B DRn]>IFU  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 8<Y*@1*j  
   C                  D ^*{:;F@  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 fq@r6\TI  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 B~[QmK  
6z6\-45  
(五) that和which的区别 <Be:fnPX7  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Pp*:rA"N  
]Kutuf$t  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it HinPO  
              A        B m ~[4eH,  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. x:7"/H|  
      C              D $Z{ap  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ^~3u|u  
m#\I&(l+  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 B<99-7x3  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, }#u.Of`6"  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when \iBEyr]  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. S,ENbP%0r  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -x~4@~  
s?fO)7ly  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6aw1  
              A         B   | ODi[~y  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. :7WeR0*%  
         C      D ,P%a0\  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 ! sN~w  
X,] E {  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  F*}.0SQ  
  affected the way people in the United States----. R{3?`x!fY  
   (A) living and working L@|xpq  
   (B) they live and work A-&'/IHR"B  
   (C) live and work z]twh&^1L  
   (D) to live and to work Z\\'0yuY(  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 wN+3OPM  
pV^(8!+  
二、介词 2C@ui728  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 DjMhI_Yu  
z#( `H6n:  
(一) 介词搭配 sTb@nrRxH  
fF|m~#y  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ndXUR4  
    A         B   C      S^ ,q{x*T  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. O>M4%p  
                D OgOs9=cE{  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 <5xlP:C x  
`J26Y"]P  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. uto E}U7]  
A       B     C  D 4#fgUlV  
分析:B错改为be rich in 6+iZJgwAy  
c+bOp 05o-  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the S_|VlI  
    A         B      C 1M<;}hJ{/  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. |/M^q{h&7s  
             D 's>./Pf  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 }R\;htmc;  
VmbfwHRWb  
BM+>.  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 dJf#j?\[  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 g4U`Qf3  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. +W}dO#  
          A      B  C     D G,,7.%eib=  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 i9O;D*  
!hc#il'g].  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has }^"#&w3<  
                 A  B     }P(<]UF  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on Y2&hf6BE  
      C yM`QVO!;  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. tg#d.(  
      D :3 p&h[M  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 _uQxrB"9  
G$7!/O%#_  
2、介词by O[|prk,  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by r(i!".Z  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 'ngx\Lr  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States U!D\Vd  
    A         B       %}ASll0uq  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. mJFFst,  
   C     D ;: 4PT~\*  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 88~ lP7J  
Y. 1dk  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q|&Wcxq2!  
   A                      A>Y!d9]ti  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to F2WMts  
     B    C       D +~l`rJ  
   supply moccasins and field rations. r]yI5 ;  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Y V#|qb  
l>{+X )  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with g6l&;S40  
        A                eW.[M?,  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements u .R   
        B          C   n.tJ-l5[  
  that are often represented at symbols. <rAWu\d;  
              D Qu6Q)dZ<  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ~RIn7/A  
三、谓语动词 n1+,Pe*)  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 &Rxy]kBA  
①、主谓分割原则 ^iz2 =}Q8  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, h& Q9  
     A     +t`QHvx v  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 1 6G/'Hb  
        B      C      D p&<X&D   
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 x"xtILrI  
xK;WJm"  
②、与后者一致原则 E])X$:P?  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, u>I;Cir4  
not only…but also F G5e{  
Xh*p\ $  
gt= _;KZ  
③、与前者一致原则 2 bQC 2  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, qGgqAF#B  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 d} e/f)(  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and is,r:  
     A      B  C     U3zwC5}BN  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 9azk(OL6  
         D v4V|j<R  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is j)[ w X  
m+Bt9|d  
④、就近原则 ]\Tcy[5  
or, either…or, neither…nor, ctg[C$<q|  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 3#@ETt0X(  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ;v?!Pml2k  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 E'J|  p7  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 a ykNH>#Po  
T;u>]"S  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ZxRD+`  
