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主题 : 填空题常考结构
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楼主  发表于: 2008-09-01   

填空题常考结构

填空题常考结构 e#kPf 'gL  
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一、主句单一原则 r1ctW#\~8  
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 6n%^ U2H/-  
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 5>}L3r>a;  
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. kc~Z1  
   (A) They occur where they are )u\"xxcV  
   (B) Occuring where HewVwD<C  
   (C) Where they occur RG:ct{i  
   (D) Where do they occur u4z]6?,"e  
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 Lk#u^|Eq7=  
C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 u"pn'H  
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center qUpMq:Uw  
   (A) Fort Wayne !c(B^E  
   (B) Although Fort Wayne wg!  
   (C) For wayne is in z ; :E~;  
   (D) Fort Wayne, in -k$rkKHZ(  
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 A "_;.e`  
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二、谓语动词专一原则 /wCP(1Mw  
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 2!]':(8mR  
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 N^mY/`2  
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” \zj8| +  
   -----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with O$$s]R6  
   social issues. IWm|6@y  
    (A) covers w? !@fu  
    (B) covers it ym(r;mj!  
    (C) which covers L2Gm0 v  
    (D) which it covers Eg  w?  
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 6wnfAli.  
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused #[I`VA\x  
   by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on mI"|^!L  
   the paper. p(U' c}@2  
   (A) the impression is HK:?Y[ebs  
   (B) if the impression is f>p;Jh{2fn  
   (C) impressions <5C3c&sds  
   (D) the impression Nz5gu.a6{L  
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression 9.1%T06$  
三、平行结构 bS* "C,b~s  
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 8 b|&  
填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: sbkWJy  
A and B, a#j0N5<Nl  
A , B, and C e-{k;V7b  
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- WI}P(!h\J  
   is known as accounting. j6IWdqXe  
   (A) an enterprise's transactions summary WBTX~%*U  
   (B) the summarizing of an enterprise's (y#8z6\dx  
     transactions 8~rD#8`6j  
   (C) transactions of an enterprise are g4I(uEJk  
     summarized $Wb"X=}tl  
   (D) summarizing the transactions of an h 7I_{v8  
     enterprise d t0?4 d  
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 1 ljgq]($  
   四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 vPS H  
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed ,Iwri\  
   ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and 'S@C,x%2,  
   supervised the first use of Aureomycin on EiIbp4*e  
   human patients. 7(Y!w8q&^  
    (A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in N7}.9%EV  
    (B) pioneered in treating skull fractures ihf5`mk/$  
    (C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures V0ulIKck  
    (D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull :m^eNS6:  
     fractures !Edc]rg7  
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 "fr B5[  
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四、宾语从句结构 L;E9"7Jo  
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 Hz%#&E  
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: xREqcH,vU  
     state(陈述,表明)+that { S4?L8  
     indicate(指明,表明)+that )bw^!w)  
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, EJb"/oLla  
   is given off and absorbed in tiny definite ~*THL0]~  
   units called quanta or photons. ;:8_H0X'K  
    (A) energy that 6hAeLlU1  
    (B) that it is energy %L<VnY#%u  
    (C) it is energy `3/,-  
    (D) that energy :}o0Eb  
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 #CHsH{d  
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth (#X/sZQh  
   indicate--yield when unusual weight is <P(d%XEl  
   placed on them. b ]1SuL  
   (A) although its crust and mantle W ^60BZ  
   (B) its crust and mantle to fPZBm&`C  
   (C) that its crust and mantle MU-ie *+  
   (D) for its crust and mantle to -`&4>\o2Lx  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 ol:,02E&  
五、介词+ which结构 Bx j6/a7Xd  
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 V.: a6>]  
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, K>w}(td  
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 D>VI{p  
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, bhnm<RZ  
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 TB*g$ *  
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is 2fFNJ  
   a method ---- voters select the nominees  A5F< <  
   for public office. 9kH~+  
    (A) that 7==Uz?}C  
    (B)by which ~pX&>v\T  
    (C)is that rcF;Lp :  
    (D)by those G0^23j  
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 9K Ih}Q@P  
   A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 >O9j},X  
   B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 B[S.6 "/H  
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players .gG<08Z  
   hit wooden balls through wire arches called `$nMTx]Y  
   wickers. 4+$<G/K  
   (A) when HP3~.1Sp  
   (B) which n&r-  
   (C) is when "of(,p   
   (D) in which 2 3_<u]V  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 uQ vW@Tt  
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六、in that结构 mkk74NY  
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, awHfd5nRS  
  because of +名词, KQJn\#>  
  consequently是副词 Mpk^e_9`<  
  而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 @1*lmFq'kV  
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals ]vXIj0:  
   ---- it is a liquid. PUltn}M  
   (A) whereas e&OMW ,7  
   (B) in that r[TS#hQ  
   (C) because of |Mo# +{~c  
   (D) consequently 6x]|IWvW  
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 1.p?P] .  
