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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 Q0`wt.}V2  
一、代词 <s31W3<v  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 \R9(x]nZ%  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 K,;E5  
  主格、宾格、所有格 q.^;!f1  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) J@HtoTDO3  
-n~1C {<  
(二) 反身代词 <SAzxo:I  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 [\98$BN  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) (&Kk7<#`  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ouvA~/5  
'A=^Se`=  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  b;B%q$sntC  
    A                 B    }z'8Bu  
  a series of indicators that could help 7FP*oN?  
             C      6m/r+?'  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. xf\C|@i  
    D hE'-is@7  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 <Uk}o8E  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 HYD'.uj  
Y!aSs3c  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 RtkEGxw*^  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 :DK {Vg6  
!]A  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ^&9zw\x;z  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the xk9%F?)  
     A   B      C          D 6fE7W>la  
  Pacific. P8OaoPj  
f <Zxz9  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 S1T"Z{$  
1SQ3-WU s  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 D%[mWc@1I  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: o)M}!MT  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 kYE9M8s;  
p%up)]?0  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined h" B+hu  
                       A   `P@<3]  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and *P[ hy  
             B YH}'s>xZz  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. WMDl=6  
   C       D rET\n(AJ  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 M5 LfRBO  
LRxZcxmy  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ~p6 V,Q  
        A     dM.f]-g  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John B B{$&Oh  
   B        C      x `eo"5.$  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  M/B_#yK  
      D Gm&Za,4%4  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. q~F|  
dZl5Ic  
G{~J|{t\yz  
(四) Who和which的区别 EmWn%eMN  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 vQG5*pR*w  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ;J( 8 L  
3Y4?CM&0v  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who )th<,Lo3#  
              A            B dmtr*pM_  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. GRIti9GD  
   C                  D ] Jg&VXrH  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 HQ_Ok `  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ;3coP{  
.&iawz  
(五) that和which的区别 .bl/*s  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 h|9L5  
\[i1JG  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it [ZwjOi:)  
              A        B e`_ LEv  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. ij`w} V  
      C              D 9Q^r O26+  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 `:fZ)$sY  
,Ks8*;#r  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *!t/"b  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, cxC6n%!;y  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when )T2Caqs2  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. l}|%5.5-  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !X#OOqPr=  
yjX9oxhtL  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly A2Ed0|By  
              A         B   `:KY\  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 7hcYD!DS  
         C      D O"9\5(w  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 .f2bNnB~pP  
H[$ "+&q  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  ,/I.t DH  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ql{ OETn#  
   (A) living and working *u[BP@vE  
   (B) they live and work ~rKrpb]ow  
   (C) live and work -<!NXm|kvz  
   (D) to live and to work j{A y\n(  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 }!r|1$,kL  
\ :sUL!  
二、介词 *vxk@ `K~  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 zu{P#~21  
G4X|Bka  
(一) 介词搭配 K7:)nv E  
oW*16>IN9l  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those zP8lN(LA  
    A         B   C      24*XL,  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. IueF x u  
                D IY\5@PVZ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 6j]0R*B7`Q  
kfY}S  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. 6Y?|w3f   
A       B     C  D /]Md~=yNp  
分析:B错改为be rich in oIzj,v8$  
9vc2VB$  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Ai?*s%8v  
    A         B      C F_{Yo?_  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. E]n&=\  
             D s8t;.^1}  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。  {Gk1vcq  
D.u{~  
vw/J8'  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 O- hAFKx  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 `kXs;T6&  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. xdt- ;w|  
          A      B  C     D Js?]$V"  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Y)2,PES=  
j>"@,B g*  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 5e^ChK0Q  
                 A  B     v$wIm,j  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ~HsJUro  
      C }(73Syl#  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. }9OC,Y8?D  
      D ?GR"FmB(  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 kxhWq:[c  
7[XRd9a5(  
2、介词by jm/`iXnMf  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by e6$WQd`O  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing \Uq(Zga4)  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States I,vJbvvl!  
