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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 ZXPX,~ 5o  
Pr C{'XDlU  
一、主句单一原则 )%fH(ns(  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 4E}Yt$|  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 DzRFMYBR  
+Vdpy (  
例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. Zx>=tx}  
   (A) They occur where they are M X]n&  
   (B) Occuring where t"I77aZ$A  
   (C) Where they occur wVtwx0|1  
   (D) Where do they occur ]T) 'Hb  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 m.0*NW  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 z\4.Gm-  
<wHP2|<l*  
例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center b| (: [nB  
   (A) Fort Wayne ;<4a*;IO  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne ;mi%F3  
   (C) For wayne is in RPbZ(.  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in I5W~g.<6  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 U #0Cx-E  
(^>J&[=  
-D: b*D  
二、谓语动词专一原则 X5w$4Kj&4l  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 Zj Z^_X3  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 !bP@n  
TkF[x%o  
例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” )LCHy^'  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with 5 IpDeJ$  
   social issues. 9j Gu}V o  
    (A) covers lmhLM. 2  
    (B) covers it .X;K%J2  
    (C) which covers YchH~m|  
    (D) which it covers {\\T gs  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 -ze J#B)C  
BL4-7  
iJ|uvPCE  
例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused VS|2|n1<6  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on o,wUc"CE  
   the paper. oD@7 SF  
   (A) the impression is ^/k*h J{  
   (B) if the impression is #,v {Ihn  
   (C) impressions BLJj(-  
   (D) the impression -DAlRz#d,  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression r@,2E6xn  
三、平行结构 %N_%JK\{@  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 uvS)8-o&F  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: S`]k>' l  
A and B, Yz93'HDB  
A , B, and C \lNN Msd&  
SZCze"`[  
例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- '}#9)}x!  
   is known as accounting. J4U1t2@)9  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary ,"79P/C  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's a"u0Q5J  
     transactions kg\ >k2h  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are ={Qi0Pvt  
     summarized % %UE+u @J  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an P0jtp7)7  
     enterprise sW8dPw O  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 eb$#A _m  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ]')RMg zM*  
18:%~ >.!  
例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed FHI ;)wn=  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and BTrn0  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on 8DaL,bi*.  
   human patients. Dv`c<+q(#  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in ;i:d+!3XwC  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures @ 7n"yp*"  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures b>JDH1)  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull XU7qd:|  
     fractures BIL Lq8)  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 g  eCM<]  
.#pU=v#/[  
四、宾语从句结构 Ooy7*W';  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 jW@Uo=I[  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: >[*qf9$  
     state(陈述,表明)+that 45> ?o  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that '2^Q1{ :\  
tIgN$BHR>  
例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, k$^`{6l  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ~&bq0 (  
   units called quanta or photons. Z#\P&\`1z  
    (A) energy that \)|hogI|f  
    (B) that it is energy M =r)I~  
    (C) it is energy TRq6NB  
    (D) that energy L;I]OC^J  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 [ibu/ W$  
M/gGoE{  
d/DB nZN  
例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth D}X\Ca"h  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is w+CA1q<  
   placed on them. <e</m)j  
   (A) although its crust and mantle 3/n5#&c\4  
   (B) its crust and mantle to mL: sJf  
   (C) that its crust and mantle >\3V a  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to Npy :!  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 N//K Ph  
五、介词+ which结构 yaH Zt`Y  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 rh}J3S5vp  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, I9hK} D  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 Y`S vMkP)+  
.ctw2x5W  
“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, *CI#+P  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 X_\otV h(D  
|_@>*Vmg  
例1:In the United States, a primary election is j+  0I-p  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees ]-/VHh  
   for public office. wEvVL  
    (A) that 'AS|ZRr/  
    (B)by which vnZC,J `  
    (C)is that [:SWi1cK2  
    (D)by those GDiBl*D  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 _.Uh)-yR  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 +OWX'~fd<  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 (V67`Z )  
cB}D^O   
例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players ={@6{-tl  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called [j/9neaye  
   wickers. #fn)k1  
   (A) when @O^6&\s>  
   (B) which K:# I  
   (C) is when ML56k~"BL  
   (D) in which 3K0A)W/YEs  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 ud@%5d  
|~mOfuQb  
六、in that结构 XrGglBIV  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, gu.}M:u  
  because of +名词, rlSeu5X6  
  consequently是副词 ['tY4$L(  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 w;:*P  
lE(HFal0-(  
例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals q\4Xs$APq  
   ---- it is a liquid. LG|fq/;  
   (A) whereas g(7rTyp4)  
   (B) in that 9Uekvs=r=M  
   (C) because of ~t~k2^)|"  
   (D) consequently 3J|F?M"N7  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 0{p#j~ZhC  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 K+K#+RBK  
[ =9T*Sp  
例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 17"uf.G  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. `w7v*h|P  
   (A)they X Dm[Gc>(~  
   (B)in they =M [bnq*\  
   (C)that they qUW! G&R  
   (D)in that they M@H;pJ+B  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 S8 wLmd>  
U!?_W=?  