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 Uf4QQ `c#  
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual JV36@DVQ  
   -- travel over land and water on a layer of air. <j ;HRm  
   (A)they E;VBoN [  
   (B)in they thipfS  
   (C)that they w?jmi~6  
   (D)in that they Qc[[@=S%  
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 ^nbze  
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 <Ks?g=K-  
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ %bDd  
   great inspiration for her poems. <Cg;l<$`b  
   (A) that she drew j@GMZz<  
   (B) by drawing her & \<RVE  
   (C) from which she drew o&(%:|  
   (D) drawn from which k\ I$ve"*  
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 ,J}lyvkd  
七、what结构 / sH*if  
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: YLSG 5vF+  
  what=the thing that `(Q58wR}  
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend )&_{m K  
   largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Tw!x*  
   (A) it grows *\S>dhJ4  
   (B) what grows (/k,q  
   (C) does it grow 5Qy,P kje  
   (D) what does it grow A8Jbl^7E+  
分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 ,x{5,K.yWq  
@C z1rKU^l  
例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle PU -~7h+$  
   was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory "H G:by  
   became----is now Indiana and Ohio. L {B#x@9tQ  
   (A) there wV5<sH__  
   (B) where H.>KYiv+  
   (C) that HnY: gu  
   (D) what jWU)y)$  
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。 @kqy!5)K  
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八、同位语结构 }:jXl!:V  
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 [Xz7.<0#U  
    ___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) [,1j(s`N5  
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing ait/|a  
   and swallowing . 0j_!)B  
   (A) is the chief organ of taste %"KBX~3+Kj  
   (B) tasting the organ chiefly UyF]gO  
   (C) the chief organ of taste #a .aD+d'  
   (D) the organ chiefly tastes CX1'B0=\r  
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 eA+6-'qN  
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 `q5*VqIhs  
    ___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) wiFckF/  
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of FvvF4 ,e5  
   Native Americans in her novel, Century of IG bQ L  
   Dishonor. P"xP%zqo  
   (A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause :_?>3c}L  
   (B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson Y)!5Z.K  
   (C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause t=yM}# r$  
   (D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. +q =/}|  
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 0<P -`|X  
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 4W1"=VL[g  
   hosts to many insect pests. dwmj *+  
   (A) that crowd out less hardy plants than 2?m'Dy'JE  
     goldenrods &1VC0"YJWy  
   (B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods e <IT2tv>u  
   (C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy ,I)/ V>u  
     plants C$?dkmIt  
   (D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants >S!QvyM(V  
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 %+`$Lb?{  
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 y=q\1~]Z  
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 ^S[Mg6J  
   yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to 4Kx;F 9!%~  
   Athens.  @4H*kA  
   (A) the distance is p5Y"W(5_  
   (B) that the distance is X_"TG;*$  
   (C) is that the distance ;JDxl-~  
   (D) the distance 1'Kn:I  
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 Bm.%bA>  
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九、比较结构 Eiwo== M  
比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 qifX7AXHr  
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less $\{@wL  
   snow than --eastern Nebraska. %5a>@K]  
    (A) does %?R}sUo  
    (B) in vMDV%E S1t  
    (C) it does in gHA"O@HgDI  
    (D) in it does  Wu9@Ecb  
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 !{"{(h)+@  
b =`h ""u  
例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. /J8y[aa  
    (A) rays more than infrared ojUBa/  
    (B) rays are more infrared than 9UZKL@KC  
    (C) more than infrared rays &8z`]mB{t  
    (D) more infrared rays than Hq3"OMGq  
分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 CsJw;]dYI  
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 G!u o KiL  
例3:The activities of the international marketing #jv~FR`4v^  
   researcher are frequently much broader than ----. f3[gA Y  
   (A) the domestic marketer has S{zi8Oc6  
   (B) the domestic marketer does d b'Jl^  
   (C) those of the domestic marketer @GK0j" _  
   (D) that which has the domestic marketer  bF0 y`  
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 c-(,%0G0  
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing z}&?^YU*)`  
   is greater than --. ?<STt 9  
   (A) that of its mining and farming combined @b SxT,2  
   (B) mining and farming combination z:{'IY  
   (C) that mining and farming combined :GBWQXb G  
   (D) of its combination mining and farming [#.E=s+&  
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 $e)d!m.  
