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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 tgK$}#.*  
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一、主句单一原则 / 1 lIV_Z  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 ln%xp)t  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 < .&t'W  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. yPrp:%PS  
   (A) They occur where they are ?;@xAj  
   (B) Occuring where Z_Jprp{3h  
   (C) Where they occur JF!?i6V  
   (D) Where do they occur `RDl k  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 |P7c {  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 w='1uV<6  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center @Aa$k:_  
   (A) Fort Wayne ( ,1}P  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne +g,:!5pg  
   (C) For wayne is in ^]c /hb|X  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in #k2&2W=x  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 s\QhCS  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 jqxeON  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 amq]&.M  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 Y: &?xR  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” la#f,C3_  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with *Wk y#  
   social issues. *KNj5>6=  
    (A) covers 0VC8'6S_k  
    (B) covers it T|^rFaA  
    (C) which covers cPA-EH  
    (D) which it covers z`UL)W  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 $z,lq#zzl  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused N*z_rZE  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on O{Bll;C  
   the paper. `tA~"J$32l  
   (A) the impression is &!> )EHGV  
   (B) if the impression is i zJa`K  
   (C) impressions u&Q2/Y  
   (D) the impression rT$J0"*=  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression gi!{y   
三、平行结构 55xa Z#|  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 *olV Y/'O  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: ;=\vm"I?  
A and B, <)n8lIK  
A , B, and C E>|[@Z  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- `s HrC  
   is known as accounting. 2{ ^k*Cfd  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary 4oW6&1  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's ?EP>yCR9  
     transactions  Lc,`  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are qOaI4JP@  
     summarized 4+&4  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an V,t&jgG*  
     enterprise Jlgo@?Lc  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 #wz1uw[pI!  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 y9W6e "  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed CZ2&9Vb9I  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and .xJW=G{/  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on x3ds{Z$,>(  
   human patients. bvHF;Qywg  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in <>3}<i<[&  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures 4w p5ghe  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures bvyX(^I[q  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull EC[2rROn\  
     fractures WjfUbKg0  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 JP$@*F@t  
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四、宾语从句结构 9qyA{ |3  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 7R9S%  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: "#7~}Z B  
     state(陈述,表明)+that ?UD2}D[M  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that 0*?/s\>PS;  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, 1J8okBhZ  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite C@!C='b,  
   units called quanta or photons. ,E&PIbDL1  
    (A) energy that 8m? 9?OV5  
    (B) that it is energy y+3< ] N  
    (C) it is energy ]Z/<H P$#  
    (D) that energy rn1^6qy)  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 1pe eecE  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth <]f ru1  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is jJ^p ?  
   placed on them. y*ae 5=6(  
   (A) although its crust and mantle pk&kJ307  
   (B) its crust and mantle to _D%aT6,G+(  
   (C) that its crust and mantle L_fu<W  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to b21c} rI3  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 :f^ =~#!  
五、介词+ which结构 2=H3yEJq  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 5GD6%{\O  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, F+.:Ry FS  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 SrMg=a  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, l{U-$}  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 9}e`_z  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is sQt]Y&_/@  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees o&2(xI2  
   for public office. F?b5!<5  
    (A) that fVCpG~&t  
    (B)by which Ktrqrl^IJ  
    (C)is that I;dc[m  
    (D)by those H]@M00C  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Xy{\>}i]N  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 #7S[Ch}O  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 0pP;[7k\  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players Y\!* c=@k  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called gC-3ghmgS  
   wickers. h+o-h4X  
   (A) when DyiyH%SSD  
   (B) which Ps3wg=ni[  
   (C) is when [d="94Ab  
   (D) in which Z1j3F  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 w}="}Cb  
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六、in that结构 $5XE'm  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, 2y6 e]D  
  because of +名词, 0Da9,&D  
  consequently是副词 W0GDn  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 {j%'EJ5  
=FXO1UZ!  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals zTODV<-`  
   ---- it is a liquid. }G,PUjg_^3  
   (A) whereas w'NL\>  
