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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 yPKDn.1  
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一、主句单一原则 <h_lc}o/  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 # ;,b4O7@  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 'E/vE0nN?  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. Fm\ h883\  
   (A) They occur where they are NN<kO#c+2  
   (B) Occuring where  E%g_O_  
   (C) Where they occur >x%Z^ U  
   (D) Where do they occur MC5M><5\  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 e+"r L]  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 aX=  
YW@Ad  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center UQl3Tq4QM  
   (A) Fort Wayne u7!X#<  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne e_6@oh2s-  
   (C) For wayne is in f"h{se8C  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in LC5NB{b\%>  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 X*F#=.lh  
 A_: Bz:  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 @?_<A%hz  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 M%f96XUM  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 o.5w>l!9K  
z BWn*A[4  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” oDp!^G2A"  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with Q7`}4c)  
   social issues. [Q,E( s  
    (A) covers h?2qX  
    (B) covers it VsOn j~@  
    (C) which covers kUAjQ>  
    (D) which it covers ysA~Nq@  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 oB8u[ !  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused > TG:}H(J  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ,Z*?"d  
   the paper. L.bR\fE   
   (A) the impression is v\ggFrG]  
   (B) if the impression is hKb-l`KO  
   (C) impressions ny17(Y =  
   (D) the impression w> `3{MTQ  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression F+R4nFA  
三、平行结构 F*hOa|7/  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 > Zo_-,  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: $6 \v1  
A and B, 9mkt.>$  
A , B, and C ?!1K@/!  
# )-Kf  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- LhC%`w  
   is known as accounting. ,g%2-#L%  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary r6&f I"Yg  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's x/47e8/  
     transactions j?4k{?x  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are l'T3RC,\  
     summarized O=8:K'  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an ac6Lv}w_  
     enterprise a)GL z  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 H cwqVU  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ^il'Q_-{  
oe,L&2Jz@  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed l'HrU 1_7Y  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and +CtsD9PA  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on +{N LziO  
   human patients. B ?96d'A  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in |H 0+.f;  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures i6M_Gk}  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures msOk~ZPE6\  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull =z^v)=uhp  
     fractures Q9=vgOW+  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 SD paW6(_  
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四、宾语从句结构 X(kyu ,w  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 E$]7w4,n  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: #n5q$  
     state(陈述,表明)+that A$.woE@  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that &(3kwdI  
1wSJw  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, }@Lbv aa  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite #aUe7~  
   units called quanta or photons. zk= 3L} C  
    (A) energy that :J` *@cDn  
    (B) that it is energy vk:@rOpl  
    (C) it is energy jrT5Rw_}q  
    (D) that energy MB;< F  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 tep_g4CQR_  
;hU56lfZ)X  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth !^BXai/  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is ] )D\ws)a9  
   placed on them. IBm&a^  
   (A) although its crust and mantle 1"{3v@yi  
   (B) its crust and mantle to ]>-#T  
   (C) that its crust and mantle HI6;=~[  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to N 4Yvt&   
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 cU7 c}?J<  
五、介词+ which结构 fOtin[|}6@  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 >v^Bn|_/  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, A; Rr#q<  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 C'3/B)u}l  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, :9!? ${4R  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 {:M5t1^UC  
3l"7$B  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is J2H/z5YRJ4  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees is_`UD aB  
   for public office. m5Gt8Z 6a  
    (A) that RkP g&R;i  
    (B)by which c`I`@Bed  
    (C)is that X?5M)MP+I  
    (D)by those ilL] pU-  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Mo`7YS-Y  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 lAuI?/E  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 Ftu~nh}  
g@]G [(  
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players hKP!;R  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called :{NvBxc[  
   wickers. to@ O  
   (A) when H/m -$;cF3  
   (B) which 6u^M fOc  
   (C) is when xv;'27mUt  
   (D) in which < wV?B9j  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 dX|(n.}  
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六、in that结构 tEP~`$9  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, h;105$E1  
