填空题常考结构 e#kPf 'gL
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一、主句单一原则 r1ctW#\~8
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 6n%^
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 5>}L3r>a;
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. kc~Z1
(A) They occur where they are )u\"xxcV
(B) Occuring where HewVwD<C
(C) Where they occur RG:ct{i
(D) Where do they occur u4z]6?,"e
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Lk#u^|Eq7=
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 u"pn'H
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center qUpMq:Uw
(A) Fort Wayne !c(B^E
(B) Although Fort Wayne wg!
(C) For wayne is in z ;
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(D) Fort Wayne, in -k$rkKHZ(
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 A"_;.e`
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二、谓语动词专一原则 /wCP(1Mw
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 2!]':(8mR
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 N^mY/`2
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” \zj8| +
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with O$$s]R6
social issues. IWm|6@y
(A) covers w?
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(B) covers it ym(r;mj!
(C) which covers L2Gm0 v
(D) which it covers Eg
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分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 6wnfAli.
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused #[I`VA\x
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on mI"|^!L
the paper. p(U'c}@2
(A) the impression is HK:?Y[ebs
(B) if the impression is f>p;Jh{2fn
(C) impressions <5C3c&sds
(D) the impression Nz5gu.a6{L
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 9.1%T06$
三、平行结构 bS*
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技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 8b|&
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: sbkWJy
A and B, a#j0N5<Nl
A , B, and C e-{k;V7b
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- WI}P(!h\J
is known as accounting. j6IWdqXe
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary WBTX~%*U
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's (y#8z6\dx
transactions 8~rD#8`6j
(C) transactions of an enterprise are g4I(uEJk
summarized $Wb"X=}tl
(D) summarizing the transactions of an h
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enterprise d
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分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 1 ljgq]($
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 vPS
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ,Iwri\
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and 'S@C,x%2,
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on EiIbp4*e
human patients. 7(Y!w8q&^
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in N7}.9%EV
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ihf5`mk/$
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures V0ulIKck
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull :m^eNS6:
fractures !Edc]rg7
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 "fr B5[
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四、宾语从句结构 L;E9"7Jo
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 Hz%#&E
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: xREqcH,vU
state(陈述,表明)+that { S4?L8
indicate(指明,表明)+that )bw^!w)
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, EJb"/oLla
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ~*THL0]~
units called quanta or photons. ;:8_H0X'K
(A) energy that 6hAeLlU1
(B) that it is energy %L<VnY#%u
(C) it is energy `3/,-
(D) that energy :}o0Eb
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 #CHsH{d
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth (#X/sZQh
indicate--yield when unusual weight is <P(d%XEl
placed on them. b ]1SuL
(A) although its crust and mantle W
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(B) its crust and mantle to fPZBm&`C
(C) that its crust and mantle MU-ie
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(D) for its crust and mantle to -`&4>\o2Lx
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ol:,02E&
五、介词+ which结构 Bx j6/a7Xd
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 V.: a6>]
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, K>w}(td
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 D>VI{p
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, bhnm<RZ
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 TB*g$
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 2fFNJ
a method ---- voters select the nominees A5F< <
for public office. 9kH~+
(A) that 7==Uz?}C
(B)by which ~pX&>v\T
(C)is that rcF;Lp :
(D)by those G0^23j
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 9K Ih}Q@P
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 >O9j},X
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 B[S.6"/H
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players .gG<08Z
hit wooden balls through wire arches called `$nMTx]Y
wickers. 4+$<G /K
(A) when HP3~.1Sp
(B) which n&r-
(C) is when "of (,p
(D) in which 2
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分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 uQ vW@Tt
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六、in that结构 mkk74NY
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, awHfd5nRS
because of +名词, KQJn\#>
consequently是副词 Mpk^e_9`<
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 @1*lmFq'kV
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals
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---- it is a liquid. PUltn}M
(A) whereas e&OMW,7
(B) in that r[TS#hQ
(C) because of |Mo# +{~c
(D) consequently 6x]|IWvW
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 1.p?P]
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根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Uf4QQ`c#
