填空题常考结构 ']NM_0
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一、主句单一原则 0.5_,a
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任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 wDG4rN9x
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ij),DbWd
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. /P%:u0fX,
(A) They occur where they are S'e2~-p0F
(B) Occuring where rG]Xgq"
(C) Where they occur "8I4]'
(D) Where do they occur ^b#E%Rd
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 `xr%LsNn
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 \4[Ta,;t
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center S
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(A) Fort Wayne Z0=OR^HjA
(B) Although Fort Wayne 1DP)6{x
(C) For wayne is in @n
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(D) Fort Wayne, in $%-?S]6)
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 -Me\nu8(RF
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二、谓语动词专一原则 'Ap5Aq
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 V]}b3Y!(
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 as4NvZ@+r
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” $EIkk= z
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with M
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social issues. !*gAGt_
(A) covers 3#[I_
(B) covers it
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(C) which covers rYQ@"o0/Y
(D) which it covers )[*O^bPowI
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 -huZnDN
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused z%tu6_4j
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on (?y2@I}
the paper. x["
(A) the impression is ($>0&w
(B) if the impression is di2=P)3
(C) impressions
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(D) the impression J
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分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression {2r7:nvR
三、平行结构 nn4Sy,cz
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 wf%Ep#^6}
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 0\@|M@X=
A and B, /8\&f%E
A , B, and C Po.B
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- mp3_n:R?
is known as accounting. z,YUguc|
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary D
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(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's #`0z=w/)
transactions [Od9,XBa
(C) transactions of an enterprise are l>Ja[`X@
summarized arVf"3a
(D) summarizing the transactions of an ky$:
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enterprise .BDRD~kB
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 1e&b;l'*=
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 9k[},MM
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed :k(t/*Nl3
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and R${4Q1
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on QYw4kD}
human patients. _XNR um4
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in TxxB0
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures C|IQM4
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures wDMB
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull #r^@*<{^
fractures p2DNbY\]
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 @j2*.ee
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四、宾语从句结构 7cP[o+
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ) wo2GF
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: /Q>{YsRRB
state(陈述,表明)+that <bXWkj
indicate(指明,表明)+that sa(M66KkU
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, +'Y(V&
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ""v`0OP&J
units called quanta or photons. 6n6VEwYj
(A) energy that EfBVu
(B) that it is energy V3A>Ag+^~
(C) it is energy Rp`_Grcd
(D) that energy h6T/0YhWLP
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 q'Pz3/mk
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth R|)2Dg
indicate--yield when unusual weight is Y zBA{FE
placed on them. F@K*T2uh
(A) although its crust and mantle >SxZ9T|%
(B) its crust and mantle to `l gjw=
(C) that its crust and mantle |1QbO`f/F
(D) for its crust and mantle to R0hctT1j
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 8pq-nuf
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五、介词+ which结构 u$%D9Z^
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 xf^
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“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, pg?i F1
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 NO+
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, F[7Kw"~J
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 M)`HK
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is sMz^!RX@
a method ---- voters select the nominees kh<pLI>$h
for public office. `s>UU- 9
(A) that
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(B)by which mZbWRqP[|_
(C)is that ]<8B-D?
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(D)by those SY$J+YBLM
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 e' U"`)S
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 u(1J=h
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 A[^qq UL'
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Wa[x`:cT?u
hit wooden balls through wire arches called *3_f&Y
wickers. Cdp]Nv6
(A) when \);.0
(B) which HDF!`
(C) is when Y8)E]D
(D) in which =y<">-
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 W NwJM
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六、in that结构 Si?$\H*:
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, IPl@ DH
because of +名词, .e`,{G(5q7
consequently是副词 -A/ds1=;
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 zVM4BT(
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals $hG;2v
---- it is a liquid. PUbaS{J7
(A) whereas u.Mq
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(B) in that D4< -8
(C) because of Y%<`;wK=^
(D) consequently 1s#yWQ
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 [096CK
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 rkxW UDl
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual Tr}R`6d$
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 'oleB_B
(A)they ?22d},.
