改错题常考要点 Tof H=d
一、代词 ?]u=5gqUU
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ?AJE*=b
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 9q!./)
主格、宾格、所有格 Qape DU;
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) \Lu] %}
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(二) 反身代词 |cUBS)[)X
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 |VD}:
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ^J Y]w^u
He killed him. (他杀了他) (Cjw^P|Y@
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating l TRQ/B
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a series of indicators that could help CA{(x(W\:
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Fz4g:8qdA
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 O}I
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 5b^`M
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 L4L[@tMPmY
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Tp?l;DU
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies 0'9zXJ"
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the >C|i^4ppI
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Pacific. zU)Ib<
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 psZAO,p
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 xi
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: E5J2=xVW#
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 N=oWIK<;-
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Dqw?3 KB
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the word“normalcy”to express social and #AJo75E%
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economic conditions they promised the nation. yfd$T}WW6
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ^<}eONa
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important rIE
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John h8Bs=T
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Keats, published the year of her death. |aT&rpt
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ,y+}0q-Ou
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(四) Who和which的区别 XRMYR97
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 12yr_
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ;e>pu"#
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who :q
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 8<Y*@1*j
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 fq@r6\TI
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 B~[QmK
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(五) that和which的区别 <Be:fnPX7
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 Pp*:rA"N
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it HinPO
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. x:7"/H|
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ^~3u|u
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 B<99-7x3
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, }#u.Of`6"
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when \iBEyr]
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. S,ENbP%0r
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -x~4@~
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 6aw1
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. :7WeR0*%
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 !
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has F*}.0SQ
affected the way people in the United States----. R{3?`x!fY
(A) living and working L@|xpq
(B) they live and work A-&'/IHR"B
(C) live and work z]twh&^1L
(D) to live and to work Z\\'0yuY(
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 wN+3OPM
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二、介词 2C@ui728
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 DjMhI_Yu
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(一) 介词搭配 sTb@nrRxH
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ndXUR4
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. O>M4%p
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 <5xlP:C
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. uto
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分析:B错改为be rich in 6+iZJgwAy
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the S_|VlI
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. |/M^q{h&7s
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 }R\;htmc;
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 dJf#j?\[
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 g4U`Qf3
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. +W}dO#
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 i9O;D*
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has }^"#&w3<
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on Y2&hf6BE
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. tg#d.(
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 _u QxrB"9
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2、介词by O[|prk,
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by r(i!". Z
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 'ngx\Lr
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States U!D\Vd
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. mJFFst,
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 88~lP7J
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q|&Wcxq2!
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to F2WMts
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supply moccasins and field rations. r]yI5 ;
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Y V#|qb
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with g6l&;S40
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements u.R
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that are often represented at symbols. <rAWu\d;
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ~RIn7/A
三、谓语动词 n1+,Pe*)
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 &Rxy]kBA
①、主谓分割原则 ^iz2=}Q8
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, h&Q9
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 1 6G/'Hb
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 x"xtILrI
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②、与后者一致原则 E])X$:P?
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, u>I;Cir4
not only…but also F G5e{
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③、与前者一致原则 2 bQC2
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, qGgqAF#B
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 d}
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例:The athlete, together with his coach and is,r:
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 9azk(OL6
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is j)[
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④、就近原则 ]\Tcy [5
or, either…or, neither…nor, ctg[C$<q|
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 3#@ETt0X(
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ;v? !Pml2k
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 E'J|
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 aykNH>#Po
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ZxRD+`
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 7TC=$y ,
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 N?'V,p
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 fi2@`37PM
There are five apples that are red. x@I(G "
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 v_gQCS
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets $Qv+*%c
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. f3+@u2Pv
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 GB(o)I#h
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 /hef3DV5I
The rich are not always happier than the poor. NY
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 >C`b4xQ
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 zUM;Qwl
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: (>x4X@b
a. there be 句型 ey@]B5
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 $/aZ/O)F
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 gL(ny/Ob9
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. +s:!\(BM
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is |hjm^{!TpW
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 :?s~,G_*l
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miles in width. VLuhURI)
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分析:倒装句,are改为is n*6Oa/JG7
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and B]dvX
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film CfKvC
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5F{NPKaQ
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 HV-c
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ES[H^}|Gi
fifty percent of + 名词 'M>QA"*48E
one percent of + 名词 1'or[Os3=
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 45` i
one percent of my students + are h
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. T
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这里要强调两个结构 Atc<xp
half of =fifty percent |
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most of + 可数名词 + are r(;sX
most of + 不可数名词+ is oc+TsVt
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been NUBf>~_}
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found in central and eastern Canada.
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 S B2R
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized m)l<2`CM
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 1vKAJ<4W
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 f793yCiG
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 L=g(w$H
①、主要考察时间状语 mhh^kwW
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. :wWPEhK
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?2d! ^!9
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②、For和since的区别 )gNS%tc*K
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 3[_zz
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 LVHIQ9
I has been a teacher for three years. PMOyZ3
I has been a teacher since 1996. {3)^$F=T
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 +K2p2Dw(k
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 3lh^maQ]
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the primary responsibility of the president. F7!q18ew
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 {7F?30: ]
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of RyuI2jEy
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Q[6<Y,}(pd
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 +.3,(l
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. [TaYNc!\
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ^J-"8%
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(三) 谓语的语态 yt5'2!jc
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 >Y)FoHa+/
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: cedH#;V!j
①、prove p E56CM
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 4*9WxhJ ]0
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; b!l/O2
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming y%Wbm&h
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ;=i$0w9 W
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. Q<UKR|6
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 PvkHlb^x%
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