  because of +名词, a& b75.-  
  consequently是副词 _r0[ z  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 !ckmNE0  
R<aF;Rvb5  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals j8kax/*[  
   ---- it is a liquid. 6rlafISvO  
   (A) whereas |#^##^cF/  
   (B) in that  wc# #'u  
   (C) because of $w{!}U2+-  
   (D) consequently %7WQb]y  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Cisv**9  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Z%_" -ENT  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 1I< <`7'  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. #;ez MRKM"  
   (A)they Cz@[l=-T7  
   (B)in they f S-(Kmh  
   (C)that they .{U@Hva_K  
   (D)in that they gaeMcL_^a  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 }c/p+Wo  
6^ UQ{P1;  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 2S'{$m)  
VB x,q3.  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Hrb67a%b  
   great inspiration for her poems. &|rh~;:jUX  
   (A) that she drew q)S70M_1  
   (B) by drawing her UuD s  
   (C) from which she drew AWkXW l}  
   (D) drawn from which Jo%5NXts4  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 q1C) *8*g  
七、what结构 Y K(I '  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ,khB*h14;h  
  what=the thing that c@p4,G  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend fB .xjp?  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. %6-5hBzZN  
   (A) it grows %"#%/>U4  
   (B) what grows JIeKp7;^  
   (C) does it grow 4x8e~/  
   (D) what does it grow /W4F(3oM  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 <HReh>)[  
Co`O{|NS}!  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle Snm m (.  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory <zmtVE*>g  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. jkz .qo-%  
   (A) there ?9jl8r>  
   (B) where QL_~E ;U  
   (C) that 5v1f?btc  
   (D) what ]#)1(ZE  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 iR k.t=B  
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八、同位语结构 3_%lN4sz  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 AGxtmBB;  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) l# -4}95  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Rg4'9I%B  
   and swallowing . sY @S  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste V1aWVLltj  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly 41\r7 BS  
   (C) the chief organ of taste #g)$m}tv?  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes [A@K)A$f  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 )(&Z&2~A  
a[Q\8<  
["5Z =4  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 - v\n0Jt  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Mi|PhDXMh  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of N$Pi4  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of B.zRDB}i=  
   Dishonor. wi{qN___  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause *3,GQ%~/z  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson RTHe#`t  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause 6fP"I_c  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. XynDo^+ru  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 T]&% KQ  
^TC <_]7  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as C26vH#C  
   hosts to many insect pests. O26'|w@$  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than &&(^;+  
     goldenrods P>*B{fi^  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Y)X 'hk)5|  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy PEKU  
     plants zQ;jaS3 hf  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants jm|x=s3}h  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 &$\B&Hp@  
ZGstD2 N$  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 v[3QI7E3  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 MfX1&/Z+  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 3ID 1>  
   Athens. pzkl;"gK  
   (A) the distance is |4=Du-e  
   (B) that the distance is ;IN!H@bq  
   (C) is that the distance F\!Va  
   (D) the distance 7Ya4>*B  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 hJkP_( +J\  
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九、比较结构 Y|*a,H"_  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 MF7q*f  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less /-in:gX8  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. ({"jL*S,q  
    (A) does D*!UB5<>/t  
    (B) in cO&(&*J r  
    (C) it does in rA=iBb3`  
    (D) in it does ~\UH`_83[  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 E< 57d,3l  
GmjTxNU@  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. !>n^ ;u  
    (A) rays more than infrared  BZ'63  
    (B) rays are more infrared than kYwV0xQ  
    (C) more than infrared rays g>@T5&1q *  
    (D) more infrared rays than D-v}@tS'  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 v;%>F)I  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 oqXs2F  
例3:The activities of the international marketing [EdX6  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. GL S`1!  
   (A) the domestic marketer has '}F=U(!  
   (B) the domestic marketer does 3Z taj^v  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer ['`Vg=O.{  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer >j%4U*  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 MBjo9P(  
Xb/W[rcs  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing )0tq&  
   is greater than --. (8XP7c]5  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined OG!+p}yD]  
   (B) mining and farming combination 0q !  
