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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 %oiF} >  
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一、主句单一原则 <lzC|>BG  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 #`y[75<n  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 &0kr[Ik.  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. /T6bc^nOW  
   (A) They occur where they are Z"c-Ly{vEj  
   (B) Occuring where 6wpW!SWD  
   (C) Where they occur T;DKDg a  
   (D) Where do they occur u^xnOVE  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 g73 23m1=  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 igL5nE=n  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center \JPMGcL  
   (A) Fort Wayne xDeM7L'  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ;40Z/#FI  
   (C) For wayne is in  IZrcn  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in  0Y!"3bw|  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 MP}-7UA#K  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 .WSn Y71  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 (~Bm\Jn  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 vE`;1UA}  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ts&\JbL  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with FS8l}t  
   social issues. I!Dx)>E&  
    (A) covers V|A.M-XLv4  
    (B) covers it u gRyUny  
    (C) which covers o[wiQ9Tl  
    (D) which it covers CD`6R.  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 %{'[S0@Z  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused mx1Bk9h%Xe  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on D*46,>Tv  
   the paper. 1xtS$^APcd  
   (A) the impression is :9 &@/{W  
   (B) if the impression is 6`7`h erE}  
   (C) impressions !1S!)#  
   (D) the impression x-@?:P*  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression T__@hfT  
三、平行结构 T+0z.E!~I  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 P\ [K)N/1  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: W@GU;Nr  
A and B, QHXpX9  
A , B, and C #mioT",bm=  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- L#D)[ v"  
   is known as accounting. 5y='1s[%  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary q}'<[Wg  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's _;x`6LM  
     transactions l YdATM(h  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are (.z0.0W  
     summarized CyVi{"aF3  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ]9<H[5>$R  
     enterprise u,@ac[!vP  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 \/wk!mWV@  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 f/kYm\Zc  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed -)"\?+T  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and RT%{M1tkS  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on X)TZ  S  
   human patients. Q &&=:97d  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in tOj5b 7'ui  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures rJp9ut'FEz  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 5}]gL  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull bL:+(/:  
     fractures 'o8,XBv-  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 $0M7P5]N*G  
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四、宾语从句结构 : T4ap_Ycq  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 F9IPA%  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: a5]]AkvA  
     state(陈述,表明)+that cnDBT3$~Z  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that Hc0V4NHCaL  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, > LU !Z  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite (/P-9<"U  
   units called quanta or photons. ,y7X>M2  
    (A) energy that Pi[(xD8  
    (B) that it is energy lzz68cT  
    (C) it is energy 8?o{{ay  
    (D) that energy aTLr%D:Ka  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 F xXnX  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 0te[i*G  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is fqm6Pd{:(  
   placed on them. < $rXQ  
   (A) although its crust and mantle Dd,]Y}P  
   (B) its crust and mantle to e5sQ l1  
   (C) that its crust and mantle QJH~YV\%  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to 4L2TsuLw  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 `9VRT`e  
五、介词+ which结构 T!H }^v  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Nu%MXu+  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 4p(\2?B%f  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 0a's[>-'A  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, h!]=)7x;  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 <SNu`,/I  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is E$E #c8I:  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees .|3&lb6  
   for public office. A]s|"Pav,  
    (A) that sxU 0Fg   
    (B)by which (wZ/I(4  
    (C)is that |Skhx9};  
    (D)by those QetyuhS~  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 6n$g73u<=3  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 xE qr3(  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 c`_[q{(^m  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players >du|DZq  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called <Is~DjIav  
   wickers. xr1,D5  
   (A) when o) ,1R:  
   (B) which 5Z*6,P0  
   (C) is when C7 T}:V](q  
   (D) in which #hF(`oX}4K  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 J'Y;j^  
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六、in that结构 bGe@yXId5  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, R>n=_C  
