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楼主  发表于: 2011-03-22   

武汉大学2011年英语考博辅导班内部资料

今年参加了武汉大学英语辅导班,也参加了考博,本人亲身体会还是比较有用,武大的考博英语堪称难度最大,一下资料来源于辅导班的课件及笔记的整理,希望对大家有用~~!部分资料在附件中可以下载 r!r08y f  
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资料总目录: u[a-9^&g  
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一、词汇(本页) (,At5 T  
带三个附件: fu7x,b0p  
英汉互译20篇.pdf rZK h}E  
总纲.PPT O,$*`RZpx  
作文点评.doc(辅导班老师对培训班学生作文的修改痕迹及点评) ZCCCuB  
二、阅读(第1个回复) R iZ)FW  
三、写作(第2个回复) ;qmnG3;Q  
四、翻译篇(第3个回复) u`ir(JIj]  
ko%mZ0Y  
)nd^@G^  
begin: RDps{),E;d  
一、词汇篇 <IrhR,@M,L  
(一)常见英语词根、词缀词根l `zoHgn7B9q  
act=to do , to drive,表示行动,做l ; _%zf5;'  
act行为 8)>>EN8 R  
acting演技 &dB@n15'A  
activity活动(act+ivity状态→活动状态) 2Z; !N37U  
activate使…活动,起动(act+ivate使…→使…活动)l )xp3 ElH  
actualize实现(actual实际的+ize化→实际化→实现) WUS%4LL(  
interact相互作用(inter相互+act→相互动→相互作用 l FQek+[ox  
react反应;反抗(re反+act→***;反应) "8Dm7)nB  
transact做交易;办理(trans横+act→横向动l→互相贸易或交易) y[J9"k(@  
counteract抵抗;抵消(counter反+act→反着动l→力量对抗→抵消)l lhM5a \  
agri, agro, agr=field, land, 表示田地,农业l gj|5"' g%  
agriculture农业(agri+culture培养)lagrarian 耕地的,土地的 mJ%^`mrI  
agronomy农学(agro+nomy学科→农科) &D<6Go/)_*  
agrobiology农业生物学(agro+bilolgy生物学) l RIkIE=+6  
ann, enn=year,表示一年l \7\sx:!$  
annual一年一度的(ann+ual) ll__A|JQ  
anniversary周年纪念(anni+vers转+ary→l一年转到一次→周年纪念日)l "Lvk?k )hx  
audi,audit=hear,表示 olv&K(-ccI  
audience听众;观众(audi+ence表名词→l听的人→听众) %C%3c4+Oh  
auditorium礼堂;讲堂(audit+orium场所→听的场所) r?KRK?I  
audible听得见的;可听的(audi+ible能…的) r zdQLan  
inaudible听不见的(in不+audi+ible) l 1<:5b%^c  
bio,bi=life,表示生命生物l Dx\~#$S!=  
biography传记(bio+graphy写→写生命→传记) PU %Zay  
biographer传记作者 :TVo2Zm[@  
biochemistry生物化学 FM%WMyb[  
autobiography自传 qKSR5 #  
biosphere生物圈(bio+sphere圈→生命圈) l h~QQ-  
ced, ceed, cess=go,表示行走前进 w#2apaz  
antecede先行,先于(ante前+cede→走在前面→先行) YdV.+v(30  
antecedent先行的;以前的(antede+ent) hxdjmc-  
ancestor祖先;祖宗(an=ante+cest=cess+or→l走在前面的人→祖先) l vEjf|-Mb9  
concession让步;退位 gHgqElr(  
intercede调停;仲裁(inter在…中间+cede→l在二者中间走→调解) UV|{za$&/  
precede在先,优于(pre预称+cede→预先走→优走) "r`2V-E  
precedent先例;惯例(precede+ent→预先走的东西→先例) l CUB;0J(  
recede撤回;交还(领土)(re后+cede→向后走→撤退) Gy+c/gK  
secede脱离;退出(se分开+cede→分开走→脱离) =H: N!!:  
excess过度,过剩  irh Z  
excessive过分的;过度的 QlVj#Jv;~  
proceed继续进行,前进(pro向前+ceed→向前走→前进) l },<Y \  
centr=center,表示中心l L D{~6RP  
central中心的 5~>j98K  
concentrate集中;浓缩 )EYs+7/t  
concentration集中;浓缩 MF$Dx| Tcj  
concentric同心的;集中的(con共同+centric→同中心的) l 7aRy])x  
circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示圆,环l -5os0G80  
circular圆的;循环的(circ+ular表形容词) '?90e4x3/  
circulate循环,流通(circ+ulate→绕圈走→循环) j!L7r'AV5  
circulation发生,流通(circulate+ion) xn=mS!"1Zo  
circuit环行;电路(circu+it走→环行) ^^V+0 l  
circus马戏团;圆形广场 W-D4" G@  
lencircle环绕,包围(en进入+circle;圆→进入圆→包围) >y}> 5kv  
cycle周期 bTx4}>=5l  
cyclone旋风 ?mi}S${g  
bicycle自行车 kQ[23  
recycle再循环;回收 l 'D[ *|Qcy  
claim, clam=cry out, shout,表示呼喊叫喊l eMOp}.zt|  
claim要求;论断 ?iaO+G&|  
clamor喧哗;吵闹(clam+or表名词) Vs>e"czfm/  
clamorous吵闹的 lacclaim欢呼;喝采(ac一再+claim→一再喊→欢呼) 3nq4Y'  
acclamation喝采,称赞 mmC MsBfL  
declaim朗诵 (h&=N a~  
declamation慷慨演说;雄辩 lexclaim叫喊;大声说 v&])D/a  
exclamation叫喊;感叹 1[Q~&Q C  
proclaim公布;声明(pro在前+claim→在前面喊→公布) f'j<v  
proclamation宣告;宣言 80U(q/H%9  
reclaim收回 mphs^k< Z  
reclamation收复;矫正 前缀l 7*+tG7I @  
ante-表示前面; l 4{$ L]toP  
antedate提前写日期;先于,早于(ante+date日期→l提前写日期)l pfMmDl5|  
anterior前面的(ante+erior[…的] →前面的)l \O>;,(>i  
antecedent(aute+ced走+ent→走在前面的[事] →前事) l efyGjfoO  
anti-表示反对,相反;l {FN CC*=  
antiwar反战的(anti+war战争)l -9 |)O:  
antipathy反感(anti+pathy感情)l UJ)( Sw  
antithesis对立;反论(anti+thesis论文;观点)l }o=s"0a  
antibacterial抗菌的(anti+bacterial细菌的)l ;%/}(&E2  
antibody抗体(anti+body身体) l g s%[Cv  
bene- 表示善,好;l hC!8-uBK5<  
benefaction好事;恩惠(bene+fact做+ion→好事)l YQ-V^e6  
benefit好处,利益(bene+fit做→做事后的好处→利益)l No'Th7=|S  
benediction祝福(bene+dict说+ion→说好话)l kc[<5^b5  
beneficent仁慈的,善行的(bene+fic做+ent→做好事的) l .A7ON1lc^C  
bi-表示两个,两;l %G, d&%f  
biweekly双周刊(bi+week星期+ly→两星期)l DbN_(mC  
bilingual双语种的(bi+lingu语言+al→双语的)l c*V/2" 5  
biennial两年一次的(bi+enn年+ial→两年〔一次〕的)l 70A* !v  
biannual一年两次的(bi+ann[年]+ual→一年两次的) l Y-y}gc_L  
co-表示共同,通常放在元音词根前l WQNFHRfO*n  
cooperation合作(co+operation操作→共同操作→合作)l Tu=~iQ  
coexist共存(co+exist存在)l j-/F *P  
cohere附着;粘着(co+here粘→粘在一起)l Mir( }E  
coordinate协调:同等的(co+ordin顺序+ate→顺序一样→l同等的引申为平等;协调) l rVb61$  
com-,con-表示共同l EE~DU;p;]  
combine联合,结合(com+bine捆→捆在一起→结合)l f!}e*oX  
commemorate纪念(com+memor记住+ate→大家一起记住→纪念)l @=6$ImU  
compress压缩(com+press压→一起压→压缩)l u:}yE^8@  
concentric同中心的(con+centric中心的)l z4s{a(Tsd  
contemporary同时代的(con+tempor时间+ary→同时间的)l !@f!4n.e|I  
confirm坚定;证实(con+firm坚定)l L@~0`z:>iP  
condense凝结;浓缩(con+dense浓密的)l e8hwXz  
consolidate巩固,加强(con+solid坚固+ate→l成为大家的财产→没收) l 82w=t  
contra-表示反对,相反; l 90 p t'Jg  
contrary相反的(contra+ary→相反的)l xY`$j'u  
contradict反驳;矛盾(contra+dict说→反着说→反驳)l 8'Vc aU7Nh  
contravene违反,违背(contra+vene走→反着走→违反) l ka| 8 _C^z  
counter-表示反对,相反;l j<-YK4.t  
counteract对抗;抵消(counter+act行为→反着行动→对抗)l T']G:jkb  
counterbalance抗衡(counter+balance平衡→l两边一样→达到平衡)l -hP>;~*4  
countermand撤消(counter+mand命令→反命令→l撤消〔命令〕) l =.6JvX<d1*  
22.de-l 表示去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下等l %8! }" Xa  
destruction破坏(de+struct结构;建造+ion→l弄坏结构→破坏)l  pytF K)U  
desalt除去盐分(de+salt盐→去掉盐分)l Yi#U~ h  
deforest砍伐森林(de+forest森林→去掉森林)l j# !U6T  
devalue降低价值(de+value价值→去掉价值)l -i"?2gK  
depress压制,压抑(de+press压→向下压→压制) l zr1A4 %S"  
decelerate减速(de+celer速度+ate→使速度变慢)l {Nny .@P)H  
decode破译(de+code密码→去掉密码)l vUgMfy&  
defame诽谤,中伤(de+fame名声→名声变坏→诽谤) l 0I"r*;9?K  
dia-表示穿过,二者之间;l H4IJLZ3G  
dialogue对话(dia+logue话→对着说话)l K_CE.8G&{  
diameter直径(dia+meter测量→对着测量〔圆〕直径)l "DU1k6XC  
diagnosis诊断(dia+gnosis知道→穿过〔皮肤〕知道→诊断)l {K>}eO:K  
diagram图表(dia+gram→交叉对着画→图表) l q# t&\M.U  
26.dis-l表示不,消失掉;l W60C$* h  
dislike不喜欢(dis+like喜爱→不喜爱)l  &WoS(^  
disorder无秩序(dis+order顺序→没有顺序)l s|o+ Im  
dishonest不诚实的(dis+honest诚实的)l nx'Yevi0$  
disappear消失(dis+appear出现→不出现→消失)l >}6V=r3[+  
disproof反证,反驳(dis+proof证实→不证实→反证) l SH/^qDT'  
discourage使失去勇气(dis+courage勇气)l -5sKJt]+i  
disarm解除武装(dis+arm武装→去掉武装)l )|`|Usn#[  
dispel驱除,消除(dis+pel推→推开→驱除)l 'MY0v_  
dispassionate平心静气的(dis+passionate有激情的)l Q,< V)  
discover发现(dis+cover盖→把盖揭开→发现) l Y>To k|PV  
29.em-,en-l①表示进入…之中,包围;l E e 15Y$1  
embrace拥抱(em+brace胳膊→进入怀抱)l 'fr~1pmx#3  
embed安置;嵌于(em+bed范围;床→进入范围→安置) l *^Xtorqo  
embattle整军备战(em+battle战斗)l XCUU(H  
enroll注册,记入名册(en+roll名单)l #jd&f, Tt  
encage关入笼中(en+cage笼子)l o2e gNTG  
enchain束缚(en+chain锁链) l U3b&/z|b?  
②表示使…进入状态;l *d mS'/  
empower授权(em+power权力)l y;xY74Nq  
embitter使痛苦(em+bitter痛苦的)l Z,}c)  
embody体现(em+body身体→〔精神〕进入身体→体现)l g vu1  
embellish装饰(em+bell美好+ish→进入美好→装饰)l caXSt2|'  
enact制定;颁布(en+act行动→进入行动→颁布〔法令〕) l >N8*O3  
encompass包围,围绕(en+compass包围)l #d;/Me  
endanger使危险(en+danger危险)l =--oH'P=M  
encourage鼓励(en+courage勇气→使人进入勇气→鼓励)l y`8 bx94jB  
enlighten启发,开导(en+ligh光+en→给人光明→启发) l o#9 Q   
32.ex- 表示出,出去;l g=L80$1  
exclude排外(ex+clude关闭→关出去→排外)l 3+oGR5gIN  
expel赶出,逐出(ex+pel推→推出去→逐出)l gUHx(Fi[4  
expose暴露(ex+pose放→放出去→暴露) l U2vM|7 ]VP  
excise切除(ex+cise切→切出→切除)l <tto8Y j  
exceed超过,超出(ex+ceed走→走出→超出)l 8Ai \T_l  
exhale呼气(ex+hale气→出气→呼气) l Df5!z\dx  
extra-表示以外的,超过的;l lFZl}x  
extracurriculum课外的(extra+curriculum课程表)l "< })X.t  
extraordinary格外的(extra+ordinary变通的→超出普通)l am+w<NJ(us  
extrasolar 太阳系以外的(extra+solar太阳的)l OAo;vC:^  
extrovert性格外向的(extra+vert转→〔性格〕向外转→外向) Pmdf:?B  
fore-表示前面,预先;l E4, J"T|@  
forestall阻止(fore+stall阻止)l oe<DP7e  
forefather前人,祖先(fore+father父亲;祖先) kJK*wq]U6  
forearm前人,祖先(fore+amr胳膊) i !;9A6D  
forecast预料(fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料) ]\m >N]P]  
foreshadow预示,暗示(fore+shadow影子→影子预先来) l bCqTubbx!t  
il-,ir- r1 [c+Hy  
放在同辅音词根前表示“不,无” eI,H  
illegal非法的(il+legal合法的) y}1Pc*  
illiterate不识字的(il+literate认字的) __Zex5Y#-  
illogical不合逻辑的(il+logical逻辑的) B *%ey?  
irregular不规则的(ir+regular规则的) *Gul|Lp$<I  
irrational不合理的(ir+rational合理的)l j]C}S*`"  
irrelative无关的(ir+relative相关的) \0 3ZE^H  
irresolute无决断力的(ir+resolute果断的) Cy dV$!&mP  
irrefutable无可反驳的(ir+refutable可反驳的) 2Q5 -.2]  
irresistible不可抗拒的(ir+resistible可抗拒的) gI!d*]{BP  
im-,in- .$fSWlM;  
表示“不,无,非” @FZbp  
impossible不可能的(im+plssible可能的) RM;Uq >l  
immoral不道德的(im+moral道德的) S)?N6sz%  
impolite无礼的(im+polite礼貌的) WPAT\Al&AE  
impartial公平的(im+partial有偏见的)l V*DDU]0k  
impassive无动于衷的(im+pass感情+ive→没感情) 0 9qfnQG  
immortal不朽的(im+mortal死的) 05:?5M4};  
inglorious不光彩的(in+glori光荣+ous→不光荣的) 4n"6<cO5q  
incapable无能力的(in+capable有能力的) H: S<O%f  
inter-表示之间相互 }Ogb|8  
international国际的(inter+national国家的) <HtGp6q  
interpersonal人与人之间的(inter+personal个人的) Mh{244|o[  
interpose置于,介入(inter+pose放→放在二者之间) 33 ; '6/  
intersect横断(inter+sect切割→在中间切→横断) 1tLEKSo+  
intervene干涉(inter+vene走→走在二者之间→干涉)l  yj =OR|v  
interaction相互影响(inter+action行动→相互行动→影响) H32o7]lT  
interchangeable可互换的(inter+changeable可改变的) !9.F I{W  
interrelate相互关连(inter+relate关连) l ik #Wlz`4  
intro-表示向内入内 |]9L#  
introduce引入,介绍(intro+duce引→引进) ?4oP= .  
introspect内省,反省(intro+pect看→向内看→内省) g/_0WW]}  
introvert内向(intro+vert转→向内转→内向) @ meT8S9t  
introversible可向内翻的(intro+vers转+able→能向内转的) l +xvn n  
macro-表示宏伟,大l bL Sc=f&  
macroworld宏观世界(macro+world世界) \m%c"'[  
macrostructure宏观结构(macro+structure结构) k'k}/Hxub  
macroscale大规模的(macro+scale规模) Ctn 4q'Q  
macrobian长寿的(macro+bi生命+an→大生命→长寿) eWN g?*/  
macroclimate大气候(macro+climate气候)l !\$V?*p7  
mal-表示坏,恶(亦作malel _6V1oe2  
malcontent不满的(mal+content满意的) CJER&"em7  
malpractice不法行为(mal+practice做事,实践→做坏事) 22=sh;y+2  
malnutrition营养不良(mal+nutrition营养) yCA8/)>Gm  
malediction诅咒(male+dict说+ion→说坏话)l cdh0b7tj n  
malefaction坏事,恶行(male+fact做+ion→做坏事) El@*Fo  
malodor恶臭(mal+odor气味) NPrLM5  
maltreat虐待(mal+treat对待) ^!d0a bA  
maladroit笨拙的(mal+adroit灵巧的) l EwX{i}j_V  
micro-表示微,小 !yxqOT-  
microscope显微镜(micro+scope看→看小东西→显微镜) aZCq{7Xs  
microworld微观世界(micro+world世界) BV`\6SM~  
microskirt超短裙(micro+skirt裙子) p A8As  
microwave微波(micro+wave波) /.<v,CR  
microbe微生物(micro+be=bi生命→小生命→微生物) @aZTx/  
microbiology微生物学(micro+bilolgy生物学) Qj;{Z*l%+  
microfilm微缩胶卷(micro+film胶片 l BkGEx z  
mis-表示错误,坏 "GQ Q8rQ  
mistake错误(mis+take拿→拿错→错误) qSB&Q0T  
misspell拼写错误(mis+spell拼写) XWnP(C9?  
misunderstand误解(mis+understand理解) )?UoF&c/  
misdoing坏事(mis+doing做事) eF22 ~P  
misrule对…施***(mis+rule统治→统治不善) w\YS5!P,V  
misfortune不幸(mis+fortune幸运的) |Z<\kx  
mistrust不信任(mis+trust相信) "mf$E|  
mishap坏运气,不幸(mis+hap运气→运气不好) l U:C:ugm  
mono-表示单个,一个 kuy?n-1g  
monarch君主,***者(mon+arch统治者→一个统治者) P .m@|w&.K  
monologue独白(mono+logue说话→一个人说话→独白) &]#L'D!"  
monotonous单调的(mono+ton声音+ous→l一个声音→单调的) l e))L&s  
Multi-表示很多,很多 5 tQz! M  
multilingual a. 多种语言的(multi+lingual方向的) @%R4V[Lo.  
multidirectional a. 多方向的(multi+directional方向的) PY.K_(D  
multiple a.多样的;多功能的(multi+pile→多的→多功能的) Z|uvrFa  
multiply a.乘;繁殖(multi+ply表动词→变多→乘) l Iz09O:ER  
multiform a.多种多样的(multi+form形式) M% \ T5  
multicultural a.多种文化的(multi+cultural文化的) oCa Ymi=:  
multimedia a.多媒体的(multi+media媒介) #`*uX6C  
multitude a.多数;群众(multi+tude状态→多的状态→多数 l UxTLr-db^  
omni-表示全部.到处 #5@(^N5p`  
omnipresent a.无所不在的(omni+present出现的) Q+T#J9Y  
omnipotent a.全能的(omni+potent的能力的) P_1WJ  
omniscient a.无所不知的(omni+scient知道的) l qY#*LqV  
out- W^tD6H;  
①表示”超过.过度” 9j>2C  
outdo v.胜过,战胜(out+do做→做得超出别人) #cfiN b}GX  
outlive v.活得比…长(out+live活→超过别人活着) G;G*!nlWf  
outnumber v.在数量上超过(out+number数量) _-_iw&F  
outsize a.过大的(out+size范围→范围超出) 89FAh6uE  
outwear v.穿破(out+wear穿→穿出了[洞]) ?$f.[;mh  
outwit v.以机智取胜(out+wit机智→机智超出别人) 3U@jw,K!{A  
outbid v.出价多于(他人)(out+bid出价→出价超出) D$}8GYq  
outlaw n.歹徒(out+law法律→超越法律之人) c| ^I}  
l②表示”出去.过时” #KJ# 1  
outside ad.在外面(out+side旁边→在外边) (u@:PiU/eP  
outgoing a.友善的(out+going走→走出来→l心胸宽→待人友善的) `q*[fd1u.  
outrage n.粗暴,暴行(out+rage怒气→怒气外露→粗暴) Ib#-M;{  
outskirts n.郊区(out+skirts裙子;城市周边→郊区) 1!v{#w{u7  
outflow v.流出(out+flow流→流出) mAW.p=;  
outbreak n.爆发(out+break断裂→事情断裂→爆发) Fc1!i8vv  
outline n.大纲;轮廓(out+line线条→划出线条→大纲) og}Ri!^  
outmoded a.过时的(out+moded时髦的→出了时髦→l不时髦的) l kK[4uQQ  
.over- > < YU'>%  
①表示”过度,过分” .Fo#Dmq3  
overstudy n.用功过度(over+study学习) xnZnbgO+  
overwork n.过度劳累(over+work工作) }nd>SK4  
overact v.表演过火(over+act演出) z\]Z/Bz:6  
overdose n.药物过量(over+dose剂量) a2Ak?W1  
overproduction n.生产过度(over+productoin生产) d0:LJ'<Q  
overcrowded a.挤满的(over+crowded拥挤的) d?fS#Ryb  
l②表示”在……之上” kUd]8Ff!  
overlap n\v.重叠(over+lap交叉→[大腿]交叉→重叠) LiG$M{0  
override v.推翻,不理会(over+ride骑→骑在上面→推翻[下面的]) M=^d  
overwhelm v.压倒;泛滥(over+whelm推翻→翻过来→压倒) (P|[< Sd  
overbridge n.天桥(over+bridge桥→上面的桥→天桥) \Bo%2O%4  
overlook v.俯视;疏忽(over+look看→在上面看→俯视,z上申为疏忽) >rd#,r  
overcoat n.外套(over+coat衣服→在衣服上的衣服→外套) YYe G9yR  
overcome v.战胜,克服(over+come来→来到上面→战胜) Vu$m1,/  
l③表示“翻转” AP&//b,^M  
overturn颠覆(over+rurn转→翻转) B>53+GyMV  
overthrow 推翻(over+throw扔→扔翻了→推翻)  m;@q('O  
overhaul彻底检修(over+haul拉→拉过去检修)l k =! Q  
lpre-表示….前的,预先l /|?$C7%a\D  
preschool学龄前的(pre+school学校→上学前的) 2HeX( rB  
prehistory史前(pre+history历史) < z<>E1ZLI  
prefix前缀(pre+fix固定→固定在前面→前缀) HRf;bKZ  
preposition前置词,介词(pre+position位置→l位置放在前面→前置词) I  C  
prepay预付(pre+pay付钱) b>-DX  
precaution预防措施(pre+caution小心→预先小心→预防) l KQ\K :#  
precede (在时间上)先于,早于(pre+cede走→l走在前面→[时间上]先于) N r 4}x7  
precedent先例(pre+ced走+ent→走在前面的东西→先例) f'*-<sSr  
predict预言,预报(pre+dict说→预先说→预言) 5u!\c(TJ+  
preoccupation全神贯注(pre+occup占有+ation→l优先占有(注意力) →全神贯注) l ER"69zQg|2  
Pro- u$T]A8e  
①表示“向前,在前” 4XpWDfa.}  
progress进步(pro+gress走→向前走) "jL>P )  
project投射出;工程项目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→l投射;引申为工程项目) $k~TVm Yex  
prologue前言,序言(pro+logue说→在前面说→前言) UoT`/.  