(B)in they ]EB6+x!G
(C)that they ;aq`N}d
(D)in that they Ci;h
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 +'-
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 EPc!p>
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ~eDI$IO
great inspiration for her poems. Z;hyi'rPJ
(A) that she drew SU/G)&Mi
(B) by drawing her |Eb&}m:E
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(C) from which she drew 1Yud~[c
(D) drawn from which 0f1H8zV
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 `%|u!
七、what结构 GE@uOJ6H
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 1YFeVMc
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend F#su5<d
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. H"_v+N5=
(A) it grows ~x'zX-@rC
(B) what grows OZ^h\m4
(C) does it grow K5{{:NR$
(D) what does it grow [UoqIU
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 #pX8{Tf[
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ;Z*'D}
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory &3I$8v|!?
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. fWj@e"G
(A) there hfg
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(B) where )A"jVQjI%w
(C) that 3w6&&R9
(D) what RJx{eck%
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 q[P~L`h S
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八、同位语结构 ^>^\CP]
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 3za`>bUN
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) T`?n,'!(
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing _IxamWpX$
and swallowing . vL$|9|W(
(A) is the chief organ of taste Y
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(B) tasting the organ chiefly &2{]hRM
(C) the chief organ of taste Hd0Xx}3&
(D) the organ chiefly tastes Xhse~=qA
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 kwlC[G$j7
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 x>
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___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) :tLbFW[
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of t8vc@of$c,
Native Americans in her novel, Century of fK_~lGY(
Dishonor. sJ~P:g
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause R hio7C
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson JYV\oV{
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause b[srG6{ &
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. dIJGB==
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 7/"@yVBW
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as xNX'~B^4d
hosts to many insect pests. Hf%_}Du /`
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than c~+l-GIWm
goldenrods lKWr=k~
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods .C= I^
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy $.:3$et@/
plants m*oc)x7'
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants XLb0
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分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 jczq`yW
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 Qra>}e%*
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 C9jbv/c
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to _7@z_i_c
Athens. h|p[OecG
(A) the distance is Df@/cT
(B) that the distance is +(mL~td01
(C) is that the distance g.a| c\WH
(D) the distance U3F3((EYJ
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 D9-Lg%
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九、比较结构 "H1
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比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ^,V[nfQR
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less /6U
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snow than --eastern Nebraska. K"l0w**Og#
(A) does Y&~M7TYb
(B) in If'2rE7J
(C) it does in c_1/W{
(D) in it does Zq*eX\#C
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 BXhWTGiG
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. AyTx'u
(A) rays more than infrared NHiq^ojk
(B) rays are more infrared than g:gB`8w?
(C) more than infrared rays R8<eN9bJ9
(D) more infrared rays than j|K.i/
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 I]uhi{\C
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 @2' %o<lF
例3:The activities of the international marketing !k<:k
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researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 7GZq|M_:y
(A) the domestic marketer has ;nB2o-%
(B) the domestic marketer does o^ h(#%O
(C) those of the domestic marketer #WufZ18#
(D) that which has the domestic marketer cZQu*K^j
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 T[.[
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing ?~F. /
is greater than --. MF.[8Zb
(A) that of its mining and farming combined Dip*}8$o(w
(B) mining and farming combination .3wY\W8Dr-
(C) that mining and farming combined @{}rG8
(D) of its combination mining and farming >oqZ !V5[
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 8wIK:
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十、定语从句省略结构 GGE[{Gb9
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture y1,5$0@G
and overpower. mm,lhIh
(A) can KQ)T(mIqp
(B) they can Q}P-$X+/ n
(C) which can K]"Kf{bx
(D) and
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分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 nem@sB;v#
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can X8CVY0<o
get all the calcium their bodies----from the #s+Q{2s
food they eat. 3k{ @.V?]