    A         B       ~=l;=7 T  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. `|& O*`  
   C     D 5<Nx^D  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 +#@I~u _}D  
K1yzD6[eW  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils c,+:i1IAy  
   A                      M%P:n/j  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to j'"J%e]  
     B    C       D `Eo.v#<  
   supply moccasins and field rations. n9ej7oj  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 M!D3}JRm  
GH$pKB  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with #?- wm  
        A                P{ lB50  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements z_4J)?3  
        B          C   @Z:l62l=bE  
  that are often represented at symbols. =^,m` _1  
              D +Q"4Migbe@  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 5D//*}b,  
三、谓语动词 oV78Hq6  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 v O_*yh1  
①、主谓分割原则 )R1<N  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, PtiOz :zV  
     A     N6i Q8P -  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. Se =`N  
        B      C      D i?^L/b`H  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 WCixKYq  
Yr[\|$H5  
②、与后者一致原则 #!+:!_45  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, w NdisI  
not only…but also \z(gqkc 6  
II{&{S'HU  
1=Z0w +v{  
③、与前者一致原则 I51@QJX  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, Vs!Nmv`  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ]N F[>uiW  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and #?:lb1  
     A      B  C     |aq"#Ml)  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. @b2aNS<T  
         D =Jb>x#Y  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is vUM4S26"NT  
tK\~A,=  
④、就近原则 z-)O9PV  
or, either…or, neither…nor, [`7ThHX  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are c yz3,3\e  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is qY!Zt_Be6  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 & >fQp(f  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 <7jW _R@  
_I5Y"o  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are YUk\Q%  
        A      B        O :T j"@h  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. /mzlH  
    C              D R4:b{ )=O  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 )l DD\J7  
'TB2:W3  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 kE1TP]|  
There are five apples that are red. ncT&Gr   
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 IW] rb/H  
lL0APT;  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ;;/{xvQ.1  
      A            4^o^F-k'  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. `'7R,  
   B   C    D KoT%Mfu  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 FGq [ \B  
pOoEI+t  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 [ub e6  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. \:LW(&[!  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 5]:U9ts#  
NC6&x=!3  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致  N4TV  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: M kXmA`cP  
a. there be 句型 QQc -Ya!v  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 #&e-|81H  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 kvu) y`  
nKj7.,>;:<  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. jq0O22 -R  
   A     B      C    D    5L}/&^E#p  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is +^F Zq$NP  
+k R4E23:  
nQ3A~ ()  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific <<O$ G7c  
             A     B    -jm Y)(\  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 A?OQE9'  
     C         }"%N4(Kd  
  miles in width. 6j|{`Zd)G  
     D  0jWVp- y  
分析:倒装句,are改为is -m#)B~)  
gI|~|-'  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NDokSw-  
   A    B       C         ;8 lfOMf  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ba9?(+i$h  
                    D 1X1dG#:  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. )0k53-h&  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 G=bCNn<  
<(!:$  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1Ai^cf:S  
fifty percent of + 名词 -$Ih@2"6  
one percent of + 名词 dlnX_+((KC  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:  ZWm6eD  
  one percent of my students + are `kSZX:=};  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. M869MDo  
9: lFo=  
这里要强调两个结构 "$vRMpW:  
half of =fifty percent xD=csJ'(  
most of + 可数名词 + are EKN~H$.  
most of + 不可数名词+ is B`sAk %  
1{.9uw"2S  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been :rP=t ,  
   A       B         C   9A#i_#[R  
  found in central and eastern Canada. \ B%+fw  
           D Wa~=bH  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 MWh6]gGs  
Zb#u0Tq  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized /zox$p$?h  
                 A   B  wdoR%b{M  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. #p{4^  
              C     D (w zQ2Dk  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 *OQ2ucC8j  
&9>vl*  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Gp\ kU:}&  
①、主要考察时间状语 h>bx}$q  
.eC1qWZJpd  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. [.}oyz; }N  
   A        B  C     D q0 \6F^;M  
N)Z?Z+ } h  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was nT)vNWT=  
4`=m u}Y2  
]{>,rK[So  
②、For和since的区别 3=;<$+I6  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 (4-CF3D  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 cl/_JQ&  
  I has been a teacher for three years. 7>*vI7O0l  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Dum9lj  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ?Ss! e$jf  
{(?4!rh  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became !Xw5<J3L-  
   A      B              Uoix  
  the primary responsibility of the president. ~7Ux@Sx;  
     C    D ;]:@n;c\  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 o[D9I hs  
is@?VklnB  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 8Xs8A.  