promote促进;提升(pro+mote动→向前动→促进) FGV L[\  
protrude向前突出(pro+trude突出→向前突出) HI8mNX3 "j  
propel推进(pro+pel推→向前推) 1:-'euA"  
prospect景象,前景(pro+spect看→向前看→前景) &4?&tGi  
l③表示“赞同,亲…”  3 xyrWl  
pro-American亲美的 6`e{l+c=F  
proslavery赞成奴隶制的(pro+slavery奴隶制) 6W i n!4  
lpaeudo-表示假,伪 ]_s3<&R  
pseudo假的,虚伪的 OUBGbld  
pseudonym假名,笔名(pseudo+nym名字) {)" 3  
pseudoscience伪科学(pseudo+science科学) @)Vpj\jM-C  
pseudograph冒名作品(pseudo+graph写→写出的假东西) #UM,)bH  
pseudology谎话(pseudo+ology说话→学科说假话) l CNNqS ^ct  
re- <6Q^o[L  
①表示“向后,相反,不” %-n) L  
reflect回想;反射(re+flect弯曲→反弯曲→反射) 'cO8& |  
retreat后退,撤退(re+treat拉→拉回来→撤退) dseI~}  
retract缩回;收回(re+tract拉→拉回,缩回) 6"-$WUlg  
resist反抗,抵抗(re+sist站→反着站→反抗) PxKBcx4o`  
reverse反转的,颠倒的(re+verse转→反转的) _pdKcE\X  
revolt反叛(re+volt转→反过转→反叛) ^+(5 [z  
lresent忿恨,不满(re+sent感觉→反感→不满) Z=Y29V8  
repel驱除,击退(re+pel推→击退) b**vUt\  
repose休息;躺下(re+plse放→入下〔工作〕→休息) #cY[c1cNv  
resonant回响的;洪亮的(re+son声音+ant→l声音回过来→回响的) l *V&M5  
②表示“一再,重新” +g1>h ,K 3  
reappear再出现(re+appear出现) d@3DsE.{i  
rearrange重新安排(re+arrange安排) T}Tv}~!f  
reassure消除某人疑虑(re+assure放心) :w8{BIUN)  
reclaim取回,回收(re+claim喊→喊回来→l取回,引申为开垦荒地) X'OpR   
recommend赞扬;推荐(re+commend赞扬→一再赞扬) ".}R$ W  
regenerate改过自新的(re+gener产生+ate→l重新产生生命→改过自新的) l S#ryEgc]  
sub- t'_EcYNS  
l①表示“在下面,次一等,副手” &4%pPL\f  
submerge沉没,淹没(sub+merge淹没→淹没下去) *R6lK&  
subordinate附属的(sub+ordin顺序+ate→l顺序在下→附属的) S*l/ Sa@  
subscribe捐献,订购(sub+scribe写→l在下面写上名字→订购) Xqf\}p n  
subcontinent次大陆(sub+continetn大陆) yi8vD~aA[  
lsubtropics亚热带(sub+tropics热带) JC'3x9_<z  
subtitle副标题(sub+tropics热带) p[4 +`8  
subeditor助理编辑(sub+editor编辑)lsubway l ,i_+Z |Ls  
sur-表示超过,在上面 FG${w.e<  
surface表面(sur+face脸面) H&s`Xr  
surpass超过(sur+pass通过→在上面通过→超越) -mJs0E*g  
surrealism超现实主义(sur+realism现实主义) SS/vw%  
surmount登上,超越(sur+mount山→在山上→登上) `n>/MY  
surplus多余的(sur+plus多余;加→多出很多) hNc8uV{r=  
surcharge附加费(sur+charge收费→l额外的收费→附加费) rQv5uoD  
super- l①表示“超级,超过,过度”l E$%v);u  
supersized超大型的(super+sized有范围的) mAlG }<  
supersonic超音速的(super+sonic声音的) Mnranhe>G  
supernatural超自然的(super+natural自然的) jwwRejNV  
supersensitive过度敏感的(super+sensitive敏感的) DVd8Ix<  
l②表示“在…上面”freek aobo |k~AGc  
supervise临视(super+vise看→在上面看→临视) ") 8l'^Mq2  
superstructure上层建筑(super+structure结构) :uYZ1O  
superimpose放…上面,强加(super+impose放上去→l在上面放→强加) M[I=N  
superficial肤浅的(super+fic做+ial→在表面上做)l 2>jk@~Z1:u  
sym-,syn-表示共同,相同l EUSM4djL  
sympathy同情(sym+pathy感情) rQzdHA  
symphony交响乐(sym+phony声音) QYH#WrIVx  
symmetry对称(sym+metry测量→两边测量一样→对称) N:|``n>  
symbiosis共生(sym+bio生命+sis→共同生命) l k*_Gg  
symposium专题讨论会(sym+pos放+ium→l放在一起〔讨论〕→专题讨论) 6EC',=)6R  
synchronous同时发生的(syn+chron时间+ous→共同时间的) _V3 z!aI  
synonym同义词(syn+onym名字→名字相同→同义词) 3^KR{N p  
synthesis合成(syn+thesis放→放在一起→合成) l }S iR;2W  
trans- 9ug4p' ]  
①表示“横过,越过” cKYvNM  
transcontinetal横贯大陆的(trans+continental大陆的) $j,$O>V  
transnormal超出常规的(trans+noraml正常的) [+FiD  
transcend超越,胜过(trans+scend爬→爬过→超越) 0;x&\x7K  
transgress冒犯;违背(trans+gress走→横着走→冒犯) l iUz?mt;k  
transmit传送,传播(trans+mit送→横着送消息→传播) 9'(^ Coq  
transparent透明的(trans+par平等+ent→l横穿过去看得一样清楚→透明的) G#Bm ">+  
transect横切,横断(trans+sect切→横切) Wx}-H/t'2  
l②表示“变换,改变,转移” U _pPI$ =  
transplant移植(trans+plant种→转移过去→移植) nYyKz Rz  
transaction交易;办理(trans+action行动→交换行动→交易) ,#N}Ni:  
transcribe抄写,转录(trans+scribe写→l把写的东西移到〔另一张纸上〕→抄写) m>Z3p7!N}  
transfigure改观;变形(trans+figure形状→改变形状) ltransfuse输血;充满(trans+fuse流→〔血〕流过去→输血) <:AA R2=  
transitory短暂的(trans+it走+ory→走过就变→输血) tJ\v>s-f  
under- t[;-gi,,  
①表示“在…下” "KF ]s.  
underground地下的(under+ground地) S['rTuk  
underwrite在…下面写(under+write写) P#3J@aRC  
underline划线于…下(under+line线,在字底下划线,引申为强调) VN09g&  
undersea在海底(under+sea海) / \qzTo  
undermine破坏,损坏(under+mine挖→挖墙角) ^f N/  
underclothing内衣裤(under+clothing衣服) Z Uj1vf6I  
underwear内衣(under+wear穿衣服) g?iZ RM  
l②表示“不足,不够” > {d9z9O  
underestimate估计不足(under+estimate估计) Vo[.^0  
underplay对…轻描淡写(under+play玩→没玩够→说得不够的) @- 0mE_$[  
underpopulated人口稀少的(under+populated有人住的) 3-AOB3](  
underdeveloped不发达的(under+developed发展→发展不够) V:t{mu5j  
undersized不够大的(under+sized大的→不够大的) mYfHBW:  
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沙发  发表于: 2011-03-22   
(二)一词多义 x 1 Z'_Qw  
? above / beyond: 介词,后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”,例如:“ above comprehension ”的意思是“无法理解”。 n'j}u  
? in the absence of something: “缺少,没有”,用于替代“ in short of ”或者“ be lacking in ”。 }fef*>>}  
? be absorbed in something: “专心从事”。 I!(BwYd  
? abuse: 用在物品词后面表示“过量使用”,用在有生命的事物后面则表示“虐待”。 x&JD ~,Y  
? have access to something: 这个短语的意思要看后面接的单词是什么,比如“ have access to town ”表示“有道路通往市区”,“ have access to the teacher ”则是“有条件向老师请教”,总之,翻译的时候要灵活处理。 \QG2 V$  
? accessible / available: 形容词,中文的含义同上。 b&Laxki  
? by accident: 介词词组,属于副词用法”,修饰动作,意思是“偶然”。 AuM}L&`i^  
? account: 名词,“解释,解说,叙述”。 M+j*5wNy  
? account for: 本身是“解释说明”的含义,但在使用的时候可以翻译成“是… 的原因”。 e%)MI AS0  
? acknowledge: “向某个人表示感谢”。 *)?'!  
? in action: “起作用”。 l+wfP76w  
? adapt: 动词,在科技用语中表示“(将某个领域的研究成果)应用于(另一领域)”。 N9*QQ0  
? address somebody: “对某人说话,发言”。 Q.3 :"dT  
? afford: 用法非常灵活,总的来讲表示“承担不起”,后面可以接表示金钱,时间或者情感的词汇。 2 p }I  
? cannot afford to zTPNQ0=|  
? agree with: “使人或者身体的某个部分觉得舒适”。 Jr X. f  
? agreeable: “惬意,令人愉快,恰倒好处”。 @w(|d<5l:L  
? agreement: 在阅读文章时通常是“一致的意见”这个含义。 l&kZ6lZ  
? air: “气氛”。 M ' %zA;Wl  
? in the air: 表示“悬而未决,仍在酝酿中”。 M} ri>o  
? allow somebody to do something: 中文可以翻译成“让,使得某个人去做某件事”。 A>mk0P)~Q  
? alone: 阅读中有时和“ only ”是同一个意思,即“仅仅”,但是要用在单词或者句子后面。 QctzIC#;k  
? ambitious: 中性词,“野心”或者“志向”的含义。 MZWv#;.]  
? amount to: 在翻译或者阅读考试中的含义经常会是“竟然达到… 的地步,程度”。 p&4n"hC  
? anchor: 动词有“ 固定,安定”的含义,而名词的用法中如果是用于新闻界,则表示“ 新闻播音员”。 zMO#CZ t  
? appeal to somebody: “吸引某个人的注意力”。 Z( "-7_  
? appeal to court: 法律用语,“上诉”。 Z.x]6  
? appearance: “状况,现象”。 u]`0QxvZ  
? apply: 日常生活中是“涂抹,敷药”的含义。 C(8!("tU  
? apply to something: “适用于”。 u i$4  
? approach: 名词表示“方法,手段”,动词则是“处理,处置”。 rQ2TPX<?a  
? appropriate to: “适用于,与之相应”。 lOe|]pQ.,  
? argue: 在写作中可以表示“认为”,如果与介词同时使用,如“ argue for ”表示“支持”,“ argue against ”表示“反对”。 yOAC<<Tzus  
? argument: “观点,主张”。 wuk\__f4  
? arrest one's attention: “引起某个人的注意”。 F!4V!VWA}  
? art: “技术,技能”。 rce._w }  
? assert oneself: “表现自己”或“维护自己的权利”。 1A#/70Mo  
? association: “联想,联想意义”。 {^:NII]  
? assume: 动词,“承担任务或角色,任职”。 m~P30)  
? attachment: “依赖,眷恋”。 &#gh :5  
? authorities: “政府当局”,或者由上下文决定的“ 最高机构”,例如在教育的文章中,这个词可能就是“教育部或者是校方,教师”的含义。 v9KsE2Ei  
? back up: “支持”。 6-g>(g   
? –based: 这个词缀用在任何一个地点名词的后面,表示“总部位于某个地方”。 gf9U<J#&C  
? bear: 最原始的含义表示“承载,承受”。 TiG?r$6v%  
? bearing: 用在人的身上指人的“品格,气质”,日常是“方向”的含义。 ukc 7Z OQ  
? better: 动词的意思是“优于,胜过”。 j+q)  
? the better part of: “大多数,大半个”。 dD ~H ft  
? bid: 动词是“吩咐,命令”,名词有的时候有“试图,企图”的含义。 J~oxqw}  
? board: 名词最常用的含义是“委员会”,动词后面接交通工具则是“上火车,上船,上飞机”。 x'OP0],#  
? bold: 在印刷术语中是“粗体字”的含义。 ]%FP*YU4O  
? be born to do something: “天生有能力做某件事情”。 KK6z3"tk5  
? be bound to do something: “一定会做某件事情”。 P|p X F~  
? branch: “分支机构”,看上下文可以翻译成为“分校,分公司,银行分行”等等。 N^PkSf[)h5  
? brand–new: “崭新的”。 ;_|4c7  
? bridge the gap: “缩短差距”。 @#-\ BQ;  
? build: 名词,之“人的身材”,而且应当是比较健壮的身材,多用于男士。 Zs-lN*u7.  
? burst: 与其他一些单词连接使用,如“ burst into tears ”或者“ burst into laughter ”,翻译成“大哭”或者“大笑”。 Yo=$@~vN]  
? business: “事务”。 .}Ys+d1b9c  
? but: 后面接名词时是“除… 以外”,因此“ anything but ”中文为“就不是… ”,而“ nothing but ”则为“就是… ”。 GRVF/hPn  
? calculate: “盘算,估算”。 P/^@t+KC  
? camp: 动词的含义是“驻扎”。 C]l)Pz$  
? cap: 本身的含义是“帽子”,但使用的时候则可以表示“最高部分,上限”。 z 0zB&}  
? at capacity: 词组,“全速地,完全地”。 :F#^Q%-IS  
? capture one's attention / imagination: capture 的本意是“俘获”,但是在这两个搭配中的含义是“ 吸引某人的注意/ 使人产生遐想”。 )R?uzX^qf  
? car: “火车车厢”。 i_*.  
? career: 虽然字典中常常将这个词解释为“事业”,但是在Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中,这个词被注释为“ a job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life ”,因此实际的中文含义还是“职业”。“ undertaking ”才是意义最广泛的“事业”。 TX@ed  
? carefree: 这个词在Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 的解释为“ having no worries or problems ”,相当于中文的“无所谓”,不知道为什么在所有的词典中都解释为“无忧无虑”,从中也可以看出英汉词典的局限。 >&R@L KP  
? cast: 日常生活中的含义是“铸造,塑造”,但是有一些固定的词组搭配,比如“ cast a glance at something / somebody ”是“将眼光投向某个事物或某个人”,“ cast light on something ”是“提供新信息,帮助理解”,而“ cast a shadow on something ”则是“在某件事情上投下阴影”。 SDNRcSbOD6  
? cell: 日常生活中,“ cell phone ”是“移动电话”的美式用法,在生物学领域则是“细胞”的意思。 ZU `~@.`i  
? cement: 作为动词,含义为“巩固,加强”。 JKO*bbj  
? center on: “以… 为中心,围绕”。 pR=R{=}wV  
? certain: 在心理学环境下的英语解释为“ feeling confident about yourself and your abilities ”,因此中文可以翻译为“自信”。 o"z;k3(i$7  
? chair: 动词的意思是“主持”,相当于“ preside over ”。 A: 2CP&*  
? challenge: 在最新的Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中,该词的解释为“ to refuse to accept that something is right, fair, or legal ”,翻译考试中,这个词通常要翻译成为“怀疑,质疑”。 "UhE'\()  
? chance: 科技英语中是“偶然性”的含义,因此“ by chance ”的意思是“偶然地”。 PYs0w6o  
? channel: 动词的含义是“引导”,名词是“渠道,路径”的意思。 u^c/1H:6  
? charge: 动词含义有两个,在科技英语的环境下是“充电”,而在日常生活中是“索取(费用)”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。 9) $[W  
? be in charge of: “对… 负责”。 I.|b:c xN  
? check: “遏止,控制”。 v@8SMOe %  
? chew: “琢磨,考虑”。 < 1m `  
? chip: “芯片”。 * a1q M?  
? choice: 形容词的意思是“精选的”。 lcy+2)+  
? claim: 如果这个词后面接的是人,表示的含义是“让人丢了性命”。 ;;XY&J  
? class: 动词的含义同“ classify ”基本相同,表示“分类”。 |8[!`T*s  
? clause: 法律用语中是“条款”。 '+j; g  
? click: 计算机用语中是“点击”,由于计算机英语在日常生活中的普及,很多单词转入日常生活时会出现其他的含义,比如这个词的英语解释中就包括“ to suddenly understand or realize something ”和“ if two people click, they like, understand, and agree with each other ”,如何翻译大家应当很容易想到了。 nhC8Tq [m  
? climate: “风气,风俗”。 n5BD0q  
? climb up: 表示数字“缓慢上升”。 !O}e)t  
? cloudy: “浑浊,模糊不清”,如果指心情,则表示“低沉,阴郁”。 4b`Fi@J\  
? coach: 动词,“给一个运动队或个人做教练或进行指导”。 Q8QB{*4  
? coat: 生物、化学及医药用语中是“表面,外皮”的含义,因此例如“ sugar coating ”一类的词就是“糖衣”的含义了。 $]}K;  
? code: 法律用语中是“规则,法典”的含义。 Rbr:Q]zGN  
? collect: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中的一个解释为“ to come to a particular place in order to take someone or something away ”,中文含义为“领取,接走”。 @2d9 7.X  
? colony: 生物学含义为“微生物的种群”。 _5(p=Zc  
? command: “掌握,拥有”。  4 x4[  
? be committed to something: “决心做某件事情”。 5M #',(X  
? commitment: “决心”。 +opym !\  
? communicate one's idea: “表达某个人的观点”。 C"0 VOb  
? community: 与其他名词连用表示“界”,比如scientific community 就是“ 科技界”,此外复数communities 也有“ 社会”的含义。 QHUFS{G ]  
? company: “同伴,一起”。  Bz>f  
? complex: 如果用于建筑学,这个词的含义是“ 一组建筑群” \T<F#a  
? concerning: 介词,“关于”,相当于“ with regard to ”或者“ regarding ”。 ,WnZ^R/n  
? concerted: 形容词,“共同的”,比如“ make concerted efforts ”表示共同努力。 Oj_F1. r  
? be conditioned to: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中的解释为“ to make a person or an animal think or behave in a certain way by influencing or training them over a period of time ”,中文的含义有点象“习惯于,受… 的影响”。 5=p<"*zJ  
? conduct: 这个词在英语学习当中是非常重要的。首先,作为名词,含义是“ 人的行为,品行,举止”,而作为动词,它的含义与do 基本一致,但主要用于褒义场合。 (e!Yu#-  
? consequence: 本身是“结果,后果”,在词组“ far-reaching consequence ”中则是“影响,重要性”。 &0|Z FXPd  
? constitution: “组成(成分)”,法律用语是“宪法”,因此词组“ constitutional right ”就是“宪法赋予的权力”。 \pTC[Ry1  
? consume: 除去其“消费,消耗”的含义外,如果是“ be consumed with ”后面接表示情绪的名词,则表示“陷入,不能自拔”,因为根据Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中的解释,这个词组的含义为“ if a feeling or idea consumes you, it affects you very strongly, so that you cannot think about anything else ”。 8'TIDu  
? contain: 如果这个词后面出现的消极内容,则表示“抑制,遏制”。 0]MD ?6-  
? context: 这个词与“ environment ”表示“自然环境”的含义相对,含义为“(抽象)环境”,“ in the context ”这个词组在单项词汇填空或者完型中被选的频率还是相当高的。 ?Ov~\[) F  
? contract: 如果后面接表示疾病的单词,则做动词的含义是“得了(大病,急病)”。 EL z5P}L6  
? contribute: 需要注意这个词是中性词,如果在消极场合中使用,就是“ 造成,导致”的含义。 F]>+pU  
? contribution: “ 促成因素”。 +|pYu<OY  
? conventionally: 字面含义是“常规上讲”,但在阅读中表示“过去”。 rLmc(-q  
? copy: 动词,“仿效,模仿”。 S>*i\OnI'  
? corner: 动词的含义是“逼迫”,另外在听力考试中曾出现过“ cut the corners ”表示“走捷径,用最简洁经济的方式做事”。 F|.tn`j]U  
? count: 及物动词表示“计算”,不及物动词则是“算数,起作用”。 _:5t~29  
? count on: “指望”。 )Td{}vbIh  
? course: “河流的路径”,引申的含义是“事业”。 3c wBPqH  
? court: 动词“追求”,名词在法律用语中是“法庭”,体育用语中是“中型球场”,比如篮球,排球,网球等等。 l=Pw yJ  
? cover: “掩盖”,含有贬义,此外在保险业用语中“ cover loss ”表示“保… 险”。 6o9&FU  
? crack down upon: “严厉打击”。 L;{{P7  
? credit: 词组“ give credit for / to ”的含义非常灵活,总的来说是“表扬,嘉奖,归功于”,但是理解时要看上下文。 C|w<mryx  
? critical: “至关重要”,写作中可以用来替代“ important ”。 gn~^Ajo  
? a crop of: 描述人的量词,表示“ 一批,一代”,替代过去常用的a generation of 。 VQG$$McJ  
? cry: 词组“ a far cry ”表示“相差甚远”。 c9CFGo?)N  
? curse: “灾难,灾祸”。 n$7*L9)(C  
? cushion: 这个词做动词来用表示“减轻,缓和”。 fB,eeT1v?h  
? cut and dried: “顺手就可以做到,轻而易举” '!?t+L%gO  
? damage: 法律用语中是“赔偿金”的含义。 gV h&c 4  
? daring: “大胆,勇敢的” ~ QohP`_  
? dawn: 名词表示“开始,来临”,动词词组“ dawn upon somebody ”表示“理解,明白”。 k4u/v n`&r  
? deal: 这个词的构词能力很强,中文只能随着后面的名词变化,比如“ deal a heavy blow ”就表示“给… 以沉重的打击”。 *vIP\NL?H  
? defend: 国防中是“保卫”,法律场合是“辩护”。 } snS~kx  
? deliberate: 这个词做动词的时候是“深思”。 8JF<SQ  
? deliver: “发送,传送”。多用于发送信息,消息,邮件等场合。 f/IQ2yT-:D  
? deputy: 用在有些头衔的前面表示“副职”,比如“ deputy prime minister” 是“副总理”。 4(oU88 z  
? desert: 动词“抛弃”。 ,RY;dX-#  
? deserted: 形容地点表示“荒无人烟的”,形容人的心情则表示“孤独,沮丧”。 Iu`S0#+  
? desirable: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 中的解释“ something that is desirable is worth having or doing ”,如果用中文来解释,就是“很好”。 O`GF |  
? desperate: 形容人做事“拼命,买力气”。 yJ0 %6],^g  
? detached: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 对这个词的解释为“ not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an emotional way ”,有点象“ indifferent ”。 N81M9#,["~  
? develop: 这个词的英语解释为“ gradually form / acquire ”,因此翻译的时候要根据后面的名词来处理,比如“ develop an idea ”表示“形成观点”,“ develop a disease ”中文是“得了病”。 6\I1J= C  
? devise: 动词,“设计,发明”。 fR{_P  
? dig: 动词词组“ dig up ”在考试中经常出现,是“搜集,发现”的含义。 RjO0*$>h  
? digest: 动词“理解”的含义。 ]o0]i<:  
? direct: 动词含义为“指导,命令”,属于指令性动词。 UpE +WzY  
? discipline: 名词是“学科”的意思。 e?B}^Dk0i  
? dismiss: 英语解释为“ to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important ”,中文是“打消,否认”的含义。 yZgWFf.X  
? disorder: 精神病学中这个词是“精神错乱,失常”的含义。 $U9]v5  
? disposal: “垃圾”的意思。 +Ss3Ph  
? disturb: “ mentally disturbed ”这个词组的含义是精神失常的意思。 Is< XMR|{  
? dive: 这个词有“急速下降”的含义,比如“ take a nose dive ”。 *x]*%  
? be divorced from: “分离,脱离”的含义。 "M /Cl|z  
? document: 动词,“记录”。  zy"k b  
? documentary: 名词,“记录片”。 )1Y?S;  
? domestic: 常用的含义两个,一个是“国内的”,一个是“家中的”。 !vpXXI4  
? drain: “财富,精力等外流,逐渐耗尽”,因此词组“ brain drain ”表示“人才外流”。 U$+,|\9  
? dramatically / drastically: “大幅度,剧烈的” |#< z\u }  
? drug: “***”。 u7RlxA:  
? dwell upon: “仔细想,深思”。 1i~q~ O,  
? earn: 中性动词,“赢得”或者是“遭到”。 Y_jc*S  
? echo: 动词,“应和,附和”的含义。 /VufL+q1  
? embrace: “接受,信奉某种观点”。 5XB]p|YU~s  
? employ: “采用,采纳”。 ' 7oCWHq[  
? be endowed with something: “ to naturally have a good feature or quality ”,中文含义为“天生具有… 才能或者资质”。 dhnX\/  
? enjoy: 在很多时候中文翻译成“拥有,享有”,比如“ enjoy good reputation ”可以理解为“享有盛誉”。 DC1.f(cdR  
? established: “ 得到公认,已经确立的”。 !uIY,  
? in the event of: “如果,万一”。  ^-- R#$X  
? evident: “显然的,明显的”。 ty"L&$bf  
? execute: 企业用语中是“执行决策,处理”,法律用语是“处决”。 ^0}wmxDq  
? exercise: 与法律用词放在一起使用时,动词的含义是“行使,履行,执行”的意思。 3F!)7  
? exert oneself: 英语解释为“ to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy ”,意思是“尽力,努力”。 kBrA ?   
