填空题常考结构 ZXPX,~ 5o
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一、主句单一原则 )%fH(ns(
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 4E}Yt$|
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 DzRFMYBR
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form.
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(A) They occur where they are M X]n&
(B) Occuring where t"I77aZ$A
(C) Where they occur wVtwx0|1
(D) Where do they occur ]T) 'Hb
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 m.0*NW
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 z\4.Gm-
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center b|(:[nB
(A) Fort Wayne ;<4a*;IO
(B) Although Fort Wayne ;mi%F3
(C) For wayne is in RPbZ(.
(D) Fort Wayne, in I5W~g.<6
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 U
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二、谓语动词专一原则 X5w$4Kj&4l
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 Zj
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句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 !bP@n
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” )LCHy^'
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with 5IpDeJ$
social issues. 9jGu}Vo
(A) covers lmhLM. 2
(B) covers it .X;K%J2
(C) which covers YchH~m|
(D) which it covers {\\Tgs
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 -ze J#B)C
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused VS|2|n1<6
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on o,wUc"CE
the paper. oD@7
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(A) the impression is ^/k*h J{
(B) if the impression is #,v{Ihn
(C) impressions BLJj(-
(D) the impression -DAlRz#d,
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression r@,2E6xn
三、平行结构 %N_%JK\{@
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 uvS)8-o&F
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: S`]k>'
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A and B, Yz93'HDB
A , B, and C \lNN Msd&
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- '}#9)}x!
is known as accounting. J4U1t2@)9
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary ,"79P/C
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's a"u0Q5J
transactions kg\>k2h
(C) transactions of an enterprise are ={Qi0Pvt
summarized % %UE+u@J
(D) summarizing the transactions of an P0jtp7)7
enterprise sW8dPw
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分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 eb$#A _m
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ]')RMg zM*
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed FHI ;)wn=
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and BTrn0
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 8DaL,bi*.
human patients. Dv`c<+q(#
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ;i:d+!3XwC
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures @
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(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures b>JDH1)
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull XU7qd:|
fractures BIL Lq8)
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 g
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四、宾语从句结构 Ooy7*W';
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 jW@Uo=I[
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: >[*qf9$
state(陈述,表明)+that 45>
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indicate(指明,表明)+that '2^Q1{ :\
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, k$^`{6l
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ~&bq0(
units called quanta or photons. Z#\P&\`1z
(A) energy that \)|hogI|f
(B) that it is energy M =r)I~
(C) it is energy
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(D) that energy L;I]OC^J
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 [ibu/W$
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth D}X\Ca"h
indicate--yield when unusual weight is w+CA1q<
placed on them. <e</m)j
(A) although its crust and mantle 3/n5#&c\4
(B) its crust and mantle to mL: sJf
(C) that its crust and mantle >\3V a
(D) for its crust and mantle to Npy:!
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 N//KPh
五、介词+ which结构 yaH
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许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 rh}J3S5vp
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, I9hK }D
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Y`SvMkP)+
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, *CI#+P
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 X_\otVh(D
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is j+
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a method ---- voters select the nominees
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for public office. wEvVL
(A) that 'AS|ZRr/
(B)by which vnZC,J `
(C)is that [:SWi1cK2
(D)by those GDiBl* D
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 _.Uh)-yR
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 +OWX'~fd<
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 (V67`Z )
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players ={@6{-tl
hit wooden balls through wire arches called [j/9neaye
wickers. #fn)k1
(A) when @O^6&\s>
(B) which K:#I
(C) is when ML56k~"BL
(D) in which 3K0A)W/YEs
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ud@%5d
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六、in that结构 XrGglBIV
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, gu.}M:u
because of +名词, rlSeu5X6
consequently是副词 ['tY4$L(
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 w;:*P
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals q\4Xs$APq
---- it is a liquid. LG|fq/;
(A) whereas g(7rTyp4)
(B) in that 9Uekvs=r=M
(C) because of ~t~k2^)|"
(D) consequently 3J|F?M"N7
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0{p#j~ZhC
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 K+K#+RBK
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 17"uf.G
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. `w7v*h|P
(A)they X Dm[Gc>(~
(B)in they =M[bnq*\
(C)that they qUW!