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十、定语从句省略结构 M_<O'Ii3  
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 8*-8"It<"  
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture g"Mqh!{ FI  
   and overpower. 8D@H4O.  
   (A) can   =UE/GTbl  
   (B) they can .'k]]2%ILp  
   (C) which can 8QDs4Bv|  
   (D) and r BQFC 4L  
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 pC2ZN  
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can ,5$V;|  
   get all the calcium their bodies----from the >qk[/\^O  
   food they eat. ,7&`V=C  
    (A) require r2M Iw  
    (B) requires (L}  
    (C) requiring eM Ym@~4  
    (D)to require q <Gn@xc'  
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 &'4{/Gz  
   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food HI)MBrj;r  
A(zF[\{]  
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 &~gqEl6RF  
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of HxCq6Y_m<  
    A H<T9$7Yr%r  
   bees must fly a distance equals to twice around 3 r4QB  
   B          C      D f'P}]_3(  
   the world. xEdC Gwgp#  
分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to Rj6:.KEJ  
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例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive AE0d0Y~9  
          A  B      C WvSh i=  
    than the Sun dies and exploded. C$Pe<C#  
              D rw_T&>!  
分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more 6Q S[mWU  
*: )hoHp&  
十一、状语从句省略结构 B~z P!^m  
Metals expand when they are heated. %SORs(4  
Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件: 3S='/ ^l  
CY2DxP%  
    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致; l*]9   
    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出, 0_b7*\xc  
       比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。 Cw;&{jY  
eveGCV;@  
例1:Although----rigid, bones exhibit a degree of K|*Cka{  
   elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand LX A1rgUWT  
   considerable impact. QYDTb=h~  
   (A) apparently `L0aQ$'>z  
   (B) are apparently BOqq=WY  
   (C) apparently their Q]X0 O10  
   (D) are they apparently 9D74/3b*  
分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。 PRm Z 3  
N!6{c~^  
S|;a=K&hS  
因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式: lsW.j#yE!  
  though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词; R#tz"T@  
  这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句) ?t)y/@eG  
M@!Gk  
例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the 3]'=s>UO>^  
   minerals calcite or dolomite, ----, are perfectly .5L/<  
   white. 23+6u{   
   (A) when, pure which D]y6*Ha  
   (B) when, which pure DWJ%r"aN  
   (C) which, pure when /Re1QS  
   (D) which, when pure #CV(F$\1{  
分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构, hv*n";V   
9 K$F.{cx  
例3:--relatively costly, the diesel engine !::k\}DS  
   is highly efficient and needs servicing sp O?5#  
   infrequently nq/xD;q  
   (A) Even U YUIpe  
   (B) It is 1b3Lan_2  
   (C) Even though w0/W=!_  
   (D) There is idO3/>R [  
分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。 @T/C<-/:  
QH\*l~;B\  
十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构 (-dJ0!  