? exhaust: “耗尽(自然资源,精力等等)”。 N wNxO  
? be expert in something: “老练的,内行的”。 !z4I-a  
? explode: “迅速增长”,如果是“ someone explodes ”则是“发怒”的含义了。 v^s?=9  
? be exposed to: “接触到”。 G"-V6CA[  
? faculty: 大学环境下指“全体教工”,指人时则是“天赋,禀性”。 $t}W,?   
? fail to do: “没有能够”。 Xxd D)I  
? faint: “微弱的,不明显的”。 Et (H6O 8  
? fall back on: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 对这个短语的解释为“ to use something or depend on someone's help when dealing with a difficult situation, especially after other methods have failed ”,根据这个英语解释我们知道词组大概的含义就是“因为没有太好的办法,所以只能… ”。这个词组的英语解释很好的说明了看英语解释理解单词含义的意义。 S hy.:XI  
? be fascinated by: “迷恋上,被吸引”。 =P9rOK=  
? fashion: 词组be in fashion 表示“ 流行”,in a…fashion 则表示“ 以… 方式”。 8,[ *BgeX  
? feature: “ to include or show something as a special or important part of something, or to be included as an important part ”,中文可以翻译为“以… 为特色,特色是… ”。” #rGCv~0*l  
? fence: 动词“保护,阻止”。 :{Z%dD  
? file: 动词的含义很多,在“ file complaint ”“ file lawsuit ”等词组中表示“提出投诉”或“提出上诉”。 biS[GyQ  
? film: “薄膜”或者“胶片”。 $V?sD{=W  
? fire: 动词“解雇”。 RfD#/G3|  
? firm: “小型公司”。 oPaoQbR(A  
? fit: 名词,更确切地说应当是量词,“ a fit of ”后面接表示情绪的名词中文的含义是“情绪发作”。 HDzeotD  
? fix: “安装,装配”。词组“ fix one's eyes upon something ”表示“眼光紧紧地盯着”。 uaKbqX  
? flight: 这个词有时表示“ 逃跑”。 4xalm  
? flood: 动词“充斥,弥漫”。 ONcLhwH  
? -fold: 这个词缀前面加上数词,表示“倍,重”。 .6 0yQ[aE  
? It follows that: “于是出现了… 的结果”。 {c LWum[SY  
? forward: 动词“发送”的含义,以前用于发送电子邮件,现在基本替代了“ send ”。 Ps\4k#aOv  
? –free: 这个词缀与任何名词连用,中文表示“没有”。 W1 xPK*  
? front: “前锋,前沿”。 y&8`NS#_p?  
? frown at: “对… 感到生气,不快”。 PX&}g-M9  
? fund: 动词“资助”。 H\<0{#F  
? furnish: “提供”。 #<m2Xo?d]  
? gain: 与很多名词连用,表示“增加,变快”,如“ gain speed ”。 US9aW)8  
? game: “规则”。 AT3HH QD  
? gather: “渐渐增长”,比如词组“ gather speed ”。 %Y'/_ esH2  
? gear to something: “适合于,配合”。 <im}R9eJ1  
? gift: 名词“天赋”,动词词组“ be gifted with something ”表示“有… 天赋”。 6}c!>n['  
? give rise to something: “引起,引发”。 :KG=3un ]  
? grant: “助学金,资助”。 !qlk-0&`  
? ground: 这个词构成词组时意义很多,比如“ break ground ”表示“破土动工,开辟新天地”,“ gain ground ”表示“普及,有了进展”,而“ on ground of ”则是“根据是”。 ,d_rK\J  
? guard against: “防范,警惕,注意”,这个词组是中性词,在阅读中曾经出现。 $qZ6i  
? gut: 词组“ have the guts to do something ”表示“有勇气去做… ”。 Bt$,=k  
? handle: 这个词如何翻译,完全要看后面的名词通常和什么中文动词搭配了。比如“ handle the problem ”表示“解决问题”,“ handle the crisis ”则是“应对危机”。 CA&VnO{r  
? hearing: 名词,“听证会”。  g;AW  
? cannot help doing / but: “禁不住要”。 z+wegF  
? It doesn't help that: “ 无法避免,现实情况是”。 A(`Mwh+  
? hold: “认为”。 -:45Q{u/  
? horizon: “眼界,见识”。 :ntAU2)H  
? host: 动词,“ 主办”,替代过去常常使用的hold 。而词组a host of 则是量词,表示“ 许多”。 46\!W(O~y  
? hunger for something: 名词词组,“对… 怀有渴望”。 \' A- Lp  
? hunt: “搜索,搜寻”。 HEa7!h[a'  
? ignorance: “无知”。 7!Im|7Ty  
? be immune from: “不受… 的影响”。 ;Q/1l=Bn  
? impressive: 普通含义为“印象深刻的,好的”,但如果用于形容建筑物,则是“令人肃然起敬,庄严肃穆的”。 OQ<;w  
? in that: 连词型词组,表示“在于,因为”。 7) RvBcM  
? be indulged in something: “迷恋于,自我陶醉于”。 l>s@&%;Mg  
? informed: 形容词,表示“消息灵通的”。 F,pKt.x  
? institutional: 这个词的含义类似“ systematic ”,“系统的,有组织,有逻辑的”。 ?GLCd7TP  
? instrument: “手段,借助的方法,工具”。 PX/^*  
? instrumental: “起作用的,辅助的”。 eIlovq/X  
? interact with: “与人交往,交流”。 Jx`7W1%T  
? interest: “利益,利害关系”。 ubVZEsoW?  
? interpret: P;'ZdZ(SLu  
? intriguing: “引起兴趣的,有诱惑力的”。 >X"\+7bw  
? introduce: “引进”。 4,Uqcw?!F'  
? inviting: “吸引人的”。 e6{E(=R[M  
? just: 形容词,“公正的”。 ; }ThBb3  
? keen: 这个词的每个意思都比较重要,首先是“强烈的”,其次是“敏锐的”。 Y;g\ @j  
? key: “关键”。 '`W6U]7>  
? launch: 动词,“展开(大型活动)”。 a gL@A  
? law: “定理,定律”。 $ZB`4!JxG  
? learned: 形容词,“博学的”。 -'*<;]P+.  
? at length: “最后终于”或者是“详尽,详细的”这个词组不是很常用。 "K+EZ%~<  
? let: 动词的含义中有“出租”的含义。 *1_Ef).  
? literally: “实际上”。 g\IwV+iDf  
? live: 形容词,“现场直播的”。 yO7#n0q  
? lodge: 动词,与“ file ”的动词含义相似,表示“提出(投诉,诉讼)”。 n)35-?R/M  
? log in: 计算机用语,表示“登录”,现在演变成“进入”。 #Oq.}x?i  
? long: 动词,表示“渴望,盼望”。 BD^1V( I/  
? at loss: “感到困惑不解”。 "o_'q@.}  
? maintain: “一贯认为”,可以用于写作。 =1 S%E  
? in a…manner: “以… 的方式”。 [U"/A1p  
? map: 动词,“解释,传递出信息”。 uq54+zC  
? by a margin: “余地,幅度”。 i*!2n1c[  
? marginal: “非主流的,很小的”。 E8p,l>6(f  
? mark: 名词,“显要,名声”,“ marked ”作为形容词,含义为“显著的,清楚的”。 +#<Z/  
? means: “方法,手段”。 %9S0!h\  
? at the mercy of: “受… 的支配控制”。 `QW=<Le?  
? merger: “大公司合并”。 'lu3BQvfh  
? merit something: “值得”,有点象“ deserve ”,但是个完全的褒义词。 ]T2Nr[vu  
? might: “力量”,形容词“ mighty ”是“力量强大的,猛烈的”。 u3tT=5.D  
? minister: 动词,“(行政)管理”。 yq^Ma  
? minor: 形容词,在法律用语中表示“犯罪轻微的”。 ]H\tz@ &  
? minute: 形容词 >V]9<*c  
? mirror: 动词,“反映出”。  ~mi4V  
? monitor: 动词是“监视,监控”,名词是“监视器”。 Z{yH:{Vk  
? move: 动词,“采取行动”,英文解释为“ to start taking action, especially in order to achieve something or deal with a problem ”。 gxAy{ t  
? must: 名词,“ 必须要做的事情。” zZ<*  
? nature: “ 本质,本性”。 pv-c>8Wb6  
? negotiate: 动词的一个含义为“ 越过(障碍)”。 Q {BA`Q@V  
? nerve: 这个词最好以词组形式记忆,get on one's nerves 表示“ 让某个人紧张不安”,have nerves 则表示“ 有勇气,沉着”。 8]R{5RGy  
? nervous: 这个词要注意其本义“ 神经系统的”。 i27)c)\BM  
? note: 动词,“ 注意到”。 `r~3Pf).4  
? novel: 形容词,“ 新奇的,新颖的”。 t*)mX2R,  
? object to somebody / something: 动词含义为“ 反对”。 lCl5#L9  
? be obliged to: 通常这个词都是“不得不”的含义,但是最近曾经考过“ 对… 表示感谢”的含义。 g%!U7CM6h  
? observe: 动词含义中有“ 遵守”和“ 庆祝”的解释。 xk7Dx}  
? occasion: “ 时刻,重大或者特殊的活动”,比如词组on one occasion 中文就可以翻译成“ 有一次”。 g-"GZi  
? be occupied with something: “ (头脑等)全神贯注于某件事务”。 uLPBl~Y  
? odd: 形容词通常的含义是“ 奇特古怪的”,数学用语中是“基数”,词组为odd number 。 &/"a E  
? offend: 英语可以解释为“ to seem bad or unacceptable to someone ”,中文含义为“ 让人感到厌恶”。 %%>nM'4<  
? offensive: 形容词,“ 讨厌,令人作呕的”。 e t@:-}  
? office: “职责,责任,岗位”,这个词有很多相关的词组,比如“ take office ”是“就职”,“ leave office ”就是“离职”。 yO!M$aOn/  
? once: 这个词在阅读理解的范畴中通常都是“一旦,如果”的含义。 DZ\K 7-  
? be open to something: 这个词组在英语学习中相当灵活,当然最常用的含义是两个,一个是“ likely to suffer from something or be affected by something ”,中文即“容易受到消极影响”,比如“ He has left himself open to accusations of dishonesty ”的意思是“别人很容易职责他不够诚实”,而另外一个则是“ willing to consider something new or to accept something new ”,比如“ The committee is open to suggestions ”是说“委员会乐于接受建议”。 SPt/$uYJ  
? orbit: 动词含义为“让… 进入轨道,步入正轨”。 u#Jr_ze  
? orderly: 形容词是“秩序井然,整齐的”,但在美式用语中这个词的名词含义专门指“医院的男护理工”。 ?h%Jb^#9  
? organ: 人体中是“器官”,政治用语中是“国家机关”,通常词组为“ the state organ ”。 _*Z3,*~"X  
? -oriented: 这个词缀表示“以… 为中心,面向… ”。 >8=lX`9f{  
? originally: 这个词在阅读中的含义就是“过去”。  6pbCQ q  
? outstanding: “显眼,突出”。 ka8Y+Gs  
? overlook: 这个词含义很多,需要根据上下文确定,主要含义包括“俯视,鸟瞰”,“忽视,忽略”,“宽容,不计较”。 >][D"  
? overwhelm: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 对这个词的解释主要有两个,第一个含义是“ if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel it so strongly that they cannot think clearly ”,中文翻译为“怀有某种强烈的情感”,另外一个是“ if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with ”,中文为“淹没,压得… 透不过气”。因此形容词词组“ an overwhelming majority ”就是“压倒性多数” v~x4Y,m%  
? over: 与其他动词连接使用时通常表示“优于,胜过”。 ]W`?0VwF  
? pace: “速度,进展”。 g,]m8%GHE  
? pack: 量词是“(凶猛野兽的)一群”。 vgD+Y   
? paradox: “自相矛盾的说法”或者“因为存在两种截然相反的观点而让人无法理解”。 Y_!+Y<x7v  
? parallel: “与… 相比,与… 相当”。 /WE\0bf  
? be particular about: “挑剔”。 vO~  Tx  
? passage: 名词“ 经过,迁移”,指具体事物时是“ 走廊,通道”的意思。 2b^Fz0 w4  
? path: “途径,路径,方式方法”,写作时可以替代我们经常使用的“ way, measure, method ”等词。 Bdb}4X rL  
? pay: 这个词和其他一些词可以搭配成词组,本身没有实际含义,比如“ pay attention to ”或者“ pay a visit to ”。 [xr^t1  
? penetrate: “弥漫,充满”。 NjOUe?BQ  
? perform: 这个词可以同其他词搭配成词组,翻译时要整体考虑。比如“ perform a surgery ”,中文是“做手术”,“ perform a task ”,中文是“执行任务”,而“ perform one's duty ”则是“履行职责”。 !|H,g wqU  
? persist: “ 延续或存在至今”。 cGgfCF^`  
? perspective: 含义是“观点,看法”,或者是“前景,将来”。 KU9FHN  
? philosophy: “基本原理”,或者是“做人原则”。 m} s.a.x  
? pick on somebody: “挑某个人的毛病,找茬”。 >$L7J=Em  
? pick up: “不经意间学会”。 C)EP;5k'!\  
? picture: “情况”。 /3~L#jS  
? plague: 动词,“折磨,烦扰,肆虐”。 /YHO"4Z  
? plain: “十足,彻底”,有的时候也表示“浅显易懂”,或者“太过普通”。 o9"?z  
? plug away at something: “埋头苦干”。 d9;&Y?fp  
? plunge: “急速下降,下跌”。 B#jnM~fJz  
? point: 名词“目的,意义”。 52tc|j6~#  
? poke fun at someone: “拿… 寻开心”。 T[k$[  
? policy: “原则”。 zHX\h [0f  
? polish: “雕琢,完善”。 6Uk+a=Ar  
? pop: 比较熟悉的含义是“流行音乐”,但是作为动词,它的含义是“爆炸,开枪”,词组为“ pop up ”,含义为“突然出现”。 ~at@3j}W  
? pose: “造成,形成”,通常表达消极的含义,比如“ pose challenge ”或者“ post threat ”等等。 C`g "Mk8  
? post: 名词“岗位,职位”。 ^?+[yvq  
? power: 物理学或日常生活中指“ 电力,动力”。 Si?s69  
? practical: 形容词,“实际上”。 Nyy&'\`!  
? practice: 名词“惯例,(长期一贯的)做法”。 i`r`Fj}-S-  
? practise: 动词“长期,大范围地开展”。 o&E8< e  
? be prepared for: “ to be willing to do something, especially something difficult or something that you do not usually do ”,如果按照这个英语解释来看,我们就知道“ be prepared for death ”这样的词组不会翻译成“准备着去死”,而应当有点“从容面对死亡”的意味了。 e>Z&0lV:  
? prescribe: 动词“命令”。 w>^(w<~Y  
? press: 名词,“出版社,新闻界”。 y&,|+h  
? print: 动词“用印刷体书写”。 BKg8p]`+  
? produce: 这个词的翻译非常灵活,需要看后面使用什么名词,“ produce a book ”就是“写了本书”,“ produce a film ”则是“拍了部电影”。 1\m,8i+gU  
? program: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 的解释包括“ a series of actions which are designed to achieve something important ”和“ a course of study ”,因此中文就是“教学或其他重要的活动和项目”。 =?6 c&Z  
? project: 作为名词的含义是“ 大型建设项目”,与program “大型活动性项目”正好相对。 KQNQ<OE 4  
? promise: 动词是“有前途,有指望”,因此“ promising ”是形容词,“有前途的”含义。 ` 5Kg[nB:  
? prompt: “敦促,鼓励”。 `z (o01y  
? propose: 动词是“提议”,此外还有个别的词组,比如“ propose a toast ”是“提议大家干一杯”。 )-)rL@s.  
? provided that: 连词,“只有在… 情况下才有可能… ”。 H}F UgA;  
? pupil: 名词,表示人的器官时指“瞳孔”。 H%vfRl3rB  
? quarrel: 中文可以翻译成“争论”。 0NU%z.(%s  
? rage: 这个词在翻译中曾经考察过,古英语中有“精神错乱”的含义,因此当时的试题是“ kitchen rage ”,中文翻译为“厨房狂躁症”。 rwLKY .J]  
? raise: 动词“养育,养殖”。 l2St)`K8  
? rate: “速度,比率”。 @^UgdD,BS,  
? at any rate: “无论如何”。 $C7a #?YF,  
? ready: “ 轻易,毫无困难的”。 Ra|P5  
? rear: 动词是“抚养”的含义,形容词是“后面的”,指房间或交通工具的后半部分。比如汽车的后门就叫做“ rear door ”。 ):G%o  
? reason: 名词“理性,理智”。 Ow/,pC >V  
? receive: 动词,“接待,接风”。 KBB)xez 8  
? be reduced to: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 的解释为“ to make someone do something they would rather not do, especially when it involves behaving or living in a way that is not as good as before ”,中文实际相当与“万般无奈下只能”。 x*vD^1"'P  
? refined: 形容词,指人的时候表示“有修养”。 940:NOgm  
? reflect on / upon something: “认真思考,仔细考虑”。 >SDQ@63E?  
? regarding: 介词,“关于”。 n>,:*5"G  
? with regard to: 介词词组,“就… 而言,关于”。 #]jl{K\f#X  
? regard: 名词有“尊敬,器重”的含义,比如词组“ hold somebody in high regard ”或者“ have a high regard for somebody ”。 =l43RawAmu  
? regular: “普通的”或者是“定期的”。 &RZO\ZT  
? reinforce: 这个词的翻译要根据中文的习惯了,比如词组“ reinforce each other ”可以翻译成“互相辉映,相得益彰”。 2X\Pw  
? relate: 动词含义之一是“叙述”。 wPM>-F  
? remain: “长期保持… 的状态,一直是… ”。 ,<%uG6/",g  
? remote: 形容词“很少的,细微的”,比如“ remote resemblance ”是“只有一点点相似之处”。 RlL ]p `g  
? relevant: “有关的,相关的”。 ~ZVz sNrx  
? remedy: 名词,“补救措施”。 / rc[HbNg.  
? render: 动词,用法非常灵活,首先从英语学习角度讲,这个词相当与“ translate ”,是“翻译”的含义,比如“ render it into English ”是“将其翻译成英语”。另外,这个词表示“给予,提供”。另外,在很多词组中,这个词表示“使… 处于某种状况”,比如“ Illness renders him rather weak ”,就是“生病让他变得很虚弱”。 -fPi HKJ  
? repeat: 动词,“仿效,模仿”。 cOV9g)7^O  
? resolve: 本身是“解决”,但在有些词组中也要灵活处理,比如“ resolve difference / conflict ”,中文应翻译成“ 消除分歧/ 冲突”。 v'S]g^  
? respect: 名词“方面”,相当于“ aspect ”。 lk 1\|Q I  
? with respect to: “关于,谈到”。 @G2# Z  
? rest on / upon: “在于,取决于”。 X=#us7W}  
? review: 名词和动词都有“评定,审查”的含义。 VH]}{i"`  
? rewarding: 形容词,“有收获的”。 v`,!wS  
? rich: 形容食品时是“油腻”的意思。 9s"st\u 4  
? role: 翻译的时候要根据上下文处理为“角色”,“职责”或者“作用”。 I #1~CbR  
? routine: 形容词是“一成不变,无聊的”。名词指“一成不变的,无聊的工作”。 Dq<la+VlO  
? be rude about: “挑剔,对… 很苛刻”。 .1[.f}g$J  
? rule: 动词和名词都有“统治”的意思。  c`xNTr01  
? run: “操作控制”或者是“经营管理”。 ^Ye (b7Gd  
? sack: 口语中这个词是动词,表示“解雇”。 ;<garDf  
? be saddled with something: “承受… 的负担”。 JhFn"(O  
? be safe from / be saved from: 最新的Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 对这两个词组的解释为“ protected from any danger or harm ”,也就是“不必担心有… 的危险”。 -kk7y  
? sanction: 这个词的两个含义相差甚远,一个是“批准”,另外一个是“制裁”,这也体现出英语词汇含义的特点,就是词汇的含义具有任意性。 `*vO8v  
? scale: “规模”。 \eKXsO"d  
? school: 学术界指“流派”,生物学中是“水生动物种群”。 3l?|+sU >O  
? scope: “范围,范畴”或者是“眼界,见识”。 ndLEIqOY  
? score: “成功”。 2%WeB/)9  
? screen: 动词,“阻挡,防止”。 C<J*C0vQO  
? secure: 同“ certain ”一样,也是“ feeling confident about yourself and your abilities ”的含义,中文是“自信”。 QWOPCoUet  
? sense: “道理,理智”,词组“ make sense ”是“合理”,而“ make sense of something ”则是“理解”。 P6GTgQ<'BA  
? sentence: 法律用语是“宣判”。 DYf2V6'  
? service: 日常生活用语中是动词,表示“维修保养汽车”。 z]N#.utQ  
? setting: 名词,“背景,环境”。 ltuV2.$  
? settle: 动词,搭配能力非常强,比如“ settle the account ”表示“结帐”,“ settle the problem ”则是“解决问题”。 Z (6.e8fK  
? shame: 英文解释为“ used when you wish a situation was different, and you feel sad or disappointed ”,中文可以说成是“不象话,过不去,很遗憾”。 Xq$-&~   
? shot: 名词,口语有“注射”的意思,美式英语中还专门指“注射***”。 :o^ioX.J  
? shoulder: 动词,“担负”。 ?sQg{1"Zr  
? shuttle: 动词“往来于,穿梭于”。 KhWy  
? signal: 动词,“向… 示意” . {nmu(E P  
? sink: 名词,日常生活中是“水池,水槽”的含义。 v>LK+|U  
? size up: 动词词组“估计,揣度”。 l!:bNMd  
? skirt: 名词,“边缘(地带)”。 n3$=&   
? slim: 形容机会等“很微小”。 zY\u" '4  
? smooth: 形容词,“顺利,正常”。 IQ<G .  
