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楼主  发表于: 2009-10-18   

医学SCI 论文经典句子

18 Q^5 t]HKn  
Jurkat cells cultured in calcium-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco BRL; number KqIe8bi^G  
22300-107) containing calcium-free 10% FBS were triggered by anti-Fas IgM. The rO > wX_  
treated cells were harvested at the indicated time points and incubated with Fluo-3-AM at eMMiSO!3  
a final concentration of 1 micromolar for 30 min at 37°C (Scoltock et al., 2000). The gG z_t,=  
labeled cells (50,000 cells per treatment) were then analyzed by exciting the cells at 488   k`zK  
nm and examining the fluorescence emission of Fluo 3 at 530 nm with a FACS Scan, si4=C  
(Becton Dickinson). A one micromolar concentration of LPA was used as a positive nQ*oOxe|X  
control for Ca2+ induction. The data thus obtained was analyzed with the software Win H_$f v_  
MDI 2.8 and represented as contour plots.The effect of chelating intracellular calcium on CZno2$8@e  
translocation of annexin I was studied by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 10 @)B5^[4(;  
micromolar BAPTA-AM, with or without the addition of anti-Fas IgM. Cells were |&*rSp2iH  
harvested and fractionated as detailed above, and the S-100 fractions were assessed by H0Xda.Y(  
immunoblotting for presence or absence of annexin I. t#Yh!L6>  
Mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation. lk'jBl%  
Retrovirus-mediated transduction of mouse bone marrow cells was done by published XSIO0ep  
methods49. Prestimulated low-density bone marrow cells were infected with high-titer 78A4n C  
retrovirus supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates. Retrovirus supernatant was generated T[K?A+l  
in the phoenix-gp cells with a mouse stem cell virus–based retroviral vector coexpressing )u:8Pv  
EGFP and HA–RhoH as described50. EGFP+ sorted cells were transplanted by iFT3fP'> 5  
intravenous injection into the sublethally irradiated (300 rads with a 137Cs irradiator) vYun^(_-  
Rag2-/- recipient mice. At 9 weeks after transplantation, thymus, peripheral blood, bone ^8t*WphZC  
marrow, spleen and lymph nodes from each recipient mouse were collected for analysis 1Ee>pbd  
of EGFP+ chimerism and hematopoietic lineage by flow cytometry. Expression of [_GR'x'0x  
HA–RhoH and HA–RhoHF73F83 in EGFP+ sorted thymocytes of recipient mice was $9b6,Y_-  
confirmed by immunoblot analysis. :njUaMFoMA  
Determination of renal morphology N1+]3kt ~  
Kidney slices were postfixed in buffered 2% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded in an _dY}86{  
Araldite-EM bed 812 mixture. Large sections were cut perpendicular to the renal capsule, -Euy5Y  
containing cortex, and medulla. Thin (1 m) sections were analyzed in a blinded manner FiH!) 6T  
for morphologic alterations, as previously detailed B9 {DO  
Patient population z#!Cg*K(  
Patients included in the study met the following criteria: (1) biopsy-proven IMN; (2) r F - yD1  
creatinine clearance 30 ml per min per 1.73 m2; and (3) persistent proteinuria >5 g per ;]e"bX  
24 h despite treatment with an HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) e1a%Rj~  
reductase inhibitor, an ACEi, and/or ARB at maximal tolerated dose for at least 4 months. 8BdeqgU/_  
The Mayo Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethical Board, University Health Y`RfE  
Network, University of Toronto approved the study protocol. All patients gave written jV8><5C  
informed consent. Patients who had been on treatment with prednisone, cyclosporine, or au v\fR :  
19  ,1kV9_x  
mycophenolic mofetil within the last 4 months or alkylating agents within the last 6 ZaV@}=Rd8  