        A      B        ~+GMn[h  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 7TC=$y ,  
    C              D h6dVT9  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 N?'V,p 0=  
}"'^.FG^_  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 fi2@`37PM  
There are five apples that are red. x@I(G "  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 v_gQCS  
5$e| @/(0  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets $Qv+*%c  
      A            x_JCH7-  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. f3+@u2Pv  
   B   C    D )k.[Ve  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 GB(o)I#h  
lglC1W-q  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 /h ef3DV5I  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. NY 'sZTM&  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 >C`b 4xQ  
3+<}Hm+  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 zUM;Qwl  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: (>x4X@b  
a. there be 句型 ey@]B5  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 $/aZ/O)F  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 gL(ny/Ob9  
&k /uR;yw  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +s:!\(BM  
   A     B      C    D    _-&\~w  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is |hjm^{!TpW  
7u!i)<pn  
,F7W_f# @3  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific y#5xS  
             A     B    l+'@y (}Q  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 :?s~,G_*l  
     C         Kv'2^B  
  miles in width. VLuhURI)  
     D  Cpu L[|51  
分析:倒装句,are改为is n*6Oa/JG7  
C9[Jr)QX  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and B] dvX  
   A    B       C         n 0_q-8r  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film C fKvC  
                    D )-q#hY  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5F{NPKa Q  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 HV-c DL  
{<{ O!  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ES[H^}|Gi  
fifty percent of + 名词 'M>QA"*48E  
one percent of + 名词 1'or[Os3=  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 45` i  
  one percent of my students + are h I.@!$~=  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. T 22tZp  
v#1}( hb  
这里要强调两个结构 Atc<xp  
half of =fifty percent | +osEHC  
most of + 可数名词 + are r(;sX  
most of + 不可数名词+ is oc+TsVt  
fgrflW$  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been NUBf>~_}  
   A       B         C   npC:SrI%  
  found in central and eastern Canada. E9e|+$  
           D %M8 m 8 )  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 S B2R  
dm8N;r/w  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized m)l<2 `CM  
                 A   B  jc rLUs+\  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 1vKAJ<4W  
              C     D Vwxb6,}Z  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 f793yCiG  
(QS4<J"  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 L=g(w$H  
①、主要考察时间状语 mhh^kwW  
/e|vz^#+1,  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. :wWPEhK  
   A        B  C     D `"@Pr,L   
`Vph=`0  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?2d! ^!9  
0iS"V^aH  
*vFXe_.  
②、For和since的区别 )gNS%t c*K  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 3[_zz ;Y*d  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 LVHIQ9  
  I has been a teacher for three years. PMOyZ3  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. {3)^$F=T  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 +K2p2Dw(k  
76IjM4&a  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 3lh^maQ]  
   A      B              $3yzB9\a"  
  the primary responsibility of the president. F7!q18ew  
     C    D PxAUsY  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 {7F?30: ]  
 []L yu  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of RyuI2jEy  
             A  B  C   0&21'K)pW  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Q[6<Y,}(pd  
            D zWA~0l.2  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 +.3,(l  
BN]{o(EB  
W)LtnD2 w  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  [TaYNc!\  
   A       B        C     D j&y>?Y&Sb  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ^J-"8%  
7eU |iDYo  
(三) 谓语的语态 yt 5'2!jc  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 >Y)FoHa+/  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: cedH#;V!j  
①、prove p E56CM  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 4*9WxhJ ]0  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; b!l/O2 G  
3:B4;  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming y%Wbm&h  
                      A   fa#5pys  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ;=i$0w9W  
    B                  C l(A>Rw|  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. Q<UKR|6  
                  D XJ *W7HD  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 PvkHlb^x%  
*#&s+h,^  
<1XJa2  
②、Locate,Situate }DzN-g<K  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Z#_+yw  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 \+I+Lrj%  
这两个词也可以用作被动 KOP*\\1 J  
  My school was located near the river. t=6Wk4  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 8pE0ANbq  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 1v"r8=Wt  
   (A)locates \-scGemH  
   (B)locating <CM}g4Y  
   (C)to locate :d`8:gv?  