? solution: 名词,化学领域是“溶液”的意思。 k4$z M/ob  
? sophisticated: “(机械设备等)复杂的”。 8)8~c@  
? sound: 形容词,“健全合理”。 MPUyu(-%{  
? spare: 动词,“节约,留出空闲”,有时也表示“原谅,饶恕”。 -E\G3/*51  
? spot: 动词是“(偶然)发现”,名词是“现场”,词组为“ on the spot ”。 TI3xt-/  
? square: 形容词,“公平,公正”。 Xd:{.AXW  
? stage: “阶段”。 q* lk9{>  
? start: 动词,“惊吓,吃惊”。通常用被动语态“ be started ”。 =iW hK~S  
? state of mind: “思维方式”。 'G65zz  
? stay: 系动词,“保持”。 2T*kmDp  
? story: “ 情况”,如果是新闻用语,则是“ 报道”。 k+{~#@  
? stress: 名词“压力”,动词是“强调”。词组“ be stressed out ”表示“筋疲力尽”。 &5K3AL  
? striking: 形容词“明显,显著的”。 9)+!*(D  
? be stripped: “遭到掠夺和***”相当于中文中的俗语“挨宰”。 s;P _LaIp)  
? subject: 科技用语中是“接受实验的对象”。 vfqXHc unj  
? subscribe to: 议论文中经常遇到这个词组,表示“同意,赞成”。 D>jtz2y=D  
? succeed: 动词,“接在… 后面发生或出现”。 eHU yV@  
? suck: 美式俚语中是“令人不快,讨厌”的意思。 kq=Htbv7  
? suit: 单词lawsuit 的缩写,“ 法律诉讼”的含义。 (zsmJe  
? support: “抚养,赡养”。 !Dc?9W!b  
? swell: 动词“自高自大”。 =?Ry,^=b  
? table: “表格”。 !Yo2P"  
? take advantage of: “利用”或者“欺侮”。 I;jH'._k#  
? tailor: 动词,“使… 适合于”。 H$?MPA-c  
? take care of: 中性词组,贬义概念表示“教训,处置”。 g&/lyQ+G  
? tap: 动词“ 开发利用”,这个词在报纸杂志中很常用,可以替代exploit 。 "8a V~]~Dj  
? tell: 动词含义中有“显现”和“区分”两个常用的含义。 J" ,Cwk\  
? tend to: “ 往往,通常情况是”。不要总是将这个词组理解成为“倾向于”。 Z-t qSw 8n  
? term: 这个词的意思很多,在阅读中经常用的是“ 名称,说法”。 OkQ< Sc   
? in terms of: “ 以… 方式,以… 衡量,就… 而言”,这个词的含义太灵活,因此在各种考试中几乎都是被选择频率最高的词组。 A\mSS  
? thick: “烟雾稠密的”。 M"c=_5P  
? thirst for: “渴望”。 8B6(SQp%  
? tie: 名词,含义为“ 关系,联系”,比如international tie 。 l{rHXST|  
? toast: 动词“庆贺,庆祝”。 qtVgjT2#H  
? toilet: 名词“洗漱化妆用品”。 De$Ic"Z9L  
? by the same token: 词组“由于同样原因”。 0RdW.rZJ  
? top: 形容词“最好的”。 {nZP4jze  
? treat: 动词,名词“请客”。 4%v-)HGh  
? touch: 动词“感动”。 s#8}&2#l  
? trace to: “找到… 的根源”。 }5" Rj<  
? trim: “少量削减”。 p/ZgzHyF  
? treasure: 动词“重视”。 Or/YEt}  
? trust: 动词,“委托”。 Tpnwwx[]:|  
? tube: 口语中是“电视”的意思,在英式英语中指“伦敦的地铁系统”。 G?s;L NR  
? uneasy: “不自在,忧虑担心”。 Xa}y.qH  
? utter: 形容词“纯粹的,完全的”。 ]*DIn1C^  
? value: 动词,“重视”。 B_c-@kl   
? virtual: 首先,这个词有“实际上”的含义,此外,在科技英语中,含义为“ made, done, seen etc on the Internet or on a computer, rather than in the real world ”,中文翻译成“网络虚拟的,仿真的”,这两个含义相差也非常远。如果想区分到底在上下文中这个词如何翻译,其实就可以看上下文中有没有诸如“ computer, internet ”之类的词汇,这就是我们说的词的使用场合。 suX^"Io%!  
? voice: “用言语表达,吐露”。 xjDaA U,  
? wage: “进行,从事”,通常与战争,战役,大型运动搭配使用。 v~^*L iP+  
? want: Langman Dictionary of Contemporary English 对这个词的解释之一是“ to suffer because you do not have something ”相对应的例句为“ In many poorer countries, people still want basic food and shelter ”,中文可以翻译为“严重缺乏”。 ] C_$zbmi  
? wave: “高潮,新趋势”。 U&+lw=  
? weigh: “权衡,认真掂量”。 's8LrO(=  
? when: 根据上下文可以翻译为“如果”或者“然而”。 '}Jq(ah(  
? when it comes to: “当我们面临或谈到某个问题时”。 0a$hK9BH  
? while: 在阅读理解内容中基本都是“ 虽然”的含义。 &~)1mnv.  
? will: 名词,“ 意志,意愿”。 Q `h@-6N  
? wing: 建筑用语中指“ 一座建筑物的两翼”。 A{hST~s  
? wisdom: 日常生活中的含义是“ 观点,意见”。 ui*CA^ Y  
? word: 动词,“ 谴词造句,措辞”。 (j)>npOd9  
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板凳  发表于: 2011-03-22   
(三)汉译英基本词汇 2fJ2o[v  
教育 ki_Py5  
教育方针 Guideline(s) / guiding principle(s) for education \C E8S+Z%  
教育必须为社会主义现代化服务,必须同生产劳动相结合,培养德、智、体全面发展的建设者和接班人 !bD`2m[Q  
Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with production labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically. Si%K|$?@  
适应社会主义现代化需要,面向二十一世纪,具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系 DadlCEZv  
A socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century }3mIj<I1;  
坚持社会主义方向 To keep to the socialist orientation bQ2 '*T  
身体好、学习好、工作好 Keep fit, study hard and work well X 5D}<J2"  
德才兼备 To combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability [VwoZX:  
成为有理想、有道德、有文化、守纪律的劳动者 Mi"dFx^Md  
To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline KGb3n;]  
教育要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来  k@ZmI^  
Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future Y)4&PN~[  
爱国主义教育 Education in patriotism "#mr?h_  
国际主义教育 Education in internationalism s|Acv4| V  
集体主义教育 Education in collectivism hpJi,4r.d  
***主义道德品质 Communist ethics H{ CG/+x  
政治思想教育 Political and ideological education QGnBNsAh  
五爱:爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱护公物 ' Nv*ePz  
“Five love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property \a8<DR\@O  
教书育人 To educate the person as well as impart book knowledge aJ1 <X8  
培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力 X4U$#uI{  
To cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently bytAdS$3  
启发学生独立思考的能力 LHb(T` .=  
To help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves F+!K9(`|  
培养学生的自学能力 To foster the students’ ability to study on their own Zi fAn  
发挥学生主动性、创造性 To give scope to the students’ initiative and creativeness wh@;$s"B  
自学成才 To become educated though independent study + AyrKs?h  
启发式 Elicitation method (of teaching); heuristic method K$dSg1t  
填鸭式教学法 Cramming/forced feeding method of teaching "-+5`!Y  
普及教育 Universal education ch}t++`l]  
义务教育 Compulsory education; free education x_vaYU l)  
2R2ws.}  
经济 `r:n[N=Y&  
一个中心,两个基本点one central task and two basic points tB_GEt2M  
以经济建设为中心,坚持四项基本原则(1)社会主义道路,(2)党的领导,(3)人民民主专政,(4)马列主义***思想,坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles – adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people’s democratic dictatorship and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought – and persisting in reform and opening up WCc,RI0   
改革是“社会主义制度自我完善和自我发展”Reform is “the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system” )V<ML7_?  
我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义生产力,是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力,是否有利于提高人民的生活水平The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the development of socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards. db%o3>>e  
社会主义的主要目标是解放生产力,消灭剥削,消除贫富两极分化,最终达到共同富裕The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.  ]CD  
中国要警惕右,但更要防“左”China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the “Left” deviation. SM2QF  
资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济的多少来判断的Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy. #MbkU])  
随着改革的深化,国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小,而市场调节的范围将会扩大As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged. 0yhC_mI  
初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy _s/ 5oRHA  
经济结构改革reform in economic structure v"VpE`z1#  
剩余劳动力surplus labor 9K`(Ys&  
经营机制operative mechanism *"\QR>n   
发挥市场调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market r5kKNyJ  
经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages owDp?Sy}E  
计划经济与市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation ]_6w(>A@3#  
取消国家对农产品的统购统销to cancel the state’s monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products 8X,dVX5LT  
改革重点转移到城市the focus of reform is shifted to cities PT7-_r  
国家的根本任务是,集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设The basic task of the nation is to concentrate efforts on socialist modernization. 038|>l-9[  
逐步实现工、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化,把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家to modernize the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy /UP&TyZ  
社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制,即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. ?/Bp8q(  
国有经济,即社会主义全民所有制经济,是国民经济中的主导力量The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy.  X}@^$'W  
国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy I d6H~;  
*E*= ;BG  
国家民族 7>#?-, B  
统一的、多民族国家a unified/unitary multi-national country wldv^n hM  
中国各民族不论大小,一律平等All Chinese nationalities, large or small, are equal. }^!8I7J.  
在各少数民族间建立起平等、团结、互助的关系to establish a relationship based on equality, unity and mutual assistance between different national minorities @ev"{dY  
在维护民族团结的斗争中,要反对大民族主义,主要是大汉族主义,也要反对地方民族主义In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nationality chauvinism, mainly great Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism. LhN?j5XqM  
禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫,禁止破坏民族团结和制造***的行为Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited. {k CCpU  
民族平等,民族团结,民族区域自治,所有民族共同发展、繁荣equality of all nationalities, national unity, regional national autonomy, and mutual development and prosperity for all nationalities B 2p/  
国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要,帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities =lB +GS%  
在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治,设立自治机关,行使自治权Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. !=(OvX_<  
各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由,都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs. CD}::7$  
民族感情national sentiments BC:d@  
民族压迫national oppression w ]8+ OP  
民族对立national antagonism yx0wR  
强迫同化forced assimilation X:N`x  
这种事实上的不平等是历史遗留下来的。This de facto inequality is inherited from history. k }amSsE  
大民族主义big-nationality chauvinism E}?n ^Zf  
大汉族主义great Han chauvinism pco:]3BF6  
地方民族主义local nationalism S vTd#>ke  
挑起民族矛盾to provoke national conflicts z) :LF<  
破坏民族团结to undermine the unity of the nationalities QZwUv<*  
多民族杂居的地方areas where a number of nationalities live together 4S%s=v w  
汉族地区城市中少数民族聚居区districts inhabited by minority nationalities within cities populated mainly by Hans 77 g<`}{  
散居的少数民族成分scattered members of minority nationalities; national minority elements living among other nationalities {ef9ov Xk  
种族集团ethnic group FIMM\W  
民主改革democratic reform cn ~/P|B[  
社会主义改造socialist transformation O)N$nBnp  
封建农奴社会feudal serf society e1<9:h+  
农奴制度slave-owning system qjr:(x/  
民族区域自治regional national autonomy WswM5RN  
地方自治政府local autonomous government v(0I Q  
自治区autonomous region :9H`O!VF  
自治州autonomous prefecture  3VZ}5  
自治县(旗)autonomous county (banner) ?4`f@=}'K  
自治机构self-government organization G;ihm$Cad  
管理自己内部的事务to administer their own internal affairs m|uVmg!*  
边疆地区border/frontier area/region I]@QhCm0  
林区forest region "cZ){w  
牧区pasture; pastoral area zQ xTPd  
山区mountains area =L\&} kzB  
平原地区plains area d53Eu`QW?  
<@S'vcO  
生态环境 oA*88c+{f  
保护和改善生活环境和生态环境to protect and improve the environment in which people live and the ecological environment Dz3~cuVb  
防止污染和其他公害to prevent and control pollution and other public hazards (VM.]B<  
保障自然资源的合理利用to ensure the rational use of natural resources M7fPaJKL  
保护珍贵的动物和植物to protect rare animals and plants 5_\1f|,  
濒临绝种的动物endangered species 6fm oI K{  
野生动物wild animal; wildlife @ N@ !Q  
野生植物wild plant tjLG$M1z`  
栖息地 habitat /EW=OZ/  
禁止任何组织或个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源Appropriation or damaging of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited. HGao}@'  
不可更新资源non-renewable resources \IhHbcF`d  
可更新资源renewable resources < lZVEg  
生态平衡ecological balance |;(>q  
生态系统ecosystem vkLKzsN' ]  
自然保护conservation of nature ctoh&5%!n+  
自然保护区nature reserve {(IHHA>  
海洋保护区marine protection area Doe:m#aNj  
禁猎地preserves M_O)w^ '  
环境卫生标准environmental health standards N(kSE^skOa  
环境科学environmental science sk5B} -  
环境医学environmental medicine 'Yaq; mDY  
环境意识awareness of the environment GM Y[Gd  
环境规划 environmental program @d n& M9Z  
环境保护战略strategy of environmental protection 9 +b){W  
环境系统工程environmental system engineering 6s t^ -L  
环境监测environmental monitoring q26 qY5D  
环境污染environmental pollution CHVAs9mrNB  
环境污染综合防治integrated control of environmental pollution kZ0z]Y  
大气污染atmosphere pollution +Mb}70^  
噪音污染noise pollution ;D<;pW  
水体污染water body pollution 6n\){dkZ~  
土壤污染soil pollution hT% >)71  
生物污染biological pollution 09=w  
洗涤剂污染detergent pollution PB )vE  
石油污染oil pollution {*"\6 8e  
农药污染pollution by pesticides M}`T-"qf  
农药残留agricultural chemicals residue KuF>2KX~ Y  
化肥污染pollution by chemical fertilizer (ylZ[M&B:  
光污染light pollution y"iK)SH  
热污染thermal pollution Rsx?8Y^5  
放射性污染radioactive contamination Lie= DD  
污染指数pollution index '8LHX6FXK  
污染源pollution sources paUJq?Af  
污染物pollutant )"g @"LJ=  
一次污染物primary pollutant H|3CZ=U?  
二次污染物secondary pollutant 2gW+&5; 4  
无机污染物inorganic pollution bV:MOj^  
有机污染物organic pollution of'H]I Z  
公害public nuisance r@Xh8 r;  
工业“三废”industrial waste gas, waste water and waste solid matters gu1n0N`b  
水土流失soil erosion u&'&E   
沙漠化desertification Uo JMOw[  
臭氧层损耗ozone layer depletion G{.A5{  
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地板  发表于: 2011-03-22   
二、阅读篇 30h1)nQ$h}  
(一)考博阅读小技巧 ^Y^5 @ x=  
时间和分值分配: Rp.FG   
Review m A| "  
290 + 221 + 307 + 433 + 247 = 1498 9R|B 5.  
One hour/ five passageè1500words @TnAO8Q>XD  
12minutes/one passageè30-50words/m 7 P]Sc   
8%/one passage è40%/five passage =_d-MJy~6  
70-5%reading coverageè28points gain MP`WU}2  
考博英语阅读小技巧: m}nA- *  
1.中心思想是解—主题型、细节型的细节也是围绕中心的细枝末节 \8S HX  
2.隐蔽处有解—同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句、从句等 Gp))1b';  
3.不合理项不是解;无关项不是解;事实不是解—反其道而行之 }UHoa  
4.同义替换、词类转换等是解—照抄原文不是解 .:jfNp~jt  
5.含义不肯定的是解—can, could, may, usually, might, most, more or less, relatively, be likely to, whether or, not necessarily, dubious, hesitate, suggest…是解 HltURTb I  
6.潜在的是解—potential, trend, threat…是解 z/7"!  
7.未知的是解—unknown…是解 yO0 9NQ 5u  
8.相对的是解—绝对的不是解,如must, always, never, the most, all, only, any, none, entirely, absolute, 最高级等不是解 # FV`*G  
9.概括性的是解;—both, various, and, many, general, not only …but also,名词复数,系表结构等是解; pn2_ {8.  