months were not included in the study. Patients with active infection, diabetes, or a D~,R @7  
secondary cause of MN (for example, hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), x F #)T *  
medications, malignancies) were also excluded. /otgFQ_  
Treatment p*,mwKN:  
At enrollment, a low-sodium (<4 g day-1) and low-protein (0.8 g per kg per day of [Hf FC3U  
high-quality protein) diet was recommended and patients were encouraged to maintain #v<+G=r*O  
the same diet throughout the duration of the study. All patients received a similar &0TheY;srf  
conservative treatment regimen that included loop diuretics to control edema, an "+60B0>sc  
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and an ACEi combined with an ARB if tolerated. )}8%Gs4C  
-Blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, in that order, were added +cN2 KP  
when required to control systolic blood pressures to <135 mm Hg in >75% of the  Q.yoxq  
readings. Patients who after a minimum of 4 months of conservative therapy and ];YOP%2   
maximized Ang II blockade had proteinuria >5 g per 24 h received two i.v. infusions of WBdb[N6\  
rituximab at a dose of 1000 mg on days 1 and 15. To minimize infusion reactions, [8n4lE[)"  
patients were premedicated with acetaminophen (1000 mg) and diphenhydramine #Ba'k6b  
hydrochloride (50 mg) orally. In addition, methylprednisolone (100 mg, i.v.) was given I1jF`xQ&0  
prior to the first rituximab infusion. B-cell depletion was defined as CD19+ count u8QX2|  
<5 cells per l at any time and B-cell recovery was defined as CD19+ cell count <Th.}=  
>15 cells per l. Patients treated with rituximab, who at month 6 had proteinuria >3 g per <o O_wS@:  
24 h and in whom CD19+ B-cell counts had increased to >15 cells per l, received a ljRR  
second course of rituximab treatment following the same protocol described above. a6C ~!{'nW  
Follow-up <T>f@Dn,  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, g=wnly  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum -q27N^A0  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry XR(kR{yo  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Creatinine clearance and protein and creatinine excretion %!RQ:?=  
in the urine were assessed by performing two consecutive 24-h urine collections at each c3+vtP&  
time point. Data were considered accurate when urinary creatinine excretion was !xSGZ D=AD  
consistent with a complete 24 h collection. The mean of the two measurements was e"Z~%,^A  
considered for the analysis. The presence of HACAs was evaluated at baseline and at `B~%TEvMh  
months 3, 6, 9, and 12. {^F_b% a4z  
Method / Approach / Study/ Technique +9t@eHJT1  
A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system ]v#Q\Q8>  
To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. 3mWN?fC  
In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the 9S}PCAA;  
Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally \W4SZR%u  
accepted LF8B5<[O  
20 AyWCb  
This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.  ^(y4]yZ  
This can be accomplished by lxbZM9A2  
This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: LYT0 XB)A  
The above preliminary analysis has provided important information $%/Zm*H  
Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... iIg_S13  
These concepts have been applied to !HFwQGP.Y  
On the basis of the concept mentioned above, I>:'5V  
This can be achieved by K:y>wyzl  
In addition, tissues were stained for infiltrating lymphocytes (CD20 and CD3), and the vg<_U&N=-r  
amount of interstitial fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Formalin-fixed, u VB&D E  
paraffin-embedded sections were cut onto coated glass slides. Following heat-induced % nR:Rc!  