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(D)in that they
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分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 S8
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 bL+_j}{:N
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ F Q7T'G![
great inspiration for her poems. BB!THj69a6
(A) that she drew HIR~"It$
(B) by drawing her 7cT~oV !G_
(C) from which she drew ^Y>F|;M#
(D) drawn from which HV!m8k=6
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 +\c5]`
七、what结构 3G)#5Lf<
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: +`7i'ff
what=the thing that RK'\C\gMDu
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend u~M
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. .9 on@S
(A) it grows hk(ZM#Bh
(B) what grows Qcq`libK
(C) does it grow h5{'Q$Erl
(D) what does it grow MSQEO4ge
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 3nIU1e
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle c z#rb*b
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory (>UZ<2GPL
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. KQaxvU)L
(A) there ENl)Ts`y
(B) where ??-[eB.
(C) that G\/zkrxmv
(D) what IXMop7~
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 knu,"<
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八、同位语结构 \+oQd=K@
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fIx+ILs
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) zsEc(
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing >a!/QMh
and swallowing . !1jBC.G1
(A) is the chief organ of taste e8>})
(B) tasting the organ chiefly ,8S/t+H
(C) the chief organ of taste &n}]w+w
(D) the organ chiefly tastes #`qx<y*S
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 ;V:i!u u
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 gDQ^)1k
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) MD}w Y><C
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of -V*R\,>
Native Americans in her novel, Century of R~TTL
Dishonor. A]_7}<<N
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause bbDZ#DK"
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson v^sv<4*%
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +C^nO=[E
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +r
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 P7[h-3+^
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as WqR&&gz
hosts to many insect pests. 'NbHa!
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than k`
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goldenrods ^
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(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 8$]1M,$r
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy kl"hBK#D%
plants c rQ8q;:
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants PioZIb/{
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 `C,n0'PL.
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 mupT<_Y
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 i[i4h"$0
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to l&
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Athens. &L3M]
(A) the distance is "BAK !N$9
(B) that the distance is SA:Zc^a
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(C) is that the distance l#&8x
(D) the distance ;2G*wR
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 REQ\>UO_
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九、比较结构 "%)qRe
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 WpDSg*fk=Y
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less n>z9K')
snow than --eastern Nebraska. 5#6|j?_a
(A) does ]U?^hZ_
(B) in 0J*??g-n
(C) it does in %64)(z
(D) in it does _=r6=.
