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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 ']NM_0  
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一、主句单一原则 0.5_,a n3  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 wDG4rN9x  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 ij),DbWd  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. /P%:u0fX,  
   (A) They occur where they are S'e2~-p0F  
   (B) Occuring where rG]Xgq"   
   (C) Where they occur "8I4]'  
   (D) Where do they occur ^b#E%Rd  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 `xr%LsNn  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 \4[Ta,;t  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center S 7vE[VF5  
   (A) Fort Wayne Z0=OR^HjA  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne 1DP)6{x  
   (C) For wayne is in @n (In$  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in $%-?S]6)  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 -Me\nu8(RF  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 'Ap 5Aq  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 V]}b3Y!(  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 as4NvZ@+r  
M}Mzm2d#`  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” $EIkk= z  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with M 6sDtL9l  
   social issues. !*gAGt_  
    (A) covers 3#[I _  
    (B) covers it  rE:>G]j6  
    (C) which covers rYQ@"o0/Y  
    (D) which it covers )[*O^bPowI  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 -huZnDN  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused z%tu6_4j  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on (?y2@I}  
   the paper. x["  
   (A) the impression is ($> 0&w  
   (B) if the impression is di2=P)3  
   (C) impressions YPnJldVn  
   (D) the impression J *?_SnZ  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression {2r7:nvR  
三、平行结构 nn4Sy,cz  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 wf%Ep#^6}  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: 0\@|M@X=  
A and B, /8\&f %E  
A , B, and C Po. B cytM  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- mp3_n:R?  
   is known as accounting. z,YUguc|  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary D ;$+]2  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's #`0z=w/)  
     transactions [Od9,XBa  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are l>Ja[`X@  
     summarized arVf"3a  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ky$: C,1t  
     enterprise .BDRD~kB  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 1e&b;l'*=  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 9k[},MM  
b:cK>fh0_  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed :k(t/*Nl3  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and R${4Q1  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on QYw4kD}  
   human patients. _XNR um4  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in T xxB0  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures C| IQM4  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures wDMB  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull #r^@*<{^  
     fractures p2DNbY\]  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 @j2*.ee  
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四、宾语从句结构 7  cP[o+  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 ) wo2GF  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: /Q>{YsRRB  
     state(陈述,表明)+that <bXWkj  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that sa(M66KkU  
o7a6 )2JK  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, +'Y( V&  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ""v`0OP&J  
   units called quanta or photons. 6n6VEwYj  
    (A) energy that EfBVu  
    (B) that it is energy V3A>Ag+^~  
    (C) it is energy Rp`_Grcd  
    (D) that energy h6T/0YhWLP  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 q'Pz3/mk  
NzeI/f3K5  
]D) 'I`  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth R|)2Dg  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is Y zBA{FE  
   placed on them. F@K*T2uh  
   (A) although its crust and mantle >SxZ9T|%  
   (B) its crust and mantle to `l gjw=  
   (C) that its crust and mantle |1QbO`f/F  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to R0hc tT1j  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 8pq-nuf |K  
五、介词+ which结构 u $% D9Z^  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 xf^ <ec  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, pg?i F1  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 NO+ 55n  
/J[H5uA  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, F[7Kw"~J  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 M)`HK .  
hSkc9jBF  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is sMz^!RX@  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees kh<pLI>$h  
   for public office. `s>UU- 9  
    (A) that joChML_  
    (B)by which mZbWRqP[|_  
    (C)is that ]<8B-D? Z  
    (D)by those SY$J+YBLM  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 e' U"`)S  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 u( 1J=h  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 A[^qq UL'  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Wa[x`:cT?u  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called *3_f &Y  
   wickers. Cdp]Nv6  
   (A) when \);.0  
   (B) which HDF!`  
   (C) is when  Y8)E]D  
   (D) in which =y< ">-  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 W NwJM  
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六、in that结构 Si?$\H*:  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, IPl@ DH  
  because of +名词, .e`,{G(5q7  
  consequently是副词 -A/ds1=;  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 zVM4BT(  
I?_E,.)[ I  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals $hG;2v  
   ---- it is a liquid. PUbaS{J7  
   (A) whereas u.Mq j"o\  
   (B) in that D 4< -8  
   (C) because of Y%<`;wK=^  
   (D) consequently 1s#yWQ   
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 [096CK  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 rkxW UDl   
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual Tr}R`6d$  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. 'oleB_B  
   (A)they ?22d},.  