(A) require ,-
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(B) requires RvW.@#EH0
(C) requiring [ud|dwP"
(D)to require ~3=2=Uf
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 JEHK:1^
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ma]?
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 (6k>FSpg
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of :_H>SR:
A ;r!\-]5$
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 0&$xX!]
B C D 8^X]z|[d2
the world. Y/P]5: =h
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to :[?!\m%0
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive J@`
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A B C (C`@a/q
than the Sun dies and exploded. B01^oYM}
D f)^t')
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more MPvWCPB
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十一、状语从句省略结构 `a'`$'j
Metals expand when they are heated. )ddsyFGW
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: RbAt3k;y
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; b~as64
第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, xBWx+
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比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 6ZksqdP8
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of SG`)PW?
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand
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considerable impact. :gaE
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(A) apparently Nt,~b^9
(B) are apparently J)huy\>,
(C) apparently their _n_sfT6)B
(D) are they apparently 7@~QkTH~y
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ' =}pxyg
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M8_R
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: Gl;f#}
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; >KHp-|0pv
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) GEfY^!F+
ol#yjrv
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the J% AG`
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly QQq/5r4O`q
white. %-r?=L
(A) when, pure which L]*`4L
(B) when, which pure b-4dsz'ai
(C) which, pure when Iy.mVtcsZ
(D) which, when pure %GVN4y&
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ;L$,gn5H
-U:2H7
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine I3An57YV].
is highly efficient and needs servicing !^-OfqIHfV
infrequently &~}@u[=ux
(A) Even g+3Hwtl
(B) It is d^y86pq.
(C) Even though Q2FQhc@L(:
(D) There is UtPwWB_YV
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 jVs(x
tStJ2-5*t
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 -zR.'x%
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 p_;r%o=
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; w?i)/q
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 K,]woNxaw
\D ^7Z97
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: lZBv\JE
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 $q^O%(
The starring troops have to surrender. 1NW>wo
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 88#N~j~P
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 z41D^}b
eA1'qww"'
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is wzg i
@i
Y1|^>C#a
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often t={poQC~
called scapegoating. $Q=$?>4U
(A) Eliminate problems 8pd&3G+
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) @::lJDGVv
(C) Eliminating problems ";o~&8?)
(D) Problems are eliminated 9Il'E6
J
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 NWeV>;lh9
}!Xf&c{7{
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them x4@MO|C
from damage due to weather. 3F;EE:
(A) Painting ]Kof sU_{
(B) Painted zI(xSX@
(C) The paint ixg\[5.Q+
(D) By painting cl?<
7
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 u6]gQP">I
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 \MF3CK@/
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting $3lt{ %
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to {`($Q$Q1
conserve water in the winter. XC
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(A) when losing leaves hkkF1
h
(B) leaves are lost E*Pz <
(C) that losing leaves v`@5enr
(D) the leaves losing Z3OZPxm
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 *xEI
Zx
h<+PP]l=
十三、make结构 oXnC"y}0P
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) &19lk
共有三种形式: xhw8#
make it possible+to do vx({N?
make it possible+that引导的从句 #9URVq,
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 6 Xzk;p
r))$XM
做题技巧: }IxY(`:qs
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 8<w
tf]x
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it v!WU |=u
}S'I
DHla
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and @9n
#vs
thus make--details that are otherwise $)kk8Q4+K
impossible to observe . o[5=S,
'
(A) it visible =NVZ$KOZ
(B) visibly F'$9en2I:
(C) visible z&>9
s)^-
(D) they are visible jKY Aid{-
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 EM>c%BH<N
.y/NudD
T! &[
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ,kGw;8X
amount of information on a single map. UUdu;3E=5
(A) possible >oM9~7f
(B) it possible S0Rf>Eo4
(C) it is possible >#"jfjDuR
(D) that possible YoSo0fQA
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 } K+Q9<~u
thlpj*|
7Ap~7)z[
十四、the more …the more…结构 e"v[)b++Y
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: %>I?'y^
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 _.Z&<.lJ
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 Z;"4$@|qE
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 KL:6P-3
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 Eezlx9b
rlUdAa3
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the j]ln
:?\
number of lines of magnetic force. 0$F
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(A) of =yhn8t7@]
(B) the 5 vu_D^Q
(C) is the -!bLMLIg
(D) is of the Z@c0(ol
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B K,L>
*k@0:a(>
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the `1[Sv"
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. 0,L$x*Nj5
(A) the stress it is greater Cr
V2 V)|G
(B) greater is the stress UVoLHd
(C) greater stress is dPyBY
]`
(D) the greater the stress r3BDq
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 jN'fm
u{{xnyl?
