一、概说 w,FPL&{
连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 *Z_4bR4Q
二、并列连词的用法 {DQ%fneN4
1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如: o25rKC=o
Someone borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔,但我不记得是谁了。 iP"sw0V8
He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us. 他说他是我们的朋友,但却不肯帮助我们。 %csrNf
2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如: R8Vf6]s_
The child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害,所以他妈妈带他去看医生。 ()l3X.t,$
You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗枝大叶,因为粗枝大叶常常引起严重的错误。 pOo016afmA
注意:for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。 * /n8T]s
3. 表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如: kt978qfk
He didn’t go and she didn’t go either. 他没去,她也没去。 -m%`Di!E
The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖,不冷也不热。 @nY]S\if
Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。 K
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It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。 KZw~Ch}b9
People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。 daI_@k Y"
三、从属连词的用法 C'#)mo_@t
1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词 I1U2wD
(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。如: S
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Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。
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Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。 hDW!pnj1
He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走时他来了。
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(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。如: T+F]hv'
Try to finish your work before you leave. 离开前设法把工作做完。
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After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我们将坐在草地上。 k6;bUOo
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。如: =Nxkr0])!
She’s been playing tennis since she was eight. 她从八岁起就打网球了。 9_?xAJ
Hold on until I fetch help. 坚持一下,等我找人来帮忙。 VWvSt C
Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (谚)不要无事惹事。 [7FG;}lB-
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如: #4msBax4
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。 S=(O6+U
The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。 ,|({[9jA
I came immediately I heard the news. 我一听到这个消息,马上就来了。 l?U=s7s0?
Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始, 便不可停下来。 ZNX38<3h
(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)。如: U%nkPIFm
I’ll tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次见到他时,我就把这个情况告诉他。 GkIY2PD
We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每当我们洗手的时候,我们都要损失一些皮肤细胞。 3
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You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 H4w\
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注意:every time, each time, any time前不用冠词,(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。 e"nm< &
2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。这类连词主要有if, unless, as [so] long as, in case 等。如: 8s0+6{vW
Do you mind if I open the window?我开窗你不介意吧? 50^ux:Uv+N
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打电话,否则你别来。 F)LbH&Kn
As long as you’re happy,it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。 9{toPED
In case it rains they will stay at home. 万一下雨,他们就呆在家里。 Wh)D_
注意:在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如: 4+RR`I8$Ge
If you will sit down for a few moments, I’ll tell the manager you’re here. 请稍坐, 我这就通知经理说您来了。 6l]X{ A.
3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如: wGc7
He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音,以便每个人都能听见。 $F2Uv\7=
Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 带上雨伞,以防下雨。 J7`mEL>
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She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重复了一遍好让他听明白。 !GqFX+!Ju
4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词。主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等。如: zw/AZLS
I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早, 所以找个好座位。 fjh|V9H
I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤,以致于全身都是青一块紫一块的。 ?Y(
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大, 结果玻璃震破了。 ,&P
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5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。如: $Habhw
He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我,因为我是新来的。 /Nf{;G!kg
As you are sorry,I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了,我就原谅你。 k?+ 7%A]
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。 )kpEcMlR
Seeing that he’s ill he’s unlikely to come. 因为他病了,他大概不会来了。 +[7~:e}DZ
Now that she has apologized, I am content. 既然她已经道了歉, 我也就满意了。 vrnvv?HPrR
6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如: m ptFd
Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他们虽是孪生, 但是相貌却完全不同。 UVo`jb|>
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I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人, 但我还是喜欢她。 KGz Nj%
You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气多大, 也休想搬动那块石头。 G{U#9
Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于你们的支持。 36"n7
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁,你都不能从这里通过。 ]juPm8eF
Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每当我见到他,我都和他讲话。 z*\_+u~u
7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。如: Y{YbKKM
Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢? R'>!1\?Iq
He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他将铁棍折弯,仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。 `Ij@;=(
Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 *WwM"NFHDd
8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如: Z>hTL_|]a{
The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 这座教堂盖在一座罗马寺庙的旧址。 q~ H>rC(\
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。 Q_5l.M/9]
Everywhere I go,I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。 I652Fcj
9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词。主要的有than和as…as。如:
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She was now happier than she had ever been. 现在她比过去任何时候都快活。 ^P)f]GQx
I glanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表,时间比我想像的早。 FY1iY/\Cn
He doesn’t work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那样努力。 F B]Y~;(
10. 引起名词从句的从属连词。主要有that, whether, if 等,它们用于引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中that 不仅没不充当句子成分,而且没有词义,在句子中只起连接作用;而 if, whether 虽不充当句子成分,但有词义,即表示“是否”。如: Br1R++]
He replied that he was going by train. 他回答说他将坐火车去。 J<$@X JLS
I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。
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I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我为是否伤了她的感情而担心。 pv_o4qEN