填空题常考结构 yPKDn.1
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一、主句单一原则 <h_lc}o/
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 #
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做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 'E/vE0nN?
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. Fm\
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(A) They occur where they are NN<kO#c+2
(B) Occuring where E%g_O_
(C) Where they occur >x%Z^U
(D) Where do they occur MC5M><5\
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 e+"rL]
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 aX=
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center UQl3Tq4QM
(A) Fort Wayne u7!X#<
(B) Although Fort Wayne e_6@oh2s-
(C) For wayne is in f"h{se8C
(D) Fort Wayne, in LC5NB{b\%>
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 X*F#=.lh
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二、谓语动词专一原则 @?_<A%hz
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 M%f96XUM
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 o.5w>l!9K
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” oDp!^G2A"
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with Q7`}4c)
social issues. [Q,E(
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(A) covers h?2qX
(B) covers it VsOn j~@
(C) which covers kUAj Q>
(D) which it covers ysA~Nq@
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 oB8u[!
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused >
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by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on ,Z*?"d
the paper. L.bR\fE
(A) the impression is v\ggFrG]
(B) if the impression is hKb-l`KO
(C) impressions ny17(Y =
(D) the impression w> `3{MTQ
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression F+R4nFA
三、平行结构 F*hOa|7/
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 > Zo_-,
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: $6 \v1
A and B, 9mkt.>$
A , B, and C ?!1K@/!
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- LhC%`w
is known as accounting. ,g%2-#L%
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary r6&f I"Yg
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's x/47e8/
transactions j?4k{?x
(C) transactions of an enterprise are l'T3RC,\
summarized O=8:K'
(D) summarizing the transactions of an ac6Lv}w_
enterprise a) GLz
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 HcwqVU
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 ^il'Q_-{
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed l'HrU 1_7Y
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and +CtsD9PA
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on
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human patients. B ?96d'A
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in |H 0+.f;
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures i6M_Gk}
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures msOk~ZPE6\
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull =z^v)=uhp
fractures Q9=vgOW+
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 SDpaW6(_
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四、宾语从句结构 X(kyu
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宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 E$] 7w4,n
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: #n5q$
state(陈述,表明)+that A$.woE@
indicate(指明,表明)+that &(3kwdI
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, }@Lbvaa
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite #aUe7~
units called quanta or photons. zk= 3L} C
(A) energy that :J` *@cDn
(B) that it is energy vk:@rOpl
(C) it is energy jrT5Rw_}q
(D) that energy MB;<F
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 tep_g4CQR_
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth !^BXai/
indicate--yield when unusual weight is ] )D\ws)a9
placed on them. IBm&a^
(A) although its crust and mantle 1"{3v@yi
(B) its crust and mantle to ] >-#T
(C) that its crust and mantle HI6;=~[
(D) for its crust and mantle to N4Yvt&
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 cU7 c}?J<
五、介词+ which结构 fOtin[|}6@
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 >v^Bn|_/
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, A;Rr#q<
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 C'3/B)u}l
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, :9!?${4R
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 {:M5t1^UC
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is J2H/z5YRJ4
a method ---- voters select the nominees is_`UD
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for public office. m5Gt8Z 6a
(A) that RkP g&R;i
(B)by which c`I`@Bed
(C)is that X?5M)MP+I
(D)by those ilL] pU-
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 Mo`7YS-Y
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 lAuI?/E
B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 Ftu~nh}
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players hKP!;R
hit wooden balls through wire arches called :{NvBxc[
wickers. to@ O
(A) when H/m -$;cF3
(B) which 6u^MfOc
(C) is when xv;'27mUt
(D) in which <wV?B9j
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 dX|(n.}
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六、in that结构 tEP~`$9
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, h; 105$E1
because of +名词, a&b75.-
consequently是副词 _r0[ z
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 !ckmNE0
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals j8kax/*[
---- it is a liquid. 6rlafISvO
(A) whereas |#^##^cF/
(B) in that wc##'u
(C) because of $w{!}U 2+-
(D) consequently %7WQb]y
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 Cisv**9
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Z%_"
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual 1I< <`7'
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. #;ezMRKM"
(A)they Cz@[l=-T7
(B)in they f
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(C)that they .{U@Hva_K
(D)in that they gaeMcL_^a
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 }c/p+Wo
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 2S'{$m)
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ Hrb67a%b
great inspiration for her poems. &|rh~;:jUX
(A) that she drew q)S70M_1
(B) by drawing her UuD
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(C) from which she drew AWkXWl}
(D) drawn from which Jo%5 NXts4
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 q1C) *8*g
七、what结构 Y
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what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: ,khB*h14;h
what=the thing that
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend fB.xjp?
largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. %6-5hBzZN
(A) it grows %"#%/>U4
(B) what grows JIeKp7;^
(C) does it grow 4x8e~/
(D) what does it grow /W4F(3oM
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 <HReh>)[
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle Snm
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was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory <zmtVE*>g
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. jkz.qo-%
(A) there ?9jl8r>
(B) where QL_~E
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(C) that 5v1f?btc
(D) what ]#)1(ZE
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 iR
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八、同位语结构 3_%lN4sz
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 AGxtmBB;
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) l# -4}95
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing Rg4'9I%B
and swallowing . sY @S
(A) is the chief organ of taste V1aWVLltj
(B) tasting the organ chiefly 41\r7
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(C) the chief organ of taste #g)$m}tv?
(D) the organ chiefly tastes [A@K)A$f
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 )(&Z&2~A
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 - v\n0Jt
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Mi|PhDXMh
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of N$Pi4
Native Americans in her novel, Century of B.zRDB}i=
Dishonor. wi{qN___
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause *3,GQ%~/z
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson RTHe#`t
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause 6fP"I_c
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. XynDo^+ru
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 T]&%
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as C26vH#C
hosts to many insect pests. O26'|w@$
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than &&(^;+
goldenrods P>*B{fi^
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods Y)X
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(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy PEKU
plants zQ;jaS3hf
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants jm|x=s3}h
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 &$\B&Hp@
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 v[3QI7E3
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 MfX1&/Z+
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to
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Athens. pzkl ;"gK
(A) the distance is |4=Du-e
(B) that the distance is ;IN!H@bq
(C) is that the distance F\!Va
(D) the distance 7Ya4>*B
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 hJkP_(+J\
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九、比较结构 Y|*a,H"_
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 MF7q*f
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less /-in:gX8
snow than --eastern Nebraska. ({"jL*S,q
(A) does D*!UB5<>/t
(B) in cO&(&*J r
(C) it does in rA=iBb3`
(D) in it does ~\UH`_83[
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 E<
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. !>n^ ;u
(A) rays more than infrared BZ '63
(B) rays are more infrared than kYwV0xQ
(C) more than infrared rays g>@T5&1q
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(D) more infrared rays than D-v}@tS'
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 v;%>F)I
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 oqXs2F
例3:The activities of the international marketing [EdX6
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. GLS`1!
(A) the domestic marketer has '}F=U(!
(B) the domestic marketer does 3Z taj^v
(C) those of the domestic marketer ['`Vg=O.{
(D) that which has the domestic marketer >j%4U*
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 MBjo9P(
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing )0tq&
is greater than --. (8XP7c]5
(A) that of its mining and farming combined OG!+p}yD]
(B) mining and farming combination 0q !
(C) that mining and farming combined 4ayZ.`aK
(D) of its combination mining and farming EN\
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分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 Qf$3!O}G
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十、定语从句省略结构 S.E'fc1
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 r;~2NxMF/
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture gf]k@-)
and overpower. ;oT!\$Mu
(A) can $Fr>'H+i
(B) they can @D3|Ak 1
(C) which can o&PPW~D+h@
(D) and &%infPI'
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 8s@k0T<O
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ?Z{:[.