  because of +名词, QNm8`1  
  consequently是副词 Iju9#b6  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 I7e.p m  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals bE>"DP q  
   ---- it is a liquid. YzVhNJWpw  
   (A) whereas GX ;~K  
   (B) in that B'8/`0^n5  
   (C) because of ![9um sx  
   (D) consequently K:(E"d;  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 F;sZc,Y,^  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 6w)a.^yx7  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual YML]pNB  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. N|\Q:<!2_w  
   (A)they H?_>wQj&  
   (B)in they h1 pEC  
   (C)that they =bJ7!&  
   (D)in that they B"?ivxM:U  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 9wbj}tN\z  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Oe ~g[I;  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ WT63ve  
   great inspiration for her poems. )k.}>0K |  
   (A) that she drew h?'~/@  
   (B) by drawing her gy>B 5ie  
   (C) from which she drew $Da?)Hz'F  
   (D) drawn from which 76cLf~|d~  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 JIPBJ  
七、what结构 5Mz:$5Tm  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: +}R#mco5K  
  what=the thing that bEm9hFvd  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend L hRd0  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Z C<+BKS  
   (A) it grows Q_>W!)p Gz  
   (B) what grows EpH_v`  
   (C) does it grow R$X~d8o>%  
   (D) what does it grow A `{hKS  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 H*e+ 2  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle _n1[(I  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory b~qH/A}h  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. J$5Vjh'aM  
   (A) there YjH~8==  
   (B) where eR0$CTSw  
   (C) that #_{Q&QUk  
   (D) what *YSRZvD<\  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 |]?zH~L  
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八、同位语结构 -n8d#Qm)  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Uo71C4ev  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ,J8n}7aI  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing YZ`SF"Bd(  
   and swallowing . }B a_epM  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste \5 rJ  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly U (#JC(E-#  
   (C) the chief organ of taste %IZd-N7i^  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes R3;%eyu  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 /-,\$@J5)  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 9 @xl{S-  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Mx$&{.LFJ  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of U3N9O.VC  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of oFf9KHorW  
   Dishonor. RFy MRE!?  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 31@Lr[!  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson )+hV+rM jp  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause C!a1.&HHZ7  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. kJp~'\b  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 zD79M  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 4] uj+J  
   hosts to many insect pests. 6oNcj_?7?q  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than y B2h/~+  
     goldenrods  7P7OTN  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods `X}:(O^GO  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy M[gL7-%w\  
     plants *L$2M?xkY  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants uI)twry]@  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 12KC4,C&1i  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 lGl'A}]#$  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 |4Q*4s  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to La;G S  
   Athens. FM >ae-L-  
   (A) the distance is b}3"v(  
   (B) that the distance is 3}0\W.jH  
   (C) is that the distance L^3&  
   (D) the distance X#lNS+&='  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 En?V\|,  
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九、比较结构 kI^* '=:  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性  ?pTX4a&>  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less L>1hiD &  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 9CY{}g  
    (A) does Ae+)RBpc  
    (B) in qTd[Da G#  
    (C) it does in h:YD $XE  
    (D) in it does (^d7K:-'  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 hmO2s/~  
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. &O&HczO  
    (A) rays more than infrared 2bp@m;g$  
    (B) rays are more infrared than OSgJj MQ  
    (C) more than infrared rays M"~jNe|  
    (D) more infrared rays than >l Qo _p(;  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。  +$dJA  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 v= 55{  
例3:The activities of the international marketing Kc MzY  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. %tCv-aX4  
   (A) the domestic marketer has 8Bf >  
   (B) the domestic marketer does `ONjEl  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer 3o<d= @`r  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer ^X=Q{nB  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 "TV'}HH  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing  +\/Q  
   is greater than --. D BT4 W/  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined BQ@7^E[  
   (B) mining and farming combination Ot=jwvw  