这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。 mSQ!<1PM  
  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系; T>f-b3dk  
  动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。 "6KOql3  
AU'{aC+p  
那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子: g1zqh,  
  Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。 4zf#zJw  
  The starring troops have to surrender. $ @1&G~x  
  第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词; *"zE,Bp"  
  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。 |=%$7b\C  
J.?p?-"  
在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is C i*TX  
R*yB );p  
例1:--by transferring the blame to others is often  &R^mpV5  
   called scapegoating. Y(A?ib~K  
   (A) Eliminate problems sJM}p5V  
   (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题) 5<a<!]|C  
   (C) Eliminating problems Q  o=  
   (D) Problems are eliminated ]iNSa{G  
分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。 R,^FJ  
*@BBlkcx  
例2:--wooden buildings helps to protect them ]B7t9l  
   from damage due to weather. V&}Z# 9Dx  
    (A) Painting 3<`h/`ku  
    (B) Painted l{pF^?K  
    (C) The paint dl;A'/(t  
    (D) By painting (f.A5~e  
分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 1b D c ct  
painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 ?41| e+p  
painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting #UI`G3w<  
-OW$  
例3:Scientists think -- helps some tree to 34l=U?  
   conserve water in the winter. ){(cRB$  
   (A) when losing leaves $N ]P#g?Q  
   (B) leaves are lost Pb`sn5;  
   (C) that losing leaves WUV Q_<i+  
   (D) the leaves losing 6x7=0}'  
分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。 aOuon0  
q>X:z0H  
十三、make结构 l00D|W_ 9  
make结构即为:make +sth.(宾语) +possible+(宾语补足语) g bh:Y}_FU  
共有三种形式: ZN1p>+oY!  
   make it possible+to do FP Mk&  
   make it possible+that引导的从句 3HiW1*5W  
   make possible sth (这个sth一定很长,它后面有一个后置定语) S`^W#,rj  
:({<"H)!'  
做题技巧: Ue7W&N^E  
   如果possible后面有to do 或者that引导的定语从句, 中间一定有it 3$b(iI< "  
   如果possible后面有名词,中间一定没有it /l`XJs  
f:SF&t*  
例1:X-rays are able to pass through objects and 9..k/cH  
   thus make--details that are otherwise ^/uGcz|.  
   impossible to observe . S#9SAX [  
   (A) it visible Gpu?z- )  
   (B) visibly 5HN<*u%z  
   (C) visible F~AS(sk  
   (D) they are visible e2fc t|'  
分析:此题考动词make的一种用法,visible后面有名词,因此中间不能有it,选择C;可以看到空格后that引导的是定语从句,visible是宾语补足语,宾语补足语的存在是因为宾语太长了,details是宾语。 yDC97#%3u  
c v 9 6F  
k ))*z FV  
例2:Using many symbols makes--to put a large D2p6&HNT  
   amount of information on a single map. [//f BO  
   (A) possible q@9 i3*q;  
   (B) it possible  Yn>zR I  
   (C) it is possible M<unQ1+wh  
   (D) that possible gxM8IQ  
分析:从四个选项可以判断出本题考make的一种惯用法。首先排除明显的错误选项:C为句子,却没有与主句相连的连词,D中that后面应有主语并构成结构完整的从句。 由于后面是动词不定式,因此possible前面一定有it, it作形式宾语,故B正确。 O:)IRB3  
B6\VxSX4{  
~PnpYd<2  
十四、the more …the more…结构 dO,05?q|  
这个结构的意思是“越….越…”,结构一共有三条规则: hH}/v0_jb  
  1. the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格, 新题专门考这条规则 SWb5K0YRn  
  2. the more 后面的谓语如果是be动词的话,可以省略,例如上面的例题 C4tl4df9  
  3. 第二个the more 后面可以使用倒装,而第一个后面却不行 rj~i an  
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句,前面是原因,后面是结果,倒装句中必须是主句倒装,从句绝对不能够倒装。 ZPao*2xz  
Rk%M~D*-  
例1:The stronger--magnet, the greater the .~L4#V{c~  
   number of lines of magnetic force. acY[?L_6J  
   (A) of "NH+qQ hs  
   (B) the uk  f\*  
   (C) is the FM"BTA:C  
   (D) is of the ddDJXk)!0  
分析:本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构,the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格,因此只能选择B Xl6ZV,1=n7  
kZ-~ ;fBe  
例2:The less the surface of the ground yields to the &W+G{W{3  
   weight of the body of a runner, --to the body.  !a(qqZ|s  
   (A) the stress it is greater ;n{j,HB  
   (B) greater is the stress C$G88hesn  
   (C) greater stress is B4 Af  
   (D) the greater the stress 5z w23!  