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Brw@g8w-X
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. a9e>iU
(A) rays more than infrared P.se'z)E
(B) rays are more infrared than |o"?gB}Dh
(C) more than infrared rays E#34Wh2z
(D) more infrared rays than _{ue8kGt
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 E*&vy
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 KRbvj
例3:The activities of the international marketing b1q"!+8y
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. _oL?*ks
(A) the domestic marketer has W ~<^L\Lu
(B) the domestic marketer does zC:ASt
(C) those of the domestic marketer Y>z>11yEB0
(D) that which has the domestic marketer \<h0Q,e
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 0q
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing eu|YCYj)g
is greater than --. m,28u3@r
(A) that of its mining and farming combined 'c&Ed
(B) mining and farming combination ~Gp[_ %K
(C) that mining and farming combined e4$H&'b|
(D) of its combination mining and farming ' {OgN}'{
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 TprTWod2]t
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十、定语从句省略结构 iU918!!N
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 7Die
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例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ?,Xw[pR
and overpower. Ty\R=y}}
(A) can (
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(B) they can MKCsv+
(C) which can 5I;&mW`1,`
(D) and 0o4XUW
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ~Cttzn]pR
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can
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get all the calcium their bodies----from the ]cvwIc">
food they eat. >uB?rGcM
(A) require uZYF(Yu
(B) requires B@))8.h]
(C) requiring dQX6(Jj
(D)to require rXq.DvQ
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 3`?7<YJ
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food E=Bf1/c\
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 ) q4[zv9
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of hfB%`x#akQ
A I@N8gn
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around G!##X: 6
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B C D MjRHA^b
the world. W@IQ^
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分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to -i|}m++
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive JR|ck=tq
A B C q
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than the Sun dies and exploded. ({_{\9O,3
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分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 6MW{,N
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十一、状语从句省略结构 n@i HFBb
Metals expand when they are heated. dT8S~-d%
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: j
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ^
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第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, q;CiV
比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 x,-75
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 3$R1ipb
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand P@B]
considerable impact. p6@
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(A) apparently {tZ.v@
(B) are apparently cq]6XK-W
(C) apparently their eym4=k ~
(D) are they apparently Gd=RyoJl
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 niyV8
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 0e4{{zQx
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 4[eXe$
这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ;_(4Q*Yx
=,M5KDk`
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the R/YqyT\SM
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly iBaA9
white. e"<OELA
(A) when, pure which GTd,n=
(B) when, which pure rILYI;'o
(C) which, pure when fHFE){
(D) which, when pure O0.*Pmt
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, g7H(PF?
2+XAX:YD
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine MQ2}EY*A
is highly efficient and needs servicing l/5
hp.
infrequently R|(a@sL
(A) Even 1% ` Rs
(B) It is >t+P(*u
(C) Even though gSj,E8-g
(D) There is %cn<ych
G
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 DEgXQ[
H PVEnVn
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 4xj4=C~i
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 8Zdn, }Z
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; !4!~Lk=
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 er\|i. Y
lB4WKn=?Kl
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Z\sDUJ
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 zt%Mx>V@
The starring troops have to surrender. rJB}qYD
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; =_^X3z0
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Ny#^&-K
y();tsWqc
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is @4#vm@Yf_
^.y\(=
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ?JUe
uNs9
called scapegoating. :T~ [
(A) Eliminate problems 2<3K3uz
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) B5QFK
(C) Eliminating problems 7:@'B|
(D) Problems are eliminated :6dxtl/{b:
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 $[|mGae
O
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them x1a:u
from damage due to weather. 7 8,n%=nG
(A) Painting 05R@7[GWq
(B) Painted y`Z\N
(C) The paint A@'OJRc
(D) By painting A%vbhD2;W
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Nboaf
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 !IR6
,A\
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting "M0z(NkH
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to >mkFV@`
conserve water in the winter. A}w/OA97RO
(A) when losing leaves z9"U!A4
(B) leaves are lost |[lKY+26:{
(C) that losing leaves ; @X<lCk
(D) the leaves losing
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分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 YZ7.1`8
62u4-}JzF
十三、make结构 "jCu6Rj d
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) 9u_Pj2%56.
共有三种形式: (%9$! v{3
make it possible+to do )}vl\7=
make it possible+that引导的从句 DwF hK*
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 31)&vf[[
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做题技巧: -qoH,4w
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it X?Au/
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it \NC3'G:Ii
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and TC"<g
thus make--details that are otherwise 4+ig'
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impossible to observe . Hv
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(A) it visible iQ{VY
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(B) visibly @pxcpXCy
(C) visible W9)&!&<o
(D) they are visible ~s{$WL&
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 f!"w5qC^
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9\
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ;Xw~D_uv
amount of information on a single map. ~5g ~;f[4
(A) possible -HuA
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(B) it possible Q.[0ct
(C) it is possible NO3/rJ6-
(D) that possible n*$ g]G$
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 v2?ZQeHr_(
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十四、the more …the more…结构 $u.z*b_yy
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: g5yJfRLxp
1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 7 3m1
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 ZW}_DT0
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行
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the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 ]tD]Wx%
TNth
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the r,udO,Yi=c
number of lines of magnetic force. (?c-iKGc
(A) of Z7#+pPt!
