作文套路: 6t9Q,+nJ
套路 1。 .&O}/B
There are many reasons / causes for ….. but in general, they come down to three major ones. TVVL1wZ
For one thing,….. For another, .. Perhaps the prime reason / cause is that…. 4/Ub%t-
From the foregoing, ….. EA.4m3
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2. Like everything else, ……has /have favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. C
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First ….. Besides, …Most important of all, .,,,,. 0XV8B
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with ,…. To make matters worse, … Worst of all,…. (>O'^W\3p
Now the conclusion is self-evident. The positive aspects outweigh the negative ones. Therefore, … and try to change the negative aspects into positive ones. ^IgxzGD
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Different people have different views on…..It is held that ….But it is also held that.. OwhMtYq
But it is also held that….. 1?:/8l%V
Those who hold the first opinion… In contrast,…those who hold the second view…. z ((Y \vP
As to me, I agree with the latter opinion … Admittedly, …but this is not to say that…. e}%~S9\UL5
For instance,… what’s more, it should be understood that …. For example…. 38<!Dt+S(,
In a word…… TmI~P+5w
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When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions…. Is no exception. Some people take it for granted that …. However, others hold that…. U^aMh-
As far as I am concerned , I’m in favor of the second view . . The reasons are as follows. qg_M9xJ
First, there is an element of truth that…. , but it doesn’t that…. A case in point is that ….. As another instance,... Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water. Y3%_IwSJ|
In conclusion, ~kHWh8\b:
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Charts and graphs 2c)Ez?
A. It is a/table/chart/diagram/graph which describes that... r}?uZ"]=?
It is a table/chart/diagram/graph of... pNt,RRoR
This chart/table/pie diagram/graph points out/indicates/shows/illustrates that... $,I%g<
As we can see/As can be seen from/in the chart/table/pie diagram/graph that... 'ozu4y
According to/As is shown in Table 1/Figure 2/Chart 3/Diagram 4 ... :v$][jZ2
B. A and B are totally/completely/entirely/quite/strikingly different in every &/+LY_r'<I
way/many ways BIQQJLu
The difference between A and B is (lies in/consists in/exists) ... >6X$iBb0
Their differences can be described as follows: ... 5rX_85 ]
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三、英语写作核查清单 qsG}A
为了提高找错效率,整理一个写作中常见错误的核查清单(checklist)是很有益处的。这 PP{s&(
样就能做到有的放矢,根据核查清单所列举的错误,迅速地查找错误。 <lN=<9
1.是否漏掉动词“to be" =Sjf-o1V
一般来说,每个句子(或分句)必须有一个动词作谓语。看一下每个句子中是否都有 -n"7G%$M
动词。如缺少动词,那么很可能漏掉的就是动词“to be"。 q,>-4Cm
2.在第三人称单数后的动词是否漏掉s(指现在时) O5v~wLx9e
很快地浏览一下你的作文,找到每一个动词,再找该动词的主语,决定动词后面是 c~)H" n
否要加S. D6fGr$(N%
3.复数名词后面是否漏了s DR<=C`<4(
查看所有的名词,看一下它们是否需要加s。 W@t{pXwLv
4.每二个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词(determiner) L"It0C
这些限定词有冠词:a,an,the;指示代词:this,that;所有格:my,your,Mary’s, ekPn`U
etc. 对于不少考生来说,判断究竟在什么地方需要加冠词非常困难。但是有一种相对 zwgO|Qg;
较简单的规则,即每个单数可数名词之前必须有限定词。 4"et4Y7
5.作文中的时态有无变化。如有变化,看一下是否有正当理由 83pXj=k<
有些考生在写作文时,时常会毫无道理地改变动词的时态。查看一下每个动词,看 t@cImmh\T
看它是否同前一个动词在时态上一致。如果不一致,查看一下时态的改变是否有依据。 gE$@:j
6.是否漏掉连接词 w9,w?%F
一般来说,一个句子只能有一个限定动词,如有两个或两个以上动词,那么它们就 +GlG.6
会由并列连接词连接,或出现在由从属连接词引导的从句中。考生可以数一下每句 "%d
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句子中的限定动词和连接词。动词数应该比连接词数多1个。为了便于检查,在写作 D {N,7kT
过程中,不要省略任何从属连接词,特别是“that"。 (;2]`D [x
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四. 主题和结构 te
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英文写作的要求是“根据所规定的情境或所给出的提纲,写一篇短文”。这里的 OcZ8:`=%
规定情境或所给出的提纲,实际上已经规定了文章的整体结构。 8gXf4A(N
考生需要将这些信息转换成正确的英语语言。在每个要点项下,再加上一些支持 8+8P{_
性的英语语句;为了使文章富有可读性,考生还必须注意卷面的美观和书写的工整。 7rjS.