分析:正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型,只有D符合这一句型的要求,故选D。 s*/ G- lY  
dzNaow*0&V  
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构 I+?$4SC  
主谓宾完整的句子后面,如果出现两个词,thereby或者thus, 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词,表示“从而怎么样”的意思,这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是thus后面就是加doing,必须是前面一个完整的句子才对。 'Oy5G7^R  
k,iV$,[TF  
k>;r9^D  
例1:A microphone enables a soft tone to beamplified , 'a/6]%QFd!  
             A     B m\Fb ,  
   thus making it possible the gentle M(WOxZ8  
       C            VueQP|   
   renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall. ?CW^*So  
         D *o\Y~U-so  
分析:Possible后面有名词,那么it应该去掉,thus后面表示结果的伴随状语从句,表示从而使得歌曲演唱成为可能。 }V#9tWW  
lyH X#]  
(:bCOEZ  
例2:The Smithsonian Institution preserves more VDu .L8  
   than sixty-five million items of scientific, 19w,'}CGk  
   historical, or artistic interest, --winning the - Zoo)  
   popular title, “attic of the nation.” ;0Ct\[eh  
    (A) however yZ~eLWz  
    (B) thus Or#+E2%1E  
    (C) and # pjyhH@  
    (D) moreover yw Q!9 \  
分析:逗号前面是个完整的句子,逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项中只有thus一词可直接放在现在分词前面,故选B。thus 副词,修饰分词winning, 伴随状语 qqt.nrQ^  
5) n:<U*  
例3: Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the s8yTK2v2\  
   lower ground levels, thereby--from freezing. CMxjX  
    (A) to save the seeds u388Wj   
    (B) saving the seeds K0DXOVT\  
    (C)which saves the seeds bHQK RV  
    (D) the seeds saved o|^?IQ7bpf  
分析:thereby和to有意思重复,所以不能够选择(A), 后面应该跟现在分词,答案为B _Dcc<-.  
K.iH  
lgjoF_D  
十六、形容词最高级省略结构 1nlE3Y?AV  
The crane is the tallest bird of the wading birds. Q!2iOvK  
最高级后面的名词与范围名词重复,可以省略,句子变为The crane is the tallest of the wading birds. gcW{]0%L^  
@(,{_c]  
例1:The crane is--of the wading birds. ),y!<\oQ  
   (A) the tallest hDD~,/yVxs  
   (B) the tallest that is LcpyW=)}"V  
   (C) which is the tallest 6Er0 o{iI  
   (D) which the tallest is 1y)$[e   
分析:空格前是主语和谓语,空格后是of引导的介词短语,空格处明显缺作表语的名词或名词短语。四个选项中只有(A)使句子结构完整,语义清楚,故选(A)。 w[,?- Xm  
z7t'6Fy9'  
9OQ0Yc!3  
例2:. Cows are said to be the least intelligently of WDoKbTv  
       A  B       C An8%7xa7  
   domestic animals. z7@(uIl=X  
    D FUzMc1zy|  
分析:改为形容词,intelligent,intelligently为副词,不能作表语。 l#5~ t|\  
0x>/6 <<  
十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构 bU:}ZO^S  
这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样,导致考生看不出句子结构,比如: MKVfy:g%So  
  program, programmed, programmed ^ =/?<C4  
因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要: 1o;g1Z/  
  第一步:从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动 /.| A  
  第二步:如果是被动的话,做谓语前面一定有系动词be Mf ;|z0UX  
=YXe1$ $  
pT3X/ ra  
例1:--Wupatki National Monument in Arizona ##EB; Y  
   features structures built of red sandstone by $IxU6=ajn  
   ancestors of the Hopi people. jIx8k8  
   (A) That the '#,e @v  
   (B) In the Xx3 g3P  
   (C) Around the z_:eM7]jv  
   (D) The X6LhM  
分析:空格后是结构完整的句子,空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语,故选D。A中that引导主语从句,使整个句子变成从句而无主句,B、C构成介词短语,使句子缺主语,故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。 0|fb< "  
` j&0VIU>>  
例2:Antibodies --by small, round cells called .pS&0gBo\  
   lymphocytes and plasma cells. L25kh}Q#7  
   (A) to be made V-KL%  
   (B) making JQKC ;p  
   (C) made '%zN  
   (D) are made KP[NuXA`  
分析:空格前为名词作主语,空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者,called是过去分词作定语,所以句子缺谓语,故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词,故排除。 > 63)z I  
h4hN1<ky\  
例3:Automatons programmed to perform a given Q^z=w![z  
   task ------the flexibility and adaptability of ,op]-CY 5  
   human beings. GVmC }>z  
   (A) without ! dU9sB2  
   (B) lack ~7dM!g{W  
   (C) minus ;{<aA 5  
   (D) not having ?PBa'g  
分析:programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语,空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有(B)是可作谓语的动词,故选(B)。 Y3#Nux%  