             A  B  C   UkGCyGyZ[  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. w@fi{H(R  
            D bi;1s'Y<D  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ;YL i{  
1[-tD 0{H  
IMONgFBS  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  +X]vl=0  
   A       B        C     D .(2ik5A%9  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live )dd@\n$6  
lks!w/yCF  
(三) 谓语的语态 d m%8K6|  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 R ViuJ;  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: "g8M0[7e3  
①、prove sCHJ&>m5-  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 D. XvG_  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; GWip -wI  
Nda *L|  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming xKp4*[}m  
                      A   Thit  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be =odFmF  
    B                  C V3j= Kf  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. H$4:lH&(  
                  D /&94 eC  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 lHX72s|V  
cYt!n5w~W  
VP]%Hni]  
②、Locate,Situate czd~8WgOa  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 h'F=YF$o  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 |$b}L7_  
这两个词也可以用作被动 Ph> %7M%  
  My school was located near the river. v_-dx  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 DR<9#RRD  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. M/gGoE{  
   (A)locates d/DB nZN  
   (B)locating 9q[oa5INd  
   (C)to locate w+CA1q<  
   (D)is located ^ r,=vO  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 )+2hl  
Jze:[MYS  
③、表示需要概念的动词 9-*uPK]m9  
need, want, require等 <W$mj04@  
c\ lkD-\  
My watch needed repairing #O dJ"1A|  
My watch needed to be repaired. r<^HmpUJ  
.OY`Z)SS%  
④、表示人的情感的动词 g7 W"  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 FQ5U$x. [P  
pg)WKbV  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 5"O.,H}  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 '16b2n+F@#  
IB] l1<  
主动和被动技巧总结: )|=j`jCC  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HRf Yl,S,  
?+}_1x`  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the b2&0Hx  
                 A      RdR p.pb8  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 338k?nHxv  
                 B q'Tf,a  
  power structures, and flood-control works along L>4"(  
                    C mSh[}%swj  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. m`^q <sj  
                D ou{2@"  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 V{3x!+q  
pJ'"j 6Q  
四、非谓语动词 <k'h:KB?`  
57  
(一) 分词 a'yK~;+_9  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 )W _v:?A9  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |"CZT#  
Gm^U;u}=f  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then kzUIZ/+ZL,  
   A fdi\hg^x  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. sLT3Y}IO  
     B      C            D 9w"4K.  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning YHygo#4=8  
ywmo#qYe  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 `% "\@<  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in YWO)HsjP  
      A               B   ~H<6gN<j(.  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. .2Elr( &*h  
               C         D 9x9T<cx  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living h_3E)jc  
:vQrOn18p  
\aUC(K~o\;  
一些动词后面必须用doing RmeD$>7  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 k:#!zK}  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ep)n_!$OH"  
 advocate, suggest NgGp  
 delay, quit W ]?G}Q;  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, tOd&!HYL  
 avoid, escape(逃避) +RMSA^  
 spend+名词+doing; }t=!(GOb}  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing b)5uf'?-  
H0g bSd+  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 5o'FS{6U  
   A     B    C              D dI@(<R  
  crops. 6"O+w=5B  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 r Iu$pZO  
FF(#]vz'  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, K6/Q}W   
               A        B RYQR( v  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. BB!THj69a6  
        C          D 0$)>D==  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 2Aazy'/  
j@U]'5EVB  
(二) 不定式 b_#m}yZ6  
A. 动词不定式的省略 +_?hK{Ib"  
①、help后面可以省略to ]}-7_n#cC  
  help to do +mmSfuO&\  
  help sb. to do \378rQU  
%S@ZXf~:  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 9N%We|L,c  
              A      B   h-#6av :  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. Pw7]r<Q  
         C     D z0p* Z&  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 <EB+1GFuI  
8>2.UrC  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 fcRxp{*zO  
  make, xd q?/^E  
  let, /og=IF2:  
  have sb. do sth +eWQa`g  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. cz#rb*b  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians (lBCO?`fx  
        A               B 55nlg>j  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. -LoZs ru  
   C     D t9kzw*U9  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know b,l$1{  
67JA=,EE  
③、感官动词 :j9l"5"  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 6@h/*WElG  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 oo/qb`-6  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 =1FRFZI!j  
}W C[$Y_@  
\+oQd=K@  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 r_)' Ps  
(1)表示第一人 9|^2",V  
the first woman to do sth. I*:%ni2  
Go`vfm"S  
(2)表示迫使的动词 qTRsZz@  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do .KB^3pOpx  
[`#CXq'  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis SB;&GHq"n  
     A                 B    ;V:i!u u  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 0#7>o^2  