   (D)is located P6([[mmG  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 otSF8[  
$0wF4$)  
③、表示需要概念的动词 QU%'z/dip  
need, want, require等 Mz:t[rfs  
p}{V%!`_  
My watch needed repairing $ix*xm. 4m  
My watch needed to be repaired. TU,k( `tn<  
}y P98N5o  
④、表示人的情感的动词 ja|XFs~  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 u9~RD  
PdNxuy  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 j9IeqlL  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 GP,xGZZ  
#Ies yNKZ  
主动和被动技巧总结: i@|.1dWh  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 G*$a81dAX  
?=lnYD j  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ~RS^O poa  
                 A      |}y6U< I  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, oL 69w1  
                 B %=O$@.%Zc  
  power structures, and flood-control works along YvP u%=eF  
                    C _Mis-K:]{?  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. !agtgS$qII  
                D $EuWQq7OI2  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^M Zdht   
LpJ_HU7@lk  
四、非谓语动词 &3;yho8v@  
_Di}={1[.  
(一) 分词 fP9k(mQX  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Cq0S8Or0  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 sa71Vh{  
ZoiCdXvTN  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then R{"7q:-  
   A $K,6!FyBa  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Q3vWwP;t~  
     B      C            D v$`AN4)}  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning  :_qgpE<  
U*' YGv  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 lj1wTiaI(  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in :K3nJ1G&  
      A               B   ~la=rh3  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 'CH|w~E  
               C         D oj7X9~ nd  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living U?6YY` A8  
cs?@Ri=g  
S"iQQV{)Z  
一些动词后面必须用doing t:X[Blw3$  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 %^l77 :O  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, d8b'Gjwtw  
 advocate, suggest Bu'PDy~W,  
 delay, quit _[SP*" ]H  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, c?0uv2*Yh  
 avoid, escape(逃避) =GQ?P*x|$  
 spend+名词+doing; cz/mUU  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing lHpo/ R :  
:\*hAV1i  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their t Ib?23K0  
   A     B    C              D XbJ=lH  
  crops. &50Kn[  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 E0c5 c  
fV3!x,H  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, eb:mp/  
               A        B & b}!KD1  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. gU/\'~HG  
        C          D jow^~   
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing }0uSm%,"  
Vzz0)`*hQ  
(二) 不定式 0x0.[1mB  
A. 动词不定式的省略 3Fh<%<=  
①、help后面可以省略to 8&VwAo  
  help to do tqrvcnQr^  
  help sb. to do U;KHF{Vm  
LaJc;Jt$  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid E]_lYYkA  
              A      B   b0E(tPw5c  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. nP?(9;3*  
         C     D g i:;{  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 < V"'j  
'[5tc fG#z  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 h|%d=`P,  
  make, e\.|d<N?  
  let, ^k^%w/fo  
  have sb. do sth >Z|4/P F  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. Qoq@=|7kxa  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians a|5GC pp  
        A               B jzEimKDE's  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. b]RnCu"  
   C     D pa+^5N  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know f QuphMOl6  
fdd 3H[  
③、感官动词 s&y  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe =q[3/'2V$?  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 |ki#MtCp  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Ks X@e)8u  
e@0wF59  
Fw"~f5O  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 F6Q#{Ufq  
(1)表示第一人 P). @o.xl  
the first woman to do sth. O:lD>A4{  
2E2J=Do  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ,=oq)Fm]  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do c q3C N@  
0yAvAx  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis s977k 2pp-  
     A                 B    &% M^:WT  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. RNX}Wlo-s  
       C           D zy$hDy0  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 u0XGtu$4  
&, $A7:  
7BI0g@$Nn]  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 Mh_jlgE'd#  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 -Qn:6M>w^  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 'a"<uk3DT  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 m"x~Fjvd  
  be apt to do 1Kc* MS  
4,<~t>M1  
(4)表示目的的名词, fG,qax`:c  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 PCaa _ 2  
固定的句式: ~}ewna/2  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. NqF-[G<  
the objective 目标 9m6w.:S  
aim !%@n 067  
goal cPS!%?}I  
reason理由 8u+ (+25  
function功能 PL8akA#  
intension意图 d[$1:V  
y"9TS,lmK  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing MESQAsx%  
                       A  gJF;yW 4  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. t"BpaA^gO  
           B          C     D ;TW@{re  
分析:the function to provide, A错 c"QH-sE  
^WD [>E~  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure BO[A1'>  
                  A       vF([mOZ  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds vMC;5r6*d  
     B  <B``/EX^  
  that make up various components of a living cell. bpU^|r^W  
    C    D fi,=z  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 P4N{lQ.>  
f9\7v_  
(5) 其他同根名词 ]k KsGch  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 }h]:I'R!  