antigen retrieval, sections were incubated at 20°C overnight with either anti-CD20 H&I 0\upd  
primary antibody or anti-CD3 primary antibody, both at 1:1000 dilution (Dako, Canada 6;ICX2Wq'  
Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). After rinsing all sections, pretreatment with 3% Mb-C DPT  
hydrogen peroxide was performed to prevent endogenous peroxidase activation. Sections xi^_C!*J  
were incubated with a secondary rabbit anti-mouse antibody linked with avidin–biotin 8YCtU9D  
complex. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and examined by light wEk9(|  
microscopy. n {M!l\1  
The HACA assay is a proprietary bridging enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Oa{M9d,l  
performed at Genentech Inc. that measures the antibody response to rituximab in human j5AW}   
serum samples. T. {P}#'|  
In all patients, clinical and laboratory parameters including complete blood counts, /Z-|E  
electrolytes, serum albumin, B-cell flow cytometry for CD19+ B cells, serum 5'@}8W3b  
immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels, and a lipid panel were evaluated at study entry M^H357r%  
and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. j  $L  
This fact suggests that a new concept th !Gc  
This was accomplished by taking ... &}6=V+J;  
The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. hD sFsG  
Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility w<>B4 m\  
There is little hope of achieving successful ... Nq-qks.&  
There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have I~EJctOG  
not taken this approach, with the exception of a&9+<  
Only a few studies can be found. =ayl~"bW  
It is a very tedious process to go through g+U6E6}1  
It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected g\d|/HV K  
The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. GkVV%0;&J1  
These approaches are sometimes very tedious. fE,\1LK4  
Several techniques can be used Ee^2stc-  
A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: o#CNr5/  
A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. ]v$VZ '  
A xx model represents an xx by its xx. =56O-l7T*w  
A process decision model captures the logic essential to <t\!g  
From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... s@V4ny9x  
21 `|+!H.3  
The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. ~}+F$&  
Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... LS <\%A}  
Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. s:  pmB\  
A number of heuristic rules have been developed for M:rE^El  
Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that .7_<0&kW  
An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine ?t46TV'G  
Euler's formula states the following: oP!oU2eqK  
The completed model should agree with the formula. c<fl6o)  
For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary dv1Y2 [  
Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, QZw`+KR  
To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Qv~lH&jG  
Point of View *: }9(8d  
from an implementation standpoint, %OE (?~dq  
From the point of view of this application, OiI29  
From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). \I"n~h^_  
Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data 2D;2QdO  
in order to allow one to make decisions. yI$KBx/]n  
From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a 3:qn\"Hj  
simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. 5d|hP4fEc  
The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, 3'2>3Y/7Bb  
and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM !A":L0[7n  
p.129] P.#@1_:gC  
Statistical analysis S3 Dmc\f  
Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance comparing the three conditions ?vh1 >1D  
(sham operation, ischemic AKI, and bilateral nephrectomy) at each time point. If  |pgrR7G'  
significant F-statistic from analysis of variance existed, this test was followed by Dunnett Yc^;?n`x  
post hoc multiple comparison procedure with sham operation as the control group. For all pmfL}Dn  
other comparisons, Student's t-test was used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered as f9$8$O  
statistically significant. yo^M>^P\N  
Values are expressed as means s.e.m. and significance was evaluated by Mann–Whitney Lrjp  
U test using GraphPad Prism, version 4.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, _J&IL!S2  
CA, USA). d~qZ;uw  
All values are expressed as means s.d. Statistical significance (defined as P<0.05) was 6DVHJ+WTV  
evaluated using analysis of variance and Bonferroni t-tests, and the two-tailed Pearson's \ lW*.<  
test, where appropriate. ^]k=*>{ R  
Data are expressed as mean s.d., median and interquartile range, or frequencies, as yYH>~,  
appropriate. Variables who deviated from the normal distribution (positively skewed) ,5& Rra/  
were log-transformed (log10) before the correlation study. d1}cXSQ1T  
Data are represented as means s.e.m. Student's t-test and multiple comparisons with t-test NqC}}N\,  
post hoc analysis of variance were used as indicated below, for the comparison of @{@ DGc  
22 }hA)p:  
morphological, immunohistological and functional parameters. Statistical significance RveEA/&&  
was set at P<0.05. 7V%b!R}  
The primary efficacy parameter was defined as change in urinary protein excretion from 3ih:t'N-  
baseline (week 0) to 12 months after treatment. The 12-month changes were tested 8vx#QU8E/  
against zero using the paired t-test. Secondary end points included 6-month changes in byHXRA )39  
protein; the number with PR or CR at 6 or 12 months; and changes in glomerular !-Uq#Ea0/  
filtration rate (GFR), serum albumin, and lipid profiles. Study sample size was based on LIRL`xU7  
the desire to have 80% power to detect a drop in urinary protein of at least 2.0 g day-1. o4H'  
Assuming a two-sided hypothesis test performed at a significance level of 0.05 and an s.d. ua!RwSo  
of urinary protein change of 2.5 g, it was determined that 15 patients were required.2 <z QUa  
Definition of remission status is according to the criteria established by Cattran et al.30 YK V"bI  
CR was defined as proteinuria <0.3 g per 24 h, PR as proteinuria 3 g per 24 h, and a 6$G@>QCBS  
>50% reduction in peak proteinuria and non-response as <50% reduction in peak vv1W<X0e<  
proteinuria. Any patient reaching a CR or PR was considered a treatment success rsD? ;XzH  
The statistical significance of differences for the mean values of cytokine concentration }g"K\x:Z  
and T cell proliferation was determined with Student's t-test. Differences with a P value ]#\/1!W  
of less than 0.05 were considered significant. ^ux"<?  
Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test. Data with a P value of less ,-)ww:  
than 0.05 were considered significant. =k2"1f~e  
In vitro and in vivo experiments were analyzed by the two-tailed Student's t-test, with P b`^mpB*6R  
values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. i%otvDn1  
The significance of differences among groups was determined by Student's t-test and Fv3:J~Yf  
one-way analysis of variance (SigmaStat software; Jandel). pW5PF)([  
Comparisons R 5Cy%  
As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view TnLblkX  
will be discussed. aFDCVm%U|  
The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more T2}ccnDi  
suitable t_iZ\_8  
As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], rm!.J0 X  
Relation @,SN8K0T  
We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping. z1LY |8$G  
The relationships appear very complicate ; Rd\yAG  
Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and l 5z8]/  
the human operator's characteristics. B:tGD@  
These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... `bEum3l\6]  
The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship  DZ&AwF  
among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships. 5h>t4 [~  
This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. * TR ~>|  
The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. 1a;&&!X  
Importance <P<^,aC/j  
q pFzK  
23 x^JjoI2vf  
The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision b6gD*w <  
making. Y\ G^W8  
Consideration / Attention Y^CbpG&-vC  
Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure P%xz"l i  
Such a formulation does not change further considerations. be5NasC  
Considerable attention has been paid to (r )fx  
Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation. N>_d {=P  
Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... "ktC1y1  
Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated =Pg u?WU@  
After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine ;t}ux  
A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the  LYX\#  
appropriate decision. 2F#R;B#2  
It should be noted that =m= utd8  
It is important to point out that ... aXefi'!6  
These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ... O@bDMg  
We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx ICgyCsZ,  
Results. er0ClvB  
Advantages / Disadvantage {bvm83{T  
One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the 84*Fal~Som  
experimental study of 1f1J'du  
One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. |79!exVMBp  
It has a very fast decision making process E0*'AZi&  
All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. tEl4 !v A  
It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor;based ;DKwv}  
environment. jsvD[\P  
It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. 3f :I<S7  
The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: s/K}]F  
However, xx is not without its shortcomings. a4}2^K  
In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx. U{>e E8l  
Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%. bMD'teJ  
The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. QPfS3%p`  
Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx . #={L!"3?e  
Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx. p stQithS  
Some other advantages of xx are the following: u-h3xj  
The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts. hqY9\,.C  
It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that sHrpBm&O4  
was impossible in practice. O.E   
There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx, VmkYl$WZo  
The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches. *[7,@S/<F  
This combines the best features of both techniques %1]2+_6  
24 ;NRT a*  
Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, As (C8C<  
and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in .VmI4V?}h  
virtual communities. Em@h5V  
Results Ik1,?A  
An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided KW&&AuPb}  
Recent work has identified %`}CbD6  
Time-dependent changes of $_Qo  
Cyclosporine-induced cell death is triggered by a non-classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase 2>O2#53ls0  
and does not require ERK activation. gqD`1/  
Much of the current work on s80_e  
Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review 2a=WT`xf ?  