   (B) in that F91'5D,u0  
   (C) because of ttlFb]zZh  
   (D) consequently %3B0s?,I  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 IbFS8 *a\  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 WEgJ_dB  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ,,_$r7H`  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. eEvE3=,hg  
   (A)they F Xbf7G)H  
   (B)in they AN-qcp6=o  
   (C)that they jQDXl  
   (D)in that they JDi\?m d.  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 [I*zZ`  
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@w?y;W!a>  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 y7a84)j3  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ 565UxG }  
   great inspiration for her poems. vumA W*  
   (A) that she drew ;Mzy>*#$Q  
   (B) by drawing her zQpF, N<b  
   (C) from which she drew *^|.bBG  
   (D) drawn from which 9fLxp$`(T  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 &-l(nr]h]  
七、what结构 oT=XCa5  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ;;r}=0V*=  
  what=the thing that <d&9`e1Hc  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend ^5{M@o  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. ~yrEB:w`_  
   (A) it grows IYZ$a/{P  
   (B) what grows CFo>D\*J  
   (C) does it grow Vifh`BSP  
   (D) what does it grow 0+H4sz%.  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 Wzm!:U2R*  
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle w-2?|XvDmf  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory \xtY\q,[  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. h_xHQf&#  
   (A) there AEUXdMo  
   (B) where c5vi Y|C^  
   (C) that GxFmw:  
   (D) what JZc"4qf@OT  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 f_{O U E  
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八、同位语结构 b~5Q|3P9  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 N\f={O8E  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) N51g<K  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing |mHxkd  
   and swallowing . i,3[0*ge  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste 8M5a&35J"  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly EKr#i}(x<  
   (C) the chief organ of taste v&#=1Zb  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes ug?])nO.C  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 _,G^#$pH  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 4Iq-4 IG(  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) @xBw'  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of X~#jx(0_  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of fc,^H&  
   Dishonor. [Y %H8}  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause p3f>;|uh_  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson qR X:e o  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause <* 4'H  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. E\GD hfTQ  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 qh]ILE87(  
DX H"`1[-  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as -weCdTY`X  
   hosts to many insect pests. 6q8b>LG|  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than L'KgB=5K&i  
     goldenrods bVbh| AA  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 0>aAI3E  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy BY&+fK ae  
     plants X / {;  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants 1~|o@CO  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 O0i)Iu(J7;  
dh; L!  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 eX1<zzd  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 [!Jd .zm  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to ;t_'87h$y  
   Athens. ~|>q)4is6a  
   (A) the distance is ov@N13 ,$  
   (B) that the distance is <)J83D0$E  
   (C) is that the distance 555*IT3b  
   (D) the distance 7/:C[J4GTN  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 B>!OW2q0D  
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九、比较结构 6(FkcC$G  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 (oKrIm  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less L+rMBa  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. gFx2\QV  
    (A) does O`pqS\H  
    (B) in Z%t"~r0PS  
    (C) it does in YV p sf8R  
    (D) in it does YKk*QcAn  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 eMDO;q  
A c'0  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. 42{\u08Z  
    (A) rays more than infrared .h0@Vs  
    (B) rays are more infrared than f2abee   
    (C) more than infrared rays fC\Cx;q-  
    (D) more infrared rays than )rqb<O  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 ?$>#FKrt  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 &m8#^]*  
例3:The activities of the international marketing ?hXeZB+b4  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. 2EU((Q`>=(  
   (A) the domestic marketer has {Y\W&Edw%  
   (B) the domestic marketer does =FB[<%  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer =.sg$VX  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer mHiV};$  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 Q|gRBu  
(pU@$H  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing i$[wkQ>$  
   is greater than --. 4=Wtv/ 3  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined n.323tNY  
   (B) mining and farming combination ;aY.CgX  
   (C) that mining and farming combined vjzpU(Sq#  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming FK^JC s^  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 >`3wEJ"<  
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十、定语从句省略结构 GW29Rj1  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 l$1z%|I  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture m$bX;F}T  
   and overpower. Gl4(-e'b  
   (A) can   D^[}:O{  
   (B) they can |U GmIm%  
   (C) which can :skNEY].  