 attempt to do 企图 )0'O!O  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 "3>#[o  
 ambition, p,1RRbyc  
 be ambitious to do  #pVk%5N  
 effort |mM7P^I  
Y}WO`+Vf5  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ims *|~{sr  
  A                    B   % -SP  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. I7Eg$J&  
          C       D y1AS^'  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 &#)3v8  
+,KuYa{lu  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great L_A|  
  A                   B   "vJADQ4F  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. 6D+k[oHZm  
       C            D r94BEC 2  
分析:efforts to register, C错 u9&p/qMx2  
g 08 `=g  
Vw#07P#A  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 8~I>t9Q+  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 yZ  P+  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. tJn2:}-s  
~cez+VQe  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q2 edS|  
I am glad to see you. N; hq  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. XR&*g1  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 61KJ( rSX3  
ywdNwNJ  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 p$=3&qR 6  
It is difficult to decide. +Q '|->#  
0$ (}\hMLt  
m$ JQ[vgh  
五、句子的结构 Vz,WPm$I  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 RHBEC@d[}  
'X?`+2wK   
(一) 主语的重复 YnMph0\Y^  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 byMO&Lb*  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any _Nj;Ni2rD  
          A      B      vKW%l  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the #8RQ7|7b|  
          C          D Jk~T.p?tF  
  League of Nations. eMF%!qUr  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 {L+?n*;CA  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson bT;C8i4b\H  
1idEm*3&(  
jy*wj7fj 1  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are RsY<j& f  
        A        B  -py.Y Z  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. aB Yhk|Ei  
    C         D X3"V1@-i4$  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 6> "0H/y,  
saV3<zgx  
(二)谓语的重复 &3JbAJ|;X  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 w7 QIKsI0  
b2 ),J  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  =DtM.o Q>  
    A            B    E`X+fJx  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. [$V_qFv{  
         C   D "#9WF}  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 lfGiw^  
uwIZzz  
(三)谓语的缺少 T.{I~_  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body *R&g'y^d  
          A     B    +zlaYHj  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. rdC(+2+Ay  
         C               D nc31X  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 [<%yUy  
bT>^% H3  
(四)主句的重复 }^QY<Cp|  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 9M7{.XR,  
ZSbD4 |_  
Qn<< &i~  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite H,uOshR  
      A         B        C   sQ`8L+oY  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Ek 4a C3  
     D MVTU$ 65  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ad"&c*m[  
} HvVL}7  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ] {y ';MZ  
        A   B       r` 3)sc  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth.  @P~ u k  
      C    D mG2}JWA  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 nVYh1@yLy  
` "9Y.KU  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided Pajr`gU  
   A                     B  gHm ^@  
  names for towns, only George Washington i=SX_#b^  
      C |g7E*1Ie  
  is remembered in the name of a state. k1%Ek#5  
          D VR_1cwKBM  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 8HWY]:| oh  
六、比较级和最高级 $x 2t0@  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 [,fMh $t  
9t)t-t#P;  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Y[pGaiN:  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which pM4 j=F  
      A               9,F(f}(t  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. QXF>xZ~  
     B       C           D Pl 5+Oo  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ]P 2M  
s SvQatwS  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ]5} =r  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. ey y&JjVs  
     A      B     C  D in%+)`'nH7  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 B_:K.]DK`  
ww[STg  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere "ua/65cq9  
     A       B     C   D %1e`R*I  
  is the grizzly bear. 0WQ0-~wx  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 :vc[ iZ  
x OZ?zN  
  }/M ~  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 3}XUYF;  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 d< !bE(  
+-xA/nU.c  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Lw-)ijBW  
   A           B  Km-lWreTH  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. W"z!sf5U  
   C                 D &oNy~l o  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 utRvE(IbmV  
 c~dX8+  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 <y~`J`-  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as hC~lH eH  
tpA7"JD  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 E]"ePdZZ/  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 :0#!=  
the taller boy G4ZeO:r  
1G$kO90  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /ptIxe  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed FWPkvL  
          A            B nwW `Q>+#U  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is -s4qm)\  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. jG8 ihi  
    C          D O!uX:TE|Q  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they _?`3zm4  
BDc*N]m}B1  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Jg |/*Or  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, !!dNp5h`  
  A  B         C     Ewu 7tq Z  
  the Navajos form largest group. hDzKB))<w  
         D +-`Q}~s+  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 8`9!ocrM  
M HlP)'  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &c?-z}=G  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 's!EAqCN  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the Ku56TH!Py  