Based on the information contained in this \MtiLaI"  
The result can be categorized into nine classes fsjA7)/  
The results are illustrated by an example yK?~X V:  
The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. {|xwvTl J  
From the results obtained so far, it seem that /2dK*v0  
Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as &OhKx  
Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion. I I>2\d|   
The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs. [k'Ph 33c  
Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more d;<n [)@  
detailed. DhZtiqL#_  
Conclusion @su{Uno8/  
From the discussion, one may conclude that ... - Ez|  
The first indication that ]Hd 0 Y%  
In summary, we have shown that 5h:SH]tn8]  
These results suggested that iQ9#gPk_9  
Our findings have shown that : l>Ue&  
Our observations have provided a ^)Mx9  
This study reveals following five main findings: "]_|c\98  
To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical report of both PIM and HIFs in 3yKI2en"  
the diabetic kidney. MW`a>'0t?  
As mentioned above, #dpt=  
Moreover, we demonstrate that, W;N/Y3Lb  
A number of studies have elaborated a body of knowledge about :x{Q  
There are findings to indicate that \PLV]%3,  
On a descriptive level, there is agreement that for L\Jl'r|  
One issue that became particularly evident from our study is QhGg^h%6  
Our data are in agreement with the findings and models presented by previous 9iFe^^<ss  
publications, in particular those of Jones et al !%u#J:z2  
According to our observations, &1h3o^ K  
…was not evident from our data `5 6QX'?  
25 oX}n"5o:  
It could therefore be concluded that 8zc!g|5"  
our data illustrate that |?| u-y  
All these different aspects, as listed above, lead to q9 ;\B&  
In fact, it has already been speculated that .u*].As=  
It should be furthermore mentioned in this context that U2AGH2emw  
To identify and verify the essential factors triggering developmental renin expression, it Hxl,U>za#  
is of interest now to study the development of intrarenal renin expression in mice with yQA[X}  
defined gene mutations, using the results of this study as a reference system. ZWa#}VS}-n  
In conclusion, using several approaches, we demonstrated that bvgD;:Aj  
But we have not provided formal proof yet that >ek%P;2w>  
In summary, our results suggest that V[I<9xaE  
In conclusion, we identify /K!,^Xn  
A better understanding of such regulatory systems may yield novel therapeutic H n!vTB  
approaches to glomerular diseases. z`5I 1#PVA  
Preliminary results of short-term studies (2 weeks) indicate that Zd(d]M_x  
However, we believe that (RmED\.]4  
However, despite our extensive measurements of these parameters, we found no IA^)`l7H  
relationship between response and initial proteinuria, time to B-cell recovery, the 3rY /6{  
development of antibodies to rituximab, B-cell count in the kidney tissue, nor the degree N ACY;XQ%  
of tubular interstitial damage present. A clear conclusion for efficacy, however, cannot be %~5Q^3$O  
obtained from an uncontrolled study, and definitive claims of efficacy should be reserved H ZLOn  
for rigorous, prospective, controlled, and randomized trials with the use of rituximab and 48g^~{T4O  
that will also look for factors that may determine its efficacy in IMN. SU'1#$69F  
It has become increasingly clear that DP_Pqn8p&M  
Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that />[6uvy#Q  
The conclusions drawn are also valid ++!E9GU{  
In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in... _ <a)\UR  
We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of wDhcHB  
Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area W>s'4C`  
Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in <M OL{jan  
achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible. 5SL>q`t.bd  
This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx ePRMv  
concept. /Z " 4[  
The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for JGDUCb~  
improvements for xx work. !;aC9VhSU  
The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. H8BO*8}  
This has a tremendous impact on our understanding of 8}oDRN!J  
Significant progress has been made in advancing RNAi therapeutics in a remarkably !en F8a  
short period of time 0*;9CH=BE  
To date, little is known about… ]az} n(B,  
Irrespective of the mechanisms and the molecules –which are still largely unknown – a^T4\  
involved in MSC functions, current data suggest that /^33 e+j  
To better understand )4)iANH?  