%XoiVlT@:  
这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 bL+_j}{:N  
mCsMqDH  
例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ FQ7T'G![  
   great inspiration for her poems. BB!THj69a6  
   (A) that she drew HI R~"It$  
   (B) by drawing her 7cT~oV !G_  
   (C) from which she drew ^Y>F|;M#  
   (D) drawn from which HV!m8k=6  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 +\c5]`  
七、what结构 3G)#5 Lf<  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: +`7i 'ff  
  what=the thing that RK'\C\gMDu  
hz;G$cuEE  
例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend u~M q*  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. .9on@S  
   (A) it grows hk(ZM#Bh  
   (B) what grows Qcq`libK  
   (C) does it grow h5{'Q$Erl  
   (D) what does it grow MSQEO4ge  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 3nIU1e  
H1pO!>M  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle cz#rb*b  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory (>UZ<2GPL  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. KQaxvU)L  
   (A) there ENl)Ts`y  
   (B) where ??-[eB.  
   (C) that G\/zkrxmv  
   (D) what IXMop7~  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 knu,"<  
=t#llgi~  
j\[dx^\=  
八、同位语结构 \+oQd=K@  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 fIx+IL s  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) zsEc(  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing >a!/QMh  
   and swallowing . !1jBC.G1  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste e8>})  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly ,8S/t+H  
   (C) the chief organ of taste &n}]w+w  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes #`qx<y*S  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 ;V:i!u u  
m4[;(1  
du $:jN\}  
同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 gDQ^)1k  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) MD}w Y><C  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of -V*R\,>  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of  R~TTL  
   Dishonor. A]_7}<<N  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause bbDZ#DK"  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson v^sv<4*%  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause +C^nO=[E  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +r�  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 P7[h-3+^  
%e8@*~h@  
例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as WqR&&gz  
   hosts to many insect pests. 'NbHa!  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than k` cfG\;r  
     goldenrods ^ 7`BP%6  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods 8$] 1M,$r  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy kl" hBK#D%  
     plants c rQ8q;:  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants PioZIb/{  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 `C,n0'PL.  
p0]=QH  
qRu~$K  
同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 mupT<_Y  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 i[i4h"$0  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to l& [O  
   Athens. &L3M]  
   (A) the distance is "BAK !N$9  
   (B) that the distance is SA:Zc^a V  
   (C) is that the distance l#&8x  
   (D) the distance ;2G*wR  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 REQ\>UO_  
L]7=?vN=8  
九、比较结构 "%)qRe  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 WpDSg*fk=Y  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less n>z9K')  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. 5#6|j?_a  
    (A) does ]U?^hZ_  
    (B) in 0J*??g-n  
    (C) it does in %64 )(z  
    (D) in it does _=r6=.  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 Brw@g8w-X  
kb%;=t2  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. a9e>iU  
    (A) rays more than infrared P.se'z)E  
    (B) rays are more infrared than |o"?gB}Dh  
    (C) more than infrared rays E#34Wh2z  
    (D) more infrared rays than _{ue8kGt  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 E*& vy  
d2FswF$C  
F~ty!(c  
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 KRbvj  
例3:The activities of the international marketing b1q"!+8y  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. _oL?*ks  
   (A) the domestic marketer has W ~<^L\Lu  
   (B) the domestic marketer does zC:ASt  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer Y>z>11yEB0  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer \<h0Q,e  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。  0q  
FgnTGY}  
例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing eu|YCYj)g  
   is greater than --. m,28u3@r  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined  'c&Ed  
   (B) mining and farming combination ~G p [_ %K  
   (C) that mining and farming combined e4$H&'b|  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming ' {OgN}'{  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 TprTWod2]t  
dbLZc$vPj  
十、定语从句省略结构 iU918!!N   
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略  7Die FZ?  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture ?,Xw[pR  
   and overpower. Ty\R=y}}  
   (A) can   ( Rh,,  
   (B) they can MKCsv+   
   (C) which can 5I;&mW`1,`  
   (D) and 0o4XUW   
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 ~Cttzn]pR  
EWt[z.`T1  
例2:A majority of people in the United States can **0~K";\  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the ]cvwIc">  
   food they eat. >uB?rGcM  
    (A) require uZYF(Yu  
    (B) requires B@))8.h]  
    (C) requiring dQX6(J j  
    (D)to require rXq.DvQ  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 3`?7 <YJ  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food E=Bf1/c\  
e{H=dIa+  
/s?`&1v|r  
“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 )q4[zv9  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of hfB%`x#akQ  
    A I@N8gn  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around G!##X: 6 '  
   B          C      D MjRHA^b  
   the world. W@IQ^ }E  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to -i|}m++  
j;r- NCBnz  
例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive JR|ck=tq  
          A  B      C q i;1L Kc  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. ({_{\9O,3  
              D 0mVNQxHI  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 6MW{,N  
 3?yg\  
十一、状语从句省略结构 n@i HFBb  
Metals expand when they are heated. dT8S~-d%  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: j $:~Rek  
|df Pki{  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; ^ @5QP$.  