GP[;+xMBh  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many w%j 6zsTz  
            A      B         C W!V06 .  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. =i\~][-  
            D + ECV|mkk  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 \d%&_rp  
]:Ocu--  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the %\Ig{Rj;  
例如:my best friends sw8Ic\vT  
UYGl  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial XNd:x {  
            A    B     C q$~S?X5\  
  and banking center. d V.)+X7<  
        D \D>'  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 c[@>#7p`o  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 9F ).i  
L&q~5 9  
ib*$3Fn~  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary %[&cy'  
                 A         R-bI CGSE  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. -P@o>#Em  
    B   C     D kSoAnJ|  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 C[_{ $j(J  
Z:)\j.  
七、平行结构 c|hKo[r)  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 DM~Q+C=Yr  
?)5}v4b  
h:Npi `y  
(一) 对等连接词 d\'M ~VQ  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 _dIv{L!  
单一式: and, or ,but C(7LwV  
相关式: both…and, not … but, n[ AJ'A{  
     either …or, neither…nor |P>> ^,iUn  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as /vwGSuk._  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, WVf;uob{  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also b6R0za  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, z^ KrR   
w!8h4U. ;  
短语式: as well as Xp4pN{he  
     rather than (而不是) u`R  
     other than (除…之外) D.)R8X  
     instead of (代替) 8{epy  
&yp_wW-  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 "a>%tsl$K  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  |A[Le ;,  
       A     B   q#c\  
  but he is now living in Detroit. *-Z JF6  
       C   D QU8?/  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 ERCW5b[RT  
 ceyZ4M  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics mWfzL'*  
       A         B . p<*n6E  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford QVQe9{ "0  
  remained active in city and regional planning. 3' mQ=tKa  
          C    D  o%RyE]pw,  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半  gX.4I;  
(二)平行的内容 !1-:1Whz8  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 FJ}/g ?  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "N D1$l  
             A         B   _~-VH&g0R  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, 1vx:`2 A4  
         C            D [ !].G=8  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. "  q0lh  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 QUH USDT  
R*'rg-d  
C Rw.UC\  
第二、名词单复数的平行 8%U+y0j6b  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 FI Io{ru  
>E^sZmY[f-  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, %f*8JUE16  
  A     B          C   xbvZ7g^  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. K\,)9:`t  
                 D   +YI/(ko=  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 6H53FMqr  
0 h _9  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, O T+=H)/  
                   A         B [h {zT)[  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. [sy~i{Bm  
      C          D -B*= V  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have @ 4#q  
Y[R veF  
第三、时态的平行 $BXZFC_1S  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated +vIpt{733  
                A     a`  s2 z  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops nm`[\3R  
                   B (y *7 g f  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. @n"7L2wY  
          C    D 7l/.f SW  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 3LN+gXmU  
ZVs]_`(+  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- @.0>gmY;:  
  spread from its home in Central America and NvW`x   
  now grows throughout the tropics. n?!XNXb  
   (A) to be    (B) it   BZ* ',\o  
   (C) the     (D) its d,8L-pT$FM  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? H=RzY-\a%  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow 3`.* ~qW  
2[ = =  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- p!B& &)&db  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. BbsgZ4  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Kh&W\\K  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised nsn  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 '5V} Z3zJ/  
diHK  
第四、排列位置的平行 !ij R  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ]8@s+ N  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode fE`p  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  E+z),"QA  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes Q\Wh]=}  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes QiH>!Ssw  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ^Gi9&fS,  
@=_4i&]$  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: |BGB60}]f  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ]gjQy.c|  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ]#k=VKdV  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 I]GG mN  
d?:KEi-<7  
八、词序的颠倒 C)UL{n  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 \-Vja{J]  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 CP0;<}k  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage '+EtnWH s  
              A    B        68*a'0  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. j(~e{HZ  
      C       D    cN%  r\  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 L|hELWru  
3vXa#f>P<  
WOg pDs  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 2Tp @;[!3  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only V15/~  
          A      B     ="p,~ivrz  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. t|urv oz  
    C         D o9rZ& Q<  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 "D,}|  
63E)RR_Lh  
y(ceEV  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 dVMduo  
:F8h}\a*  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were ).)^\  
          A   B     C   A^c  (  
  in what is now the United States. U?%T~!  