   (C) that mining and farming combined ~wvt:E,f C  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming sZ.<:mu[  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 ~P4C`Q1PT#  
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十、定语从句省略结构 ?bTfQH vX  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 vwCQvt  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture `+7F H  
   and overpower. 4ot<Uw5  
   (A) can   !ifU}qFzK  
   (B) they can ZlT }cA/n  
   (C) which can YW}$eW*  
   (D) and R+ * ; [  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 -^_m(@A<~  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can OgQd yU  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the mypV [  
   food they eat. MK&,2>m,A  
    (A) require ^Hd[+vAvR  
    (B) requires VtBC~?2U)B  
    (C) requiring "J VIkC  
    (D)to require ~#_~DqbMZ5  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 Y },E3<  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 0w?da~  
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 A*JOp8\)  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of ;pnF%co9  
    A qmS9*me {  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around :F(4&e=w  
   B          C      D 1w,_D.1'  
   the world. uD\R3cY  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to "1O_h6 C  
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive L.n@;*  
          A  B      C 5Rbl.5. A  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. ddn IKkOp  
              D 7)?C+=,0  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more eG=d)`.JaV  
`<XS5h h=  
十一、状语从句省略结构 xIdb9hm<  
Metals expand when they are heated. QiCia#_  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: u[a-9^&g  
Z{8%Cln  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; wL;OQhI  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, >a;a8EA<O  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 Bm~^d7;Cw  
<ZC .9  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of ,&[o:jTk  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand l\_!oa~  
   considerable impact. LkbD='\=  
   (A) apparently ^ AZ#tp%)  
   (B) are apparently +3,7 Apj  
   (C) apparently their :Drf]D(sMX  
   (D) are they apparently ;~3;CijJ8  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 6(rm%c  
\8(Je"S  
r^k+D<k[7  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: ("`"?G  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; N8]DzE0%  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) U|wST&rU|  
4s{=/,f  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the lz^Vi!|p  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly XT/t\\Z`U  
   white. S @[]znH  
   (A) when, pure which fb Bu^]^S  
   (B) when, which pure w,hm_aDq  
   (C) which, pure when  $H*8H`  
   (D) which, when pure @@ j\OR  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, x@ X2r  
o0WwlmB5  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine +*OAClt+]  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing s<*+=aIfu  
   infrequently }a OBQsnO  
   (A) Even -|x7<$Hw  
   (B) It is N_G&nw  
   (C) Even though *mV?_4!,f7  
   (D) There is <hzHrx'o{  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 Zl[EpXlZ  
Mn5(Kw?o2J  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 :TVo2Zm[@  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 FM%WMyb[  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; qKSR5 #  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 WiH8j$;xu  
v1u~[c=|^  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: sct 3|H#  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 Wrbv<8}%c  
  The starring troops have to surrender. j7d^g a-`  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; shGUG;  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 .|"E:qTD  
zvN7aG  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is #Br`;hL<T  
=f@71D1  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often =H: N!!:  
   called scapegoating. !C4)P3k  
   (A) Eliminate problems Sc3{Y+g  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) :bo2H[U+  
   (C) Eliminating problems EqHToD I3  
   (D) Problems are eliminated alxIc.[  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 f x:vhEX  
zgS)j9q}  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them N) jNvzm  
   from damage due to weather. b L.Xb y<Y  
    (A) Painting +-x+c: IxA  
    (B) Painted I+Y Z+  
    (C) The paint ]=3hH+1 a  
    (D) By painting { zL4dJw  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 8\)4waz$  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 lib^JJF  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting xhCNiYJ|  
3]\'Q}  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to (RUc>Qi  
   conserve water in the winter. PTpfa*t  
   (A) when losing leaves M"-53|#:w\  
   (B) leaves are lost e*<pO@Uy  
   (C) that losing leaves 17:7w  
   (D) the leaves losing G =Xas"|  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 lBG5~<NT  
u#ocx[  
十三、make结构 fX LsLh+~D  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) ) [)1  
共有三种形式: G{+zKs}~  
   make it possible+to do n>o=RQ2  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 UOe@R|79q  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) Pr/q?qZY  
rv~OfL  
做题技巧: T[ zEAj  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it U,< ?]h  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it h?QGJ^#8  
C;Kq_/l  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and ~:b5UIAk  
   thus make--details that are otherwise o3'Za'N.  