10.抽象的是解—approach, concept, misconception, awareness, property, character, chance, opportunity等是解 $kk!NAW  
11.some是解—someone, somebody, something, someday, some time, certain(一些)等是解 y'pX/5R0  
12.重要是解—important, necessity, essential, significant, dominant, special, vital, particular, fundamental等是解 8fs::}0  
13.基础是解—basis, be based on, basic, in the nature, origin, originate等是解 ;/-#oW@gQ  
14.虚词型的是解—another, other, more, either, also, beside, additional, extra, same 等是解 RJZ4fl  
15.部分是解—nearly, not enough, part, inadequate等是解 EYF]&+ 9  
16.复杂的是解—(简单的非解) 含义矛盾的,中庸的,复合句,长的,比较结构,深刻含义,双重否定,三重否定,难的,different, separation, division, X and not X, instead of , complex, discuss, difficult是解 v:$Y |mh  
17.相互作用是解—interfere, effect, each other, affect, respond, adapt to, influence, compensate, associate with, relationship, cooperation, depend等是解 (1b%);L7  
18.变化是解—change, shift, vary, alter, variation, formation, no longer, delay, improve, postpone, increase, convert等是解 ceqYyVy  
19.积极向上是解—objective, new, inventive, 独出心裁的等是解 tvG/oe .1'  
20.主观是解—忽视,neglect, ignore, expect, speculate, suspect, overlook, overestimate, like, dislike等是解 6~v|pA jY  
c/E6}OWA  
2.答题流程: .J3Dk=/  
综上所述,我们可以制定出一个相对完美的答题流程: ~8G<Nw4*\  
①先看懂所有提问和选项的含义,划出关键词; %L$P']%t@  
②“即读即译”看短文,搜索关键词的同时注意转折、强烈语气词以及对复杂长句、超纲词的理解,没完全看懂的地方一定要做出记号(真我); jVpk) ;vC  
③做题,对应短文中的关键词处查找;如果有拿不准的选项,一定要在短文处和提问处前后对照,并且每一个选项一定要在文中找到证明其对错的直接依据。万万不能凭自己的主观臆断而不在文中查找直接依据(忘我),尤其是当你左右为难的时候千万不能草率的认定某项一定错,要前后多斟酌; N;6WfdA-  
④当选项或短文中不懂的生词难以理解、或选项难以用直接依据区分其细微差别的时候,这时可以运用实用技巧以及辅助技巧进行综合判断,以从另一个角度验证答案的正确性。 pJE317 p'  
这里应当注意的是: yegTKoY  
①必须养成一遍看懂全文的习惯,但应试时的“即读即译”以泛译为主,以理解为目的,在保证理解的前提下尽可能提高阅读的速度; Pc4FEH/  
②通常来说,细节对应于短文中具体的话语,概括题对应于中心句或全文的语气基调(体现为强烈语气词),即便要推论也只能从短文中的具体语句展开,而不能从“常识”展开; \'40u|f  
③不要陷入纯技巧的误区,只有在看懂全文的基础上技巧才有真正的用武之地。所以说即便是那些实用性更强的技巧也是为“直接依据”服务的,绝不能颠倒主次。技巧只是提升速度和增加准确率,但技巧本身不是速度,更不是准确率。 :#QYwb~  
(二)阅读理解的通用高分技能 -3<5,Q{G+  
阅读理解除了要求正确理解事实细节的能力外,还经常需要考生根据一定上下文对某些词汇的意义进行推断、根据所读材料理解文章隐含的意义和深层次的含义、归纳文章主题思想、通过概括得出结论、综合判断作者态度等,这就要求考生具备相应的阅读理解微技能,与考试密切相关的一些微技能包括词汇的理解、预测、判断、归纳和推理。 x1kb]0s<-  
词汇的理解 AhARBgf<  
  对于阅读中碰到的生僻词,我们首先要学会识别哪些情况下即使不了解词义也不影响对短文的理解;其次是转变对生僻词义认识上的态度,即在许多情况下不必了解该词的确切意义,尤其没有必要了解它在英汉辞典中的中文释义,而只需对该词词义的大概而笼统的理解就行。实践中,在确定了短文中哪些生僻词的词义有必要作一大概了解后,我们可以从以下两个角度来猜度词义: WeTsva+  
#`mo 5  
  (1) 构词知识 |mfQmFF  
  即利用单词的构词要素词根,前后缀来识记单词。 :,=no>mMx  
  词根是一个单词的根本部分,代表词的基本意义;前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分,通常也有一定含义;后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分,通常在增加词义的同时还改变词性。通过词根词缀构词的方式有多种,现简单归纳如下: l*]*.?m/5  
  ①前缀+词根:inter(中间)+vene→intervene(介入) rnVh ]xJ  
  ②词根+后缀:circl(圆)+let(小)→circlet(小环) '%`W y@  
  ③词根+词根:tele(远)+scope(镜)→telescope(望远镜) 8eSIY17  
  ④前缀+词根+后缀:in(不)+aud(听)+ible(可)→inaudible(听不见) +]Y&las  
  ⑤双前缀+词根:re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(盖)→rediscover(再发现) Y$ ;C@I  
  ⑥词根+双后缀:care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地) +QIM~tt)  
  ⑦前缀+双词根:tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(测量)→trigonometry(三角几何) "}]1OL SV  
  ⑧双词根+后缀:biblio(书)+phil(爱)+ist(人)→bibliophilist(书籍爱好者) #"a?3!wr  
  ⑨双前缀+词根+后缀:ir(不)+re(反对)+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的) gf2l19aP  
  前缀+词根+双后缀:se(离)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(种族隔离主义者) CwTx7 ^qa  
  双前缀+词根+双后缀:un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史无前例的) `&4L'1eF{  
#c'yAa  
  (2) 上下文线索 1@P/h#_Vr  
  利用上下文线索猜测词义的方法很多,但其核心是寻找与该生僻词相关的上下文意义线索,这些线索主要可归纳为以下几种: @~U: |h  
  ①同义定义 9loWh5_1Z  
为了便于读者理解作者本义,作者有时会对文中的生僻词或专业性较强的词直接给出定义。在下定义时,作者常使用一些信号词,如:is/are(called),means,can be defined as,refer to,is/are known as,signify等,例: a:Y6yg%1>  
E08FUAth]#  
  Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true. ^L+*} 4Dr  
  或标点符号,如——,()等,例: `Ff3H$_*  
  Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels. wP/&k`HQ#i  
  有时,作者用同位语形式或连词or给出定义,例: 6,G1:BV{K  
  Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollowgutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone. U>IllNd  
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big,complex types of brain——the types we find among the vertebrates,or backboned animals. |[CsLn;  
*$Z}v&-0k  
②近义复述 $]%;u: Sa  
同一短文中上下毗邻的句子通常有互释作用,我们可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词相关的信息来猜度词义。例: @ JZ I  
  Mr. and Mrs. Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine years before they got married. [!]a' T#x  
  Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt never stole money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future. -X'HZ\)  
`ky< *  
③反义对照 N#Y%+1  
在表示对照的上下文中,常包含有意义相反的词语或概念,这些意义相反的概念可以互为线索,帮助我们猜度词义。常有以下一些信号词:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on the contrary,on the other hand等。  7cr@;%#  
  例:Chimpanzees(猩猩) in the wild use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items. gD3s,<>o  
  Most dentists-offices are drab places,while Emilio’s new office is a bright,cheerful place. S(.AE@U  
K:Wxx "  
④搭配集合 X|q&0W=  
利用词与词的搭配或该词所出现的语境,我们也能推知词义的大概轮廓。例: T1m"1Q  
  People gathered to look. Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket(套,壳) of the radiator. vp? 87h  
  A man is watering his lawn just as an attractive,well dressed girl walked by. As he ogles her,he accidentally turns the hose on his ugly,dowdy wife. 9W:oo:dK F  
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⑤比较举例 X^ckTIdR  
上下文中的比较和举例,能揭示比较物或列举物之间的共性,我们可根据这些共性来推知有关词语的意思。例: N:GSfM@g  
  The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area. hEi]-N\X  
  Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. ']Gqa$(YC  
=.(yOUI  
⑥因果时间 Oi AZA<  
因与果、时间的先与后都是事物发展变化过程中的必然关系,在利用上下文推测词义时,这些关系也至关重要。例: ^q5~;_z|  
  Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. C93BK)$}  
  When Mark was in pedantic mood,he assumed the manner of a famous professor and gave long lectures on boring, insignificant topics. J( JsfU4  
R''nZ/R  
⑦常识 u\wdb^8ds  
包括我们的生活经历、经验常识以及自己专业方面的知识,在阅读到与自己专业相近的文章时,我们都会感到相对容易,这正是我们的专业知识在帮我们理解。例: d9>*a$x;/  
  An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity. n8UQIa4&=  
 An atomic clock is so precise that it can be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s relativity theories. BZejqDr*  
74Xk^  8  
对付难文的阅读需善于预测 T6m#sVq  
  在对付难文的阅读时,一定要善于在理解已知信息的基础上对随之可能出现的信息进行积极预测。预测时,应学会借助主题句、关联词语等篇章信息来提高预测的准确性。如,有一篇短文以这样一句开头: :Rv ?>I j  
  Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindness. Yet…这里根据表示转折的关联词Yet,预测到下面可能出现的是主题句,又必然要否定本句中许多人的观点,即snowblindness(雪盲)可能由glare from snow以外的其它原因引起。原文紧接着的是:Yet,dark glasses or not,they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes,and even snowblindness,when exposed to several hours of “snow light”. !l|v O(  
  据此主题,我们可以比较有把握地预测到下文将着墨于引起“雪盲”的真正原因,原文如下: T Po%zZo  
  The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather,a man’s eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing hour after hour,the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs,then is obscured,and the result is total,even though temporary,snowblindness. %E#OUo[y/  
  但预测不一定总是正确,它需要在继续阅读中予以肯定、否定或修正。上例中下文的内容与预测相近,表示理解过程正确。如预测与下文不一致,则可能:①对前面内容的理解有偏差;②据以预测的那部分语言信息可能有多种不同理解,因而可据以作出多种不同的预测。 5v <>%=  
  预测有顺向预测和逆向预测两种,上面提到的为顺向预测。所谓逆向预测,实为预测的一种特殊形式,应用于已知下文要推知上文的场合。阅读中积极运用顺向和逆向预测,除了上面谈到的能提高对文章的理解深度外,还可帮助我们读懂本来难以读懂的章节。 `Fa49B|`D  
1{ l18B`  
  判断 VeiJ1=hc  
  在阅读中,我们有时需要对文章内容的正误作出判断,有时需要借助上下文对个别词语的大意作出判断,有时需要根据关联,对上下文进行预测性判断,有时需要在综合分析的基础上,通过判断得出结论,有时还需要对作者语气态度、思想倾向等等作出判断。判断贯穿于阅读的全过程,也渗透在各种阅读微技能中。例: g?` g+:nug  
  (1) 判断推测句中omnivorous一词的大意 7?Q@Hj(:NT  
  She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader. DTmv2X  
  根据句中她“兴趣广”这一上文和被修饰的reader一词,可大概判断omnivorous具有“兴趣广、什么书都喜欢读”等含义。 i;Cs,Esnf  
K*iy^}  
  (2) 根据前文,判断下文 .{sKEVK  
  Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless… CvfX m  
  A) laziness can actually be helpful 88}+.-3t$  
  B) laziness is a sign of mental illness b~DtaGh  
  C) laziness is immoral and wasteful fm$eJu  
  D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy n][/c_]q  
  根据第一分句的语义倾向和Nevertheless一词,我们可得出这样的判断,即下文要谈的内容必然与之相反,即谈论Laziness也有其有利、肯定的一面,故A最有可能。 j.FA!4L  
S\fEV"  
  (3) 判断作者观点 lOIBX@K E  
  Which of the following statements was written by someone who prefers small cars to large ones? Ci%u =%(  
  A) Their excellent gas mileage and even their improved interior design notwithstanding,today’s compact cars simply fail to provide the feel a traditional motorist yearns for. r @C2zF7  
  B) They lack some of the size and even the character of the full-sized autos we were accustomed to; but today’s compacts more than make up for this with their excellent gas mileage. +./c=o/v  
  本题要求我们对A、B中哪种观点赞成小汽车做出判断。A句中主句对小汽车予以否定,句首对小汽车的肯定性陈述又被notwithstanding一词否定。答案是B,第一分句讲到小汽车的缺陷:缺乏大汽车的空间和气派;第二分句则认为小汽车的紧凑及其优秀的低耗油特征能远远弥补上述不足,前面以转折连词将作者观点转向第二分句。 Ow7NOhw  
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归纳是必须掌握的技能 50!/%  
  归纳是一种由特殊(个别)到一般的概括,从阅读理解角度说,所谓个别即具体细节,所谓一般即章节段落的大意或主题,归纳是由特殊细节推向一般主题的概括过程。我们可以 GC?X>AC:  
借助词的上下义关系来领会掌握并运用归纳这一方法。 KrO oxrDcp  
  (1) 句子的归纳 d:/8P985  
  A) Microwave ovens have eliminated many of the inconveniences previously associated with the preparation of meals. @L^Fz$Sx  
  B) Many foods can go directly from the freezer to the microwave oven without being defrosted. NGYliP,.6  
  C) Many microwave ovens can be pre-set to cook food while you are away from the kitchen. xlPUu m-o  
  D) The microwave oven has greatly reduced the amount of time it takes to cook a meal. TU ]Ed*'&  
  题中四句话都提到微波炉的好处,其中B、C、D 分别从方便、解冻、定时三个不同的方面具体讲述微波炉不同于传统炊具的优势,而A则从整体上覆盖了上述三句的内容,故A是对B、C、D的概括,上述分析、寻找最具概括意义之选项的过程即为归纳过程。推而广之,我们可用之于段落和短文主题的归纳。 ~wnTl[:  
}~P%S(zB  
  (2) 段落大意的归纳 JFaxxW  
  Although most universities in the United States are run on a semester system, which offers classes in the fall and spring, some schools observe a quarter system comprised of fall, winter, spring, and summer quarters. The academic year, September to June, is divided into three quarters of eleven weeks each beginning in September, January, and March, the summer quarter, June to August is composed of shorter sessions of varying length. Students may take advantage of the opportunity to study year around by enrolling in all four quarters, Most students begin their programs in the fall quarter, but they may enter at the beginning of any of the other quarters. @$FE}j_  
  A) Universities in the United States Y" 9 o  
  B) The Academic Year F#=XJYG1  
  C) The Quarter System [?3*/*V  
  D) The Semester System 4R!A.N9  
  本段由四个句子组成,各句大意分别为:1)有些学校实行四学期制;2)学年从9月至下年7月,前三个学期各长11周,夏季学期最短;3)学生可于任何学期注册入学;4)但大多数学生秋季入学。通过上述四句大意的归纳,可知本段落主要讲述美国大学的一种学期制,即Quarter System,答案为C。 "8K >Yu17  
;9r Z{'i+|  
  (3) 短文主题的归纳 *]2LN$  
  ①Proponents of father-attended childbirth assert that the father’s experience encourages him to develop a closer bond with his child… :T~Aa(%(  
  ②As a father of three teenagers from a previous marriage, one man compared his past experience as a new father to being in the delivery room during the birth of his newborn daughter… -_=0PW5{  
  ③Women report that they are much less anxious and more aware of what is going on when their husbands are with them when they give birth… pT]M]/y/:  
  A) The Father-Daughter Relationship ]D^dQ%{  
  B) Baby’s First View of Life `mPmEV<  
  C) Dad in the Delivery Room a2W}Wb+  
  文章共三段,分别给出了各段的主题句。第一段谈赞成女子分娩时丈夫陪在其身边的观点并认为这一经历有利于将来父子关系的发展;第二段从男子的角度谈妻子分娩时陪在其身边的感受;第三段则从女子自身的角度提到分娩时有丈夫在身边会感到踏实、放心。通过对三段主题句的综合概括,全文共同讨论的是:女子分娩时要不要未来的父亲候在产房,因此答案为C。 )/k0*:OMyO  
@k~?h=o\b  
考生需具有一定的推理能力 ) Kfk\  
  阅读除了需要理解文章的字面语义外,更需要透过字里行间领悟言外之意及作者的语气、态度,这就要求读者具有一定的推理能力。推理的前提就是阅读到的有关文字——可能是短语或句子或整个段落甚至整篇短文。读者必须由表及里、由此及彼,从字里行间悟出合乎作者本意的言外之意。推理的结果应是既来自于字里行间、又高于字里行间;既符合原文实际内涵,又超越实际内涵;既基于已知事实,又不仅仅是已知事实。 `NA[zH,w3  
  正确的推理要求: GF~^-5  
  1忠于原文,切忌用自己的观点取代作者原意; -oq!zi4:  
  2注意作者遣词造句的特点和倾向,客观推测作者立场、观点和写作意图; }C>Q  
  3由同一已知事实可推出不止一个正确的结论。 zi:F/TlUC  
  例:Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the less well-off section of the community, there is no evidence that economic circumstances have any causal relationship with street violence. KtJE  
  A) There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to street violence. J#Fe"  
  B) Not all the people in the community referred to are poor. Okk[}G)  
 C) There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from street viloence. 992;~lBu  
  D) All rioters come from the poorer section of the community. nPq\J~M  
本例中,只有A可由原文推知,其中Apart from所引述的正是经济环境与暴力的一种相关性;C否定了这一相关性,故与原文相悖;D与原句中“rioters tend to come from…”的原意不符:“往往”不等于“总是”;B则是原文第一部分的重述,不属推论。
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地下室  发表于: 2011-03-22   
三、写作篇 r0G#BPgdR  
q" wi.&|  
(一)考博作文练习与范文 p ALB[;9g  
,2JqX>On>Y  
1. For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic: Will Electronic Books Replace Paper Books? You should write at least 200 words and you should base your composition on the following outlines given in Chinese. g|<)J-`Q  
1) 有些人认为随着计算机技术的发展,电子书籍将取代现在的纸制书本 $Br^c< y  
2) 有些人认为书本的地位是不可替代的 *B }vYX  
3) 我的看法 37p0*%a":  
Recently there has been a heated discussion in a large newspaper on whether ordinary books will be replaced by electronic books. As this is a controversial question, Opinions vary from person to person. %fP^Fh   
Some people think the appearance of electronic books means the end of ordinary books. For a disk can store more than one book’s contents, and whatever information you want, this is to say, you can make your own disks. The cost is low, besides, it is easy and convenient to carry around. Whenever you are in need, just put it in a computer and read on the screen. In this sense to replace paper books seems the general trend. But if you print it out on a roll of paper, in this way, electronic books and ordinary books are intimately related. Even if a new development in software and hardware is attained, the basic principles of books will remain unchanged for a long time. So the others believe there is no need to worry about what will happen next. What is more, people are used to reading paper books, without which they will be in great trouble. CW\o>yh  
In my opinion, long exposure to a screen may strain our eyes. Various viruses may destroy and even eliminate what we need in storage. So complete replacement is impossible. I myself prefer reading a book to scanning a screen. I#eIm3Y?  
O RQGay  
2.Write an essay in no less than 2000 words in the topic “The Significance of History in Modern Times”. Your essay should be developed according to the following outlines. d\;M F  
1) History has a great impact on almost everything in modern times {J})f>x<xM  
2) Historian’s opinion on the history } Q1$v~  
3) Your opinion on history 0nx <f>n  
The significance of History on Modern TimesThere is a famous saying that history repeats itself. In fact, what our ancestors did or thought has great impact on almost everything in modern times, such as in the fields of science, are, economy, politics and so on. Some people even say that if there were no history, there would be no the world we have now. So it is of great significance to study how history plays its parts in modern times. I.x0$ac7  
Historians state that, history is, the foundation of the progress of the modern world. It’s easy to find that many achievements we have gained are usually based on what the previous generations dreamed of. pE `Q4:<A  
History has its impact on modern times not only in the scientific field, but also in the society. Open those thick books recording history, it is not difficult to find every new empire did the same thing to transform his country and new rulers that did not draw lessons from history, avoided what had already proved wrong. No one followed the defeated leader if he would like to remain in power. WY 2b   
In conclusion, no matter how we think about history, it always has its influence on the things we are doing now. Yet how it influences us rests with what we think of history. So it is of great significance to learn from history and to study its impact on our times. 4L!{U@ '  
A!^K:S:@  
3. Directions: In response to the call of “saving water resources” of the World Environment Day, the school asks you to write a proposal on “saving water”, which should include: YD@V2gK  
1) the importance and present situation of water resources /2'\ya4B  
2) the measures of saving water {h9#JMIA  
3) call on all the students of the school to save water "6Dz~5  
Water is of great importance to the whole world. Without water, there would be no plants or animals on the earth and human beings would not be able to live. Every day, we need water to drink, to wash and to produce certain things. But water resources are very limited. If we do not save water from now on, we and our child would be thirsty to death due to the lack of water. g?=B{V  
In our daily life, we should save as much water as possible. We should turn off the running water whenever we finish washing. We can recycle water as much as possible. For example, we can use recycled water to flush our toilets. ?9?0M A<[i  
If every one of us begins to save water now, we needn’t face the shortage of water in the future and our life would be more beautiful. If we don’t save water, we will be faced with the danger of having no water. Probably one day we will have only one drop of water, that would be our tear. ?\vJ8H[bD  
$Fr2oSTT)  
4. Directions: |:!0`p{R  
A. Title: Internationalization in Higher Education. ;/oMH/,U8  
B. Word limit: at least 200 words. O')Ivm,E  
C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below. bO2$0!=I  
1) 当前形势 [j93Mp  
2) 国际化给教育的启示 5j ]}/Aq  
3) 你的建议 <S\S @3  
Internationalization in Higher EducationSince China entered the WTO last year people all over China have been still faint with excitement. Meanwhile, those who work in the field of higher education are also showing their, concern over the issue of internationalization in higher education. As the president of Huazhong University of Science and Technology says, “Hold high the great banner of internationalization and build up our university into one of the first-class universities both in China and in the world.” all the faculty in HUST will take pains to have more prosperous development in the next several decades. 8kMMQES  
It is estimated that the internationalization-oriented program will have a great impact on the development of higher education. First, the program will invest more funds to develop several advanced subjects and laboratories. Second, more teachers will be sent abroad to have further study in order to keep abreast of the newest development in the world. Last but not least, the program will further employ well-trained personnel from abroad and encourage Chinese students studying overseas to return home and work in China. #G*z{BRQ  
As has been mentioned above, the internationalization of higher education will bring universities into a brand new stage. But we should keep a clear mind when we are carrying out the internationalization-oriented programs. In my opinion, the governments, both the central government and governments at all levels, should increase their input in education to renew and improve the current teaching facilities. In addition, the National Education Ministry should formulate relevant and supporting policies to attract excellent scholars from abroad. I rest assured that the internationalization-oriented programs of higher education will let teachers and students get benefits in the end. vjXvjv{t  
v11mu2  
5. Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled “Should Children Get Their Education Abroad?” of no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines for each paragraph. -CL7^  
1) Present situation .7) A8R7Wt  
2) Different attitudes to towards this issue :=i0$k<E/  
3) Your suggestion q1?2 U<  
Nowadays more and more parents are showing their concern about sending their children abroad to get education. The recent statistics shows that the number of teenage Chinese students going abroad has been growing at a rate of around 40 percent. Should children get their education abroad? QT|mN  
Different people towards this issue differ. Some argue that studying abroad at a young age is necessary, while others maintain that going abroad too early is not good for children’s growth. The former takes the view that overseas study can avoid fierce competition in China for college admission. More important, overseas study can bring about higher returns such as a high income and a high social status. But the latter asserts that elementary and secondary education in China is as good as that in developed countries. By contrast, children going abroad will face big problems such as psychological adaptability and language barrier. So there is no need for parents to send their children abroad at a young age. |Cen5s W&  
In my opinion, the phenomenon of teenage students studying abroad reflects the drawbacks of China’s current school system and education mode. There fore, I suggest that China should work out more ways to keep students at home. For instance, foreign name brand universities may be allowed to run school or their branches in China. I rest assured that in this way, high-level education and good experience may be introduced and win-win result may be achieved. w:umr#  
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6. Directions: cA/2,i  
Title: On Honesty and Moral Integrity in Talent Market I) Y$?"  