    D /HH_Zi0?N|  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ?o1QjDG  
w~C\ 5 i  
所有的系动词分为三大类: wpWZn[j  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, tdHeZv  
    is, remain, keep, stay, NQx x_3*4O  
    lie, exit(表示位于) W|Cs{rBc?  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 +[ng99p  
    become, turn, grow, .6!cHL3ln  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) d]USk&8  
i#NtiZ.t=  
第三种,感官动词 Dz,|sHCmk  
    seem(好像是) #kk5 {*`  
    look(看起来好像是) 7z_ZD0PxPc  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste jM-7  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ~g9~D}48k'  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ^6gEL~m|]  
    A               B     A{dqB  
   to cause numerous deaths. *~~J1.ja>  
        C   D  !UR3`Xk  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 qpQiMiB#g'  
w`EC6ZN  
九、词性的混用 6"[J[7up  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 La28%10  
p' 6h9/  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用  f,kV  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; rmi&{o:  
QL @SE@"  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 1h|qxYO  
          A        B      @HTs.4  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ]heVR&bQ  
              C bxPJ5oT  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. ~$ Po3]{ s  
          D mN l[D  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) y<* \D_J  
I]HLWF  
P8#_E{f  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 PbY.8d%2/k  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 qW*k|;S  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds cuI&Q?+c}  
         A       B      QCG-CzJ9 l  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to "$b{EYq6  
          C        c 6 .j$6t  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. m<LzgX  
            D &xvNR=K[`  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 vXZP>  
B qINU  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 4uh~@Lv  
            A       ,Y#f0  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of cp"{W-Q{$  
      B      C 0C3Y =F  
   urban Black people in the United States. >s!k"s,  
   D [S-#}C?~  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Ic^ (6  
[w-# !X2y  
[z*1#lj S  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 a2]>R<M  
表示时间有两种可能, ]zj&U#{  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 M$Rh]3vqR  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, wzmQRn;s  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 YG5mzP<T  
D(Q]ddUi'  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 56u_viZ=8  
       A     B     c>! ^\  
  were made while the American Civil War. Z 0v&AD=  
   C    D 7AqbfLO  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 (dx~lMI  
32y 9rz  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the %Na` \`L{F  
   A      B           C    `Tk~?aY  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ($8!r|g5#  
          D )T&r770  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 PsS.lhj0"  
I47sqz7  
5{IbKj|  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 r%>7n,+o  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 glkH??S  
fP8bWZ{  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social Po.by~|  
                   A     !CY*SGO  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ,w=u?  
     B   C    D eOfVBF<C2  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 b&d4(dk  
I*g[Y=  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples jfam/LL{V  
   A        B   C      V^>< =DNE  
  easily under the stress of compression. gO@LJ  
   D 9C!b f \  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 9A|9:OdG1  
 ;<%th  
%F}d'TPx  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 # $'H?lO  
N0ef5J JM`  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Bo'v!bI7  
    A         B +=nWB=iCb  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. o!c~"  
          C            D pTncx%!W5  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 hDBo XIK  
9ESV[  
nV8iYBBym  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, U8,pe;/ln`  
         A {M\n  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. \6aisK  
   B      C      D %u2",eHCB  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ,pVe@d'  
m3&b )O7  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 n?9FJOqi  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; $e{}SQ;fW  
two hundred diligent students
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