从宏观结构层面考察研究生英文作文,我们应注意的另一个问题是一致性问题, k(R&`
也就是点和支持论点的论据之间必须具有逻辑性。除此之外,论点之间应注意主 jbs)]fqC;
次之分,必须做重点突出。恰当地将文章分成不同的段落,有助于体现各部分的 ;0Mg\~T~'
逻辑关系和层次。 O_|p{65
一篇150个左右单词的英文短文基本按照开头段——中间段——结尾段的框架搭 T)#eaz$4W
建。其中间段比开头段和结尾段要长些。开头段必须用能够吸引读者注意力的语 Z)dE#A_X
言点明主题,使者了解文章的主旨(Thesis)。中间段落经常是作文的主干内容。可 {on+
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以由一个或一个以上段落组成。其主要功能在于支持说明或论证上段提到的文章 t.6gyrV7><
的主题。在每一个段落的首句般为段落主题句(Topic sentence)。跟着主题句的是支性句子,其内容可以是事实、数故事或专家意见等,主要功能用来帮助段落主 ;eiqzdP
题句说明文章主题。结尾段落用来归纳概或重新说明主题观点,也可以用来说明 &&sCaNb
观点,提出建议,做出评论或针对文章提出的问题出具体的办法。 @Yzc?+x
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五.文章的开头和结尾 ~4C:2
我们知道,在篇幅为120个字的英文作文中,其开头和结尾的作用是很明显的。
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运用得当,文章会富有逻辑性,重点突出。 [XDr-5Dm
(一)开头 X7{ h/^
文章的开头很重要,如果处理得当,一开始就能吸引读者的注意力。下面是几 drEND`,@6|
种典型的开头写法。 V.12
1.主题句法 EE[JXoke
提出一个论点或论据作为文章要阐明的主题,使读者了解你写作的理由或主要 UJ1Ecob
目的。 k{d)'\FM
例: &W:R#/|
This report summarizes the results of our fourth—quarter sales. T!pjv8y@R
One Of the most notable phases Of the industrial revolution was the rapid growth of cities。 (v$$`zh
2.问题法 TWk1`1|
用提问的方式来引发文章的内容,吸引读者的注意力。例: gyAKjLqqpi
Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries? yHt
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What does it take to succeed in one’s studies or career? Vs~!
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3.数据法 SFRQpQ06
用某些统计数字来引出文章的内容,例: Lr}>Md
The fact that less than 5% of the British population graduate from universities may seem surprising when compared with the American percentage of over 30%. -)2sR>`A%
4.概要法 qH-':|h7
开宗明义地让读者了解文章的主要观点,然后通过举例或逻辑推理等方法加以佐证, h.D*Y3=<
例: !;ipLC;e}
This memo covers five steps in the new procedure. ,}hJ)
This report is divided into three main sections:(1) what equipment you need,(2) how to use equipment hJcN*2\:
,and (3) how to maintain equipment. (aa}0r5
(二)结尾 !1s^TB>N
在写英文作文时,结尾是值得考生重视的另一个关键的地方。如果写得好,往往能给 Q-,,Kn
读者留下深刻印象。下面介绍几种常见的结尾写法: #0wH.\79
1. 重复文章的主题句 y@?t[A#v
重复文章的主题句的目的在于强调作者的主要论点,例: PWw2;3`-6w
With the foregoing three points in mind,one can be a true good student. _RcFV
If any items mentioned above arouse your interest,please 1et us know. 'YaD=""
2.概括结论 RN0=jo!58
用几句话概括上文内容来加深读者对文章观点的理解,例: MPg"n-g*
From what has been discussed above,we may draw the conclusion that no success can be achieved YrWC\HR_
without laboring. &bO5+[
In summary,we should create such an environment in which each child in his or her own way follows 6]*~!al?