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual JV36@DVQ
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. <j ;HRm
(A)they E;VB oN [
(B)in they thipfS
(C)that they w?jmi~6
(D)in that they Qc[[@=S%
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ^nbze
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 <Ks?g=K-
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ %bDd
great inspiration for her poems. <Cg;l<$`b
(A) that she drew j@GMZz<
(B) by drawing her &\<RVE
(C) from which she drew o&(%:|
(D) drawn from which k\ I$ve"*
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ,J}lyvkd
七、what结构 /
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what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: YLSG
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend )&_{m
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Tw!x*
(A) it grows *\S>dhJ4
(B) what grows (/ k, q
(C) does it grow 5Qy,Pkje
(D) what does it grow A8Jbl^7E+
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ,x{5,K.yWq
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle PU-~7h+$
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory "H G:by
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. L {B#x@9tQ
(A) there wV5<sH__
(B) where H.>KYiv+
(C) that HnY: gu
(D) what jWU)y)$
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 @kqy!5)K
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八、同位语结构 }:jXl!:V
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 [Xz7.<0#U
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号)
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例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ait/|a
and swallowing . 0j_!)B
(A) is the chief organ of taste %"KBX~3+Kj
(B) tasting the organ chiefly UyF]gO
(C) the chief organ of taste #a .aD+d'
(D) the organ chiefly tastes CX1'B0=\r
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 eA+6-'qN
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 `q5*VqIhs
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) wiFckF/
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of FvvF4
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Native Americans in her novel, Century of IGbQ L
Dishonor. P"xP%zqo
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause :_?>3c}L
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Y)!5Z.K
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause t=yM}#
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(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +q=/}|
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 0<P
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 4W1"=VL[g
hosts to many insect pests. dwmj
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(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 2?m'Dy'JE
goldenrods &1VC0"YJWy
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods e<IT2tv>u
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy ,I)/ V>u
plants C$?dkmIt
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants >S!QvyM(V
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 %+`$Lb?{
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 y=q\1~] Z
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ^S[Mg6J
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 4Kx;F
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(A) the distance is p5Y"W(5_
(B) that the distance is X_"TG;*$
(C) is that the distance ;JDxl-~
(D) the distance 1'Kn:I
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 Bm.%bA>
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九、比较结构 Eiwo==M
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 qifX7AXHr
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less $\{@wL
snow than --eastern Nebraska. %5a>@K]
(A) does %?R}sUo
(B) in vMDV%E S1t
(C) it does in gHA"O@HgDI
(D) in it does
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分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !{"{(h)+@
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. /J8y[aa
(A) rays more than infrared ojUBa/
(B) rays are more infrared than 9UZKL@KC
(C) more than infrared rays &8z`]mB{t
(D) more infrared rays than Hq3"OMG q
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 CsJw;]dYI
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 G!u
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例3:The activities of the international marketing #jv~FR`4v^
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. f3[gAY
(A) the domestic marketer has S{zi8Oc6
(B) the domestic marketer does d
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(C) those of the domestic marketer @GK0j"
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(D) that which has the domestic marketer
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分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 c-(,%0G0
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing z}&?^YU*)`
is greater than --. ?<STt 9
(A) that of its mining and farming combined @b
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(B) mining and farming combination z:{'IY
(C) that mining and farming combined :GBWQXb G
(D) of its combination mining and farming [#.E=s+&
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 $e)d!m.
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十、定语从句省略结构 M_<O'Ii3
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 8*-8"It<"
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture g"Mqh!{
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and overpower. 8D@H4O.
(A) can =UE/GTbl
(B) they can .'k]]2%ILp
(C) which can 8QDs4Bv|
(D) and r BQFC4L
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 pC2ZN
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ,5$V;|
get all the calcium their bodies----from the >qk[/\^O
food they eat. , 7&`V=C
(A) require r2M Iw
(B) requires (L}
(C) requiring eM
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(D)to require q
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