get all the calcium their bodies----from the {0?]weN*
food they eat. wq6.:8Or-]
(A) require K7jz*|2
(B) requires `yXJaTbo
(C) requiring 0DR:qw
(D)to require y(2FaTjM
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 6.0/asN}
their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food kH9fK80
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 HZ
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例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of fMSB
A Obl,Qa:5
bees must fly a distance equals to twice around ;H%T5$:trP
B C D :Dn{
the world. jykY8;4
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to qE W3k),
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive 12bt\h9
A B C /#]4lFk:h
than the Sun dies and exploded. >kN%R8*Sx
D q,->E<8
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more <:gNx%R
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十一、状语从句省略结构 hiM nU
Metals expand when they are heated. OU /=w pt
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: &qO#
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第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; WU"
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第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, =
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比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 \dzH
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例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of d2!A32m
elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand TODTR7yGo
considerable impact. ;
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(A) apparently E/6@>.T?'
(B) are apparently HT:
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(C) apparently their ^ rB7&96C,
(D) are they apparently u#c3T'E
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 w
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B
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因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: AzmISm
though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词;
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这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) [!k#au+#c
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例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the j18qY4Gw)
minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly r{Cbx#;
white. OK6c"*<z
(A) when, pure which >>nt3q
(B) when, which pure Gd]!D~[1
(C) which, pure when ]sbj8
(D) which, when pure 9P M\D@A{
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, }z$_=
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例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine <A_L Zi
is highly efficient and needs servicing FuKp`T-H
infrequently %e71BZo~^s
(A) Even j?YZOO>X
(B) It is E
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(C) Even though h
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(D) There is F_?aoP&5
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 ^zv,VD
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十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 |K H&,
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 )Hp{8c
现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; '}Tf9L%
动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 $Eo)i
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那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: CflGj0oy8
Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 RkrZncBgV<
The starring troops have to surrender. xw)$).yc
第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; bw@"MF{
第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 EqN_VT@
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在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is 3Pj 6(
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例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often )YB@6TiD
called scapegoating.
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(A) Eliminate problems efK|)_i
:
(B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) %9}5~VM"q
(C) Eliminating problems 3XCePA5z
(D) Problems are eliminated \fHtk _
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 &L88e\
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例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them ^F>C|FJ2
from damage due to weather. lji&]^1
(A) Painting 0gI^GJN%Y!
(B) Painted 'Mfn:n+
(C) The paint -2{NIF^H
(D) By painting Qh4<HQ<9
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 ;^Q- 1
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 Gk!06
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting ewOd
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例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to jp~C''Sj
conserve water in the winter. $jpAnZR- /
(A) when losing leaves S? -6hGA
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(B) leaves are lost |f:1Br
(C) that losing leaves [&tN(K9*
(D) the leaves losing 9Y6Ear .W
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 l7+[Zn/v *
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十三、make结构 8lI'[Y?3.
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) 6X2~30pdE
共有三种形式: WOv m%sX
make it possible+to do wM]j#
make it possible+that引导的从句 jjT|@\-u
make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) h#Z5vH
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做题技巧: ckglDhC
如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it ?`,Rkg0fe
如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it ,KfBG<3
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例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and Po
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thus make--details that are otherwise y<Z-f.
impossible to observe . `4@
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(A) it visible `8.Oc;*zu
(B) visibly g9rsw7
(C) visible I^CKq?V?:
(D) they are visible XOdkfmc+s'
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 2tEA8F~k
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例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large !9n!:"(r
amount of information on a single map. Sh]g]xR
(A) possible 4X()D {uR
(B) it possible MPn
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(C) it is possible |?kZfr&9q
(D) that possible
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分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 aDae0$lc.S
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十四、the more …the more…结构 " %,K
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这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: ~@v<B
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1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 MV~-']2u
2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 z .xOT;t
3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 HgY#
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the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 1Ar6hA
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例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the c^$+=-G{fd
number of lines of magnetic force. [xrM){ItW
(A) of 9T#JlV
(B) the 6?CBa]
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(C) is the 9AbSt&#
(D) is of the S]P80|!|
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B l$:.bwXXO
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例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the !GNLq.rQ
weight of the body of a runner, --to the body. z ]d^%>Ef
(A) the stress it is greater UB4 M=R|
(B) greater is the stress nmc5c/C|-I
(C) greater stress is L&i _
(D) the greater the stress S!u`V3-s
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 )R QX1("O
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十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 @aA1=9-L
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 #kuk3}&
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例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , dZ
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A B ~[|zf*ZISG
thus making it possible the gentle A(xCW+h@)
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renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. T}?vp~./
D wR"4slY_%
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 CD]2a@j{
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例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more +dkbt%7M
than sixty-five million items of scientific, ]wMp`}$b@L
historical, or artistic interest, --winning the l*+"0
popular title, “attic of the nation.” F^],p|4f
(A) however .CrrjS w
(B) thus
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(C) and &zCqF=/9U
(D) moreover C~2/ 5
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 jU#/yM"Y
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例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the 2C@hjw(
lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. &M)S~Hb^
(A) to save the seeds !lSxBr[dQ
(B) saving the seeds $RQ7rL3g{
(C)which saves the seeds u@`)u#
(D) the seeds saved J,s)Fu\j@
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B h_ ^,|@C"
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十六、形容词最高级省略结构 9<An^lLK*
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. !b O8apn
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds.