   (D) and %y{f] m  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。  *b$8O  
& 8##)tS(y  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can hJkSk;^  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the yX {CV7%O  
   food they eat. 8Moe8X#3  
    (A) require R>r@I_  
    (B) requires gH0' Ok'  
    (C) requiring wc&`/'<p  
    (D)to require  c"pI+Q  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 c Nhy.Z~D  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food Ew&pwsQ  
AM[#AZv  
3 N5un`K7  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 H/rJ:3  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of 0ESxsba  
    A a5)<roWQ  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ,n}h_ct  
   B          C      D (}1:]D{)@V  
   the world. K4r"Q*h  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to V!|:rwG2  
E`"<t:RzF  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive " h D6Z  
          A  B      C E1=WH-iA0  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. $X>$)U'p&-  
              D L"_ l(<g  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more rt _k }  
*hk8[  
十一、状语从句省略结构 ^|P/D  
Metals expand when they are heated. 0LjF$3GpZ  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: hxXl0e gI  
qwERy{]Sp;  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; \\Z{[{OZ  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, wWaJ%z>3y  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 cLZaQsS%  
8iB}gHe9  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of %6%QE'D  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand "8NhrUX  
   considerable impact. -;i vBR  
   (A) apparently pZ IDGy=~  
   (B) are apparently 68!W~%?pR  
   (C) apparently their mZ[tB/  
   (D) are they apparently y|+n77[Gv  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 v J_1VW  
5C G ,l  
cD6T4  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: HQ  7  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; BM }{};p6  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) 2`]`nTz,  
]bui"-tlK  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the Q!T+Jc9N  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly @ uF$m/g  
   white. l)d(N7HME  
   (A) when, pure which "UVqHW1%K  
   (B) when, which pure HTa]T'  
   (C) which, pure when JtB]EvpL}  
   (D) which, when pure c:@lR/oe"  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, _P:}]5-|  
v =Y) A?  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine ^(:Z*+X~>  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing Or2J  
   infrequently Z7G l^4zn  
   (A) Even <jk.9$\$A  
   (B) It is Rr!oT?6J?  
   (C) Even though *.2[bQL@v  
   (D) There is / Ml d.  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 PAcbC| y  
Cbq|<p# #o  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 ?04$1n:  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 o(|fapK.  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; )2YZ [~3  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 Y;B#_}yF  
f:K3 P[|  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: B|zVq=l~  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 F,NS:mE  
  The starring troops have to surrender. $1ZF kw  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; ~=#jr0IZ  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 "KhVS  
uTq)Ets3  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is $mF(6<w  
f|cF [&wo  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often GO|EeM!i B  
   called scapegoating. }aJK^>^>A  
   (A) Eliminate problems rf:C B&u  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) ud @7%%  
   (C) Eliminating problems 1 xu2$x.b  
   (D) Problems are eliminated -g6C;<Y  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 y9@DlK  
%x5zs ]4^  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them "p[FFg  
   from damage due to weather. cz6\qSh\,  
    (A) Painting wwI'n*Q'$  
    (B) Painted ~l@-gAyw  
    (C) The paint ~H+W[r}  
    (D) By painting i)[8dv  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 b#2$Pd:(  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ?4 &C)[^  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting dreEes`|  
i( l'f#  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to _);;@T  
   conserve water in the winter. /j`v N  
   (A) when losing leaves $kM8E@x2  
   (B) leaves are lost C*f3PB=H_  
   (C) that losing leaves ly)b=ph&  
   (D) the leaves losing V,W":&!x  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。  K#LG7faj  
!]v&/  
十三、make结构 ~1`ZPLVG  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) a=!I(50  
共有三种形式: t'F_1P^*/  
   make it possible+to do " ~X;u8m  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 wB0zFlP  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 1 =cFV'  
npW1Z3n  
做题技巧: b3 ,&RUF  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it Y8fahQ#  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it o.Jq1$)~y  
ezOZ HY>|#  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and J:c]z 9&!  
   thus make--details that are otherwise )/:&i<Q:  
   impossible to observe . GG}(*pOr  
   (A) it visible z z4.gkU  
   (B) visibly M_4:~&N$  
   (C) visible Ofyz,% |Q  
   (D) they are visible eqL~h1^Co  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 --~m{qmy  
"?lm`3W"  
?rD`'B  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large l {{wrU`  
   amount of information on a single map. MWHGB")J  
   (A) possible SQZUkKfb  
   (B) it possible \rw/d5.  