26 HjK<)q8b  
Future Research (常用于conclustion 的结尾) #or oY.o  
Thus, first extension of the approach could be, mYjiiql~  
Further studies are needed to determine the importance of KvJP(!{  
Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through u1|P'>;lF  
additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling 4fu\3A&  
activity. 1xdESorX(  
It also unveiled new aspects of the role played by thyroid hormone in response to injury 9Oo*8wvGG  
and tissue repair. Ul713Bjz  
In the near future, the ongoing clinical trials with siRNAs for macular degeneration and -KwL9J4u  
RSV may reveal the exciting potential of RNAi therapeutics as the next major class of C|d !'"p  
drug molecules. rI^~9Rz  
In the next few years it should become clear whether a,57`Ks+n<  
It should be an exciting time for researchers seeking to harness this powerful endogenous i3 l #~  
pathway to treat human disease. KB,~u*~!  
Acknowledgement M*~v'L_sI  
The authors are grateful to the insightful work provided by Mr. John W. Harney and all &v auLp  
of the fellows and students that contributed with some of the studies discussed in this ok>P [ &!  
article \;B$hT7z*  
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete (:y,CsR}4  
this thesis. Z}K.^\S9  
I want to thank the Department of Transport of the former Interim Government of CVGOX z  
Namibia for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance, to do the {80oRD2=Q  
necessary research work and to use departmental data 6h:?u4  
This work was supported by NIH grants AI058695 and AI056900. We thank members of /_:T\`5uO  
the laboratory and our collaborators for many useful suggestions. Y( V3P nH  
We thank J. Maraganore and B. Greene for critical reading of the manuscript, M. o! 2 n}C   
Duckman for graphics assistance and A. Capobianco for word processing assistance. 0x]OF8=J  
Author contributions ezg^5o;  
All authors were involved in experimental planning and data analysis and contributed to ||'i\X|[  
manuscript preparation. nqurY62Ip  
Tables and Figures N o_$!)J.  
Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. .o\;,l2  
The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1. q lz9&w  
The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. jHu,u|e0>S  
Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the #Cg}!38  
Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that 2xL!PR-  
the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2. _uO!N(k.  
Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system P|e:+G7  
Table shows the ;o-\.=l  
27 )KaLSL>  
Time-dependent changes of gqP -E  
as shown in Table 1 and 2 -~v l+L  
This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 []A"]p  
At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. YM #  
Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row;headings, 97qtJ(ESI  
xx through xx as column;headings. } * ?n?'  
Time course of calculated renin immunoreactive tissue volumes during development of L;1$xI8tx  
the mouse kidney. Data are single values per time point. They were derived from the sorSyuG r  
kidneys shown in Figure 1. tr6jh=  
Yellow color indicates Kcscz,  
PCT3 cells were pretreated with 50 M PD98059 or 10 M U0126 for 30 min and then <ICZ"F`S  
cells were stimulated with 25 g ml-1 CsA for 6 h. ERK and PKB activation were ]dPVtk  
analyzed by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies. Hv8SYQ|  
ERK and PKB activation were measured by western blot using phospho-specific Zdv.PGn  
antibodies x4CtSGG85f  
The data are the means of three different experiments taking the number of untreated cells g".d"d{  
(vehicle alone) as 100%. B#HV20\?v  
ERK and PKB activation were then analyzed by western blot with the corresponding 5x* 5|8  
phospho-specific antibodies. To ensure equal amount of protein in each lane, western 5SoZ$,a<e  
blots against total protein were performed for ERK and PKB. Uj4Lu  
The means of optical density (OD) values of the bands detected in western blots of three ?8 SK\{9r6  
different experiments are plotted, taking the maximal value of phosphorylation of ERK DJm oW  
and PKB as 100%. BQyvj\uJ  
CT3 cells were treated with 25 g ml-1 CsA or vehicle alone for 24 h and then fixed with 6eOrs-ty  
paraformaldehyde and stained with Hoescht as indicated in Materials and Methods. Then z=ML(1c=  
cells were visualized by phase-contrast microscopy (upper panel) and fluorescence +68+PhHF  
microscopy (lower panel). 7m@ )Lv  
The data are the means of three experiments performed on different days taking the kP)YgkE  
number of cells at the onset of the experiment as 100%. \n[ 392  
Rats were killed at 4 h and at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 14, 21, and 28 after disease induction aRbx   
(n=9 each). q^Z~IZ8IT  
*P<0.05 versus non-nephritic rats. LYp'vZ!  