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, q;CiV  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 x,- 75  
ITBE|b  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of 3$R1ipb  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand P@B]  
   considerable impact. p6@ )-2^  
   (A) apparently {tZ.v@  
   (B) are apparently cq]6XK-W  
   (C) apparently their eym4=k ~  
   (D) are they apparently Gd=RyoJl  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 niyV8 v  
9A=,E&  
IJ"q~r$  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: 0e4{{zQx  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; 4[e X e$  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ;_(4Q*Yx  
=,M5KDk`  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the R/YqyT\SM  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly iBa A9  
   white. e"<OELA  
   (A) when, pure which GTd,n=  
   (B) when, which pure rILYI;'o  
   (C) which, pure when fHFE){  
   (D) which, when pure O0.*Pmt  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, g 7H(PF?  
2+XA X:YD  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine MQ2}EY*A  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing l/5 hp.  
   infrequently R|(a@sL  
   (A) Even 1% `Rs  
   (B) It is >t+P(*u  
   (C) Even though gSj,E8-g  
   (D) There is %cn<ych G  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 DEgXQ[  
HPVEnVn  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 4xj4=C~i  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 8Zdn,}Z  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; !4!~L k=  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 er\|i. Y  
lB4WKn=?Kl  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: Z\sDUJ  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 zt%Mx>V@  
  The starring troops have to surrender. r JB}qYD  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; =_^X3z0  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 Ny# ^&-K  
y();tsW qc  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is @4#vm@Yf_  
^.y\(=  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often ?JUe uNs9  
   called scapegoating. :T~  [  
   (A) Eliminate problems 2<3K3uz  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) B5QFK  
   (C) Eliminating problems 7:@'B|  
   (D) Problems are eliminated :6dxtl/{b:  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 $[|mGae  
O .M 1@w]  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them x1a:u  
   from damage due to weather. 7 8,n%=nG  
    (A) Painting 05R@7[GWq  
    (B) Painted y`Z\N   
    (C) The paint A@'OJRc  
    (D) By painting A%vbhD2;W  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 Nboaf  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 !IR6 ,A\  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting "M0z(N kH  
@F>D+=hS  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to >mkFV@`  
   conserve water in the winter. A}w/OA97RO  
   (A) when losing leaves z9"U!A4  
   (B) leaves are lost |[lKY+26:{  
   (C) that losing leaves ; @X<lCk  
   (D) the leaves losing #Q5o)x  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 YZ7.1`8  
62u4-}JzF  
十三、make结构 "jCu6Rjd  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) 9u_Pj2%56.  
共有三种形式: (% 9$!v{3  
   make it possible+to do )}v l\7=  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 DwF hK*  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) 31)&vf[[  
!9x}  
做题技巧: -qoH,4w  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it X?Au/  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it \NC3'G:Ii  
N g,j#  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and T C"<g  
   thus make--details that are otherwise 4+ig' |o  
   impossible to observe . Hv , LS ;W  
   (A) it visible iQ{VY ^ 0  
   (B) visibly @pxcpXCy  
   (C) visible W9)&!&<o  
   (D) they are visible ~s{$WL&  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 f!"w5qC^  
+h$ 9\  
4I7>f]=)  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large ;Xw~D_uv  
   amount of information on a single map. ~5g~;f[4  
   (A) possible -HuA \0J  
   (B) it possible Q.[0ct  
   (C) it is possible NO3/rJ6-  
   (D) that possible n*$ g]G$  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 v2?ZQeHr_(  
[gB+C84%%  
*] (iS  
十四、the more …the more…结构 $u.z*b_yy  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: g5yJfRLxp  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 7 3m1  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 ZW}_DT0  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行  =Uh$&m  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 ]tD]Wx%  
TNth   
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the r,udO,Yi=c  
   number of lines of magnetic force. (?c-iKGc  
   (A) of Z7#+pPt!  