B, programmed是一个定语,而不是谓语 wP[xmO-%  
机器人被编制程序,所以是过去分词,而不是谓语动词 A /q2g7My  
$4Z+F#mx  
c_ La^HS  
十八、逻辑主语结构 PG{i,xq_B{  
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语,那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。 xK(IS:HJ*  
kOw=c Gt  
例1:Having been served lunch, --. q[7CPE0n  
   (A) the problem was discussed by the members H2_/, n  
    of the committee `E@kFJ(<On  
   (B) the committee members discussed the 4&Byl85q  
    problem t/}L36@+  
   (C) it was discussed by the committee )2xE z  
    members the problem cv}aS_`f  
   (D) a discussion of the problem was make by ?w-1:NW jt  
    the members of the committee zj<ahg%z  
分析:Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭,那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待,而不可能是问题,所以选择B tQWWgLM  
Fh K&@@_  
例2:--was not incorporated as a city until yL6^\x  
   almost two centuries later, in 1834. NmJ`?-Z  
   (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch jpRBER_X  
   (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn bNGCOj  
   (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch H+ lX-,  
   (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn .u l 53 m  
分析:空格后面是谓语和状语,空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语,但是从as a city可知,主语不是人名,而是地名,由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子,不合要求。D符合句法和题意。 F$Hx`hoy  
#)o7"PW:  
例3:At thirteen --- at a district school near her Ve}[XqdS^p  
   home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her  FZ F @  
   first article in print. q*, Q5  
   (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane yEq#Dr  
    Hawes had Q $~n/  
   (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane  4*TmlY  
    Hawe's first V|'1tB=;*1  
   (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first qi(*ty  
    teaching position 2?W7I/F  
   (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching i^)WPP>4Aw  
    position 0w %[  
分析:从并列连词and 可知,第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子,空格处缺主谓结构,而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语,故选D。 Dw_D+7>(v  
Kc #|Z  
例4: Even at low levels, --. 9@K.cdRjQ  
   (A) the nervous system has produced d,0 }VaY=D  
     detrimental effects by lead {^}0 G^  
   (B) lead's detrimental effects are producing the ('C7=u&F  
    nervous system @*>Sw>oet  
   (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the Ub_4yN;  
    nervous system h5"Ov,K3[  
   (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on 3GH(wSv9\  
    the nervous system H={&3poBz  
分析:空格前为介词短语状语,空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整,但意思不清,D不是完整的句子,故选C。 +oc >S  
At6qtoPRA  
例5:The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking t *G /]  
            A   B     C a| 4~NL  
   areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. eq[Et +  
       D Sv'y e  
分析:应该把D中的were去掉 #]]Su91BA  
ytz SAbj  
@U{<a#  
十九、复合宾语结构  \ %=9  
有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整,需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词,该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态,分别变为主语和主补。 <#M`5X.  
We played soccer. crcA\lJf  
We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 #A7jyg":  
He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语 Hr<o!e{Y  
en F:>H4  
下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 Z8#Gwyinx  
make, consider, call, elect, appoint, E Y<8B3y  
例:We appoint him monitor. Kl{>jr8B3  
  We elected him president. @|}BXQNd  
}x0- V8  
例1:Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck = &wmWy  
   hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not I<td1Y1q  
   consider them --because they are now primarily O,2~"~kF  
   kept as pets. <*!i$(gn  
   (A) where sporting dogs *^\HU =&  
   (B) sporting dogs N,dT3we  
   (C) when sporting dogs fWc|gq  
   (D) they are sportingdogs =J-5.0Q\_\  
分析:选择B, them是宾语,sporting dogs宾补 7hW+T7u?  