The expression of the CCN3 protein was detected by western blot analysis (n=4 each, PC, =kd YN 5R  
positive control, M, molecular weight markers). Y.q>EUSH  
Original magnifications: 200 in A, E, G, H; 600 in B, C, D, F. G7 1U7  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. .2e1S{9  
*P<0.05 versus 0.5 h. ]\OWZ{T'j  
PDGF-BB and -DD, but not PDGF-AA and -CC, induce a downregulation of CCN3 \;-qdV_JB  
mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and normalized to 0eFb?Z0]  
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA.  VJ3hC[  
Cell number was counted in duplicate using a Malassez hemocytometer 4_tR9w"  
Data are means s.d. of four independent experiments. *P<0.05 versus cells treated with Hz E1r+3Q@  
MCDB media for 24 h, #P<0.05. \ZS\i4  
28 Yj) e$f  
The curves are adjusted for history of coronary artery disease, CRP, and progression to tG/1pW  
ESRD. Y[Es  
Both models are independent of age, gender, baseline GFR and proteinuria, and other [Gh"ojt]w  
clinical characteristics and traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors )!cI |tovs  
Correlation between serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and serum PTH ; yyO0Ha  
(n=99, P<0.0001, r2=0.190) <{gi HT  
Concentration of serum FGF23 concentration before starting and at the end of the 4-h /KAlK5<  
hemodialysis procedure in 23 patients, expressed as log10 values (n=23, P<0.0001, Uan,H1a   
Student's paired t-test). $_)=8"Sn  
Immunohistochemistry for the hypoxia marker pimonidazole (PIM) and HIF-2 ; eZNitGaU  
arrow=endothelial cell and CD=collecting duct R*yU<9Mm8  
Magnification: 1000. O-j$vzHpdY  
A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made. pW{8R^vKm  
CONJUGATION `@|w>8bMz{  
To Indicate Addition u?kD)5Nk  
additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, 7UKYm Jk.  
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likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, +yWR#[`n  
broadly speaking 6Nt$ZYS  
To Indicate Cause and Effect c&f y{}10  
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, x l0DN{PG  
therefore, thus, truly s*Ih_Ag=:  
To indicate Comparison 8Mu;U3cIW  
in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively Pr+~Kif  
To Indicate Concession )p8I @E  
after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, $b>}C= gt  
naturally, of course :[sOKV i  
To Indicate Contrast ?z/Vgk+9|  
and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, |)o#|Qo  
in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, 2yKz-"E  
still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately, \cQ . |S  
To Indicate Time Relationships s /%:dnij  
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, nxaT.uFd1  
at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in dB;3.<S=  
the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, 9s`/~ a@  
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while pm US F #u  
29 KrKu7]If6#  
To Indicate Special Features or Examples ( 9$"#o  
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in dvjTyX  
practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned 9<s4yZF@x  
before / above :Q@)*kQH  
To Indicate Summary }+R B =#~o  
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude ?znSx}t  
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, /\=MBUN  
VERB PHASE :\yc*OtX  
build a .. model iOqk*EL_r\  
have been described to (~s|=Hxq|-  
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we detected 'v&}(  
build up the key link z`$J_CjY  
Although a number of studies have identified predictors of t FgX\4  
began a new era in ... >dQK.CG  
can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through ^J x$t/t  
can result in ~]uZy=P? 5  
carries out ... tasks mBk5+KyT  
production information in order to simultaneously 1 W'F3  
contains all information necessary to describe qv+R:YYOq  
do not make use of production information Z=+03  
deals with q'S =Eav8  
end with failure .%xzT J=!  