   (B) the dscgj5b1~  
   (C) is the : 'c&,oLY  
   (D) is of the G#CXs:1pd+  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B q@&6#B  
( =$ x.1  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the rZF*q2?  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  =WLY6)]A  
   (A) the stress it is greater \8 ":]EU  
   (B) greater is the stress %$I;{-LD  
   (C) greater stress is g\U-VZ6;p  
   (D) the greater the stress G6/m#  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 I*&8^ r:A  
5bIw?%dk(  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 !<oe=)Iz|  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 s.#`&Sd>  
%C0Dw\A*:  
N;R^h? '  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , ,_P-$lB  
             A     B lFk R=!?=  
   thus making it possible the gentle CAlCDfKW}  
       C            KXrjqqXs  
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. =*Lfl'sr_  
         D }qUX=s GG  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 r^ XVB`v  
b$7 +;I;  
3R/bz0 V>  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more *Ly6`HZ9  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, "7 yD0T)2  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the iCoX& "lb  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” =D(j)<9$A  
    (A) however GY*p?k<i  
    (B) thus /1 dT+>  
    (C) and +3gp%`c4  
    (D) moreover !Cs_F&l"j  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 V#HuIgf-  
`L zPotz  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the [^ )g%|W  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. wkq 66 ?  
    (A) to save the seeds kstIgcI  
    (B) saving the seeds W^Yxn y  
    (C)which saves the seeds 6863xOv{T  
    (D) the seeds saved 7pd$\$  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B Z;i:](  
dM5-;  
ig!+2g  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 eRYK3W  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. uZ5p# M_  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. ]lbuy7xj63  
Z r8*et  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. = &]L00u.  
   (A) the tallest 2HdC |$_+  
   (B) the tallest that is 53D]3  
   (C) which is the tallest r" y.KD^  
   (D) which the tallest is >j/w@Fj  
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 WLT"ji0w2  
2 nCA<&  
rH-23S  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of "[J^YKoF  
       A  B       C \~W'v3:W  
   domestic animals. siI;"?  
    D KPF1cJ2N  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 a9gLg &  
^sw?gH*  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 ;+%rw2Z,B  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: _b 0& !l<  
  program, programmed, programmed CTb%(<r  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: I,tud!p`  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 Y4-t7UlS;  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be ^[[P*NX3  
9w"*y#_  
Nb\4 /;#  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona N7"W{"3D  
   features structures built of red sandstone by 2G7Wi!J  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. >Tgv11[  
   (A) That the 6Mf 0`K  
   (B) In the 4RO}<$Nx}  
   (C) Around the la!~\wpa  
   (D) The T)/eeZ$  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 lA]8&+,ZM  
54 T`OE =  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called <~)P7~$d?p  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. @ Y+oiB~Y  
   (A) to be made 3og.y+.=U.  
   (B) making j#|ZP-=1_  
   (C) made q9"96({\@  
   (D) are made Q ,g\  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 7Q 3k 7  
#qki  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given kiEa<-]  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of *dQSw)R  
   human beings. 6nn *]|7  
   (A) without MgZ/(X E  
   (B) lack - ).C  
   (C) minus F,kZU$  
   (D) not having l1I#QB@5n  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 PCA4k.,T  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 '/p4O2b,  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 +`4A$#$+y  
+@UV?"d  
gYj'(jB  
十八、逻辑主语结构 DU^loB+  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 Om&Dw |xG8  
cQ|NJ_F{1  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. DG/Pb)%Y  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members 9WHddDA  
    of the committee K3C<{#r  
   (B) the committee members discussed the :UdF  
    problem 2%1hdA<  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee ?2a$*(  
    members the problem =Qq+4F)MD  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by hZ3bVi)L\  
    the members of the committee #$vEGY}1  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B Tw% 3p=  
$ 'TM0Yu,  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until )0MB9RMk1  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. 9L9sqZUB  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch )"LJ hLg  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn NI5``BwpO  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch +p^u^a  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn "b[5]Y{ U  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 ;jPXs  
AGno6g  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her p<2,=*2  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her H]!"Zq k  
   first article in print. GfG|&VNlz  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane #g=XUZ/"  
    Hawes had "KlwA.7/  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane d3Rw!slIq  
    Hawe's first ] - .aL  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first -/k 3a*$/  
    teaching position #%s#c0TX  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching q;U,s)Uz^  
    position $N\Ja*g  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 &R siVBA  
':}\4j&{E  
例4: Even at low levels, --. K>9 ()XT)  
   (A) the nervous system has produced |'.  