   (B)in they ]EB6+x!G  
   (C)that they ;aq`N}d  
   (D)in that they Ci;h  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 +'- rTi\  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 EPc!p>  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ ~eDI$IO  
   great inspiration for her poems. Z;hyi'rPJ  
   (A) that she drew SU/G)&Mi  
   (B) by drawing her |Eb&}m:E $  
   (C) from which she drew  1Yud~[c  
   (D) drawn from which 0f1H8zV  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 `%|u!  
七、what结构 GE@uO J6H  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: 1YFeVMc  
  what=the thing that _ j~4+ H  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend F#su5<d  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. H"_v+N5=  
   (A) it grows ~x'zX-@rC  
   (B) what grows OZ^h\m4  
   (C) does it grow K5{{:NR$  
   (D) what does it grow [UoqIU  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 #pX8{Tf[  
5C B%=iL{  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle ;Z*'D}  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory &3I$8v|!?  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. fWj@e"G  
   (A) there hfg O  
   (B) where )A"jVQjI%w  
   (C) that 3w6&&R9  
   (D) what RJx{eck%  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 q[P~L`h S  
J?IC~5*2  
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八、同位语结构 ^>^ \CP]  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 3za`>bUN  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) T`?n,'!(  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing _IxamWpX$  
   and swallowing . vL$|9|W(  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste Y 9i][  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly &2{]hRM  
   (C) the chief organ of taste Hd 0Xx}3&  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes Xhse~=qA  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 kwlC[G$j7  
C2G  |?=  
z h%qS~8Yv  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 x> \Bxa8  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) :tLbFW[  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of t8vc@of$c,  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of fK_~lGY(  
   Dishonor. sJ~P:g  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause R hio7C  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson JYV\oV{  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause b[srG6{ &  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. dIJGB==  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 7/"@yVBW  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as xNX'~B^4d  
   hosts to many insect pests. Hf%_}Du /`  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than c~+l-GIWm  
     goldenrods lKWr=k~  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods .C= I^  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy $.:3$et@/  
     plants m*oc)x7'  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants XLb0 9;  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 jczq `yW  
Pp*}R2  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 Qra>}e%*  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 C9jbv/c  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to _7@z_i_c  
   Athens. h|p[OecG  
   (A) the distance is Df@/cT  
   (B) that the distance is +(mL~td01  
   (C) is that the distance g.a| c\WH  
   (D) the distance U3F3((EYJ  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 D9-Lg%  
@^? XaU  
九、比较结构 " H1 :0p  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ^,V[nfQR  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less /6U 4S>'(  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. K"l0w**Og#  
    (A) does Y&~M7TYb  
    (B) in If'2rE7J  
    (C) it does in c_1/W{  
    (D) in it does Zq*eX\#C  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 BXhWTGiG  
U CY2 ]E  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. AyTx'u  
    (A) rays more than infrared NHiq^ojk  
    (B) rays are more infrared than g:gB`8w?  
    (C) more than infrared rays R8<eN9bJ9  
    (D) more infrared rays than j|K.i/  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 I]uhi{\C  
2c:f<>r0y  
Z nXejpj)D  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 @2' %o<lF  
例3:The activities of the international marketing !k<:k "7  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 7GZq|M_:y  
   (A) the domestic marketer has ;nB2o-%  
   (B) the domestic marketer does o^ h(#%O  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer #WufZ18#  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer cZQu*K^j  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 T[.[ g/`  
OVswt  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing ?~F. /  
   is greater than --. MF.[8Zb  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined Dip*}8$o(w  
   (B) mining and farming combination .3wY\W8Dr-  
   (C) that mining and farming combined @{}rG8  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming >oqZ !V5[  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 8wIK:   
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十、定语从句省略结构 GGE[{Gb9  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 BGqa-d  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture y1,5$0@G  
   and overpower. mm,lhIh  
   (A) can   KQ)T(mIqp  
   (B) they can Q}P-$X+/ n  
   (C) which can K]"Kf{bx  
   (D) and ;CmOsA,1  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 nem@sB;v#  
XxO n3i  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can X8CVY0<o  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the #s+Q{2s  
   food they eat. 3k{ @.V ?]  