   (C) that mining and farming combined 4ayZ.`aK  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming EN\ uX!  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Qf$3!O}G  
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十、定语从句省略结构 S.E'fc1  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 r;~2NxMF/  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture gf]k@-)  
   and overpower. ;oT!\$Mu  
   (A) can   $Fr>'H+i  
   (B) they can @D3|Ak1  
   (C) which can o&PPW~D+h@  
   (D) and &% infPI'  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 8s@k0T<O  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ?Z{:[.  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the {0?]weN*  
   food they eat. wq6.:8Or-]  
    (A) require K7jz*|2  
    (B) requires ` yXJaTbo  
    (C) requiring 0DR:qw  
    (D)to require y(2FaTjM  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 6.0/asN}  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food kH9fK80  
y wf@G; fK  
X v2u7T\  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 HZ 8k%X}1  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of fMSB  
    A Obl,Qa:5  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ;H%T5$:trP  
   B          C      D :Dn{  
   the world. jy kY8;4  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to qEW3k),  
_=s{,t &u  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 12bt\ h9  
          A  B      C /#]4lFk:h  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. >kN%R8*Sx  
              D q,->E<8  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more <:gNx%R  
}X;LR\^u[f  
十一、状语从句省略结构 hiM nU  
Metals expand when they are heated. OU /=wpt  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: &qO# EEqG]  
F4xXJ"vc  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; WU" Lu  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, = Co[pt  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 \dzH G/e  
Munal=wL  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of d2!A32m  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand TODTR7yGo  
   considerable impact. ; wpX  
   (A) apparently E/6@>.T?'  
   (B) are apparently HT: p'Yyi  
   (C) apparently their ^ rB7&96C,  
   (D) are they apparently u#c3T'E  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 w '<8l w  
GOII B  
lNQ8$b  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: AzmISm  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; PU\?eA  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) [!k#au+#c  
5jb/[i^V  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the j18qY4Gw)  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly r{Cbx#;  
   white. OK6c"*<z  
   (A) when, pure which  >>nt3q  
   (B) when, which pure Gd]!D~[1  
   (C) which, pure when ]sbj8  
   (D) which, when pure 9PM\D@A{  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, }z$_= v  
iO 9fg  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine <A_LZi  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing FuKp`T-H  
   infrequently %e71BZo~^s  
   (A) Even j?YZOO>X  
   (B) It is E `D sRR <  
   (C) Even though h dw~AGO#  
   (D) There is F_?aoP&5  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ^zv,VD  
LWpM-eW1q  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 |K H&,  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 )Hp{8c  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; '}Tf9L%  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 $Eo)i  
[KT'aGK$  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: CflGj0oy8  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 RkrZncBgV<  
  The starring troops have to surrender. xw)$).yc  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; bw@"MF{  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 EqN_VT@  
CPw=?<db  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is 3Pj 6( cf  
w =UFj  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often )YB @6TiD  
   called scapegoating. S#kA$yO  
   (A) Eliminate problems efK|)_i :  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) %9}5~VM"q  
   (C) Eliminating problems 3XCePA5z  
   (D) Problems are eliminated \fHtk _  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 &L88e\ c+  
wVSk.OOB  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them ^F>C|FJ2  
   from damage due to weather. lji&]^1  
    (A) Painting 0gI^GJN%Y!  
    (B) Painted 'Mfn:n+  
    (C) The paint -2{NIF^H  
    (D) By painting Qh4<HQ<9  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ;^Q - 1  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Gk!06   
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting ewOd =%  
D4@'C4kL  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to jp~C''Sj  
   conserve water in the winter. $jpAnZR- /  
   (A) when losing leaves S? -6hGA j  
   (B) leaves are lost |f :1Br  
   (C) that losing leaves [&tN(K9*  
   (D) the leaves losing 9Y6Ear .W  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 l7+[Zn/v *  
 Wfw6(L  
十三、make结构 8lI'[Y?3.  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) 6X2~30pdE  
共有三种形式: WOv m%sX  
   make it possible+to do wM]j#  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 jjT|@\-u  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) h#Z5vH  
d0b`qk @4  
做题技巧: ckglDhC  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ?`,Rkg0fe  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it ,KfBG<3   
-Um|:[*I  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Po ,zTz   
   thus make--details that are otherwise y<Z-f.  