     detrimental effects by lead i&k7-<  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the TKjFp%  
    nervous system x:7IIvP  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the 8] ikygt"  
    nervous system +O5hH8<&b  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 7 ?t6UPf  
    the nervous system GF WA>5n'  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 LF7SS;&~f  
2JFpZU"1  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking `"~%bS  
            A   B     C L+QLLcS~EM  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. X jX2]  
       D 2"5v[,$1H  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 CP{cAzHO  
g ci    
N [yy M'C  
十九、复合宾语结构 V> bCKtf&  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 XrPfotj1  
We played soccer. _[y/Y\{I  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 _?OG1t!  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 +{U cspqM  
X$pJ :M{F$  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 [PM4k0YC8  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, TU7' J  
例:We appoint him monitor. d M-%{  
  We elected him president. ,1##p77.  
ym6K !i]q4  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck I9Fr5p-%O  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not Wr5V`sM  
   consider them --because they are now primarily Ydy9  
   kept as pets. {u9}bx'<  
   (A) where sporting dogs 8Bg;Kh6B  
   (B) sporting dogs 2wgg7[tGi  
   (C) when sporting dogs 0<B$#8  
   (D) they are sportingdogs Q1l' 7N  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 :Xd<74Nu  
AnvRxb.e  
二十、It结构 ',4i FuY  
一、强调句型  50C   
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 9RI-Lq`  
{$Gd2g O  
这个句型需要注意几点: @{pLk4E  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; Vl!6W@g  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; <kd1Nrr!p  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 ohGfp9H  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: Ezv Y"T@  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. K>l~SDcZ3  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. }<y7bqA  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. ,T8~L#M~  
-{vK us  
二、形式主语 Y]u+\y~  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 3K/MvNI>  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 3fJc 9|  
fn 6J *[`  
2oRg 2R}  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than g]yBA7/S"  
    A               B df#$ 9 -  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are f\>M'{cV  
                  C pK'V9fD5J  
   the main focus of social psychology. b e^6i:  
           D X~,aNRy  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is 'V=P*#|SR  
s)Cjc.Qs  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of BV upDGh3  
   educational films. :| 8M`18lZ  
   (A) It is  o/ Q;f@  
   (B) There is  p\ZNy\N^  
   (C) Though there is Q_X.rUL0w  
   (D) Although it is |3[Wa^U5  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 6WJ)by  
NI [ pp`  
r^a7MHY1  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 5VAK:eB  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, |NC*7/}  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 emPM4iG?!  
aV|hCN~  
in which+完整的句子 YccH+[X;  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 E:}r5S) 4  
r^paD2&}  
名词+of which+谓语动词 FZ,#0ZYJGP  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 M ET' (m  
iQ fJ  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of A}N?/{y)G  
   which are accented. a$"Hvrj  
   (A) line consists of each g/+C@_&m  
   (B) consists of each line a8iQ4   
   (C) each line consists A?%H=>v$  
   (D) it consists of each line W$OG( m!W>  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 Hx*;jpy(2  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 ~ZEmULKkR  
.my0|4CQ#@  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a >>o dZL  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. V'T ,4  
   (A) traps   D+z?wuXk  
   (B) trap its  ^1aAjYFn  
   (C) which traps A1#%`^W9  
   (D) which it traps Jjv=u   
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 V=V:SlS9|  
^!z [t\$  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists _/!y)&4"  
  have paid little attention to cultural ;u(<h?%e  
   A             "zFNg';  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of d'$T4yA  
         B      C "7V2lu  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. ,o,I5>`  
           D S9`flo  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 y+6o{`0  
<l9-;2L4  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin a|=x5`h04~  
   became interested in the art movement yH*6@P4:0=  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, D{4YxR PX  
   both --her novels and short stories. pV,P|>YTf  
   (A) in which the influence hQHnwr  
   (B) of which influenced P7MeX(Tay  
   (C) to have influence % v7[[U{T  
   (D) its influence in 7C2&NyWJ  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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