(B) the dscgj5b1~
(C) is the :
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(D) is of the G#CXs:1pd+
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B q@&6#B
(=$x.1
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the rZF*q2?
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. =WLY 6)]A
(A) the stress it is greater \8
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(B) greater is the stress %$I;{-LD
(C) greater stress is g\U-VZ6;p
(D) the greater the stress G6/m#
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 I*&8^r:A
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 !<oe=)Iz|
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 s.#`&Sd>
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ,_P-$lB
A B lFkR=!?=
thus making it possible the gentle CAlCDfKW}
C KXrjqqXs
renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. =*Lfl'sr_
D }qUX=s
GG
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 r^ XVB`v
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more *Ly6`HZ9
than sixty-five million items of scientific, "7
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historical, or artistic interest, --winning the iCoX&"lb
popular title, “attic of the nation.” =D(j)<9$A
(A) however GY*p?k<i
(B) thus /1 dT+>
(C) and + 3gp%`c4
(D) moreover !Cs_F&l"j
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 V#HuIgf-
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the [^
)g%|W
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. wkq 66
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(A) to save the seeds ks tIgcI
(B) saving the seeds W^Yxn
y
(C)which saves the seeds 6863xOv{T
(D) the seeds saved 7pd$\$
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B Z;i:](
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 eRYK3W
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. uZ5p#
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最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ]lbuy7xj63
Z r8*et
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. =&]L00u.
(A) the tallest 2HdC |$_+
(B) the tallest that is 53D]3
(C) which is the tallest r"
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(D) which the tallest is >j/w@Fj
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 WLT"ji0w2
2 nCA<&
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of "[J^YKoF
A B C \~W'v3:W
domestic animals. siI;"?
D KPF1cJ2N
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 a9gLg
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ;+%rw 2Z,B
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: _b 0&!l<
program, programmed, programmed CTb%(<r
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: I,tud!p`
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Y4-t7UlS;
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ^[[P*NX3
9w"*y#_
Nb\4 /;#
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona N7"W{"3D
features structures built of red sandstone by 2G7Wi!J
ancestors of the Hopi people. >Tgv11[
(A) That the 6Mf
0`K
(B) In the 4RO}<$Nx}
(C) Around the la!~\wpa
(D) The T)/eeZ$
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 lA]8&+,ZM
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=
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <~)P7~$d?p
lymphocytes and plasma cells. @ Y+oiB~Y
(A) to be made 3og.y+.=U.
(B) making j#|ZP-=1_
(C) made q9"96({\@
(D) are made Q
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分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 7Q 3 k7
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kiEa<-]
task ------the flexibility and adaptability of *dQSw)R
human beings. 6nn*]|7
(A) without MgZ/(X
E
(B) lack -).C
(C) minus F ,kZU$
(D) not having l1I#QB@5n
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 PCA4k.,T
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 '/p4O2b,
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 +`4A$#$+y
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十八、逻辑主语结构 DU^loB+
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Om&Dw|xG8
cQ|NJ_F{1
例1:Having been served lunch, --. DG/Pb)%Y
(A) the problem was discussed by the members 9WHddDA
of the committee K3C <{#r
(B) the committee members discussed the :UdF
problem 2%1hdA<
(C) it was discussed by the committee
?2a $*(
members the problem =Qq+4F)MD
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by hZ3bVi)L\
the members of the committee #$vEGY}1
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B Tw%
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until )0MB9RMk1
almost two centuries later, in 1834. 9L9sqZUB
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch )"LJ
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(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn NI5``BwpO
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch
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(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn "b[5]Y{
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分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 ;jPXs
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her p<2,=*2
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her H]!"Zq k
first article in print. GfG|&VNlz
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane #g=XUZ/"
Hawes had "KlwA.7/
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane d3Rw!slIq
Hawe's first ] - .aL
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first -/k
3a*$/
teaching position #%s#c0TX
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q;U,s)Uz^
position $N\Ja*g
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 &R siVBA
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例4: Even at low levels, --. K>9 ()XT)
(A) the nervous system has produced |' .