his curiosity where it leads him,develops his ability and talents,pursues his interests and likes. I3wv6xZ2
3.提出展望或期望 UD@u hL
表示对将来的期待或是鼓动读者采取行动,例: #kt3l59Ty
It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality. =Q!)xEK
It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon. ."
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4.强调意义 0
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从更高或更新的角度来强调上述论点的重要性或其深远的意义,例: UJWkG
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Admittedly,science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution.But it P e\AH
has transformed the lives of millions of people. 5:o$]LkOWC
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六.段落的写法 P9\!JH!
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(—)段落中的主题句 g@<E0
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正文中的每个段落包含一个主题句(Topic sentence)。主题句概括全段意思,其他句子 *,UD&N_)*6
则围绕主题句加以阐明、补充或论证。这种补充意义的句子称为支持句(Supporting sentence)。一般说来,主题句写在段落的开端,后面的支持句为主题句提供论证或细节。 y$]gmg
例如: *f?
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Education is a third important area in which technology is separating us from others.From 9 NO^ '
elementary schools to colleges,students spend more and more time sitting by themselves in 7q' _]$
front of computers.The computers give them feedback,while teachers spend more time oj6b33z
tending the computers and less time interacting with their classes.A similar problem occurs ?3{R'Buv]
in homes As more families buy computers,increasing numbers of students practice their math me#?1r
and reading skills with software programs instead of their friends,brothers ,sisters and their 0{8^)apII
parents. 2f%G`4/p
例2: nZfU:N
Mao Zedong remains in important ways the center of the country’s moral universe. k
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For example,we may see a fresh nationwide enthusiasm for Mao as China marked the =?*6lS}gy
centenary of his birth last week... aXoD{zA
The society abounds with stories of quick killings.An English teacher in Nanjing tells of a SG&VZY
friend who made millions on the stock market in two weeks.A lawyer in Beijing.. 'E4`qq
段落中主题句必须写得简洁明了。例: oBA]qI
The new brochures are full of major printing errors. >t[beRcR6
Three causes contributed to the problem at Plant X. |M*jo<C
(二)段落内部的一致性 yzvNv]Z'*
所谓一致性,是指在一段文章中,应该只说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面; NhI&w
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或应该只叙述一件事情或一件事的某一阶段。也就是说,每段只能有一个中心 !b
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思想或主题,所有的支持句都要有助于发展主题句的中心思想,都要为中心思想 LqH<HGMFD
服务。这种主题句和支持句在意义上的统一就是段落的一致性。 `5[$ 8;
例: S~dD ;R
Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer.In the early 1900s,few 6m.ChlO/
cancer patients had any hope of long term survival.In the l930s,less than one in five cancer yGNZw7^(
victims lived more than 5 years.In the 1950s,the ratio was one in four.Currently the ratio r'kUU]j9
is down to one in three.The gain from l in 4 to 1 in 3 represents about 58,000 lives saved sr0.4VU1
each year. U4DQ+g(A
但是,如果我们在这个段落中加入诸如“It has been proved that smoking is a direct E+Jh4$x{
cause of lung cancer'’或“Heart disease is also increasing.”等句子,段落就缺乏一致性。 ?_\t7f
同时,在单句或复句的写作中,也要体现“一致性”的原则;要注意下列的问题: R W=<EF&
1.不要把无关的思想包含在一个句子中 [m9Pt]j
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例:The mountain is six thousand feet high,and it is only 4 miles from the small airport,(and hEO#uAR^Z
the field is not a very large one,) but no plane has ever crashed on it. 63s<U/N
在此句中,括号中的内容与句子的主题无关,不该包含在此句中。 0p8Z l
2.避免使用过分复杂的句法结构和矫揉造作的修饰手法 IrAc&Eh