Word limit: at least 200 words g` h>:5]  
Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below. .qVdo+M%F  
1) the current situation in talent market LZoth+:  
2) the hazards made by fake well-trained personnel G+ % ZN  
3) the counter-measures mR0@R;,p  
On Honesty and Moral Integrity in Talent MarketWith the advent of new phase of the knowledge-based economy, the terms of “crisis of credibility”, “honesty and moral integrity” and “talent market” have already begun to creep into our popular vocabulary. We have noticed the fact that the crises of credibility not only occur in the fields of fake commodities, cheating advertisements, etc., but also appear in the talent market, with which fake diplomas, counterfeit degrees, and false resumes are flooded. &[Sw:{&*jv  
There are many hazards caused by fake well-trained personnel, but I think the main three ones are as follows: First, the values can be confused. Some people will lose their judgments which is right or wrong. Second, the academic corruption will result in the collapse of social spirit. Last but not least, creative personnel cannot be fostered in such a situation flooded with fake diplomas and counterfeit degrees. k~q[qKb8y:  
As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that some counter-measures should be taken in no time. For example, a social service system of discriminating real things from false ones should be established. We need to effectively improve social credibility and gradually develop moral standards throughout society based on honesty and moral integrity. In addition, Legal education should be strengthened and the awareness of laws among all citizens should be raised. Only by taking these effective measures can honesty and moral integrity be rooted in our talent market and more and more well-trained personnel be sprung up. #); 6+v  
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7. Write a short composition of about 200 words on the topic given below: ;ib~c,  
Topic: Education and the Market pixI& iQ  
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Sample 1 6C3y+@9  
As the socialist market economy in China is expanding, education is becoming more closely related to the market. In a broad sense, all the modern society is based on the oriented-economy. As part of the society, education cannot be separated from the market. It can be said, without the former, there would be no “the latter”, for the training of professionals in different fields and the development of scientific technology depend on education. Therefore, it is generally believed that education serves the market, and the latter, in turn, supports the former: market’s need and market’s finance are the bloodline of schools. N\Hd3Om  
The reason for education to enter the market is obvious. As a developing country, China is not likely to invest a huge amount of money in education in the near future. Education has to turn to the market to find its own way. It is important to note that teachers’ way of production is to teach and train students. The students’ knowledge is an invisible product. In addition, their services to students and to enable students to be more competitive in job hunting. 'PO1{&M  
The 21st century is an information age. Computer dominates the whole world. Information becomes commodity. The same is true of the other fields of knowledge, as computer is a combinations of arts and science. What is more, students enter the talent market, so it is a matter of course for education enter the market. A{c6XQR~z  
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Sample 2 Z7f~|}  
With the advent of the socialist market economy in China, the terms “market economy”, “talent market” and “knowledge-based economy” have begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. No one can deny the fact that education is becoming more closely related to the market. The more education develops, the more prosperous the market will be. K3Xy%pqR#  
In my opinion, there are several reasons for education to enter the market, but the main reason is as follows. As a developing country, China is not likely to invest a huge amount of money in education in the near future. Education has to turn to the market to find its own way. For instance, universities should be run not only by the country but also by the individuals or enterprises. Private universities can let more high school students have higher education and offer more chances fore more people to be employed. More important, private universities will challenge the public universities in order to be survived. As a result, elite universities will be built because of intense competition. !PQRlgcG  
As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that education should enter the market. With the help of market, education can be developed faster and more and more high-quality talents will be trained and serve the society. In a word, education and market are a textbook marriage. DMf9wB  
0SDCo\  
8. Directions: Z6*RIdD>  
Title: On Continuing Education x[?_F  
Word limit: at least 200 words es6e-y@e  
You composition should be based on the OUTLINE below. V*TG%V -  
1) The current situation L{Th>]X  
2) The purposes of continuing education NKGCz|- 9  
3) Your attitude P*LcWrK  
On Continuing EducationWith the rapid development of science and technology, more and more people are showing their concern over the issue of continuing education. Some people think about the matter very simplistically. They only want to get a diploma. While most knowledge required to perform responsibly in the chosen career. Mfz5:'  
There are at least five purposes of people’s continuing education. The first of these is to stay in touch with developments in professional knowledge. The second is to keep up with changes in the relevant basic disciplines. The third aim is to master new ideas about the nature of the profession itself. The fourth purpose of career-oriented continuing education is to prepare the individual for changes in his or her career. The last but not the least is to continue growing as a well-rounded person. Z/I!\  
So far as I am concerned, I will seek any opportunity to have a further study. I understand that it is not a simple task to design a through program of continuing professional education. Furthermore, such a program cannot be carried out in a short space of time. As an English proverb says, “Live and Learn.” I rest assured that we can cultivate ourselves in being good citizens if we continue to have education. UkYQ<MNO  
;'Y?wH[  
9. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 40 minutes to write a composition of no less 200 words under the title of “Oh Holiday Economy”. Your composition should be based on the following outline. e Jwr  
1) 假日经济的出现 X-duG*~  
2) 假日经济有哪些特点 >YW>=5_  
3) 你的看法 _+. t7q^  
On Holiday Economy >}I}9y+  
Holidayeconomy has been on the horizon since in 1999 the central government decided to have long holidays for the National Day and the Labor Day. Obviously, long holidays have brought about the emergence of holiday economy in China, especially in those holiday and seaside resort areas. \x+DEy'4;5  
In terms of holiday economy, there are several characteristics to be mentioned. The first main characteristic is going traveling. Many people, both urban residents and rural farmers, take advantage of the long holidays to relax by going out. Some even go traveling abroad. The second consuming phenomenon is going shopping. Every day during the holidays you can see that the shopping centers have more customers than ever. Among the youth, there is another fashion consumption, that is, buying small gifts and fresh flowers for their lovers or friends. In addition, holiday economy has offered a huge commercial opportunity to the service industry such as restaurants, hotels, housekeeping, traffic and telecommunication. %MIu;u FR  
So far as I am concerned, the long holiday indeed urges people to spend their money. In the viewpoint of economics, holiday economy is virtually a kind of leisure economy, which shows that we have stepped into a phase of leisure consumption instead of a phase of survival consumption. i" )_M|   
[0}471  
10. Title: On Olympic Economy P]TT  
Word limit: at least 2000 words s%:fB(  
Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below. _c&*'IY[V  
1) Definition of Olympic Economy |B n=$T]  
2) Prospect for Olympic economy in Beijing and in China 4/jY;YN,2  
3) Your conclusion k`t'P6 bU  
On Olympic EconomyOlympic economy has been on the horizon since Beijing succeeded in winning the bid for hosting the Olympic Games in 2008. In terms of the Olympic economy, it refers to both direct and indirect profits made through hosting the games. :b>|U"ux  
There are several prospects for Olympic economy in Beijing and in China to mentioned. The first main prospect is that the world will know Beijing and even the other places of China much better. The second prosperous aspect is that the Olympic games till bring immeasurable commercial opportunities to Beijing and China. By that period, besides watching sports games, many visitors will stay in hotels, pay a visit to historical places, buy traditional Chinese handcraft. The last but not the least prospect is that apart from the influence on the economy, the Beijing Olympic Games will have effect on other aspects, including people’s aspiration for national property and their peaceful lives, as well as political stability. RgO 7> T\  
While there are a lot of prospects for the Olympic economy, its drawbacks should not be neglected. For one thing, many people concern whether the Government has the financial ability to give consideration to the large investment. For another, if the government can offer the large investment, there is still a problem many people are worrying: whether the huge investment can make corresponding economic returns. In a word, we are looking forward the coming of the Olympic Games, and we are pinning hopes on economic opportunities brought by the Olympic economy. 9t[278B6  
2eK\$_b_  
11. Directions: !G,$:t1-=V  
Title: What I can do for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games J'EK5=H  
Word limit: at least 200 words =6dKC_Q  
What I can do for the Beijing 2008 Olympic GamesSince Beijing won the bid for holding the 2008 Olympic Games on 13 July, 2001, people all over China, including those Chinese who reside abroad, have been still faint with excitement. Meanwhile, they are also showing their concern over the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. As the three main themes of the bid go well: “Green Olympic, human Olympic and technological Olympic”, Beijing will take pains to have more prosperous development in the next seven years. w?*KO?K  
As a Chinese, what can I do for the 2008 Olympic Games? Many Chinese people are posing the question like this these days. As far as I am concerned, there are many things to do but the main three things I can do are as follows: First, I will actively go in for exercises or sports in order to keep fit. Second, I will work hard and foster myself to be a rounded person. Last but not least, I, together with all the Chinese people, will try to enhance the environmental quality, and strictly perform the responsibilities and obligations stipulated in the national environmental laws and regulations. P=@lkF!\#  
In a word, there is every reason that Beijing, as a hosted city, will succeed in holding the Olympic Games in 2008. I rest assured that the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be a unique games in the history of the Olympic Games. <7 rK  
K8 Y/XEK  
(二)考博英语写作 oD7H6\_  
Rf^cw}jU  
一、写作模式 pd1m/ :  
(一)文章开头 85fDuJ9$Z"  
● 描绘图表 s,v#lJ]d0W  
1. According to the above table, we can see that … 5{a( +'  
2. As can be seen from the graph, … StL[\9~:  
3. From this survey of … we can see that… !VHIl&Mos  
4. In accordance with the statistics given by the chart, … \k=Qq(=  
5. At a glimpse of the picture, it gives me an impression of … But when I look at the picture once more, I get to know more from the picture. It is shown that … {t:N D  
6. At first glance, … seems … However, a closer examination reveals … PQ]9xzOg[  
● 问句开头,激发兴趣 K)+l6Q  
1. Why …? Many people pose the question like this. D.o|($S0  
2. “Should men and women be equal?” This is a question much talked about by people all over the world. Today … aTm.10{^  
3. “…?” This particular question is being raised by an ever increasing number of people. =)YYx8gR  
● 列出现象或背景 mv.I.EL  
1. These days we often hear about … Bqi2n'^O2  
2. We are often shown/told these days that zjS:;!8em  
3. Many nations have been faced with the problem of … } XU:DE  
4. Recently the problem/question/issue of … has aroused wide concern. :"^< aLj  
5. With the popularity of …, … .K1E1Z_  
6. Nowadays there has been a growing tendency to … dO;vcgvb  
7. Nowadays more and more people are showing their concern over … =k= 2~ j  
8. With the advent of the new phase of knowledge economy, the terms “…” “…” and “…” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. rOH W  
9. There is a deep-rooted concept in the minds of many people that … B 9Q. s  
● 引用名人名言,给文章增色 &[Zap6]  
1. An old Chinese saying goes well: “A stern teacher fosters able students.” _ 1> 4Q%  
2. Nothing is permanent except change, as an old proverb goes. p}DF$k%`  
3. Good health is the best treasure to everybody. There is the saying: “Good health is the best wealth.” ]MLLr'6?  
4. Enough is as good as a feast. P&3/nL$9N  
5. More haste, less speed. >X,Ag  
6. It’s never too old to learn. Gi2ad+QH-  
7. Rome was not built in a day. >^f)|0dn)E  
8. All roads lead to Rome. |id79qY7g  
9. Great minds think alike. UxcDDa/j2T  
10. Well begun, half done. _#D\* 0J  
11. Money makes the mare go. +%qSB9_>N{  
12. Practice makes perfect. a!y,!EB+Qu  
13. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. T[XP\!z]B!  
14. A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. "gvw0)  
15. Look before you leap. B+e_Y\B u  
16. A. friend in need is a friend indeed. nN`Z0?  
17. Two heads are better than one. X ' #$e{  
18. Easier said than done. q_]   
19. Where there is a will, there is a way. $J hZ'Z  
20. “Knowledge is power.” ]fADaw-R  
21. “No pains, no gains.” rbK#a)7  
22. “The early bird catches the worm.” : \:~y9X0  
23. Different strokes for different folks. B221}t  
24. All work and no play will make Jack a dull boy. :q>oD-b$}  
25. Give me a fish and I’ll eat for a day; teach me how to fish and I’ll eat for a life time. EID)o[<  
26. Live and let live. 6A$_&?  
27. Time and tide wait for no man. RO%tuU,-  
(二)扩展段写法 Wj4^W<IO  
● 因果法 ;5D @kS^  
因:证明论点的理由;果:要证明的论点。 +f X}O9  
根据某事物的原因→推导结果;根据某种结果→分析原因。 MvZ+n  
常用的连接语:because, since, now that, because of, as a result of, on account of, for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, therefore, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of … 8|5Gv  
1. There are many reasons for this but the main three are as follows: First, … Second, … Last but not least, … {UdcX~\~  
2. The reasons why … are as follows: (ET ;LH3  
3. The apparent reason for this is …, and the reason under the surface is …表面原因是…,而其深层原因是… U0h )pdo  
4. The reasons for … are many, but for the most part center …, …, and … N)y^</ Ya  
● 列举法 hJw |@ V  
通过列举几方面的事实使读者相信或接受作者的意见。 "ep`  
常用的连接语:first, second, last but not list, first of all, to begin with, firstly, secondly, finally, what is more, next, then, after that, thus :BL'>V   
1. For one thing, for another lL(p]!K'  
2. The first thing we do is … next, and then, finally … G2CZwm{/f  
3. First, second, third, … last but not least … W;Ud<7<;Z  
4. Firstly, secondly, thirdly … Finally, … q+A<g(Xu  
5. There are many ways to categorize …, but here is a fairly simple one: L$Hx?^3  
6. The following methods are particularly productive for … 1. … 2. … 3. .… SON ^CvMs{  
7. Another important consideration is … xSpMyXrQ  
8. What is more, … Mx O W)$f  
(三)文章结尾 xm<v"><  
● 结论 T} n N=Q4  
1. From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably draw a conclusion that … ?^%YRB&  
2. Therefore, we can come to a conclusion that … "gXxRHTX  
3. Thus, it can be concluded that … |d,F-9 iw  
4. In a word, it is important … #4vV%S   
5. To sum up, … J[ e}  
6. In short, … !oZQ2z~  
7. All in all … R%>jJ[4\[  
8. As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that … W|)GV0YM  
9. In my opinion, Mw/?wtW  
10. So far as I am concerned, iuiAK  
11. From this point of view, … <RhOjZgyZ  
12. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that … OENzG~  
h/,R{A2mO  
二、常用单词与表达 Z;ZuS[Z A  
1. 社会热点 *8z"^7?^=  
Z}|TW~J=  
after-sale service xC<=~(  
comprehensive force of the country 0CT}DQ._^N  
exterior environment O`cdQu  
government at all levels dVa!.q_3  
joint venture e"]"F{Q  
medical care  ?N:B  
peace and stability of society G3G/ xC"  
problem of piracy Nwgu P  
shareholding enterprise 9X(Sk%  
state-owned enterprise fV 3r|Bp  
to eliminate corruption aS el* L  
development of the west n|WfaJQZ  
Hope Project uS~#4;R   
China’s elite ',GV6kt_k  
collectively-owned enterprise R~)ybf{  
copy-right law q(78fZ *X  
fake commodities -;$nb~y  
high-tech products KF_?'X0=  
laid-off workers E!zX)|Z<  
migrant workers z Ct\o  
poverty-ridden provinces L7]]ZAH!1  
re-employment g5i#YW  
social security [>f]@>  
to do away with superstitions /%!~x[BeJ>  
to go bankrupt obO}NF*g^  
the aid-the-poor program 2:Q(Gl`<l  
Spring Buds Program LEZ&W ;bCo  
persons of the year for 2004 \7Qb229?  
\:Za[6  
2. 学习与考试 ,X68xk.'  
w~|1Wd<v  
adapt oneself to society "k:=Y7Dx  
college entrance examination G(/D tY]  
compulsory education !77NG4B  
dissertation .IgRY\?Q  
education for test qM",( Bh  
optional courses n-J2/j  
to acquire (gain, get) knowledge kccWoU,  
to foster a good habit of learning +&5' uAe  
to get the all-round moral, intellectual, physical development F PR`tE  
to have a good command of English [&#/|zH'j:  
to keep abreast of the newest development rjk( X|R*  
to take pains to learn to widen knowledge  &;c>O  
mentor =:=/Gz1  
To popularize the 9-year compulsory education O=}g 4c  
the reduction of schoolwork -Q"hZ9  
affluent Chinese people tg\|?  
A diverse large of interest )8,|-o=  
along with the accumulation of the gradually QkQ!Ep(  
enriched experience 28I^$> [  
an open-book examination S,jZ3^  
compulsory courses n p9 dM  
diploma [ f/I2  
education for quality >IfV\ w32  
after-class activities ]a'99^?\  
on campus li oc`C:  
post-graduate education 0~Gle:  
to enrich experience Fc6iQ  
to get in touch with the world outside g>JLDQdc  
qualities that go to the making of a college student ?-)I+EAnE  
to have a working knowledge of English ==N{1gO]  
to receive further education p@ NaD=9  
to take part-time jobs to work as tutors oUZoj2G1  
to give priority to study EgjR^A1W2  
Academician 3uWkc3  
well-heeled Chinese 49H+(*@v@  
draw lessons from history #W>QY Tp  
pay close attention to bits (指风行一时的电影、歌曲) (V:E2WR  
lay a sound basis for continuous development baV>N[F&  
]6r;}1c  
3. 工作与生活 g4p  
 as yZe  
on-the-job 'a6<ixgo0  
decent dwelling places : Qt  
equal pay for equal work l 7H qo)  
leisure time / P|fB]p  
last resort <7SpEVQ  
mass media )Z 9E=%  
on a diet d\{>TdyF  
outdoor sports JF&$t}  
personnel administration >@xrs  
phone booth \>LnLH(  
press conference 2WX7nK;I  
public opinion c #-U%qZ  
put somebody on an equal footing `nM/l @  
scenic spots X+L) -d  
spiritual and material life (wDm*bZ*  
summer resort ]^':Bmq  
the root of all evil [[PEa-992  
to book tickets m(RXJORI  
to do sight-seeing r.3/F[.  
to dress simply +zXEYc  
to get enjoyment kB?al#`  
knowledge and relaxation from hobbies 4wC+S9I#E^  
to have an outing i1H\#;`$  
to keep fit/healthy j83p)ido  
to make life colorful 5N%93{L  
to make each day count }|PY!O  
to observe traffic regulations nF6q7  
to play musical instrument wP[t0/dl  
to put on/lose weight !Mi;*ZR  
traffic jam Q+g!V5'  
week days & weekend *OuStr \o  
J7r|atSk  
4. 环境与资源 !9Aaj<yxm  
vAyFmdJ^  
automobile exhaust v) vkn/:  
birth control _.L4e^N&UO  
disturb the balance of nature w)Covz'uf  
fire prevention z5)s/;Sc  
food shortage \&H nKhI  
greenhouse effect JV;OGh>  
ozonosphere 5nsq[Q`  
to preserve the environment rETRTp0HT  
baby boom #dM9pc jh  
cause the extinction of plants and animals G "73=8d  
energy crisis "~D]E7Q3y  
food chain lsJnI|  
fresh water ;[fw]P n  
natural resources _c XqAo  
population explosion r/SG 4  
to threaten man’s survival 3YVi" k?2  
:_O%/k1\@  
5. 科学与技术 [7[0^ad  
>%wLAS",w  
computer games 电子游戏 ,T2G~^0  
cosmic space 宇宙空间 ^Vpq$'!  
Internet 英特网 8 XU1 /i7N  
log on 上网 {7)st W  
to do on-line 在线 V3"=w&2]K  
to do space exploration 从事空间探索 kXf'5p1  
to program the computer 编程 uuQ(&  
computer virus 电脑病毒 W VI{oso#  
internet 互联网 +(h\fm7*-  
cyberspace 网络空间 rnF/H=I/  
information highway 信息高速公路 ll C#1  
to do scientific research 从事科学研究 }5hqD BK?  
to launch rockets and spaceships 发射火箭和宇宙飞船 )BwjZMJ.N  
to revitalize the country through science and education 科教兴国 ndkti5L,   
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5楼  发表于: 2011-03-22   
(三)考博英语范文9篇 sashzVwJ-=  
博士生入学英语考试协作部分试题说明 D/Mi^5H)  
根据教育部1992年颁布的《研究生英语教学大纲》(以下简称大纲《大纲》 ,.7*Hpa  
的要求:“非英语专业博士研究生英语入学水平原则上应达到或高于硕士生的通过水平。” Ipf =ZD  
《大纲》中对硕士生的写作要求是“掌握基本写作技能(如文章结构、段落展开和起承转合等),能按具体要求,在一小时内写出250词左右的短文,正确表达思想,语意连贯,无重大语言错误。”、 eb=D/  
hX=A)73(  
第一部分 写作文的要求及考试中普遍存在的问题 i~{Ufi  
一 考试要求 tQBR A/  
1.文章内容切题。审题准确,不跑题。 J% ,*is EL  
2.表达清楚。语言简洁、准确、说理清楚,读者能从作文内容清楚理解作者写作意图。 -$dXE+&   
3.意义连贯。 文字连贯、层次分明、意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定的技能,包括较强的语感,遣词造句能力和文章谋篇布局的组织能力; zc;|fHW~O  
4.语言规范。符合英语表达的习惯、语法错误较少、语言基本功扎实,最终避免中式英语。 BBtzs^C|  
%y@H h=  
附:18 分样卷 orjj' +;X  
Topic:With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint. ~x ]jB  
t({W [JL  
With China’s entry into WTO, she is facing a lot of chances and challenges in many aspects. As far as talents are concerned, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, especially for higher-level talents. In order to adapt this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate education system. WjlZ6g2i  
In my opinion, we must make some reform and adjustment in graduate education system in many aspects as follows. First of all, from the view of the government, it must adjust its policy of using talents, especially higher-level talents. For example, it may provide many privileges for them. /\4'ddGU  
Secondly, for the viewpoint of the universities, they should adjust their constructure of curriculum. They should pay more attention to the cultivation of graduate’s capability. They should take effective measures to direct their educational goal from exam-oriented education to education for all-round development. Finally, as far as personnel is concerned, a student should pay more attention to the learning of all kinds of knowledge to meet the needs of society. j 4^97  
In a word, it is high time that we reformed the graduate education system. If we do not make some changes in the graduate education system, we may be failure in the international competition. So we must reform our graduate education system. (219 words) pLLGus+W  
点评:该文紧扣主题,结构严谨,内容充实,语言流畅,句式变化多样。虽有个别小错,但英语表达能力较强,长度符合要求。 j4cwI90=  
Yi$vg  
万能框架 U G~ba  
W7 #9jo  
As is well known to all of us, … Take …for example, it’s … for the … to… But when… =g|IG [V  
<gQIq{ B?  
gk0(ANx  
On the other hand, there do exist some… that… They are making all possible means to … and trying their best to… Compared with what those… , It’s a pity that… And what’s more, with the deepening and furthering of our country’s opening and reforming, more… are allowed to… With China entering the WTO, … are also permitted to … If still blind to this, the … is sure to … So, it’s urgent and essential for … to analyze… more rationally and macroscopically. It must keep in mind that … should never be unheard. ! q M=a3  
RT.D"WvT  
-)RH5WGS  
Although the condition is unsatisfactory now, with the awareness of the …and all the society efforts, improvement and an even brighter future are not only possible but also inevitable. +P cmJ  
@ CZ  T  
二 历年考试中存在的典型问题分析 Jc|6&  
不会审题,偏离主题。汉语思维,逐字翻译。常见考生用汉语构思文章,同时将汉语句子硬译成英语。用词搭配不当。词汇量小,表达困难,拼写错误。句法逻辑关系混乱。例如:Our English class often told stories.正确的应是:Stories are often told on our English class. f]\CD<g3|E  
6.不会用关联词转承上下句和段落。关联词即过渡词,使用过渡词,可使上下句子和段落合理衔接,承上启下,使表达合乎逻辑,常见过渡词如as far as, however, well, though, in spite of 。 Is{KN!Hw  
语法错误。主要表现为:分不清及物与不及物动词,例如:rise,raise;hear, listen被动语态和主动语态的误用,例如: interesting和interested词类混淆,将动词或形容词误用作名词,将名词或动词误用作形容词,例如:benefit 和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure 和pleased等。 1ke g9]  
混淆可数名词和不可数名词,例如:help,practice等。冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误,例如: aEnglish book, should did, must done 等。 &QGdLXOn  
T<55a6NoK  
三.如何写出漂亮的文章 \ywXi~+kUv  
文章要内容切题,表达清楚,意思连贯,语言比较规范。这就要求考生在写作时,把握如下方面:  wv\w;'  
统一性(Unity)内容切题,实际上就是要求文章统一性。所谓统一性,就是指短文必须围绕着主题扩展,不能多中心。统一性表现在句子、段落和篇章三个层次上。我们写汉语文章的要求是首先不能跑题,实际上就是对统一性的要求。 Vp3ZwS  
连贯性(Coherence)指句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的衔接要自然通畅,主要体现在文章的逻辑发展顺序和过渡词语的运用上。 >U]C/P[+  
逻辑顺序按照时间先后,或空间位置的相互关系,我们可以写出眉目清晰、符合逻辑的段落或文章。叙述文体多采用时间顺序,描写文体中空间顺序更常见。高潮形成系指按照其重要性或严重性安排各个发展点(指段落)或发展段(指文章)的顺序,这种语篇发展方法在描写、叙述、说明和议论文中均常出现。英语语篇的逻辑顺序安排一般是先谈最次要的内容,继而谈较为重要的内容,最后再谈最重要的内容,从而形成文章高潮。 ecCr6)  
过渡词语的运用—— 语篇的外在连贯手段有时,单靠逻辑上的连贯对英语语篇来说是很不够的,因而过渡词语的运用必不可少。汉语的连贯属于“意合”,英语的连贯属“形合”,而借助过渡词语取得语篇的连贯是形合法最突出的特点。所以,在英语文章内,诸如等过渡词语特别多。它们的运用挑明了句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的关系,使文章更加显得连贯。由于受汉语“意合”的影响,中国学生常忽略过渡词语的运用。所以中国学生在进行英语写作时必须对此给以足够的重视。 =Q+= f  
语言规范语言的规范涉及面广。小至遣词造句,大到语篇结构,无不体现语言使用的质量。根据近年博士生入学英语考试的作文试卷统计,许多考生未熟练掌握造句技能甚至不能保证单词拼写正确、句子无重大语法错误。因此要多读多看英语报刊和原著,从中学习语言用法,没有仔细阅读过、理解过的东西千万不要在作文中使用,切忌中国式英语。、、 ](wvu(y\E  
7]||UuF<  
第二部分范文 }}>q2y  
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1. The information marketplace and our life d\ 1Og\U|A  
Nowadays, people from all walks of life and from every corner of the world can not escape the influence of the information marketplace. 9Bw|(J  
Admittedly, technology has benefited millions of people and it is hard to think of an area of modern life that is not, in some way, related to the development of information marketplace. Take our everyday life as an example. Watching various programs from TV and surfing the internet via computer have enabled us the access to the latest news and development in every aspect of life, as well as entertainment and relaxation. The software like QQ, MSN or E-mail has provided us with the most convenient and prompt ways to communicate with our relatives and friends even if they are far away from us. The digital camera is a fantastic appliance to record the memorable moments and wonderful sceneries. What’s more, E-education, with flexible schedules, customized content and hybrid teaching models, have speeded up training and benefited numerous people who are eager to enlarge their scope of knowledge. ^wc"&;=c|  
Fascinating as the information marketplace is, it also has some disadvantages. The advent and prevalence of the Internet, to some extent, deprive some people of fundamental real-life communicative skills. The majority of the younger generation have become techno-junkies who would interact with the world merely via their computer screens. A great many students are addicted to computer games, for which they pour all their pocket money and even play truant. In addition, people nowadays rely too much on the internet to seek for solutions and guidance, so they tend to be rather lazy and reluctant to rack their brains. A doctor even cannot diagnose a patient without depending on lab tests or medical equipment. What’s worse, some malignant hackers would apply viruses to take advantage of our private and secret information to make a fortune. 37|&?||  
Judging from the above-mentioned facts, we can come to the conclusion that the information marketplace is a two-edged sword which has influenced our lives in a both comprehensive and profound way. There are two things that we should be aware of. For one thing, it is high time that we took all the necessary measures to battle against hackers and guarantee the security on the web. For another, it is necessary for us to realize that computers are merely our servants, not masters. R)RG[F#   
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2. On Sustainability in China o8-^cP1  
According to its definition, the purpose of sustainable development is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Actually, sustainability is of vital importance in China and is too urgent for us to ignore. The reasons are as follows. I/L_@X<*r  
To start with, we cannot develop economy rapidly by sacrificing the environment and the benefits of our offspring. Nowadays, deforestation has led to water loss and soil erosion, which has deprived peasants of the fields to plant and made fertile farmland desert. What’s more, people’s awareness of environmental protection and sense of cultural conservation fall behind the development of tourism, which has accelerated the degradation of some cultural and natural sites. However, if we reduce the use of disposable commodities and plant more trees, the world will become a more beautiful and prosperous habitat. ;[ u%_  
In addition, the deterioration of the equality of the environment threatens the existence of mankind. There are few places in China today that have not been spoiled by industrial development and pollution. The air we breathe is more often than not polluted by the smoke from factory chimneys and the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles, while chemical waste poisons our rivers, lakes and seas. We cannot deny the fact that human beings are deliberately destroying nature, and in turn, will be severely punished by nature. ),ma_{$N  
The only way out is to carry out the strategy of sustainable development. Therefore, both the government and ordinary people should join hands to keep ecological balance and make this world a better place to live in, not only for ourselves, but also for future generations. The best solution is to resort to sustainable development, and advocate green consumption and an ecological lifestyle while we are making socialist construction and promoting our economy. Environment-friendly architectures and transportation systems should be adopted to build a sustainable society. Besides, we can take full advantage of high science and technology to improve the work efficiency without wasting too many natural resources, or to explore new energies such as solar power. Only in these ways can we live in harmony with nature and enhance sustainable development. Gr^E+#;  
_;UE9S%  
3. What Would Happen if No Attention Is Paid to The Environmental Protection aM:nOt" S1  
With the development of our society, people want more convenience and comfort. Some European countries such as Switzerland and Sweden can be taken as good examples. _q{c##K f  
However, our environment has been seriously polluted. Many factories or farmlands not only polluted themselves but also bring about pollution to the whole society. Sewage water, poisonous gases and waste mineral material are now destroying our environment. twlk-2yT!  