fetch the information from the model directly i$UQbd  
has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / WZFH@I28  
been recognized as 5/I_w0  
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / 7*+TP~WI  
finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / #DI$Oc  
interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown g]$ 4~"|.  
in / used to effectively guide the search K5"sj|d&  
makes use of 7_\ Mwy{P  
was significantly higher as compared to U/w.M_S  
To assess disease-specific alterations, we measured \m/xV /  
To specifically assess the relationship between 3$p#;a:=n  
make up BzbDZV  
To determine if 4j'd3WGpbN  
This statistically significant difference still w|Aqqe  
They positively correlated with d?L\pN&  
Present i|$z'HK;+  
Our results are consistent with our recent data that suggest that yTAvF\s$(  
30  46,j9x  
contribute to d@kc[WLD^  
meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it lZ+!H=`  
must be justified 6rDfQ`f\p  
point out YUkud2,j  
play an important role 3<(q }  
relates to 45+{nN[  
rely on f~M8A.  
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satisfy the needs -q>^ALf|@>  
determine the total requirements for the ... h/ep`-YaH  
uses ... as a key to search for... 3C^1f rF  
without relying on +V8b  
will be available/ performed/ overlooked wD9a#AgEd  
NOUN PHASE xAdq+$><  
a basic technical function of ecHP &Z$  
a significant reduction of jj&s} _75  
drug variability fC<m^%*zgA  
a critical need %|IUqjg  
negatively correlated with M<`|CVl  
a key / principle feature of ~brFo2  
a substantial impact on O!F]^'!  
an intensive review was conducted E`D%PEps+  
The analysis of the correlations by Qi=*1QAkr  
an increasing need for expanding the application of .... M?@p N<|  
an important component / function / aspect / issue 4ke^*g K<  
each rule is numbered in sequence $k0H9_  
each of these involves 3N4.$#>#9@  
for this calculation, it is necessary to define +x1/-J8_sg  
in the physical environment / integration of <y=ovkM3  
in the reality of situations where … \"^% 90F  
many aspects of  ?J&)W,~  
most past efforts have been spent on ... f&I7 ,"v  
common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. AU{:;%.g  
sources of additional information on ... are listed lOerrP6f(  
systematic and rationally structured format uP|FJLY  
the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown T9jw X:n  
THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list AV4~U:vU  
of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / &8?`<   
impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions A,XfD}+:Z  
the number of parts needed to vr IV%l=  
the above statement means that >&K!VQ{g  
the output data is passed to ti_u!kNv  
31 <r\I"z$  
the proposed method / underlying principle bZ5n,KQA5  
the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should #A<"4#}  
this information resides in T.Zz;2I  
this process is composed of ... different ... operation JAP (|  
along with the use of !Q)3-u  
concerning general aspects of nNR:cG fG  
due to h~UJCn zS  
for later use in generating..., ,wK 1=7  
in turn, - 9&g[  
it can be claimed/concluded that "c Pz|~  
it demonstrates the decisions required of A ,<@m2  
it also provides information to .. hyu}}0:  
it becomes essential to <\D Uo0]J  
let ... be the probability that vt trKVA  
once... is written, it is compiled into... Vy;_GfT$  
suppose it is observed that 5 ,ZRP'oI  
this is because JQT4N[rEE  
this results in a RV92qn B  
upon completion of the ... analysis,  -$R5  
when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be e "_"vbk  
recorded in books and papers :?#cDyW)  
selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans,  N|N/)  
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. Sip_ ~]hM  
for the sake of convenience cVg$dt  
correct decision to be reach $4h04_"  
keeping the number of rules to a minimum. 2'dG7lLu4  
a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: u'Pn(A@1R  
practical solutions P:a*t[+  
because of rather small job lot sizes 1gAc,s2  
Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should milling tool be select" 05g?jV  
different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning
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