   impossible to observe . `4@ _Y<  
   (A) it visible `8.Oc;*zu  
   (B) visibly g9rsw7  
   (C) visible I^CKq?V?:  
   (D) they are visible XOdkfmc+s'  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 2tEA8F~k  
kVH^(Pi  
cAL*Md8+  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large !9n!:"(r  
   amount of information on a single map. Sh]g]xR  
   (A) possible 4X()D {uR  
   (B) it possible MPn 6sf9M  
   (C) it is possible |?kZfr&9q  
   (D) that possible _YT9zG  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 aDae0$lc.S  
f`[gRcZ-  
XW^Sw;[efZ  
十四、the more …the more…结构 "%,K ZI  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ~@v<B I  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 MV~-']2u  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 z.xOT;t  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 HgY# O r(  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 1 Ar6hA  
y{`aM(&  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the c^$+=-G{fd  
   number of lines of magnetic force. [xrM){ItW  
   (A) of 9T#JlV  
   (B) the 6?CBa] QG  
   (C) is the 9AbSt&#  
   (D) is of the S]P80|!|  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B l$:.bwXXO  
R>3a?.X  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the !GNLq.rQ  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  z ]d^%>Ef  
   (A) the stress it is greater UB4M=R|  
   (B) greater is the stress nmc5c/C|-I  
   (C) greater stress is L&i_  
   (D) the greater the stress S!u`V3-s  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 )RQX1("O  
9Xr@ll  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 @aA1=9-L  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 #kuk3}&  
)bM #s">Y  
][b2Q>  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , dZ kr#>  
             A     B ~[|zf*ZISG  
   thus making it possible the gentle A(xCW+h@)  
       C            Ix"hl0Kh  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. T}?vp~./   
         D wR"4slY_%  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 CD]2a@j {  
ql Uw;{;p  
f> u{e~Q,  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +dkbt%7M  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, ]wMp`}$b@L  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the  l*+"0  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” F^],p|4f  
    (A) however .CrrjS w  
    (B) thus ^GXy:S$  
    (C) and &zCqF=/9U  
    (D) moreover C~2/ 5  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 jU#/yM "Y  
S;o U'KOY  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 2C@hjw(  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. &M)S~Hb^  
    (A) to save the seeds !lSxBr[dQ  
    (B) saving the seeds $RQ7rL3g{  
    (C)which saves the seeds u@`)u#  
    (D) the seeds saved J,s)Fu\j@  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B h_ ^,|@C "  
(8!#<$  
eQk ~YA]K  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 9<An^lLK*  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. !b O8apn  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. \WM*2&  
;Yrg4/Ipa  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. E"Z9 NDgl#  
   (A) the tallest {cF7h)j  
   (B) the tallest that is \C3ir&  
   (C) which is the tallest WUid5e2  
   (D) which the tallest is @!\ g+z_"  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 YyX/:1 sg>  
H|='|k5Y.  
29"eu#-Qj  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of khl(9R4a  
       A  B       C Kp *nOZ  
   domestic animals. V1KWi ^  
    D =2#a@D6Bl  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 a1p:~;f}[  
 %zHNX4  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 UA[2R1}d  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: 'Y+AU#1~H  
  program, programmed, programmed cL&V2I5O  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: pb`F_->uq  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 ?@9kVB*|  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be XG"&\FL{T  
c/ wzV  
A)En25,X  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona TX]4Y953D  
   features structures built of red sandstone by KO(+%>^R  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. @.fuR#  
   (A) That the m~9Qx`fi`  
   (B) In the PIo/|1  
   (C) Around the Vg/{;uLAe  
   (D) The ?eT^gWX  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 9|T %q 2O  
]{V q;  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called Vb06z3"r  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. ~#iRh6 ^98  
   (A) to be made >2`)S{pBD  
   (B) making K1Nhz'^=D  
   (C) made T[s_w-<7$  
   (D) are made ,FX;-nP%  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 $b\`N2J-_  
<OF7:f  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given s S8Z5k;  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of S2K_>kvG)~  
   human beings. qSj2=dlW  
   (A) without Kxz<f>`b/  
   (B) lack CJk$o K{Q  
   (C) minus *. l,_68  
   (D) not having CQ2{5  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 a ^<W ?Z  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 WV!qG6\W  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 O5{!CT$  
Adgh:'h  
E#r6e+e1Q%  
十八、逻辑主语结构 MVz=:2)J2  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 ,xB&{ J  
:L&Bbw(  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. V0z.w:-  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members ZO{uG(u  
    of the committee .MMFN }1O  
   (B) the committee members discussed the ?`Qw=8]`  
    problem r]Bwp i%  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ej>8$^y  
    members the problem u_s  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by YvE$fX=  
    the members of the committee g !w7Yv  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B r^-3( 77n  
&Eg>[gAIlp  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until mZ3i#a4  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. S{{D G  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch BbUZ,X*Y  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn o0&jel1a  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch Pc C9)x  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2<)63[YO  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 D`0II=  
q 3JoU/Sf  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her QgO@oV*S  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her x:b 0G  
   first article in print. .5|AX6p+^  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ]= of=T:  
    Hawes had [[P?T^KT  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane `YAqR?Xj_<  
    Hawe's first EMzJJe{Cv  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first T5.1q rL  
    teaching position 3]WIN_h  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching %/b?T]{  
    position o1YX^-<[F  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 5t#+UR  
BusD}9QqB  
例4: Even at low levels, --. gN$.2+:  
   (A) the nervous system has produced ]WR+>)ERb  
     detrimental effects by lead lHv;C*(_=  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the xOP%SF  
    nervous system uS<7X7|!0  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the _HX 1E  
    nervous system 7S LJLn3d  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 7tMV*{+Z  
    the nervous system 5:/ zbt\C  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 d a we!w!  