   impossible to observe . H/0b3I^  
   (A) it visible !'bZ|j%  
   (B) visibly :dlG:=.W  
   (C) visible 7%|HtBXv^  
   (D) they are visible 9 KU3)%U  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 PmUq~YZ7  
4g+o/+6!4  
<@c9S,@t  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large No'Th7=|S  
   amount of information on a single map. x qj@T^y  
   (A) possible 69Q#UJ  
   (B) it possible !$0ozDmD  
   (C) it is possible ](k}B*Ab h  
   (D) that possible ?2S<D5M Sb  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 \lpvRZ\L&g  
#@cEJV;5"  
h(FFG%H(  
十四、the more …the more…结构 5Noy~;  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: NHD`c)Q  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 Hy2~D:34  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 UmP\;  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 : UDh{GQ*  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 KCS},X_  
KD8,a+GL  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the Z7= k$e  
   number of lines of magnetic force. bSk)GZyH\d  
   (A) of ga|-~~  
   (B) the R5r CCp  
   (C) is the e8hwXz  
   (D) is of the 9y*pn|A[F  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B fsV_>5I6  
N'M+Z=!  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the hWiBLip,z  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  i/q1>  
   (A) the stress it is greater w* IDL0#  
   (B) greater is the stress uVLKR PY  
   (C) greater stress is 1y6{3AZm<  
   (D) the greater the stress e~Z>C>J  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 "' ]|o~B  
s92SN F}g  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 rI;tMNs  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 Cc>+OUL  
o_on/{qz  
pJ3Yjm[l  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , o kQ<_1e{  
             A     B /nVGr]t_pj  
   thus making it possible the gentle VL| q`n  
       C            hScC< =W  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. _jD\kg#LY  
         D 8;1,saA_9  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 |Y]4PT#EE  
(|.rEaTA[1  
!ui:0_  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more &ub0t9R  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, OVa38Aucr3  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the pkT26)aW  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” xJ|_R,>.H  
    (A) however 6z ,nt  
    (B) thus N Obw/9JO  
    (C) and F%^)oQT+c  
    (D) moreover U)iq  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 fsz:A"0H  
t @vb3  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the  mB<*we  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. I*hzlE  
    (A) to save the seeds l/g6Tv `w  
    (B) saving the seeds )H| cri~D  
    (C)which saves the seeds lmpBf{~ S  
    (D) the seeds saved '4]_~?&x  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B LMTz/M  
y';"tDFb  
/YHAU5N/}  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 ^ &Wa? m.  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. w$4*/D}Y  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. "#G`F  
crl"Ec  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. 35/K9l5  
   (A) the tallest iWp 6^g  
   (B) the tallest that is Y=\:fa  
   (C) which is the tallest l _gJC.  
   (D) which the tallest is pi;'!d[l%  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 8~ w P?  
?'RB'o~  
.)Zs:5 0l  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of X;7hy0Y  
       A  B       C NE4 }!I  
   domestic animals. yV?qX\~*  
    D |qz&d=>  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 8e32NJ^k~  
/I & wh  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 $Ts;o  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: m^ gxEPJK  
  program, programmed, programmed }inV)QQ  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: l KG' KR.  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 (\UpJlW  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be X^Fc^U8  
3?e~J"WXC5  
otbr8&?-  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona @Yn+ir0>O  
   features structures built of red sandstone by pp@O6   
   ancestors of the Hopi people. hBi/lHu'  
   (A) That the }0,dG4Oo=  
   (B) In the jN-!1O._G  
   (C) Around the 83J6 3Xa  
   (D) The .$fSWlM;  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 [kf6bf@  
RM;Uq >l  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called Qk >9o  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. |DYgc$2pN  
   (A) to be made  &Ufp8[  
   (B) making l <p(zLR  
   (C) made N\|BaZ%>|  
   (D) are made  nZ)E @  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 )-0+O=v  
67XUhnE  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given ?) T@qn+  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of }2 Tq[rl~s  
   human beings. HX)]@qL  
   (A) without 70'gVCb  
   (B) lack S+"Bq:u"  
   (C) minus )|_L?q#w!'  
   (D) not having 9c%CCZ  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 XOLE=zdSp  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 /EG'I{oC  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 .9N7`  
g)R2V  
Z~<=I }@  
十八、逻辑主语结构 r6kJV4I=re  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 >JAWcT)d  
y$9! rbL  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. j ijwHL  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ]-9w'K d  
    of the committee M9""(`U  
   (B) the committee members discussed the TEh.?  
