2014年山东大学考博英语真题

PARTI(1-30题，共15分，每个0.5分)

BCAAD   DBCCA BACBD BCAAC BBADB ABCAD
Part II（ 40-50题，共10分，每个0.5分from 2001年考研英语Passage 8）
DADBA CDBBA BCBAC ADCDC

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases     31     the trial of Rosemary West.
    In a significant     32     of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a     33     bill that will propose making payments to witnesses     34     and will strictly control the amount of     35     that can be given to a case     36     a trial begins.
    In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he     37     with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not     38     sufficient control.
    39     of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a     40     of media protest when he said the     41     of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges     42     to Parliament.
    The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which     43     the European Convention on Human Rights legally     44     in Britain, laid down that everybody was     45     to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
    "Press freedoms will be in safe hands     46     our British judges," he said.
    Witness payments became an     47     after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were     48     to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised     49     witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to     50     guilty verdict.

31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft
34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper
35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity
36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as
37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed
38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate
39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure
40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash
41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration
42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than
43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns
44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining
45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified
46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by
47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue
48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told
49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that
50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee

PART III(30分，每个1.5分 )

[table=426.1pt][tr][td=1,1,113]51. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]52. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]53. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]54. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]55. D
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,113]56. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]57. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]58. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]59. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]60. A
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,113]61. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]62. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]63. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]64. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]65. A
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,113]66. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]67. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]68. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]69. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]70. D
[/td][/tr][/table]
Passage Four（2004年6月）
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.
Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.
As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.
With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.
Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.
The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.
And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.
You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?
Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.
36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy ________.
A) is practiced exclusively by the FBI
B) is more prevalent in business circles
C) has been intensified with the help of the IRS
D) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping（B）
37. We know from the passage that ________.
A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private information
B) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businesses
C) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protection
D) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers’ buying habits（D）
38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for a product or service if ________.
A) you happen to reveal your credit card number
B) you fail to cancel it within the specified period
C) you fail to apply for extension of the deadline
D) you find the product or service unsatisfactory（B）
39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because ________.
A) it is considered “transaction and experience” information unprotected by law
B) it has always been considered an open secret by the general public
C) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation
D) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy（A）
40. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A) banks will have to change their ways of doing business
B) “free trial” practice will eventually be banned
C) privacy protection laws will soon be enforced
D) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded（D）
[table=426.1pt][tr][td=1,1,113]36. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]37. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]38. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]39. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]40. D
[/td][/tr][/table]1997年6月
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”
The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.
36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.
A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas
B) something through which one can see a person’s inner world
C) of considerable significance in making conversations interesting
D) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate（A）
37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.
A) whose front view is fully perceived
B) whose face is covered with a mask
C) whose face is seen from the side
D) whose face is free of any covering（C）
38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner’s neck because ________.
A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker
B) they need not communicate through eye contact
C) they don’t think it polite to have eye contact
D) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood（D）
39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to ________.
A) one temporarily glancing away from the other
B) eye contact of more than one second
C) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contact
D) constant adjustment of eye contact（C）
40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ________.
A) not to wear dark spectacles
B) not to make any interruptions
C) not to glance away from each other
D) not to make unpredictable pauses（A）
[table=426.1pt][tr][td=1,1,113]36. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]37. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]38. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]39. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]40. A
[/td][/tr][/table]

1998年1月
A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.
Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.
Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.
Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.
In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.
21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager ________.
A) a person’s property or debts do not matter much
B) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualification
C) women should always dress fashionably
D) women should not only be attractive but also high minded（B）
22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.
A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s best
B) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid well
C) good looking women aspire to managerial positions
D) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not（D）
23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ________.
A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deep
B) they do not usually act according to the views they support
C) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratings
D) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’s accomplishments（B）
24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ________.
A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobs
B) good looking women always get the best of everything
C) being attractive is not always an advantage for women
D) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions（C）
25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.
A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women are
B) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite well
C) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite well
D) good looks are important for women as they are for men（A）
[table=426.1pt][tr][td=1,1,113]21. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]22. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]23. B
[/td][td=1,1,113]24. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]25. A
[/td][/tr][/table]2000年6月
Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.
Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.
In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.
Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.
36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.
A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groups
B) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoes
C) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative image
D) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices（A）
37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.
A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling it
B) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors
C) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it
D) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores（D）
38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.
A) its supply of products fell short of demand
B) too many distributors would cut into its profits
C) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market
D) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products（A）
39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ________.
A) does not want to further expand its retailing network
B) still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores
C) is still particular about who sells its products
D) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products（C）
40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?
A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.
B) A company should not limit its distribution network.
C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.
D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.（D）
[table=426.1pt][tr][td=1,1,113]36. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]37. D
[/td][td=1,1,113]38. A
[/td][td=1,1,113]39. C
[/td][td=1,1,113]40. D
[/td][/tr][/table]
PART IV（7选5，共10分，每个2分）

A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU). Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA. Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.On October 2, 2002, the day President George W. Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza, speaking out against the war.On March 16, 2003, the day President Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq, Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.

Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not "weaponize" space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to take ICBMs off high alert status. In November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.（F）Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.

In a December 2005, Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. （G）Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."
In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.

In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut, close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil. （E）Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.
Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups. In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren. Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier. （C）He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" and not be ashamed of it. Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."

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