    (A) require ,- HIFbXx@  
    (B) requires RvW.@#EH0  
    (C) requiring [ud|dwP"  
    (D)to require ~3=2=Uf  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 JEHK:1^  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food ma]? )1<{  
&;v!oe   
YzV(nEW  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 (6k>FSpg  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of :_H>SR:  
    A ;r!\-]5$  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 0&$xX!]  
   B          C      D 8^X]z|2  
   the world. Y/P]5: =h  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to :[?!\m%0  
rzV"Dm$'  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive J@` 8(\(  
          A  B      C (C`@a/q  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. B01^oYM}  
              D f)^t')  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more MPvWCPB  
e\.HWV]I  
十一、状语从句省略结构 `a'` $'j  
Metals expand when they are heated. )ddsyFGW  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: RbAt3k;y  
g7Z9F[d  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; b~as64  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, xBWx+ My  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 6ZksqdP8  
7j T}{ x  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of SG`)PW?  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand O PiaG!3<  
   considerable impact. :gaE Tr  
   (A) apparently Nt,~b^9  
   (B) are apparently J)huy\>,  
   (C) apparently their _ n_sfT6)B  
   (D) are they apparently 7@~QkTH~y  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 ' =}pxyg  
%,;gP.dh7  
M8_R  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: Gl;f#}  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; >KHp-|0pv  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) GEfY^! F+  
ol#yjrv  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the J% AG`  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly QQq/5r4O`q  
   white. %-r?=L  
   (A) when, pure which L ]*`4 L  
   (B) when, which pure b-4dsz 'ai  
   (C) which, pure when Iy.mVtcsZ  
   (D) which, when pure % GVN4y&  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, ;L$,gn5H  
-U:2H7  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine I3An57YV].  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing !^-OfqIHfV  
   infrequently &~}@u[=ux  
   (A) Even g+3Hwtl  
   (B) It is d^y86pq.  
   (C) Even though Q2FQhc@L(:  
   (D) There is UtPwWB_YV  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 jVs(x  
tStJ2-5*t  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 -zR.'x%  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 p_;r%o=  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; w?i)/q  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 K,]woNxaw  
\D ^7Z97  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: lZBv\JE  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 $q^O%(  
  The starring troops have to surrender. 1NW>wo  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; 88#N~j~P  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 z41D^}b  
eA1'qww"'  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is wzg i @i  
Y1|^>C#a  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often t={poQC~  
   called scapegoating. $Q=$?>4U  
   (A) Eliminate problems 8pd&3G+  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) @::lJDGVv  
   (C) Eliminating problems ";o~&8?)  
   (D) Problems are eliminated 9Il'E6 J  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 NWeV>;lh9  
} !Xf&c{7{  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them x4@MO|C  
   from damage due to weather. 3F;EE:  
    (A) Painting ]Kof sU_{  
    (B) Painted  z I(xSX@  
    (C) The paint ixg\[5.Q+  
    (D) By painting cl ?< 7  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 u6]gQP">I  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 \MF3CK@/  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting $3lt{ %  
C+DG+_%V*S  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to {`($Q$Q1  
   conserve water in the winter. XC :;Rq'j  
   (A) when losing leaves hkkF1 h  
   (B) leaves are lost E*Pz <  
   (C) that losing leaves v`@5enr  
   (D) the leaves losing Z3OZPxm  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 *xEI Zx  
h<+PP]l=  
十三、make结构 oXnC "y}0P  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) &19l k   
共有三种形式: xhw8#  
   make it possible+to do vx({N?  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 #9URVq,  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 6 Xzk;p  
r)) $XM  
做题技巧: }IxY(`:qs  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 8<w tf]x  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it v!WU |=u  