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 qqom$H<
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 .
'NO~
mb*h73{{
q:~`7I
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 2t`9_zqLw
A B |>/&EElD
thus making it possible the gentle Y4~wNs6
C h7W%}6Cqkw
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. =Q=&Ucf_
D Qdx`c^4m
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 }^Ua
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more b\|p
than sixty-five million items of scientific, }A'<?d8
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the + x;ML
popular title, “attic of the nation.” eze(>0\f
(A) however I}W-5%
(B) thus s3E~X
(C) and Xx<&6
4W
(D) moreover V8U`%/`N
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 :_YG/0%I
>LaL!PnZ
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the D15u1A
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. T#_n-b>
(A) to save the seeds UE#Ni 5
(B) saving the seeds JQh s=Xg
(C)which saves the seeds Q3O .<9S
(D) the seeds saved 't%%hw-m}
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 3w:Z4]J
8W<)c
eP)YJe 3
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 \^(vlcy
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. T[[
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. lnC Wu@{
*u4X<oBS*
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. AW;)_|xM
(A) the tallest <w2NJ~M^
(B) the tallest that is |mE+f]7$
(C) which is the tallest 2GKU9cV*`
(D) which the tallest is m^x\@!N:(
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 PXu<4VF
@N_H]6z4
v9`B.(Ru
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of /\$|D&e
A B C sCCr%r]zL
domestic animals. o3=S<|V
D }
=m?gF%3
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 M-K@n$k
fX$4TPy(h
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 k8wi-z[dV
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: .'mC3E+$
program, programmed, programmed AG\852`1m
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: V//q$/&8(
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 `"mK\M
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be
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&Wz:-G7<n
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona (C|V-}/*m
features structures built of red sandstone by '"\Mjz)/
ancestors of the Hopi people. ;~$ $WU
(A) That the :p)9Heu
(B) In the }e=GvWGa
(C) Around the "(&`muIc
(D) The c!wB'~MS#
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 o?
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called C\@YH]
lymphocytes and plasma cells. uN0fWj]
(A) to be made 6Q.whV%y
(B) making :!15>ML;-
(C) made Riuv@i^6K
(D) are made (`/i1#nR
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ?Cfp=85ea!
Pm;*Jv%
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given grAL4
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of s(Bi&C\
human beings. `9{C/qB
(A) without ;QD;5
<1
(B) lack HTpd~W/\
(C) minus J&1N8Wk)
(D) not having "E!p1
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 @soW f
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 ,
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机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ?+o7Y1 k,
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=DwH*U/YR
十八、逻辑主语结构 yN%Pe:R
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 i.,B
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. o;/F=Zp
(A) the problem was discussed by the members <QLj6#d7Y
of the committee *9^k^h(r&4
(B) the committee members discussed the I@v.Hqg+7
problem hm
k5
1
(C) it was discussed by the committee S@-X?Lu
members the problem sOenR6J<$
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by * OFT)S
the members of the committee e{S`iO
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B s#49pDN
2b1
:Tt9
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until u{G6xuPWf
almost two centuries later, in 1834. Hb4rpAeP
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch {'C74s
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Gl9a5b
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch ).b+S>k
(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn I
A^DfdZY
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 '.yr8
F@3,>~[%I
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her =z.AQe+
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her #y%Ao\~kG
first article in print. ,pepr9Yd
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane >48Y-w
Hawes had ](pD<FfS]'
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane bN)?szh&Y
Hawe's first *
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(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first huE#VY
/t
teaching position Dr60
9(zg^
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching A}# Mrb
position S/aPYrk>6
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 t&]IgF
NeP1 #
例4: Even at low levels, --. TB\CSXb
(A) the nervous system has produced m? hX=
detrimental effects by lead oY: "nE
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ^4:= b
nervous system Lb/_ULo6-V
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the U_?RN)>j
nervous system umeb&\:8S-
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on z?^p(UH
the nervous system vPi+8)
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 VTdZ&%@
1C{~!=6#
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking y;H
3g#
A B C o2L/8q.
