考博英语—长难句

长难句
第一节：非谓语动词
1．In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethe
price ofaproductor tomake afree contract with another private individual.
2．Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect, extremists ofthis kindthinkthatanimalslie outsidetheareaof moralchoice.
第二节：名词性从句
一主语从句
1.Thatasmuchas one-fourth ofall timber harvested is notusedprovedto befalse.

2.Itisoneofthe mostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthis way, thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventuallydieofoldage,and that this happens atarate whichdiffers little fromperson toperson, so that there are heavyodds in favor ofourdyingbetweenthe ages ofsixty-five andeighty.
二宾语从句
1.   Somephilosophers arguethat rightsexist onlywithinasocialcontract, aspart ofan exchange ofduties andentitlements.

2.   Itwasnecessaryto recognizethattheseinstitutions whicharebased on thesamepremises, letus saythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,our own amongtherest.
三表语从句
1.  Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsare butcontributionsto an unending process.

2.  Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person toturn the newly invented telescopeon the heavensto prove thattheplanetsrevolvearound the sunrather than around theearth.
四同位语从句
1.    Influencedbytheviewofsometwentieth-centuryfeministsthatwomen’spositionwithin the family is one of the central factors determining women’s social position, some historianshave underestimated thesignificance ofthewomansuffragemovement.
2.   Thismodernfaithinmedicines is proved bythefactthatthe annualdrugbilloftheHealth Servicesismountingtoastronomicalfigures andshowsnosigns atpresentofceasing to rise.
第三节：定语从句
1.   Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalina


country aslarge as ours andwhere theeconomy is spread over somanystates andinvolves somanyinternationalcorporations.

2.   Silicon Valley is a   magnet to   which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateina technologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-making European Renaissance andIndustrial Revolution ofthebygoneage.
第四节：状语从句
1.    Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthree decadesindicates thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens, whatevertheir special conditions,deservetheopportunity tofullydeveloptheir capabilities.

2.   Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsin thesubstantia nigra, eventhough itcannotreplacethedead cells.
第五节：并列结构
1. Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswith in-built personalities willberegardedasworkmatesrather thantools,relaxation willbe in frontof smell-television,anddigitalage willhavearrived.

2.    The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundredyearsage,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintaining thebehavior oftheindividual is onlybeginning to berecognized andstudied.
第六节：强调结构
强调结构是指在句子当中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强情感色彩或加强对比，需要改变句子结构，这种结构叫做强调结构

1Do(does/did)+原形动词表强调此种结构来强调谓语动词，往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的
祈使句，不适用于"be"动词
2Itis/was...that(who)结构表强调
3 强调部分提前

1.   Thus, intheAmericaneconomicsystemitis thedemandsofindividualconsumers,coupled with thedesireofbusinessmen tomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used toproduce it.

2.    Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobe preserved,foroneof thenecessaryconditionsofpreservationis quickburial,and itisonly intheseasandrivers,and sometimes lakes,wheremudandsilthavebeencontinuously deposited,thatbodies andthelike can be rapidlycovered over andpreserved.


第七节：比较结构
英语中，比较结构的句型复杂，表现形式多样。在翻译的时候，需要仔细分析，在准确理解的基础上，才能进行贴切的表达。所以，从理解与表达的角度来看，比较的形式是次要的，真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较，就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：I am tallerthan he.（我比他高）。因此，这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。
一、as…as…句型
（一）as…as…句型
as…as…句型是同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候，通常翻译为“…
和….一样”。
（二）notas (or so)…as…句型
跟as…as…句型相反的结构notas(orso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者，所以，通常翻译为“…不如…”。
（三）notsomuch…as…句型
not somuch…as…通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。
（四）notsomuch as…句型
not somuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven…”，所以通常翻译为“甚至不…，甚至没有…”。请注意与not somuch…as…这个结构的区别。
Hecannot somuchas spella word. 他甚至连一个词也不会写。
二、比较级+thantodo…句型
由比较级与than todosth.结合在一起的句型，通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。
I hada bettercommand ofEnglish than tomakesuch foolish mistakes.
我的英语学得很好，不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。

三、more…than…句型
（一）more Athan B句型
A比B多
是A而不是B 与其说B不如说A less Athan B句型 A比B少
是B而不是A
与其说A不如说B
（二）morethan…句型
在英语中，如果more than…句型后面所跟的词性不相同，意义也不尽相同，所以应该用不同的汉语词来翻译。
1．morethan后面接数词，表示“多于…，….以上”的意思。
2．morethan后面接名词或者动词，表示“不只是…”的意思。
3．morethan后面接形容词、副词或者分词，表示“极其，非常”的意思。
4．morethan…can…则表示“难以…，完全不能…”的意思。
（三）nomore…than…句型
1. nomore Athan B
notAanymorethan B


A不是B也不是
2.noless Athan B A是B也是

1.   Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of themindsof themenwhowatchtheexperiments.

2.   Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigital informationthan existintraditionalmedia.

第八节：否定结构
英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中，这些否定句就象陷阱一样，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。因此翻译否定结构时，切不可望文生义，而必须细心揣摩，真正透彻理解其意义，然后根据汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型，才能使译文准确、恰当地表达出原文的含义。
1 形式肯定但意义否定 morethan can… anythingbut…
may (might)aswell…
too…todo too…forn
2 形式否定但意义肯定
not…until（直到……才），not…too（越……越好），nonebut（只有），nothingbut（只有）， nothingmorethan（仅仅），no sooner…than（刚一……就），hardly…when…（刚一……就）,not only…butalso(不仅……而且)，not…longbefore（很快就），nomorethan（仅仅，只是），no other than（只有，正是）
3 否定谓语转换为否定状语英语原文否定谓语，翻译成汉语时，需要把否定转移到状语上。 Hedoesn’tstudy inthe classroom. 他不在教室里学习。
4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定英语原文否定主句，而翻译成汉语的时候，需要把否定转移到从句上。这样结构常常
是not…because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。
She did notcomebecauseshe wanted to seeme.

1.   Thecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseof independence andfreedomthat ownership entails.
2.   Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhave access tomoreinformationthan children ofthepast.


第九节：倒装结构
1.    Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthisdonottellhow able an underprivileged youngstermighthave been hadhegrown up under morefavorable circumstances.
2.   Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelyto havelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscome fromdiversebackgrounds.
第十节：分裂结构
1.   Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary----thedangersofdruginteractions, for example----and manyare required bystate or federalregulations,itisn’tclear thatthey actuallyprotectthemanufacturers andsellersfromliabilityifacustomer isinjured.

2. Odd thoughitsounds,cosmic inflation isascientificallyplausible consequence ofsome respected ideasinelementary-particlephysics,and manyastrophysicists havebeen convinced forthebetter partof adecadethat it istrue.

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