}S'I DHla  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and @9 n #vs  
   thus make--details that are otherwise $)kk8Q4+K  
   impossible to observe . o[5=S, '  
   (A) it visible =NVZ$KOZ  
   (B) visibly F'$9en2I:  
   (C) visible z&>9 s)^-  
   (D) they are visible jKY Aid{-  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 EM>c%BH<N  
.y/NudD  
T! &[  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ,kGw;8X  
   amount of information on a single map. UUdu;3E=5  
   (A) possible >oM9~7f  
   (B) it possible S0Rf>Eo4  
   (C) it is possible >#"jfjDuR  
   (D) that possible YoSo0fQA  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 } K+Q9<~u  
thlpj*|  
7Ap~7)z[  
十四、the more …the more…结构 e"v[)b++Y  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: %>I?'y^  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 _.Z&<.lJ  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 Z;"4$@|qE  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 KL:6P-3  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 Eezlx9b  
rlUdAa3  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the j]ln :?\  
   number of lines of magnetic force. 0$F _hZU  
   (A) of =yhn8t7@]  
   (B) the 5 vu_D^Q  
   (C) is the -!bLMLIg  
   (D) is of the Z@c0(ol  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B K,L>  
*k@0:a(>  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the `1[Sv"  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  0,L$x*Nj5  
   (A) the stress it is greater Cr V2 V)|G  
   (B) greater is the stress UVoLHd  
   (C) greater stress is dPyBY ]`  
   (D) the greater the stress r3BDq  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 jN'fm  
u{{xnyl?  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 qqom$H<  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 . ' N O~  
mb*h73{{  
q:~`7I  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 2t`9_zqLw  
             A     B |>/&EElD  
   thus making it possible the gentle Y4 ~wNs6  
       C            h7W%}6Cqkw  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. =Q=&Ucf_  
         D Qdx`c^4m  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 }^ Ua  
6t mNfI34  
IIt^e#s&  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more b\|p  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, }A'<?d8   
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the + x ;ML  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” eze(>0\f  
    (A) however I}W-5%  
    (B) thus s3E~X  
    (C) and Xx<&6 4W  
    (D) moreover V8U`%/`N  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 :_YG/0%I  
>LaL! PnZ  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the D15u1A  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. T# _n-b>  
    (A) to save the seeds UE#Ni 5  
    (B) saving the seeds JQh s=Xg  
    (C)which saves the seeds Q3O .<9S  
    (D) the seeds saved 't%%hw-m}  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B 3w:Z4]J  
8 W<)c  
eP)YJe 3  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 \^(vlcy  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds.  T[[   
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. lnC Wu@{  
*u4X<oBS*  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. AW;) _|xM  
   (A) the tallest <w2NJ ~M^  
   (B) the tallest that is |mE +f]7$  
   (C) which is the tallest 2GKU9cV*`  
   (D) which the tallest is m^x\@!N:(  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 PXu<4VF  
@N_H]6z4  
v9`B.(Ru  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of /\$|D&e  
       A  B       C sCCr%r]zL  
   domestic animals. o3=S<|V  
    D } =m?gF%3  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 M-K@n$k   
fX$4TPy(h  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 k8wi-z[dV  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: .'mC3E+ $  
  program, programmed, programmed AG\ 852`1m  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: V//q$/&8(  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 `"mK\M  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 'L59\y8H  
d4h(F,K7V  
&Wz:-G7<n  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona (C|V-}/*m  
   features structures built of red sandstone by '"\Mjz)/  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. ;~$ $WU  
   (A) That the :p)9Heu  
   (B) In the }e =GvWGa  
   (C) Around the "(&`muIc  
   (D) The c!wB'~MS#  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 o? "@9O?  
Sz@?%PnU|  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called C\@YH]  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. u N0fWj]  
   (A) to be made 6Q.whV%y  
   (B) making :!15>ML;-  
   (C) made Riuv@i^6K  
   (D) are made (`/i1#nR  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 ?Cfp=85ea!  