    problem YCQ $X  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee >:4`y"0  
    members the problem DIw_"$'At  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by r @m]#4  
    the members of the committee T=)qD2?  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B i/skU9  
=JW-EQ6[T  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until +'-.c"  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. [8^q3o7n  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch $XTtDUP@  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn atF#0*e>  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch KX]!yA  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2,F9P+  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 Z.u 1Dz  
Y)DX   
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her q[C?1Kc .z  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her as!a!1  
   first article in print. >Rd~-w)!|  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ^a_a%ws  
    Hawes had ON){d!]uJ  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ~bx ev/$d  
    Hawe's first giX[2`^NG  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first iGu%_ -S  
    teaching position >>,G3/Zd*  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching M @{#yEP  
    position m|B=&#  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 %:d7Ts&?Z  
1QG q; 6\  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 6<<"9mxK  
   (A) the nervous system has produced "H).2{3(x  
     detrimental effects by lead ZQ_6I}i")  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the :86:U 0^  
    nervous system ]|.ked  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the ]*\MIz{56'  
    nervous system JEp)8{.bW8  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on p@su:B2Rl  
    the nervous system 'R79,)|;[  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 0_gN]>,9n  
Giv,%3'  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 78uImC*o  
            A   B     C UxTLr-db^  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. $u!(F]^  
       D -[L\:'Gp5  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 KFd +7C9  
|l; Ot=C=  
'K?h6?#  
十九、复合宾语结构 (BVqmi{  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 tb+gCs'D  
We played soccer. })/P[^  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 x z8e1M  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 yS W$zA,  
$*#^C;7O  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 _YF >Y=D-  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, .KA-=$~J1  
例:We appoint him monitor. :W*yfhLt  
  We elected him president. O2{["c e  
)j36Y =r3  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck .`OU\LA  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not ;'n%\*+fHH  
   consider them --because they are now primarily V! He2<  
   kept as pets. OX7=g$S 1  
   (A) where sporting dogs 5^g*  
   (B) sporting dogs =0g!Q   
   (C) when sporting dogs PlkZ)S7C  
   (D) they are sportingdogs e'3V4iU]  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Ss>pNH@ c  
7S a9  
二十、It结构 i/9iM\2  
一、强调句型 WywS1viD  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 %F 2h C x  
!?P8[K  
这个句型需要注意几点: E!9WZY  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; PILpWhjL$9  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; m)Plv+R}  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 0caZ_-zU  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: '=_(fa,  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. 9J3fiA_  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. B6  0  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ;4rhh h&  
\Bo%2O%4  
二、形式主语  <mn[-  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 YYe G9yR  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 ;st0Ekni)  
XY"b90  
2&1mI>:F  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than AF'<  
    A               B ?:"ABkL|+Y  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are =]7o+L4  
                  C sINQ?4_8T  
   the main focus of social psychology. NM3;l}Y8  
           D 4aXIRu%#7  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is =-U0r$sK+F  
!d72f8@9  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of FLi'}C  
   educational films. _ Sr}3  
   (A) It is  e*:K79 y  
   (B) There is  OC=& !<  
   (C) Though there is *9'3 `^l  
   (D) Although it is K\K& K~Z  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 ^DYS~I%s  
c1f"z1Z  
_T\~%  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 7e"}ojt$  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, :HY$x  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 SQN?[v  
.6wPpLG?{  
in which+完整的句子 f.6>6%l  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 iWCYK7c@.-  
9?l a5  
名词+of which+谓语动词 6`e{l+c=F  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 6 >kULp  
o~LJ+m6-)  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of J^7m?mA  
   which are accented. D3Q+K  
   (A) line consists of each (| QJ[@?q  
   (B) consists of each line :60v bO  
   (C) each line consists x3O%W?5  
   (D) it consists of each line [> HKRVy  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 a#p+.)Wm  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 Z)rW>I  
p4VARAqi  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a i~u4v3r=  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. .<m]j;|6  
   (A) traps   YSnh2 Bq  
   (B) trap its  +#IUn  
   (C) which traps 3fOOT7!FL  
   (D) which it traps ?mH=3 :~  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 ,3:f4e\<  
+5y^c |L0  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists j^jC|  
  have paid little attention to cultural 4  %0s p  
   A             y [Vd*8  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of v H HgZ  
         B      C G$C2?|V)=  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. kK5&?)3Y:  
           D Iy)1 (upM  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 MHwfJ{"zo  
k^7!iOK2  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin p3P 8@M  
   became interested in the art movement w:zo \  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, ,:Px(=d4  
   both --her novels and short stories. YJ~<pH  
   (A) in which the influence <)d%c%f'`  
   (B) of which influenced "%T~d[M  
   (C) to have influence :hICe+2ca  
   (D) its influence in KS_+R@3Z  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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