       C           D !P2ro~0/  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 %+aCJu[k(z  
6+#Ydii9E  
!j8FIY'[  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 GL>O4S<`  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 yJ[0WY8<kC  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 JinUV6cr  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 b <tNk]7  
  be apt to do ]{;gw<T  
aj-Km`5r}  
(4)表示目的的名词, f$o_e90mu  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 {UX!go^J  
固定的句式: k90Y V(  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. ")1:F>  
the objective 目标 y B81f  
aim 0G(/Wb "/  
goal v8wq,CYV  
reason理由 `_6C {<O  
function功能 9sM!`Lz{  
intension意图 1>.Ev,X+e  
?=u\n;w)  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]]HNd7Vh  
                       A  "6("9"  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 8:q1~`?5"b  
           B          C     D av(6wht8  
分析:the function to provide, A错  > ^O7  
!@5 9)  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure NYhB'C2  
                  A       mupT<_Y  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds YByLoM*  
     B  V~qNyOtA]  
  that make up various components of a living cell. HGl|-nW>  
    C    D MnmVl"(/  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 B  5L2<  
>e lJkq|  
(5) 其他同根名词 D2 #ZpFp"h  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 pG_;$8 Hc  
 attempt to do 企图 pt?bWyKG  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 )',R[|<  
 ambition, @?ebuj5{e  
 be ambitious to do  ~"gA,e-)  
 effort :S]%6gb8G  
MyOd,vU  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation oueC  
  A                    B   WH%g(6w1j  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. m5n #v  
          C       D  =<C: d  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 TT%M' 5&  
e v}S+!|U  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great RIR\']WN  
  A                   B   BX/8O<s0  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. t mn tp  
       C            D hw uiu*  
分析:efforts to register, C错 VO5#Qgen  
gE'sO T9v  
%X]jaX 7  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 S)(.,x  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 6{K,c@VFd  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. U)TUOwF  
!vi> U|rh  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q>qUk@  
I am glad to see you. j a[Et/r  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. $GV7 o{"&  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 9yu\ Ot  
u2 I*-K  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 QpH'PYy  
It is difficult to decide. >gQ>1Bwvi  
,oe <   
.8g) av+  
五、句子的结构 Ufj`euY  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ;]puq  
j3oV+zZ49  
(一) 主语的重复 5<k"K^0 QS  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 mM~qBrwL  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any sjTZF-  
          A      B      M7\szv\Zc=  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the GMx&y2. Z  
          C          D E =67e=h  
  League of Nations. &AMl:@p9  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 M t|zyXyzX  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson  ~NgA  
tFn)aa~L  
,pfG  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are ja'T+!k  
        A        B  6- YU [HF  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. P[-E@0h)-t  
    C         D 2"Q|+-Io  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 G Vr1`l  
/HEw-M9z  
(二)谓语的重复 #zy :a%  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 s) t@ol  
*R,5h2;  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ?<,l3pwqa  
    A            B    h4}84}5d  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. xu%k~4cB,  
         C   D By,eETU]  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 aKDKm Hd  
<=&`ZH   
(三)谓语的缺少 59L\|OR  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body :4w ?#  
          A     B    T Z@]:e:"b  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. G _tCmu\  
         C               D 1H`,WQ1mG  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 /s?`&1v|r  
)q4[zv9  
(四)主句的重复 `RW HN/U  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 3\,4 ]l|  
S13nL^=i  
6|=f$a  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite  /maJtX'  
      A         B        C   ?z+eWL  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. cVpp-Z|s8  
     D `}\ "Aw c  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 >'$Mp<  
.Hm>i  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow _f,C[C[e&  
        A   B       S hWJ72c  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. re<{ >  
      C    D wlvgg  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ~~P5k:  
Zx@a/jLO[n  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 5tk AFb4P  
   A                     B  \)[j_^  
  names for towns, only George Washington :cECRm*  
      C $%Kf q[Q  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 3hH<T.@)  
          D ;'K5J9k  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 &z3o7rif$  
六、比较级和最高级 "S]TP$O D  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 G` A4|+W"  
m0SlOgRsk  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 }0z)5c  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which LL! Dx%JZ  
      A               Il 'fL'3  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. ZBthU")?  
     B       C           D teF9Q+*~  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 2ilQX y  
HV|,}Wks6s  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Otuf] B^s  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. `^&OF u ee  
     A      B     C  D 0h_|t-9j  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 /x$nje,.  