Pm;*Jv%  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given  grA L4  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of s(Bi& C\  
   human beings. `9{C/qB  
   (A) without ;QD;5 <1  
   (B) lack HTpd~W/\  
   (C) minus J&1N8Wk)  
   (D) not having "E!p1  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 @soW f  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 , )3+hnFY  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 ?+o7Y1 k,  
S9055`v5  
=DwH*U /YR  
十八、逻辑主语结构 y N%Pe:R  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 i.,B 0s] Z  
< _uv!N  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. o;/F=Zp  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members <QLj6#d7Y  
    of the committee *9^k^h(r&4  
   (B) the committee members discussed the I@v.Hqg+7  
    problem hm k5 1  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee S@-X?Lu  
    members the problem sOenR6J<$  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by * OFT)S  
    the members of the committee e{S`iO  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B s#49pDN  
2b1 :Tt9  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until u{G6xuPWf  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. Hb4rpAeP  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch {'C74s  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn Gl9a5b  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch ).b+S>k  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn I A^DfdZY  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 '.yr8  
F@3,>~[%I  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her =z.AQe+   
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her #y%Ao\~kG  
   first article in print. ,pepr9Yd  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane >48Y-w  
    Hawes had ](pD<FfS]'  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane bN)?szh&Y  
    Hawe's first * x!5I$~J  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first huE#VY /t  
    teaching position Dr60 9(zg^  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching A}# Mrb  
    position S/aPYrk>6  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。  t&]IgF  
NeP1 #  
例4: Even at low levels, --. TB\CSXb  
   (A) the nervous system has produced m? hX=  
     detrimental effects by lead oY: "nE  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ^4:= b  
    nervous system Lb/_ULo6-V  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the U_?RN)>j  
    nervous system umeb&\:8S-  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on z?^p(UH  
    the nervous system vPi+8)  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 VTdZ&%@  
1C{~!=6#  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking y;H 3g#  
            A   B     C o2L/8q.  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. f$L5=V  
       D &wfM:a/c  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 D~Su82 2  
y? g7sLDc  
d=pq+  
十九、复合宾语结构 C~B ^sG@;  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 MX34qJ9k  
We played soccer. - mXEbsm  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 K;K tx>Z/  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 wR KGJ  
BB-`=X~:m  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 +MEWAW[}^  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 0y(d|;':  
例:We appoint him monitor. 1+]e?  
  We elected him president. 84k;d;  
zr,jaR;  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck "371`!%  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not 7 9Iz,_  
   consider them --because they are now primarily R_lNC]b0  
   kept as pets. wL*z+>5  
   (A) where sporting dogs vUW!  
   (B) sporting dogs OIN]u{S  
   (C) when sporting dogs d;>:<{z@CD  
   (D) they are sportingdogs q+N}AKawB  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 Jyd%!v  
>IRo]-,  
二十、It结构 pDu~84!])  
一、强调句型 E*kS{2NAq  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 9J<KR #M  
Y.-i;Mmu  
这个句型需要注意几点: [ML4<Eb+ x  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; U_w)*)F  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; <)M?qkjb  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 p 0-\G6  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Bq'hk<ns[  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. Rq;R{a  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. _ yU e2Gd  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. rt"\\sOlMB  
Y*4 \K%e(  
二、形式主语 Bs^W0K$uBO  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ]E`DG  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 Nz2}Ma 2  
q+SDJ?v  
!Qn:PSk  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than ,"&vhgYU  
    A               B 55hJRm3  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are X\M0Q%8  
                  C B~z& "`  
   the main focus of social psychology. iHTxD1 D+H  
           D lQ oa[#q  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is >/Slk {  
|rsu+0Mtz  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of +>{{91mN  
   educational films. c_%vD~6W-  
   (A) It is  C}wmoYikV  
   (B) There is  Z#d_<e?  
   (C) Though there is OfIml.  
   (D) Although it is S__+S7]Nr  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 :*Sl\:_X)  
J/=b1{d"n  
Ws'3*HAce  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 l =xy_ TCf  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, Xq,{)G%9nM  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 4WU 6CN  
L7C!rS  
in which+完整的句子 *=)%T(^  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 XP~4jOL]  
Y[@$1{YS  
名词+of which+谓语动词 *b~$|H-\  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 B!yAam#^  
l. !5/\  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of |-=^5q5  
   which are accented. T^%$  
   (A) line consists of each $D<LND=o=  
   (B) consists of each line 6xvyhg#B  
   (C) each line consists ney6 N@  
   (D) it consists of each line _T)dmhG  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 =;`+^  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 >a5CW~Z]  
Tz:mj  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a #iJ+}EW _  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. h,LwC9  
   (A) traps   Yx>=(B  
   (B) trap its  c>,|[zP{  
   (C) which traps +Gg6h=u  
   (D) which it traps +W x/zo  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 .q"`)PT  
Dh*Uv,  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists NffZttN  
  have paid little attention to cultural PVC\&YF  
   A             :} i #ODJ  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of \'q 9,tP  
         B      C /4}{SE  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. )S]4 Kt_  
           D _3i .o$GO  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 8!(4;fN$j.  
-|"W|K?nq  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin @zSI@Oq_  
   became interested in the art movement @doo2qqIe]  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, $[x2L s~  
   both --her novels and short stories. 8+5 z-vd  
   (A) in which the influence '85@U`e.  
   (B) of which influenced Hpo7diBE  
   (C) to have influence U bUl]  
   (D) its influence in X458%)G!(K  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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