<8yzBp4gZ  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking ]3wg-p+  
            A   B     C _"SE^_&c  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. n3t1'_/TU}  
       D $'*@g1v Y  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 .^j #gE&B  
jnsV'@v8Nj  
u"XqWLTV  
十九、复合宾语结构 A|1 TE$  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 S`gUSYS"w  
We played soccer. LHU^%;L  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 *#-X0}'s  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 md:$O C3  
< gB>j\:  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 %5 V!Fdb  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, Xd/gvg{??0  
例:We appoint him monitor. (G $nN*rlu  
  We elected him president. Nq6~6Rr  
..6 : _{wg  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck QLrFAV  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not |&B.YLx  
   consider them --because they are now primarily jjbBv~vs  
   kept as pets. 0yr=$F(]s  
   (A) where sporting dogs u H[d%y/  
   (B) sporting dogs X{zg-k(@  
   (C) when sporting dogs 9 X}F{!p~1  
   (D) they are sportingdogs =KqcWN3k  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 s2A3.SN  
48dIh\TH"  
二十、It结构 ktLXL;~X  
一、强调句型 l<5O\?Vo]  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 H?98 ^y7  
_h>S7-X  
这个句型需要注意几点: n ^P=a'+  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; dK'?<w$  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; IPm SkK  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 csE 9Ns  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: .|Y2'TWQ  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. WmU4~.  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. & V :q}Q  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. LX),oR  
PmOm>  
二、形式主语 }M?\BH&  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ,9< }V;(  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 o`S|  
owL>w  
~ qQSt%  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than tiG=KHK%o  
    A               B cF!ygz//  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are J'^H@L/E  
                  C i? 5jl&30  
   the main focus of social psychology. -1).'aJ^  
           D D /ysS$!{  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is ;okFm  
ucP }( $  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of r&sm&4)p-5  
   educational films. n'R9SnW  
   (A) It is  \jLn5$OW  
   (B) There is  ]la8MaZ<  
   (C) Though there is x 'Pp!  
   (D) Although it is S <~"\<ED  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 U-/-aNJ]U  
iu!j#VO  
gN#&Ag<?  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 *Pj[r  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, d |5V"U]W;  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 "@: b'm  
$s$j</.q  
in which+完整的句子 q]Y [W1  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 Y1 RiuJtL  
E fA*w/y  
名词+of which+谓语动词 <Stfqa6FJ  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 Zz!0|-\  
=#)Zm?[;  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of ^M?O  
   which are accented. UeNa  
   (A) line consists of each 8W' ,T  
   (B) consists of each line }{"a}zOl  
   (C) each line consists tMM *m  
   (D) it consists of each line CZ2&9Vb9I  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 .xJW=G{/  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 cRYnQ{$'  
'iy &%?  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a ,G2]3 3Z  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. i=b<Mz7|  
   (A) traps   TI '(  
   (B) trap its  vrVb/hhG  
   (C) which traps OsS5WY0H  
   (D) which it traps H/!_D f  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 ZJUTtiD  
yEYlQ=[#  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists ?^TjG)e7  
  have paid little attention to cultural Z}#, E ;  
   A             "[ f"h  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 4 ZD~i e  
         B      C 7.hgne'<  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. lPcp 17U  
           D X\X* -.]{  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 H. \gLIr  
8r7}6  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin (Uo:WyVj|F  
   became interested in the art movement W<Ms0  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, f{ZOH<"Lo  
   both --her novels and short stories. Pba 6Ay6B  
   (A) in which the influence 5|l&` fv`  
   (B) of which influenced |7@[+  
   (C) to have influence Jt4&%b-T  
   (D) its influence in |\g=ua+h  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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