   (C) it is possible v%e-vl  
   (D) that possible ?`nF"u>  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 6G<t1?_yD  
2ja@NT  
6PS #Zydb  
十四、the more …the more…结构 o@o6<OP^  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: )m-l&UK  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 Q/%(&4>'y  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 ',Mi D=_  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 nC3U%*l  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 yW$ja|^ E  
wXc"Car)  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the j;tT SNF  
   number of lines of magnetic force. Q}J'S5%  
   (A) of N F[v/S  
   (B) the (O N \-*  
   (C) is the KUdpOMYX  
   (D) is of the *nB fF{y  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B s<I[)FQVr  
o@`& h} $  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the ?I`BbT}  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  kF9T 9  
   (A) the stress it is greater LF'M!C9|  
   (B) greater is the stress gc:qqJi)X  
   (C) greater stress is }mjJglK!N  
   (D) the greater the stress .wrNRU7s  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 `eIX*R   
e&C(IEZ/N;  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 1n! Jfs U  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 qy`95^  
*v'&i) J  
GNXQD}L?b?  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , _/"m0/,  
             A     B td@F%*  
   thus making it possible the gentle IKM=Q. 7j  
       C            =|n NC  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. |X9YVZC  
         D =KwG;25hX  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 ?op6_a-wm  
"v-\nAu  
OHzI!,2]  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more D"F5-s7  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, o<e AZ  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the i=%wZHc;  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” OGNjn9av  
    (A) however " *xQN "F  
    (B) thus 7-+X -Y?  
    (C) and c"%XE#D  
    (D) moreover 0-EhDGa]r  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 4J2NIFZ  
VAc-RaA  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 6OMywGI[Z  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. pB{QO4q n  
    (A) to save the seeds p"/1Kwqx  
    (B) saving the seeds )'M<q,@<(  
    (C)which saves the seeds 7|3Z+#|T  
    (D) the seeds saved @* L^Jgn  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B zbP0!  
#KZ- "$  
~=P&wBnJ  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 kRnh20I  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. =PyU9C-@  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. b&p*IyJR  
g ZhE\  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. Yd lXMddE  
   (A) the tallest 5KU}dw>*g  
   (B) the tallest that is ofl3G {u  
   (C) which is the tallest A\lnH5A  
   (D) which the tallest is o`\l&jUNe  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 (7`&5m d  
=)"60R7{  
sN 1x|pkN  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of '0U+M{  
       A  B       C "m):"  
   domestic animals. /s uz>o\  
    D cnC&=6=a<  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 $@+\_f'bU>  
R>BI;IcX  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 i 4lR$]@  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: m!a<\0^  
  program, programmed, programmed X !NH ?0)  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: $ w:QJ~,s  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 S *?'y  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be 8263  
`;*%5WD%  
lyfLkBF  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona =G;whd}]  
   features structures built of red sandstone by SC74r?N FA  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. 'y}l9alF  
   (A) That the yp wVzCUG  
   (B) In the :e ?qm7cB  
   (C) Around the 6gY5v @!w  
   (D) The X3".  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 ZGSb&!Ke  
v$p<6^kJ  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called \evK.i*KfA  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. &!2 4l =!  
   (A) to be made "X's>uM  
   (B) making :g}WN  
   (C) made FGG Fi(  
   (D) are made uXxyw7\W  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 aRdk^|}  
^, q\S  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given 4 (& W>E  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of |0ACapp!  