,O(hMI85]  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere jL luj   
     A       B     C   D 5]0 <9a  
  is the grizzly bear. $& td=OK  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 L,!?Nt\  
#6=  
7. oM J  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 y6a3t G  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 WsB?C&>x  
>[#f\bG>  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with UK!(G  
   A           B  JZ x[W&]zT  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. mf r|:i  
   C                 D W=?<<dVYD  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Bzf^ivT3L  
$& c*'3  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 hZb_P\1X  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as FSO).=#  
"tK=+f`NM  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 (bS&D/N.  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 "{t$nVJ  
the taller boy }GM'.yutX  
LS[]=Mk@1  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 %hP^%'G  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed .%-8 t{dt  
          A            B ueNS='+m  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is c71y'hnT  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate.  bN.Pex  
    C          D EU#^7  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Fr-SvsNFB  
3so %gvY.'  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 *4 n)  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, K 8O|?x]  
  A  B         C     fP1! )po  
  the Navajos form largest group. I/N *gy?*  
         D +ZV5o&V>  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 %TqC/ c  
"@n%Z  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, MQ2_ `pi  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 2g<Xtt7+o  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the !r-F>!~  
: Dp0?&_  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many \2z>?i)  
            A      B         C KPki}'GO  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. FI.\%x  
            D v[<T]1=LRC  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 i30!}}N8  
i#O SC5ZI  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ~#/  
例如:my best friends vQ.R{!",>  
@)}L~lb[)  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial #9s,# }  
            A    B     C xD7]C|8o  
  and banking center. OrW  
        D F"kAkX>3}  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 qgB_=Q#E  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 [>9is=>o.  
jWgX_//!  
}0 ?3:A  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary fV~~J2IK  
                 A         `@%LzeGz  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 3U}%2ARo_  
    B   C     D BLFdHB.$T  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 3$/IC@+  
d'ifLQ\  
七、平行结构 d=^z`nt !R  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 NlXimq  
4!$"ayGv;D  
,z6~?6m  
(一) 对等连接词 M\=2uKG#  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 )}v l\7=  
单一式: and, or ,but 2zpr~cB=  
相关式: both…and, not … but, #E]59_  
     either …or, neither…nor *ui</+  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as t,' <gI  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, cCX*D_kCB  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also n!(F, b  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, IA(5?7x`<  
#"an9<  
短语式: as well as K^[?O{x^B  
     rather than (而不是) Ts9uL5i  
     other than (除…之外) M3AXe]<eC1  
     instead of (代替) v0y(58Rz.  
r*Xuj=  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 SAz   
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  j!ch5A  
       A     B   i9$ Av  
  but he is now living in Detroit. n:X y6H  
       C   D fR|A(u#9  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 @WB@]-+J T  
M(fTKs  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics =Sv/IXX\di  
       A         B qWw=8Bq  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford <QvOs@i*  
  remained active in city and regional planning. A=4OWV?  
          C    D  0`hdMLONR  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 He)%S]RLk  
(二)平行的内容 Lr<cMK<  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 6nQq  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of n|;Im&,  
             A         B   $u.z*b_yy  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, {8OCXus3m  
         C            D ]{iQ21`a-  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. :%.D78&  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 O84i; S+-p  
A's{j7  
}*-@!wc-N  
第二、名词单复数的平行 7Wno':w8  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 putrSSL}  
c:0L+OF}xY  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 6pzSp  
  A     B          C   ] @'!lhLi  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 99S ^f:t  
                 D   P%6~&woF  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 xmG<]WF>E  
q@&6#B  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, p[-O( 3Y  
                   A         B O}P`P'Y|'  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ,>M[@4`,U  
      C          D yr 6V3],Tp  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have nEfK53i_  
q<J~~'  
第三、时态的平行 )7d&NE_  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated iwq!w6+  
                A     :U\tv[  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops @,}UWU  
                   B !<oe=)Iz|  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ~@!bsLSMU  
          C    D Fs{*XKv&lH  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 *_e3 @g  
q| 7(  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ,I9bNO,%JK  
  spread from its home in Central America and lFk R=!?=  
  now grows throughout the tropics. CAlCDfKW}  
   (A) to be    (B) it   KXrjqqXs  
   (C) the     (D) its )_:NLo:  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? _M1%Z~  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow {_}I!`opr$  
df=f62  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- {I ((p_  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. DH=hH&[e(d  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised vI?, 47Hj+  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised SJLis"8  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 JT?h1v<H]  
_g8yDfcLG  
第四、排列位置的平行 WxDh;*am:  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h1RSVp+?n  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode )+^+s d  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  +3gp%`c4  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes K"6vXv4QO  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes #Z#-Ht  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 b>W %t  
$qiya[&G4  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: VTM/hJmwJ  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 =|=(l)8  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 0Gk<l{o?^  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 [0of1eCSl  
e.C)jv6qr  
八、词序的颠倒 hxx.9x>ow  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 I]575\bA  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 R-:2HRaA  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 0sqFF[i  
              A    B        ^~dWU>  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. [ 3Gf2_  
      C       D    XX@ZQcN  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Y*^[P,+J*}  
yevPHN"M  
{=WgzP  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 "g|#B4'e  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only AdEMa}u 6  
          A      B     -"`=1l  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. = &]L00u.  