detrimental effects by lead i&k7-<
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the TKjFp%
nervous system x :7IIvP
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 8] ikygt"
nervous system +O5hH8<&b
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 7?t6UPf
the nervous system GF
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分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 LF7SS;&~f
2JFpZU"1
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking `"~%bS
A B C L+QLLcS~EM
areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. X jX2]
D 2"5v[,$1H
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 CP{cAzHO
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十九、复合宾语结构 V>
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有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 XrPfotj1
We played soccer. _[y/Y\{I
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 _? OG1t!
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 +{UcspqM
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下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 [PM4k0YC 8
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, TU7'J
例:We appoint him monitor. d M-%{
We elected him president. ,1##p77.
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例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck I9Fr5p-%O
hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not Wr5V`sM
consider them --because they are now primarily Ydy9
kept as pets. {u9}bx'<
(A) where sporting dogs 8Bg;Kh6B
(B) sporting dogs 2wgg7[tGi
(C) when sporting dogs 0<B$#8
(D) they are sportingdogs Q1l '7N
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 :Xd<74Nu
AnvRxb.e
二十、It结构 ',4i
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一、强调句型 50C
It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 9RI-Lq`
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这个句型需要注意几点: @{pLk4E
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Vl!6W@g
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; <kd1Nrr!p
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 ohGfp9H
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Ezv
Y"T@
原句: Ann bought these books last year. K>l~SDcZ3
强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. }<y7bqA
强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ,T8 ~L#M~
-{vK
us
二、形式主语 Y]u+\y~
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 3K/MvNI>
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 3fJc
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2oRg 2R}
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than g]yBA7/S"
A B df #$9-
the events that occur in their lives , that are f\>M'{cV
C pK'V9fD5J
the main focus of social psychology. be^6i:
D X~,aNRy
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is 'V=P*#|SR
s)Cjc.Qs
例2: --an increasing international exchange of BV upDGh3
educational films. :|8M`18lZ
(A) It is o/
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(B) There is p\ZNy\N^
(C) Though there is Q_X.rUL0w
(D) Although it is |3[Wa^U5
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 6WJ)by
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二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 5VAK:eB
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, |NC*7/}
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 emPM4iG?!
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in which+完整的句子 YccH+[X;
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 E:}r5S)4
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名词+of which+谓语动词 FZ,#0ZYJGP
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 M
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例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of A}N?/{y)G
which are accented. a$" Hvrj
(A) line consists of each g/+C@_&m
(B) consists of each line a8iQ4
(C) each line consists A?%H=>v$
(D) it consists of each line W$OG(m!W>
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 Hx*;jpy(2
five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 ~ZEmULKkR
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例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a >>o dZL
sticky substance on them ------ insects. V'T ,4
(A) traps D+z?wuXk
(B) trap its ^1aAjYFn
(C) which traps A1#%`^W9
(D) which it traps Jjv=u
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 V=V:SlS9|
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例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists _/!y)&4"
have paid little attention to cultural ;u(<h?%e
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interpretations given to silence, or to the types of d'$T4yA
B C "7V2lu
social contexts in which tends to occur. ,o,I5>`
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分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 y+6o{`0
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例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin a|=x5`h04~
became interested in the art movement yH*6@P4:0=
known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, D{4YxR
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both --her novels and short stories. pV,P|>YTf
(A) in which the influence hQH nwr
(B) of which influenced P7MeX(Tay
(C) to have influence %v7[[U{T
(D) its influence in 7C2&NyWJ
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。