Facing the situation, I think, we must be aware of the long-lasting consequences of our actions. Strict laws must be imposed to punish those who pollute the environment. What is more important is for everybody to realize that only when we have a clean environment can we develop our economy in a healthy and sustainable manner for the future generations. S7L=#+Z  
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4.On University Tuition System in China T 3pmVl  
Tuition system has become one of the hottest topics in China since it was put into effect. Different people have different opinions on it. P:aJ#  
Some people think that there is no university in the world which is open to students without tuition. As far as China is concerned, it is a developing country with the largest population in the world. The government is unable to allocate enough funds to pay for various teaching facilities and many different kinds of expenses. One of the ways to relieve the problem is for students to pay tuition. The money raised in this way can be used to improve the conditions for running schools. R]btAu;Z  
Others, however, are opposed to the tuition system. They argue that the living standard of the Chinese people, especially of those in the poor rural areas, is still low, compared with that in the Western World. The university tuition will certainly add to the already heavy burden of the parents, who live on their salaries or wages. Moreover, tuition may become an obstacle to the development of China's higher education. This is because it hinders some talented people from entering the university just on account of their poverty. _G.>+!"2/  
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5. On the Attitude towards Fighting against Criminals Q&eQQ6b^Ih  
Today crime rate in our cities seems to be rising. Thefts, robberies, and murders are reported to take place even in the broad daylight. dRaNzK)M  
Facing crime tide, people may take different attitudes. Some feel frightened and prefer to turn a blind eye to the criminals. Others are resolute and dare to run risk at the cost of their lives in fighting with the criminals. They take it as their duty to protect the social law and order. As for me, I take the attitude of the latter. 5wh|=**/  
To ensure the social security and protect people’s safety, I may have some suggestions to make. First of all, the government should always keep a continuous law education among the people, especially, in the younger generations. Secondly, criminals should be punished severely. And finally, it is imperative to set up a public foundation system to award those who set merits in fighting criminals. q11>f   
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6. Traditional Humane Education naw0$kXTA  
The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture “Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text”. In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement. His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education. vOc 9ZE  
With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth. In a period when economics take priority, people pay more and more attention to profit. At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion. On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society. It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture. Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation. Our times call for an ideal humane education. ;F~LqC$  
It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilization directly or with some adaptation. Our attitude towards tradition should be “discarding the dross and selecting the essence”. The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education. It should start from primary school. In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality. The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy. }woo%N P  
To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education. We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture. JZD[NZ<  
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7. Television Program and Their Effect on children *EZHJt9  
Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children. Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child. Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child. -:Ia^{YN  
The beneficial television programs are mainly those that educate the young. There are often specials on animal life. A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphabet, and that encourages him or her to be creative. The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category. WeQk<y  
On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children. Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy. All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possibly harden the child to violence. l:<?{)N`  
Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs. A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationally beneficial programs. N%"Y  
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8. Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents t $xY #:  
From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads Men versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly mutilated each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen. >9(hUH  
It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving. o(r\E0 I  
The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than statistic, to be conveniently forgotten. ]) rrG/3  
It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Her are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh, but surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motorcars. gUpb 4uN  
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9 Low-carbon life style 00SbH$SU  
With the enhancement of people's awareness of energy saving and environmental protection, the word "low carbon" takes up their daily conversation and trivial matters more and more. Low-carbon life means a kind of lifestyle in which people do their best to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. Today, the power of lower carbon improves the development of the times unconsciously and leads the fashion trend. Frankly speaking, low carbon life style which stands for nature, health and safety is influencing our attitude toward life to a large extent. l*kPOyB  
Why do we advocate and pursue low-carbon life? Due to the development of the world industrial economy, the fast increase of population, the unlimited increase of the human desire and the unrestrained production, our environment, health and safety is becoming worse and worse. For example, the resources that people rely on to survive dwindle; the water pollution becomes worse; the Earth's ozone layer suffers an unprecedented crisis; the glacier is thawing, and the catastrophic global climate changes appear repeatedly. Therefore, the high-consumption and high-pollution economy model and life style has become the killer of the earth and human beings, and the low-carbon life is in great need. 1QU:?_\6@t  
Then, how can we live a low-carbon life? First and foremost, we should recognize that the low-carbon life is not only a kind of lifestyle but also the life attitude. Each of us should be responsible for the greenhouse gases we emit in our daily actions. Combating climate change has to take the combined efforts of everyone on the planet. In addition, we should develop good habits in our daily lives. For instance, we can select products with longer shelf life when we shop, which can reduce waste and ultimately reduce greenhouse gas emission. We should try not to use paper cups which are made from cutting forests, because trees can absorb carbon dioxide and reduce greenhouse gas. We should use efficient light bulbs which use about one-third of the energy of normal bulbs and last 10 times longer, which will greatly reduce electricity consumption. As students, we ought to turn out the lights the moment we leave, turn off the tap in time, and reuse our textbooks and so on. What’s more, buses and trains are better than cars, but walking or cycling is even better for our health and also cheaper. Actually, there are so many low-carbon life actions that it is impossible to list all of them. In a word, low-carbon life can be summarized as moderate food, house, transportation, more sports and no wasting. 2;^y4ssg  
低碳Low-Carbon 6C-/`>m  
二氧化碳Carbon dioxide -t2+|J*  
二氧化碳排放the output of the carbon dioxide ld^=#]g  
碳减排Carbon emission reduction |iR T! ]  
碳排放标准Standard for carbon dioxide emission C#t'Y*  
环境影响Environmental impact VA9 Gb 9  
一氧化碳Carbon monoxide H'LD}\K l  
温室气体排放Greenhouse gas emission +> WM[o^I  
温室效应Greenhouse effect p8\zG|b5  
全球气候变暖Global warming B';6r4I-  
大气层Atmosphere @~#Ym1{W  
大气监测Atmospheric monitoring `X`2:@gQ  
臭氧层Ozone layer 3nu^l'WQ  
紫外线Ultraviolet ray @EDs~ lPv  
环境Environment 9(L)&S{4K  
生态系统Ecosystem  k0  
可持续发展Sustainable development
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四、考博英语翻译 $o^e:Y , a  
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第一部分:总
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大纲要求:
考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语材料的能力。约400词的文章,译成汉语或英语,要求译文准确,完整,通顺。(阅读理解能力+翻译的主要基本技能) a{_ KSg  
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2007年改卷评分标准 b%nkIPA  
1.如果句子译文扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多不得超过0.5分。 VD#!ztcY'  
2.如果某考生给出两种或两种以上的译法,若均正确,给分;若其中一种译法错误,应酌情扣分,扣分不得超过1分。 ,#aS/+;[)  
3.汉语错别字,不个别扣分,按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下,满三个错别字扣0.5分,无0.25扣分。 <bdyAUeFw  
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翻译部分的重要性 XOxB (0@  
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英汉翻译技巧 -]QguZE  
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1.改变词类(Conversion)。英语一个词能充当的句子成分较少,充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。最常见的是将英语的名词或形容词转换成汉语的动词 "=ElCaP}  
Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes. h^d\xn9GT#  
胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。 <~O}6HQ#  
This issue is of paramount importance. HZuiVW8  
这个问题极其重要 o4'Wr  
Formality has always characterized their relationship. k<,u0  
他们之间的关系有一个特点,就是相敬如宾。 7(@(Hm  
As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. ^vn\4  
随着战争的进行,他成了受挫的象征,成了万恶的化身。 RnSm]}?  
It leads the discussions to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (34 words ) (1997. 73) !Y|8z\ Q  
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为该这样对待动物:要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。 ?k::tNv0  
Interestin historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. (27 words) (1997. 72) v D&Kae<  
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论,主要是因为史学界内意见不一,其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。 U,38qKE  
The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. (2003. 63) N Z)b:~a  
强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 Dh?vU~v(6  
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2. 选词用字(Diction) wH#-mu#Yl<  
Before Hugo could protest, he and the others were led away. (抗议→分辩) a! ?.F_T9A  
Put a teaspoonful of tea in the pot and then you just add the boiling water to it and let it stand. (稍等片刻再喝) T a Et  
It’s a crime you didn’t finish school. (憾事) [5!'ykZ  
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001.71) mHHzCKE,  
届时将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶 %Dra7B%  
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3.语序调整(Inversion)。一个句子中词和分句的顺序,英汉两种语言往往不同。如表示时间和地点,英语常常是先小后大,而汉语是先大后小。 m]1!-`(*  
His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19001, USA.  *[VEF  
Don’t hesitate to come when you need help. Vk WO}  
Black and white TV, iron and steel company, 李梅亭(Mate in Lee) e/ WBgiLw  
He remains one of the greatest historians, despite his apparent prejudice and his untrustworthiness in detail, because of his artistic mastery of historic theme. Esb ? U|F4  
尽管他在历史细节描写上有明显的偏见和不值得信任之处,但由于其对历史题材艺术般的运用,他仍不失为最伟大的历史学家之一。 )F +nSV;  
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句子结构的整体调整 jk K#e$7  
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is central to this theory. //~POm  
这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能,性格特征和行为,即使有什么关系的话,也是微不足道的。 692 Rw}/  
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. DL %S(l  
这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 DakLD~H;  
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4.省略(Omission) ^GE^Q\&D&  
You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it. T!Xm")d  
不会制图或看不懂图纸,就不可能造船,架桥或盖房子。 ,tcP=f dk]  
Ittook him a long time to reach the bottom and to couch behind a little dwarf palm. t'dHCp}  
他费了很长时间才从山上爬下来,蹲到一棵矮小的棕榈树后面。  \C!%IR  
Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. (1994. 74) *Kp}B}}J  
伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转,而不是围绕地球。 bK!,Pc<  
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5.增词(Amplification)。英语中没有量词,助词,翻译时应根据上下文的需要予以增加。有些英语的不及物动词必须增加宾语意思才完整。 )Y=w40Yzd  
No Smoking! AGl|>f)  
I could knit when I was seven. c"sj)-_  
Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? gCg4;b6g  
如果对自己的错误都不认识,怎么能悔恨和改正呢? kuWK/6l4  
—Walking past the Garden of Eden, Adam’s son asked his father, “Who owns that large estate?” o G (0i  
—“That’s where your mother and I used to live,” replied Adam, “before she ate us out of house and home.” XC* uz  
It should, however, be borne in mind that this process itself might involve a chain of difficulties, in this case of a political nature. BjH~Ml2  
但是应该记住,这个过程本身也许会带来一系列的困难,在此情况下,这些困难是政治性的。(短语→句子) F5<"ktnI  
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6.重复(Repetition) )`B -O::  
Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part. 上游,中游,下游 f@wsS m  
If an atom contains three protons, it must have three electrons to be electrically neutral. 8FxcI!A@  
如果一个原子含有三个质子,这个原子必然有三个电子,使之不带电荷。 ]]\)=F`n77  
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. (35 words) (1993. 74) zj~8>QnKk  
许多人认为:普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较,他们并且认为这些科学家的思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 4$0jz'  
\?bwm&6+r  
7.反译法(Negation) )$ ofl%+  
The Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people set on it. i0,%}{`  
到目前为止,这个组织辜负了人们对它寄予的希望 Am>_4  
Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. 1bV2  
他突然听到背后有声响,便立刻意识到车库里还有别人 eNI kiJ$uS  
2(c<U6#C'l  
8.分译法(Division)。英语长句多,为了符合汉语表达习惯,可将英语长句拆成短句。 >Sc$R0  
It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us. 4 ?9soc  
过去向我们学习的人,现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。 D< nlb-  
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security. GOv9 2$e  
这个局势对国际安全是个威胁,这样的说法是完全正确的。 X@6zI-Y %  
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. O, bfdc[g4  
1998年世界杯被捧走以后很久,失望的球迷们还在咒骂那些有争议的裁定,因为这些裁定使他们所支持的球队无法获胜。 qT4I Y$h  
Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. (1993. 75) ~[ d=s  
在座的诸位中,大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动,这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在类型上是完全一样的。 F|]o9&/<]  
JVJ1 Ay/be  
9.常见短语和重要句型的翻译 p/\$P=   
It goes without saying that...不言而喻的是……It is common knowledge that...众所周知的是……It occurs to me that...我突然想起It is not that...but that...并不是说……而是说It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. (1993. 72) ]C}u- B746  
并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别,而是说前者相比,后者是一种更精密得多的装置,因而在计量上必然更准确得多。 "TBQNWZ  
5) 某些含蓄否定的翻译 gFWEodx,9  
While he liked the work, he pointed out areas where improvement was possible. xJ[k#?T'  
他在欣赏这幅作品的同时,又指出了它的不足之处 W2r6jm!  
He is at a loss what to do. %{N$1ht^  
不知道该做什么。 *j_fG$10g  
To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. (1992. 72) <FUqD0sQ  
批评智力测试不反映上述情况,就像批评温度计不能测风速一样。 Dyouk+08x  
Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. (1984) %!ER@&1f&  
提炼矿石的工厂通常不是设在开采矿石的国家,而是设在其它国家。 48 c D3w  
6)more...than...与其说……不如说…… Z30z<d,j  
She is more like his mother than like his teacher. Y^c,mK^  
7)no more...than...和……一样都不…… ,E*a$cCw  
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink. \J,- <wF  
他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素,就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。 E]u'MX  
The laws of Political Economy can no more be violated than those of physical science. eB<V%,%N#  
8)not...all..., all is...not...并不是……都…… F$6])F  
All that glitters is not gold. Uf7F8JZmM  
Both of the books are not helpful. YmO"EWb  
Everyone doesn’t want to go to the concert. Z!*8JaMT  
9)cannot...too...无论……也不过分  :kp  
We can’t praise him too much. ;G4HMtL  
You can’t be too careful. 7kX7\[zN  
10)much less, still less, to say nothing of, not to mention, let alone更不用说…… 9?g]qy,1)  
He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry. Y6;0khp  
In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry. !ulLGmUn  
All they have to do is to press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 48~m=mI  
11)so...that...如此……以至于…… j?f,~Y<k  
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. (1996. 74) /v bO/M r  
然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人人胜的课题的。 ArmL,  
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage. (2001. 75) JR a*;_  
家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁。 d5sGkR`(  
12) not so much...as...与其说……不如说…… '.h/Y/oz  
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994. 71) A=qW]Im  
13)not...because...(否定转移)并不是因为…… O&?CoA?  
The police didn’t arrest me because I committed any crime. They said I was wandering on the street with the intent of committing an arrestable offense. {o5K?Pb  
I do not teach because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share. 'a-5 U TT  
People do not shake off the colonialist’s yoke in order to put on the imperialist’s. t5jhpPVf  
14) anything but...一点也不,决不nothing but...就是,仅仅,but for…要不是…… wWOT*R_  
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. (1993. 71) o. V0iS]  
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely. (1990) V&,<,iNN  
But foryour timely help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time. J%Z)#  
15)as特殊状语从句,译为定语从句 Z'EO   
“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994. 72) o wpJ7S1~  
新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简而言之,我们所称谓的科学***,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。” wh7a|  
16) what is called...所谓的……,所说的……(东西) "PX3%II  
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on. (2002. 61) l> 5]Wd{/  
困难之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部仍然从心态,情感,性格特征及人性等方面寻找行为的根源。 R8r[;u\iV  
17)such...as...诸如…… }'.Sn{OWf  
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (1995. 73) =iK6/ y`  
因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者同时使用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。 #g`cih=QL  
18)not...not...双重否定,可依情况译为没有……不……,或每一个……,都…… 9}qfdbI  
Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena. (1993. 75) E=1/  
19)数字表达用语的翻译 Q RmQ>  
hundreds of thousands of.... 数十万的…… v$Y1+Ep9  
hundreds of millions of... 数亿的…… g 2 { ?EP  
tens of thousands of 好几万 U9p.Dh~)vG  
scores of years ago 数十年前 L^al1T  
dozens of... 几十…… /qhm9~4e3  
a dozen of... 一打…… zc,9 Qfn  
a couple of days 一两天/三两天 7@y!R   
every two weeks/ every other week 每隔一周/每两周 K9N0kBJ0<  
in twos and threes 三三两两/三五成群 ;pNbKf:  
ten to one 十有***/很可能 ) Q  
once and for all 永远地/一劳永逸地 |8U7C\S[  
in a hundred/thousand and one ways 千方百计地 v/ 00L R  
a thousand thanks to you 万分感谢 L z>{FOR  
Once bitten,twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。 / -qt}  
倍数增减: 4 times greater than... 是……的5倍,比……大4倍 l0_E9qh-i  
seven times as fast as... 是……速度的7倍,比……快6倍 D%Jc?6/I#3  
10 times the size of... 是……大小的10倍 |9"^s x  
rise by l5% 增加百分之十五  q>.t~  
rise to 10,000 dollars 提高到10,000美元 *Qwhi&k  
reduce by 3 million pounds 减少了300万英镑 b= ec?n #7  
double the production 产量翻了一番 *rFbehfH  
②时间表达用语的翻译。 FjLv*K[#d  
年代: by the end of 2000 到2000年末 E4aCGg  
in the early 21st century 在21世纪早期 TNT"2FoBd  
in the late l980s 在20世纪80年代末期 3k[<4-  
by the mid-1960’s 到20世纪60年代中期 {2*l :'  
in 264 AD 在公元264年 ,~?A. 5  
during the first quarter of the 20th century 在20世纪的前25年 a;owG/\p  
in l050 BC 在公元前1050年 Wu;|(2I  
in the l990’s 在20世纪90年代 nC{rs+P  
in the second half of the year 在那一年的后半年 Bsk2&17z  
常用的时间表达法: the coming Saturday 即将到来的这个星期六 {)gd|JV*  
the following day 第二天 DMZ aMY|  
two days after tomorrow 大后天 %oKqK >S)  
early in the spring/morning 早春/清晨 i\4"FO?v  
late in the autumn/afternoon 深秋/快到傍晚 ?CZD^>6  
deep in the winter/at night 隆冬/深夜 18tQWI$  
the first half of the week 前半周 ?BvI/H5d  
专有名词的翻译 m7eIhmP  
专有名词的正确理解与翻译在很大程度上取决于背景知识。一般说来,专有名词的译法基本固定,不可随意变动。 SFgIY]  
例如:When the shuttle Challenger fell apart on 28 January,1986,it signaled the end of an era. +9F#~{v`4a  
1986年1月28日航天飞机“挑战者”号坠毁,标志着一个时代的结束。 yrNc[kS/  
Zt0%E <C{  
10.被动的翻译 17]31  
首先,我们可以根据需要,用汉语主动句来表达英语被动句。 {,2_K6#  
如1. Their ship was wrecked on the rock,他们的船触礁遇难。 F1*rUsRKN  
2. Our holidays were spoilt by bad weather.我们的假日因天气不好而使人扫兴。 Hz3X*G\5b  
3. The official version of the incident has been challenged by many witnesses.有 许多目击者对这一事件的官方说法提出了异议。 ^&/&I9z  
4. The desks in the classroom were all spotted with ink.这个教室里的桌子全都 墨迹斑斑。 CWsv#XOg]  
5. He was regarded as the most successful young businessman of this year.大家认为他是本年度最有成就的企业家。 rw0lXs#K<E  
其次,如果英语中的被动意义必须表达出来,那么可根据实际内容用下列词语来表示被动:“被”、“把”、“由”、“为”、“靠”、“遭到”、“受(到)”、“叫”、“让”、“加以”、“得到”、“是……的”、“使”、“给”、“为……所”等等。如: lBZ*G  
1. Many lakes and rivers have been polluted with industrial waste.许多江河湖泊已被工业废料污染了。 ?JTyNg4<  
2. Computers are being used widely in China.现在计算机在中国得到了广泛的应用。 "$ cT*}br  
3. The classroom was cleaned by him.是他把教室打扫干净的。 .p~;U|h"  
4. Last year the region was visited by the worst drought in 60 years.去年这个地区遭受了60年来最严重的旱灾。 cB=u;$k@*  
5. Time would be required to write a global Law of Sea.要拟定全球性海洋法是需要时间的。 /G+gk0FW  
最后,有些含有形式主语的英语句子,在英译汉时常改为主动句,可在汉译中加上主语“有人”、“人们”、“我们”、“大家”等,有的也可以不加。如: 0BE^qe  
It is asserted that... 有人主张…… 2Lgvy/uN  
It is believed that... 据信…… ts!aKx  
It is generally considered that... 人们普遍认为…… eaP$/U D?  