    C         D Wri<h:1  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 pkzaNY/q  
pb}*\/ s  
O?2DQY?jT  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 NJ<F>3  
#4PN"o@  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 6t$8M[0-U  
          A   B     C   u[YGm:}  
  in what is now the United States. p'%s=TGwv  
    D xEI%D|)<  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 YWLj?+  
XTy x r  
所有的系动词分为三大类: k:;r2f  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, >A= f 1DF  
    is, remain, keep, stay, $Yq9P0Ya  
    lie, exit(表示位于) h 0$iOE  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 b=vkiO`2  
    become, turn, grow, C]6O!Pb0  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer)  Hka2  
aUp g u"  
第三种,感官动词 ^!d3=}:0  
    seem(好像是) ;pAK_>  
    look(看起来好像是) Ac@VGT:9  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste uT"rq:N  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Hs8>anVo[  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe V!Uc(  
    A               B     & 21%zPm  
   to cause numerous deaths. .Mbz3;i0  
        C   D  aN?zmkPpov  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 <)9y{J}s:  
 ?9/G[[(  
九、词性的混用 dV_G1'  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 e6*8K@LHB  
RZLq]8pM  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 jcOcWB|  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; iS^QTuk3%  
';CNGv -  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high pBHRa?Y5  
          A        B      SUiOJ[5,  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and j#|ZP-=1_  
              C q9"96({\@  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. pK*TE5 ]  
          D c 9Mz]1@f  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) Txu/{ M,  
y29m/i:  
M`_0C38  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 x2xRBkRg=  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 G|Ti4_w  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds `5*}p#G  
         A       B      rq{$,/6.  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Wtnfa{gP%  
          C        OUnA; _  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. # !=tDc &  
            D )%TmAaj9d  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 F59 TZI  
0-gAyiKx?  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, }> \C{ClI  
            A       3]hWfj1m2  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ?6!LL5a.  
      B      C +`4A$#$+y  
   urban Black people in the United States. 4+n\k  
   D i b m4fa  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 hH.G#-JO  
sW$XH1Uf#  
y_,bu^+*  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 [[ZJ]^n,  
表示时间有两种可能, tPvpJX6kP  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 $G>.\t  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Gj*9~*xm(  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 x-c"%Z|  
d9ihhqq3}  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 2%1hdA<  
       A     B     ~[: 2I  
  were made while the American Civil War. 1YA% -~  
   C    D '-6~tWC~7  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 iLT}oKF2N;  
$>gFf}#C  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the i4Jc.8^9$  
   A      B           C    6zkaOA46V  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 3T 9j@N77  
          D C~[,z.FvO  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 m|# y >4  
fM }#ON>Z  
v=k$A  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 l, wp4 Ll  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 <VcQ{ F  
D$N /FJ8|G  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social *"kM{*3:v  
                   A     !W0v >p  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. %SI'BJ  
     B   C    D % nIf)/2g  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 tDo"K3   
+ #By*;BJ  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples y]im Z4{/  
   A        B   C      aT<q=DO  
  easily under the stress of compression. q;U,s)Uz^  
   D 7KPwQ?SjT  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 F"< v aqT2  
z=FZiH  
s(^mZ -i  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 {T8Kk)L  
eq"]%s  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ^&)|sP  
    A         B bfO=;S]b!  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. a> )f=uS  
          C            D W`&hp6Jq  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 e*!kZAf  
rbQR,Nf2x  
}i2V.tVB-  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, Th[dW<  
         A +>9Q/E  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ?q&T$8zc4  
   B      C      D '2 O\_Uz  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 b[7 ]F  
2JFpZU"1  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 c)tfAD(N8x  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; `W-Fssu  
two hundred diligent students
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