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I. 英汉翻译原理第一讲: 什么是翻译? sr8cYLm5R
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【例1】 The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story. @S|XGf
(“×”号表示译文有问题,下同) y5!KX AQ%
×树的历史开始于森林中,直到生产为木板后被使用为止,成为一个有趣且有许多事例的激动人心的故事。 (o`{uj{!
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上面这句话的原文实际上主要说了两点内容: t
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1、树的历史的起迄时间 Y]&j,j&
2、树的历史是怎样一回事 :O uA)f
【译文】 一棵树,从它在森林中生长起直到被制成木板使用为止,这段历史会构成一个饶有趣味的故事,在很多情况下这个故事十分激动人心。 Mo^ od<
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【例2】 There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. M3.do^ss
×有两个调节系统相互作用。一个定时系统来自于我们的感官和胃的证明,就是当我们生活在一个特定的时区所经历的周期性。 $< JaLS
【译文】 人体有两个相互作用的时间调节系统。一个时间调节系统依据感官和胃发出的信息,依据我们生活在某个时区所体验的周期性规律。 <7~'; K
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寻找对等词语和结构然后将其串接成句的翻译方法,常表现如下: GWfL
1、简单语句的译文虽然生硬,但基本可读。如: vam;4vyu
【例3】 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. ?`?)QE8
×我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家,他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。 m;,N)<~
【译文】 我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家,他们各自的音乐创作方式有所不同。 hv?9*tLh0
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2、较复杂语句的译文似通非通,甚至不知所云。如: > ;*b|Ik
【例4】 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. `x*Pof!Io
×传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。 tS6qWtE
【译文】 传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思,而是对固定形式的个性化处理。 F1yqxWHeo
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3、典型的英语表达形式在汉语无法找到对等形式,翻译无从着手。如: p
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【例5】 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come -- with the people who respect you for who you are. @u6B;)'l
【译文】 发现自我,如实地表现自我,你自然会为人们所喜欢--为那些尊重你的真正个性的人们所喜欢。 t7aefV&_,
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【例6】 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years? WvY?
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【译文】 你预计今后五年上海的发展目标如何? J cd-
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翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换,也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中,如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西,结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换,徒具其形,原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。 ;@oN s-
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翻译究竟是什么呢? #cI{Fe0h
翻译的过程就好比交通工具的换乘过程,两者之间有诸多相似之处。 VAHh~Q6 ;e
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交通工具换乘过程: [M=7M}f;
内容 (人员) !$gR{XH$]
载体(运输工具1) 内容(人员) N5lDS
载体(运输工具2) !Dn,^
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翻译过程: qm/22:&v5
内容 (信息) | ATvS2
载体(源语) 内容(信息) g}1B;zGf
载体(译语) .WZ^5>M-
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比较两者,其共同点有: ;n*.W|Uph
(1) 两者带有相似的目的: #A JDWelD
两种转换过程都是为了实现内容通过载体的变换从一端到另一端的传递。 }C"%p8=HM
(2) 两者含有相似的基本要素: I-]?"Q7Jz
第一要素内容,在交通工具换乘过程中是人员,而在翻译过程中则是信息。 "o-z
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第二要素载体,在交通工具换乘过程中是车辆、船舶、飞机等,转换前是一种运输工具,转换后改为另一种运输工具;而在翻译过程中则是语言,转换前是源语(source language),转换后是译语(target language)。 E Nhl&J
(3) 两者具有相似的操作要求: <lPm1/8
第一,两者都要求内容不变。 BYL)nCc
第二,两者都要求过程顺畅 61C7.EZZ;
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德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation:Problems & Methods一书中说: P64PPbP
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.(翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语,而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义,也就是说,是语义从源语到译语的转换,而不是形式。) pP&7rRhw
这说明了翻译是语义的翻译,不是语言形式的翻译,是运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容,而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面的束缚,必须着眼于传达原文的内容和意义。 y}" O U
换句话说,翻译的基本单位应该是语篇,而不是词语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点,语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言语单位,而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、一个句段、一个句群,也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式,其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。 @<hb6bo,N
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II. 课堂练习(分别用词语和形式对应译法和语义表达译法试译下列句子,并比较翻译中的感觉和译文的效果): &
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1. It's more a poem than a picture. /$Nsd
2. He drank himself out of the best lines. 2j[=\K]
3. He pretends to be as modest as anything. 6,8h]?u.
4. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft. _YhES-Ff
5. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it. 4#MtF'J
6. Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg. M6"PX *K
7. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret. i
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8. The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age. BO?%'\
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III. 课堂练习参考译文: F]O`3e=!
1. 与其说那是一幅画,不如说那是一首诗。 X]TG<r
2. 他借酒写得好诗句。 Ko<
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3. 他装得极为谦虚。 ;WQve_\
4. 火是无孔不入的,可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。 gh]cXuph
5. 循声而去,便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。 lfow1WRF
6. 我陪着小心,用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下一斑车的情况。 Z"xvh81P
7. 在社交场合,你就是感到情绪压抑,也不要表露出来。
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8. 患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。 76{G'}B
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IV. 课外练习(分别用词语和形式对应译法和语义表达译法试译下列句子,并比较翻译中的感觉和译文的效果): W:2( .?
1. He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself. Ty?cC**
2. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. N#_H6TfMG
3. While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don't exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities. $bR~+C
4. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad you can not get rid of it too early. Dw.J2>uj
5. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check -- a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds". c7k~S-nU
6. A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon. F@KGj|
7. To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying. ""G'rN_=Bi
8. Because of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to their own resources -- both emotional and financial -- to care for an infirm or recovering relative at home. 6<QQ@5_
9. During the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners. the talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to education. 1.GQau~
10. The new architectural styles have become powerful image makers overseas. Two stunning arrivals now gracing Hong Kong's crowded skyline -- the privately-owned Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building and Bank of China's headquarters -- stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ideologies that define the city. B~ GbF*j
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