It is hoped that... 人们希望…… 7lPk~0  
It is reported that... 据报道…… ''Ec-b6Q-  
It is said that... 据说…… (gB=!1/|G  
It is supposed that... 据推测... "FvlZRfXj  
It is well-known that... 众所周知…… &YKzK)@  
It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… _cN)q  
It must be pointed out that... 需指出的是…… OVf|4J/Yx  
It was told that... 据传…… { F8,^+b|  
It will be said that... 有人会说…… FY*0gp  
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. (2002. 63) ;#yz i2f  
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚被认识和研究 <qt%MM [Y  
They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. (2002. 64) P"@^'yR5WK  
自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其成就给予肯定的必不可少的前提。 1V?)zp  
(OJ9@_fgG[  
11.定语从句的翻译 L-gF$it\*b  
这是考试的重点,也是难点。做定语的可以是形容词(翻译成汉语时放在它所修饰的词的前面),可以是介词词组、过去分词、现在分词,还可以是句子(即定语从句),翻译的时候,根据实际需要采取倒译法或顺译法,也可以将定语从句切分为另—个单句(通常适用于非限制性定语从句)。 ovFfTP<3V  
1. We know that a cat,whose eyes can take more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night. 我们知道,猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线,所以猫在夜里也能清楚视物。 HbVm O]#$D  
2. Statistical analysis is being introduced into and applied widely in the investigation of English style. 统计分析正被引进并广泛应用于英语文体的研究工作。 >[=`{B  
3. No one can forecast the extent to which traffic will grow.没有人能预测将来交通流量会增长到什么程度。 %&(\dt&R1h  
4. The huge amounts of chemical fertilizer used on these farms are polluting water supply.这个农场用了大量化肥,给供水造成污染。 $dw;Kj'\  
vdzC2T  
12.状语从句的翻译 <qx-%6  
英语和汉语的状语从句在句中的位置不完全相同,在翻译时应作必要的调整。 8, ^UQ5 x  
如The job of the clerks is to collect and classify the information and to put it into such a form that it is easily interpreted and understood.职员的任务就是收集资料并加以归类,然后将其制成一份既易于说明又容易理解的表格。(此句中的“…that it is easily interpreted and understood.”结果状语从句被译成了定语,这样的译文显得简洁,如硬将其译为“将它制成一份这样的表格,以至于这份表格要能使这种资料易于解释,易于理解”虽忠实于原文,但有些罗嗦。) u\?u}t v  
This custom has been passed down since the l8th century.这种风俗从18世纪流传到现在。(倒译) gk%y e&:f  
The farmers are now able to work a much larger area with a smaller workforce.如今农民可以用较少的劳动力耕种面积大得多的耕地。(倒译) W#\4"'=I  
oGJI3Oh  
13.长句的翻译 R8*4E0\br  
长句要恰当地断成长度适中、合乎汉语习惯的句子。长句的翻译是难点也是重点,关键是首先找出句子的骨架,即主、谓、宾语,然后再将其它修饰成分嵌入框架。如果英文句子内容符合汉语规则,则可自前而后依序译出;如果句子内容顺序不符合汉语规则,可根据逻辑关系从后向前译出;如果不便用一句话表达,可将句子重新组织,按逻辑关系分成两个或数个短句。只要能完整准确地传达原意,即使没有拘泥于原文结构,也同样正确。 6}2Lt[>O  
如:The first milestone was passed when the ancient Greeks recognized that wind and rain, heat and cold,were not caused by deities (神) punishing or rewarding their subjects (臣民)but rather by processes taking place in the atmosphere.古希腊人认识到刮风下雨,寒冷炎热都不是因为神灵惩罚或奖励他们的臣民,而是由于大气中所发生的自然过程所造成的。这时,人类的认识跨过了第一个里程碑。 H5)WxsZ R  
There can hardly be a man who has not at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day,or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes. 当在一生中某个时刻看到一位女士穿着薄薄的衣衫在严寒的日子里冻得发抖,或穿着高跟鞋在雪地里步履艰难地择路而行,几乎没有一位男士不发笑的。 SfT]C~#$N  
JJXf%o0yq  
14.注意英语惯用法,俚语和俗语的翻译 Gr?gHAT  
Mr. Wilson talks a lot, but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house. zV#k #/$  
It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander(公鹅). UqbE  
I hope she will always feel like a daughter of America, and not like a stepchild. 5T`39[Fya  
It’s a lot easier to get in the hole than to get out again. akoILX~u  
9AaixI  
(三)翻译症(Translation syndrome)轻型翻译症 ww*F}}(  
译文不自然,不流畅,但能看懂,读起来略感别扭,也比较费劲。The report noted proposals that eating less fat and more food with whole grains and other fibers can protect against cancer. 5Jp>2d  
这份报告特别提到了少吃脂肪,多吃含全面粉和其它纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。 S7R^%Wck/6  
这个报告特别提到,有人建议少吃脂肪,多吃全粮食品和其它含纤维素的食物能预防癌症。 O.!?O(  
~ nIZ g5  
y|ZJ-[qg  
词不搭配:原文可以搭配的词在译文中不一定能搭配。That is the official kind of strike. mc$dR, H0  
官方的***。 qSR %#  
工会组织的***。 Ghz)=3  
;(A'XA4 6N  
$: -Ptm@  
表达失误:将英文词组按各词的意义进行翻译,结果这些词在汉语中不能构成词组或意义与英文不同。They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. BScysoeD  
铁麦克 :iJ= 9  
麦克的铁像 WA+v&* ]  
I can’t see any real basis for marriage except in terms of its being a mechanical unit, that society must have to exist. p n)5neX{  
关于婚姻,在我看来它只不过是一个机械的单位,此外,我看不出它有任何真正的基础。而这样的机械单位是社会存在所必需的 : &]%E/  
我认为婚姻无非就是为了建立由丈夫妻子组成的家庭,这个社会赖以存在的家庭。 #t\Oq9}^  
DvGtO)5._  
-$*YN{D+  
不适当地直译。Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. L/shF}<  
打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子 $W)FpN;CW/  
出人头地 8Og9P1jVh  
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001. 71) )g-*fSa  
……在它们冒犯时使它们残疾 _ ge3R3  
……在尾气排放超标时使车停下来 G$q=WM!%#s  
r$+9grm<  
x;N?'"GP  
产生翻译症的根源:表达方式不同,片面强调忠实,对原文理解不深 edm&,ph]  
 ^rI&BN@S  
汉译英实用技巧初探 VF4F7'  
提要:汉英结构和表达方式相去甚远,为了在译文中不露刀斧之痕,译者务必灵活运用转换、省译、扩译等主要实用技巧。 1m&(3% #{  
关键词:转换,扩译 ,省译 +Q{jV^IT9  
<yeG0`}t  
一、转换技巧(transforming) 3ZC[H'|  
由于汉英结构不同,表达方式迥异,“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭,而且会闹出笑话。这就译者在翻译时灵活使用转换的技巧,有时将汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词短语,有时将并列句译成主从句,等等。法无定法,随机而化。力求做到云过无声,水过无痕。读来自然流利,移植的有如原生的。 %_ 5B"on  
B1Xn <Wv  
1词类的转换 e-Eoe_k  
(1) 名词译成动词 sLCL\dWT  
美国反对的理由是,北朝鲜不是联合国会员。 DS^P Hk39  
The U.S. objected that North Korea was not a member of the UN. W8\K_M}  
&a O3N  
你很有鉴别力。 &B[$l`1  
You know what’s what. Lt_7pb%  
A|jaWZM-  
(2) 动词译成名词 D\>CEBt  
消防队员连续奋战了九个昼夜,才控制住了火势。 sz_|py?0  
The firemen battled against the flames for nine days and nights before getting them under control. *V>Iv/(  
+DksWb D  
邱吉尔来到华盛顿说服罗斯福把在欧洲开辟第二战场的日期拖延下去。 0F)Y[{h<  
Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe. p1CY?K  
HA>b'lqBM  
富兰克林深信,我们必须学会了解我们所在的这半球的邻居并学会与他们和睦相处。 ?-Fp r C  
Franklin had a deep conviction that we must learn to understand and to get on with our neighbors in this hemisphere. kpcIU7|e  
q*,];j/>k  
(3) 动词译成形容词 rE EWCt  
先生曰:“狼负我,狼负我!”狼曰:“吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈,固需吾辈食也。” Ydh]EO0'  
“ You are an ungrateful beast,” complained the man. Ar N*9  
“Not at all,” retorted the wolf, “it is not that I’m ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour.”(颜惠庆译《马中锡·中山狼传》) |lrLTI^a  
他急切地想得到消息。 0 @~[SXR  
He was news-hungry. \5cAOBja  
# KK>D?.:  
并不是所有的人都喜欢这个方案。 z`]'~  
The program was not popular with all of the staff. $xJVUV  
eo4;?z  
(4) 动词译成介词或介词短语 w-pdpbHV  
巴拿马人追求的最大目标是有机会从运河那里得到更多的收入。 P'xq+Q  
The most the Panamanians are after is a chance to get more income from the Canal. q0,Diouq  
有这样一个对手,倒是我们的幸运。 KpA iKe  
We were fortunate in our opponent. %s6|w=.1  
<:fjWy  
(5) 动词译成副词 R&PQU/t)  
每一次出游都是上次的继续,而不是重复。 HNu/b)-Rb  
Each time out was a continuation, not a repetition. t 5g@t0$  
电视剧已经开始了。 3V>2N)3`A  
The TV play is on. $ fR[zBxA  
(6) 形容词译成名词 0.Pd,L(  
我们对未来感到谨慎的乐观。 #p_3j 0S  
We feels cautious optimism about the future. UJ3l8 %/`k  
他注意到两国在柏林问题上的看法非常一致。 ' !>t( Sa  
He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem. /~Zxx}<;  
WLqwntzk  
(7) 名词译成形容词 a*@ 6G  
该机票的有效期为一年。 ,{!~rSq-l  
The plane ticket would be good/ valid for one year. /"Ws3.p  
L?T%;VdG'>  
(8) 名词译成副词 H48`z'o  
官方宣布,联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交换给中华人民共和国。 ^W+q!pYM9+  
It was officially announced that the Government of the United Kingdom will restore Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997. =QXLr+ y@  
这家报社的社论说,两国目前还谈不上核合作。 /X>Fn9 mM  
The paper said editorially that nuclear cooperation between the two countries is out of the question for the present. !c,=%4Pb  
JFf*v6:,  
2. 主被动语态的转换 $Kw)BnV  
(1) 主动译成被动 7)aitDD  
最近揭发出相当严重的***、受贿和官僚主义问题。 4 qMO@E_  
Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently. 7.@$D;L9  
《中苏友好同盟互助条约》已经名存实亡。 }#va#Nb(,  
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance had now been reduced to less than a shadow. s8 S[w   
2~<N  
(2) 被动译成主动 Ln-/ 9'^  
聪明反被聪明误。 [ aC7  
The clear failed because of one’s cleverness. NGZEU tj  
wi]ya\(*yl  
3. 句型转换 Uv|z c  
(1) 简单句之间的转换 {!h|(xqN+  
简单句之间可以转换,来表达相同或相近的意思。可改动的部分可能是主语,可能是谓语,可能是宾语,可能是定语,也可能是状语。 T;!7GW4E ?  
改造人的思想不是一件容易的事情。 i Lr*W#E  
Remoulding of one’s ideology is not an easy thing. J?4aSssE  
Ideological remoulding is not an easy thing. ,9jq @_  
农民从改革中得到了实惠。 |Yq0zc!  
The peasants received benefit from the reform. Ucnj7>+"  
The peasants benefited by the reform. 8/lv,m#  
外国朋友对我们在空间技术方面取得的巨大成就感到很惊讶。 LS1r}cl  
The foreigners marveled at our great achievements on space technology. mY[s2t  
The foreigners marveled at greatness of our achievements on space technology. ={_.}   
Np$peT[  
(2) 单句与并列句之间的转换 P%HvL4R  
带有因果关系的并列句可以的转换成简单句。 [X>\!mt  
这套房子的窗户很大,可以接受充分的阳光。 * ]uo/g  
The window of this flat is very large, hence it can admit an adequate amount of sunlight. (译成并列句) 8$Igo$U-  
The window of this flat is large enough to admit an adequate amount of sunlight. (译成简单从句) a3 }#lY):  
 #H]b Xr  
(3) 复句与单句之间的转换 c6zghP3dR  
复句与单句之间的转换的特点是将复句的一部分变成短语,这部分可能是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,或状语从句。 ]WZ_~8  
遗憾的是,你已经结过婚了。 )na 8a!  
It is a pity you have already got married. (复句) 0Xw Dk$l<  
It is a pity for you to have already got married. (单句) NyHHK8>  
问题是如何发展。 `LD#fg*  
The question now is how we should develop. (复句) ~`J/618  
The question now is how to develop. (单句:复句中的表语从句变成短语) V?KACYd@O  
格里利坚持要那位家伙买《纽约论坛报》来读。 f5)4H  
Hollis Greely insisted that the fellow buy New York Forum. (复句) P}=u8(u  
Hollis Greely insisted on that fellow buying New York Forum. (单句) v=n'#:k  
愿意留下的可以留下。  XL@Y!  
Those who want to remain may do so. (复句) HK~uu5j  
Those wanting to remain may do so. (单句) I'"b3]DXG  
万一陛下处死乔治·威瑟,那我就要沦为英国最蹩脚的诗了。 pz'l9Gp;@  
In case Your Majesty puts Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. (复句) i21ybXA=Z  
Your Majesty putting Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. (单句) 8)(<U/  
`o7m )T')  
4. 省译技巧(pruning)  VlGg?  
(1汉语中一些特指的词,如问题、现象、方法、手段等,译成英语时可以省去。 Z#8O)GK  
例如,张雪静改编并翻译的《西厢记》—— " oWiQ{\IP  
(张生)凭着胸中锦绣才华,一举成名,独占熬头,成为天子门生。 5k&tRg  
Thanks to his exceptional talents, Zhang won the highest honor. "2cJ'n/L  
千艺将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为Sex Trap,将“空城计”译为The Empty City, 将“走为上”译为Retreat,将“借刀杀人”译为Borrow Other’s Hand to Kill等,都是“省译技巧”的典范。 )ZkQWiP-  
贾赦领着各族子侄在西街门外,贾母领着各族女眷在大门外迎接。半日静悄悄的。 $@8$_g|Wz  
For a long time they waited in silence, Jia She and the young men of the family by the entrance of the west street, the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate. 3$YgGum  
杨宪益和戴乃迭翻译的《红楼梦》中“元妃省亲”的片段,译者在the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate中将谓语承前省去了。 \Qp #utC0s  
面子问题 Vq)6+n8o  
听到女儿在她的屋里呜呜地哭泣,妈妈悄悄地走了过来。“怎么了?孩子。”“他和我吹了!”女儿头也不抬的说。“你不是本来也不喜欢他吗?”“可他先说的分手!” aOWE\I c8  
Face-saving U p1 &(  
Hearing her daughter was whimpering in her room, mother came over silently." What goes? darling."" He and I have broken off!" Daughter said , even not raise her head. " Do you dislike him originally?" "But, he has said ‘break-up’ to me first !" ym, UJs&  
在上面的小品文中,“问题”一词没有译出。 !ueyVE$1  
一群夫妇都是夫瘦妻胖,记者来采访造成这种现象的原因。 zE"ME*ou  
A reporter interviewed a group of couples from those who all wives are fat and all husbands are thin . ?t LJe  
有人向保加利亚大诗人奥多尔·特拉亚诺夫求教:"怎样才能写出一首好诗呢?"他举例说:"你看到过母鹫没有?它们每次生三个蛋,先丢掉一只,另两只出世后,又只给其一只喂食,精心抚养.学学他们的方法,就可写出好诗来了." '\[o>n2  
Someone asked Bulgarian poet Odor Trayanov:"How can I compose a superb poem?"He illustrated: "Have you saw the female vultures? They lay three eggs each time, discarding one first. Then they hatch the other two into babies,just feed only one of them in the end. Learn from them, you can write a good poem. " W_z2Fs"A  
'jv[Gcss3L  
(2)汉语中的一些对比词或叠字句,翻译部分即可,不必一一翻译。 2l43/aCq  
乾隆驾临镇江,站在金山寺上眺望长江,见白帆点点,鸥鹭成群,不禁感慨道:“古往今来,不知江上走过多少风帆!” bv&A)h"S  
Qianlong , an Emperor of Qing Dynasty , arrived to Zhenjiang city. Standing on the Jinshan Temple , the emperor gazed at the Yangtze River starred of gulls and egrets, so he could not help sighing with emotion:" I wonder how many sails to and fro on the river all through ages!" w6F'rsko]  
铁拐李是中国民间传说中的八仙之一,他蓬头垢面,袒腹跛足。 n[zP}YRr  
Tieguaili, one of the Eight Immortals in the Chinese folklore, was unkempt and lame and exposed belly. 79:Wo>C3-  
因肺部感染发炎,佛朗哥要定期去医院打针。一天,他听到注射室里鬼哭狼嚎,动静不对劲,才知道是护士在实习,就在隔壁躲了一会儿。待风平浪静了,他才进去。这时,就听一老护士长高声叫:“巴巴拉,快来补考。” *Vk%"rwaG  
With a lung inflamed by an infection, Franco needed to go to hospital for injecting periodically. A day he spotted something suspicious in the injection room, setting up wild shrieks and howls . He then was apprised that nurses were in practice, so he eluded in the next door for a short while. He didn’t enter until all was serene . Just at this time, a head nurse shouted loudly:" Barbara, coming to make up exam quickly." xA;o3Or  
;k6>*wFl|!  
(3)汉 语中如重复出现一个动词,在英语中可译成省略句,即保留第一个动词即可。 S1Q2<<[  
勃烈日涅夫滥建私人别墅,仅在莫斯科郊外就建了好几处。一天,他把老妈从乡下请来,也让她老人家感受一下权力带来的实惠。没想到,老人家上看、下看、左看、右看,一脸的焦虑。 K\5'pp1  
Leonid Brezhnev constructed private villas by prodigality, thus there were quite a few villas only on the outskirts of Moscow. One day, he fetched his mother from the country in order to let her enjoy the real benefit from the power. Unexpectedly, the elderly lady looked the villa up and down ,then from left to right, with apprehensions on her face . lWj|7  
1923年,邱吉尔退出了自由党,丢了内阁大臣的乌纱,因阑尾炎切除手术,又错过下院的竞选。出院后,邱吉尔自嘲地说:“今年我丢了党票,丢了乌纱,丢了议员,也丢了阑尾。” 57/9i> @  
In 1923 Churchill withdrew from the Liberty Party and was dismissed from cabinet minister and missed the election of the House of Commons due to appendectomy. After leaving hospital , Churchill consoled himself with soothing remarks :" This year I lost a Party card, a government post, Member of Parliament and appendix as well ." @WIcH:_w-  
闻听这次欧米伽是来定居的,接待他的人换成了牙齿不多、皱纹满脸的老太婆。欧米伽迫不及待地问:“以前接待我的美女哪去了?” 那弓腰驼背的老太婆说:“朋友,老实跟你说了吧, 观光是一回事,移民可是另一回事呀!” [zp v3Uw  
Hearing Omega would settle down this time, receptionist was changed to be an old woman who had a wrinkly face and few teeth left. Omega asked her waiting for no time: "Where are the beautiful women receivers before?" The hunchbacked old woman said:" Friend, to be quite honest about it, sightseeing is one thing, and immigrating is another!" + QcgLq  
A^+G w\  
5.扩译技巧(amplification) D3#/*Ky  
(1)汉语表达常常省略主语或宾语,译成英语时要补充上去,以免留下无头案。 7_r$zEP6  
  这些太监会意都知道,说“来了,来了”,各按方向站住。 A|sTnhp~  
  At this signal the other eunuchs said,” Her Highness is coming”. The all rushed to their posts. V|. 3 Z\(  
  杨宪益和戴乃迭“元妃省亲”的这段译文中,补充了Her Highness(殿下),以示元妃身份的尊贵。 (g2?&b iuz  
  相声大师侯宝林表演了一个京剧片段,台下掌声如潮。 7Mxw0 J  
  Hou-Baolin ,a master of comic dialogue, had hardly performed a segment Peking Opera when the audience applauded to the echo . S4]}/Imn)  
南北马路东西走,出门遇见人咬狗。 j?Ki<MD1  
  拣起狗来砸砖头,却被砖头咬了手。 [u[`!L=  
  Along a south-north run road I zigzag, meeting with man biting a dog, y=y=W5#;77  
  I pick up a dog to hit a brick, but my hand is bitten by the brick xao'L  
  据民间传说,有一场命案中,抓到三个犯罪嫌疑人。包拯没把他们关进大牢,而是关进一座破庙里,并让狱卒传话,必须坐着过夜,三更后神灵要在凶手背上写字。 r(`;CY]@  
  According to the folk tale, three suspects had been brought to justice about a homicide case. Bao-Zheng did not put them into the prison, but locked them up inside a dilapidated temple instead, ordering the prison guard to tell them not to sit overnight because the spirits were to write on the murderer’s back after the midnight. XWvT(+J  
(本文未注明出处的段落多出自艾临《幽默新大陆》) 82F q}N <  
$M\|zUQu.  
  (2)为使译文自然流畅,需要添加衔接词。 mIVnc`3s  
  “儿呀,快梳妆吧!天气热,早点上路凉爽些。” M0`nr}g  
  “Yingtai, hurry up and get dressed! Today the weather is going to be hot; it will be much cooler if you can be on the road while it’s still morning.” y3T- ^  
  (赵清阁译白话本《梁山伯与祝英台》) ")|3ZB7>*  
  有人对研究俾斯麦的学者的专著不以为然:“你根本就没见过宰相,怎么有资格对俾斯麦的外交生涯评头品足?” )&di c6r  
  Someone objected to a monograph by a scholar who studied Bismarck :" Since you have not seen any prime minister at all, how can you be entitled to find fault with the diplomacy career of Bismarck?" ~S}>| q$  
  一个外国游客在布达佩斯的动物园里看到狼和羊在同一个笼子里,大为吃惊,问饲养人员:“你们是怎么驯养的?” U,"lOG'  
A foreign visitor was astonished to see a wolf and a sheep being reared in the same pen in a zoo in Budapest , so he asked an animal keeper: “ How do you domesticate them?” {GDMix  
:+ksmyW  
  3)汉语中暗含特殊寓意,相应的英语中应给予扩充和解释。 Ko6 tp9G  
美国对台“三不政策” Washington’s “three no’s” policy toward Taiwan——on support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy,and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood. Bb[%?~ E!  
 风水 R? Y#>K  
Fengshui--the location of a house or tomb,supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family, geomantic omen. o Xwoi!  
附件: 英汉互译20篇.pdf (506 K) 下载次数:66
附件: 英汉互译20篇.pdf (506 K) 下载次数:31
附件: 总纲.ppt (184 K) 下载次数:57
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7楼  发表于: 2011-03-22   
有没有  华科的啊
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8楼  发表于: 2011-03-24   
非常好,谢谢
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9楼  发表于: 2011-03-24   
很好呀,有没有完整的压缩版呀 ;[WW,,!Y  
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