   human beings. i*#Gq6qZq  
   (A) without !3v!BJ#+,&  
   (B) lack Z<;<!+,  
   (C) minus :@KWp{ D7  
   (D) not having qi;@A-cq  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。  ;i y]mPd  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 l6:k|hrm;  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 H\W60|z9  
GQ[: vX`  
`S2YBKz,1  
十八、逻辑主语结构 qtnLQl"M  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 KVvIo1$N  
s+2\uMwf*  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. XG@_Lcv*  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members LUna stA^  
    of the committee UN'hnqC  
   (B) the committee members discussed the *P5Xy@:  
    problem Yn+/yz5k_  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee (^ZC8)0i(  
    members the problem yyPkjUy[  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ?y>xC|kt  
    the members of the committee yd]W',c  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B sE t5!&  
QKL5! L9`  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until j/TsHJ=  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. hzg&OW=:  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch E}-Y@( [  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn d!{,[8&  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch |eAl!k  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn \m1r(*Ar  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 T;w%-k\<r  
3;Kv9i<~LE  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her H2 5Mx>|d  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her J [J,  
   first article in print. cF_ Y}C  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane 5rRYv~+  
    Hawes had <_=a1x  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane ` :eXXE  
    Hawe's first m]R< :_  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first rbS67--]  
    teaching position rY4{,4V  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching ;g?oU "YM  
    position x[ U/ 8#f&  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 ?DzKqsS'  
n"N!76  
例4: Even at low levels, --. xbnx*4o0  
   (A) the nervous system has produced C=2  
     detrimental effects by lead |&`N B|  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the cq>{  
    nervous system w&jyijk(  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the /5 B{szf  
    nervous system  58\Rl  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 57k@] 3 4  
    the nervous system S9S8T+  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 ~KHGh29  
Gl}[1<~o  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking X<dQq`kZ  
            A   B     C )XV|D  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. ];i-d7C  
       D CE]0OY  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 9\ZlRYnc=  
3B!lE(r%J  
j&,,~ AZm  
十九、复合宾语结构 /yPFts_q  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 h}r*   
We played soccer. 0$NcxbM  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 *yKw@@d+p  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 ^ZV1Ev8T6  
j oDY   
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 KI)jP((  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, nI7G"f[%r;  
例:We appoint him monitor. KU#w %  
  We elected him president. #$7d1bx  
soh)IfZ  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck {`?C5< r  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not XgL-t~_  
   consider them --because they are now primarily ,{==f7|w  
   kept as pets. %\Dvng6$  
   (A) where sporting dogs Pu/X_D-#Gi  
   (B) sporting dogs 29{Ep   
   (C) when sporting dogs j_H"m R  
   (D) they are sportingdogs ?.Mw  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 h M$K?t  
K8`Jl=}z%&  
二十、It结构 q)0?aL  
一、强调句型 E_sKDybj  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 !bs{/?  
EGpN@  
这个句型需要注意几点: /g$cQ=c  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; BkywYCWZ )  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; PNy)TqdRS  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 #9{N[t  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如:  uP|Py.+  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. MI8f(ZJK5  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. '"u>;Bq  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. {2jetX`@h  
n-ZOe]3  
二、形式主语 t!}QG"ma  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 2"0q9Jg  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 cyYsz'i m  
Dsq_}6 l{  
H}v.0R  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than U|tUX)9O  
    A               B G@$ Y6To[  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are yC%zX}5  
                  C ^eF%4DUC;  
   the main focus of social psychology. RWyDX_z#<  
           D BhAWIH8@C  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is RbOEXH*]  
"&$ [@c  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of 7Iz%Jty  
   educational films. #eRrVjbo  
   (A) It is  ?+3vK=Rf}  
   (B) There is  pr~%%fCh  
   (C) Though there is kmNa),`{s  
   (D) Although it is F_ ^)zss  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 -4 *94<  
[N@t/^gRC  
RSv?imi=  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 <@F.qMl  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, 9F~e^v]zp  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 ajM3Uwnr  
z (1zth  
in which+完整的句子 egXHp<bqw  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 g4eEkG`XTS  
j\I{pW-  
名词+of which+谓语动词 XY_hTHJ  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 V yOuw9  
Oc,E\~  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of Jn |sS(Q}  
   which are accented. kA.U2  
   (A) line consists of each ?IN'Dc9&%-  
   (B) consists of each line ,H)v+lI  
   (C) each line consists '3i,^g0?t0  
   (D) it consists of each line bHKTCPf  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 C {*' p+f  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 7 I$~E  
a<NZC  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a }O + a  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. +GYO<N7  
   (A) traps   `MLOf  
   (B) trap its  w * pTK +  
   (C) which traps YAdk3y~pL  
   (D) which it traps mfW}^mu  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 +QW| 8b  
K\trT!I  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists C>:,\=y%  
  have paid little attention to cultural #F hgKwx  
   A             E]P7u"1  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of +^cjdH*  
         B      C {y%|Io`P  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. v;sWI"Fv!  
           D 9 _b_O T  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 ~(;HkT  
=T-jG_.H  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin W9G1wU  
   became interested in the art movement xE5VXYU  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, \v _R]0m\  
   both --her novels and short stories. Pr_DMu  
   (A) in which the influence JKF/z@Vbe\  
   (B) of which influenced U1)!X@F{  
   (C) to have influence E*vh<C  
   (D) its influence in ?dy t!>C  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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