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. f$L5=V
D &wfM:a/c
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 D~Su822
y? g7sLDc
d=pq+
十九、复合宾语结构 C~B
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有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 MX34qJ9k
We played soccer. -
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We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 K;Ktx>Z/
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 wRKGJ
BB-`=X~:m
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 +MEWAW[}^
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 0y(d|;':
例:We appoint him monitor. 1+]e?
We elected him president.
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zr,jaR;
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck "371`!%
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not 79Iz,_
consider them --because they are now primarily R_lNC]b0
kept as pets. wL*z+>5
(A) where sporting dogs vUW!
(B) sporting dogs OIN]u{S
(C) when sporting dogs d;>:<{z@CD
(D) they are sportingdogs q+N}AKawB
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Jyd%!v
>IRo]-,
二十、It结构 pDu~84!])
一、强调句型 E*kS{2NAq
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 9J<KR#M
Y.-i;Mmu
这个句型需要注意几点: [ML4<Eb+x
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; U_w)*)F
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; <)M?qkjb
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 p0-\G6
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Bq'hk<ns[
原句: Ann bought these books last year. Rq;R{a
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. _yU
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强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. rt"\\sOlMB
Y*4
\K%e(
二、形式主语 Bs^W0K$uBO
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ]E`DG
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 Nz2}Ma 2
q+SDJ?v
!Qn:PSk
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ,"&vhgYU
A B 55hJRm3
the events that occur in their lives , that are X\M0Q%8
C B~z&
"`
the main focus of social psychology. iHTxD1D+H
D lQ
oa[#q
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is >/Slk{
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例2: --an increasing international exchange of +>{{91mN
educational films. c_%vD~6W-
(A) It is C}wmoYikV
(B) There is Z#d_<e?
(C) Though there is OfIml.
(D) Although it is S__+S7]Nr
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 :*Sl\:_X)
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 l=xy_ TCf
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, Xq,{)G%9nM
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 4WU
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in which+完整的句子 *=)%T(^
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 XP~4jOL]
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名词+of which+谓语动词 *b~$|H-\
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 B!yAam#^
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of |-=^5q5
which are accented. T^%$
(A) line consists of each $D<LND=o=
(B) consists of each line 6xvyhg#B
(C) each line consists ney6
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(D) it consists of each line _T)dmhG
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 =;`+^
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 >a5CW~Z]
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a #iJ+}EW
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sticky substance on them ------ insects. h,LwC9
(A) traps Yx>=(B
(B) trap its c>,|[zP{
(C) which traps +Gg6h=u
(D) which it traps +W
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分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 .q"`)PT
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists NffZttN
have paid little attention to cultural PVC\&YF
A :}i
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of \'q 9,tP
B C /4}{SE
social contexts in which tends to occur.
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D _3i
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 8!(4;fN$j.
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin @zSI@Oq_
became interested in the art movement @doo2qqIe]
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, $[x2L
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both --her novels and short stories. 8+5z-vd
(A) in which the influence '85@U`e.
(B) of which influenced Hpo7diBE
(C) to have influence U
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(D) its influence in X458%)G!(K
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。