^9OUzTF  
二十、It结构 .nu @ o40  
一、强调句型 TGXa,A{  
   It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分 i,A#&YDl  
u]NZ`t%AP  
这个句型需要注意几点: =gfI!w  
强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子; PWRy7d  
强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语,不能强调谓语和定语; /={Js*  
强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点),who 和that绝对不能省略 D4eTTfQ  
如果原句是过去时态,强调句型使用it was.,例如: fkSO( C)  
  原句:  Ann bought these books last year. f<=Fsl  
    强调宾语:It was these books that Ann bought last year. Jd\apBIf  
    强调状语:It was last year that Ann bought these books. 9Zry]$0~R  
*<N3_tx"  
二、形式主语  MV_Srz  
It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 ETp%s{8  
to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语,it 是形式主语,这是为了避免头重脚轻。 t?o ,RN:  
-9RDr\&`(  
/>'V !iWyz  
例1:It is the interaction between people , rather than O}9KJU  
    A               B +_XmlX A3Z  
   the events that occur in their lives , that are _&K  
                  C DeR='7n  
   the main focus of social psychology. (~zd6C1.  
           D %r&-gWTQ,  
分析:Rather than …是插入语,主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is z <mK>$  
Rqwzh@}  
例2: --an increasing international exchange of o=FE5"t  
   educational films. < >UPD02  
   (A) It is  | mu+9   
   (B) There is  G-9iowS/A  
   (C) Though there is |ZodlYF  
   (D) Although it is XLMb=T~S  
分析:缺少主谓,选择B, it 用在句子的句首,只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语,只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整,C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句,故都可排除。 Ax!+P\\2~  
VqL.iZ-  
=^H4Yck/5  
二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 iC iZJ"  
which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子, + [Hh,I7  
在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语 cb5,P~/q  
P/&]?f0/  
in which+完整的句子 q80S[au  
which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语 EUsI%p  
i#%aTRKHd6  
名词+of which+谓语动词 EyY.KxCB  
of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词 VLBE'3Qg 1  
DcSnia62f  
例1:In blank verse--of ten syllables, five of fO#vF.k%  
   which are accented. r-,e;o>9  
   (A) line consists of each L@JOGCYy  
   (B) consists of each line =IAsH85Q  
   (C) each line consists ccd8O{G.M  
   (D) it consists of each line l }XU 5 9  
分析:空格前后均为介词词组,逗号后为非限定性定语从句,空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词,而且语义不清,B没有主语,D中it 指代不明,所以选C。 jD7NblX  
   five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读,of which修饰five, 十个中的五个 02BuX]_0g  
Q]p(u\ *  
例2:The spiral threads of spider's web have a uYrfm:4S  
   sticky substance on them ------ insects. klUQkz |<a  
   (A) traps   If%/3UJ@  
   (B) trap its  .5  
   (C) which traps aZbw]0q@o  
   (D) which it traps -.{g}R%  
分析:空格前为完整的主谓结构,后面是一个名词,A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列,故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的,故也不对。C为正确选项,其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。 tDAhyy73  
|F#1C9]P  
例3:Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists Hr$QLtr  
  have paid little attention to cultural F5o+kz$;  
   A             %\i9p]=  
  interpretations given to silence, or to the types of "-- t e  
         B      C d|4}obCt  
  social contexts in which tends to occur. "1, pHR-+R  
           D H*9~yT' Q  
分析:D错,in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列 }- Wa`t7U  
O( _[ayE  
例4:After the First World War, the author Anais Nin yV^s,P1  
   became interested in the art movement <I"S#M7-s  
   known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, Ag@;  
   both --her novels and short stories. @_z4tUP  
   (A) in which the influence Qqlup  
   (B) of which influenced ;D$)P7k6  
   (C) to have influence /@|/^vld  
   (D) its influence in c*@G _rb  
分析:第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子,A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词,构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词,无法与后面的名词短语连接,D构成名词短语,不合题意,而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句,故选B。
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