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例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. E"Z9 NDgl#
(A) the tallest {cF7h)j
(B) the tallest that is \C3ir &
(C) which is the tallest WUid5e2
(D) which the tallest is @!\g+z_"
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 YyX/:1 sg>
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例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of khl(9R4a
A B C Kp*nOZ
domestic animals. V1KWi^
D =2#a@D6Bl
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 a1p:~;f}[
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十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 UA[2R1}d
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: 'Y+AU#1~H
program, programmed, programmed cL&V2I5O
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: pb`F_->uq
第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 ?@9kVB*|
第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be XG"&\FL{T
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例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona TX]4Y953D
features structures built of red sandstone by KO(+%>^R
ancestors of the Hopi people. @.fuR#
(A) That the m~9Qx`fi`
(B) In the PIo/|1
(C) Around the Vg/{;uLAe
(D) The ?eT^gWX
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 9|T
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例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called Vb06z3"r
lymphocytes and plasma cells. ~#iRh6^98
(A) to be made >2`)S{pBD
(B) making K1Nhz'^=D
(C) made T[s_w-<7$
(D) are made ,FX;-nP%
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 $b\`N2J-_
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例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given s
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task ------the flexibility and adaptability of S2K_>kvG)~
human beings. qSj2=dlW
(A) without Kxz<f>`b/
(B) lack CJk$o K{Q
(C) minus *. l,_68
(D) not having CQ2{5
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 a ^<W
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B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 WV!qG6\W
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 O5{!CT$
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十八、逻辑主语结构 MVz=:2)J2
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 ,xB&{J
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例1:Having been served lunch, --. V0z.w:-
(A) the problem was discussed by the members ZO{uG(u
of the committee .MMFN}1O
(B) the committee members discussed the ?`Qw=8]`
problem r]Bwp i%
(C) it was discussed by the committee ej>8$^y
members the problem u _s
(D) a discussion of the problem was make by YvE$fX=
the members of the committee g
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分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B r^-3( 77n
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例2:--was not incorporated as a city until mZ3i#a4
almost two centuries later, in 1834. S{{D G
(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch BbUZ,X*Y
(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn o0&jel1a
(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch Pc
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(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 2<)63[YO
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 D`0II=
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例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her QgO@oV* S
home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her x:b0G
first article in print. .5|AX6p+^
(A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane ]=
of=T:
Hawes had [[P?T^KT
(B) the teaching position was Mary Jane `YAqR?Xj_<
Hawe's first EMzJJe{Cv
(C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first T5.1q
r L
teaching position 3]WIN_h
(D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching %/b?T]{
position o1YX^-<[F
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 5t#+UR
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例4: Even at low levels, --. gN$.2+:
(A) the nervous system has produced ]WR+>)ERb
detrimental effects by lead lHv;C*(_=
(B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the xOP%SF
nervous system uS<7X7|!0
(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the _HX1E
nervous system 7SLJLn3d
(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 7tMV*{+Z
the nervous system 5:/
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分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 dawe!w!
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例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking ]3wg-p+
A B C _"SE^ _&