填空题常考结构 %oiF} >
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一、主句单一原则 <lzC|>BG
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句。 #`y[75<n
做题时考生需要首先判断原题中已经给出的句子结构,如果已经有一个主句,那么就绝对不能够再出现另一个主句,除非中间有连接词进行联系。 &0kr[Ik.
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例1:--, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. /T6bc^nOW
(A) They occur where they are Z"c-Ly{vEj
(B) Occuring where 6wpW!SWD
(C) Where they occur T;DKDga
(D) Where do they occur u^xnOVE
分析:空格后面是一个主句,(A)为带有从句的主句,空格后又是主句,有两个主句一定错。 g73
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C为地点状语从句,正确(劳动歌曲发生的地方)。 igL5nE=n
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例2: --Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center \JPMGcL
(A) Fort Wayne xDeM7L'
(B) Although Fort Wayne ;40Z/#FI
(C) For wayne is in
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(D) Fort Wayne, in 0Y!"3bw|
分析:空格后有两个谓语动词但中间没有连接词,由此可知,最后一句话是一个主句,空格处应该有从句引导词,四个选项中只有(B)中although能引导从句,故选(B)。 MP}-7UA#K
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二、谓语动词专一原则 .WSn Y71
任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词。 (~Bm\ Jn
句子中不可能没有谓语动词,也不能多于一个谓语动词(除非中间存在连接词)。 vE`;1UA}
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例1:William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ts&\JbL
-----an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with FS8l}t
social issues. I!Dx)>E&
(A) covers V|A.M-XLv4
(B) covers it u gRyUny
(C) which covers o[wiQ9Tl
(D) which it covers CD`6R.
分析:空格后的deals with 是谓语动词,A, B是谓语形式, 和deals with 之间没有连接词,可先排除; D 中的it多余,因为在定语从句中which已经作了主语;C构成正确的定语从句 %{'[S0 @Z
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例2:In copper engravings and etchings, -----caused mx1Bk9h%Xe
by the edges of the plate is clearly visible on D*46,>Tv
the paper. 1xtS$^APcd
(A) the impression is :9&@/{W
(B) if the impression is 6`7`h
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(C) impressions !1S!)#
(D) the impression x-@?:P*
分析:题目中的is是谓语,A,B中是谓语重复。C为复数名词,与后面的谓语动词is的数不一致,故也排除。因此选择D,caused.... 修饰impression T__@hfT
三、平行结构 T+0z.E!~I
技巧:如果填空题中空格的后面有and, 或者and后面有空格,那么这道题目一定是考察平行结构。 P\
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填空题中平行结构出现的形式是: W@GU;Nr
A and B, QHXpX9
A , B, and C #mioT",bm=
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例1:The technique of recording, classifying, and-- L#D)[
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is known as accounting. 5y='1s[%
(A) an enterprise's transactions summary q}'<[Wg
(B) the summarizing of an enterprise's _;x` 6LM
transactions l YdATM(h
(C) transactions of an enterprise are (.z0.0W
summarized CyVi{"aF3
(D) summarizing the transactions of an ]9<H[5>$R
enterprise u,@ac[!vP
分析:空格的后面是and, 一般考平行结构,空格处缺与前面recording、classifying并列的动名词。 \/wk!mWV@
四个选项中只有(D)符合条件,故选(D)。 f/kYm\Zc
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例2:Louis T. Wright, a surgeon, developed -)"\?+T
ingenious orthopedic braces, --, and RT%{M1tkS
supervised the first use of Aureomycin on X)TZ S
human patients. Q&&=:97d
(A) treating skull fractures that he pioneered in tOj5b7'ui
(B) pioneered in treating skull fractures rJp9ut'FEz
(C) which pioneered in treating skull fractures 5}]gL
(D) he was a pioneer in the treatment of skull bL:+(/:
fractures 'o8,XBv-
分析:空格后面是and, 空格处缺少和developed、supervised平行的谓语动词,因此选择(B)。 $0M7P5]N*G
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四、宾语从句结构 : T4ap_Ycq
宾语从句的引导词在前面的主从复合句中已经提到。 F9IPA%
这里指出的是填空题中关于宾语从句考的最多的两个结构: a5]]AkvA
state(陈述,表明)+that cnDBT3$~Z
indicate(指明,表明)+that Hc0V4NHCaL
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例1:The quantum theory states --, such as light, >LU !Z
is given off and absorbed in tiny definite (/P-9<"U
units called quanta or photons. ,y7X>M2
(A) energy that Pi[(xD8
(B) that it is energy lzz68cT
(C) it is energy 8?o{{ay
(D) that energy aTLr%D:Ka
分析:空格前的谓语动词states一般接关系连词that引导的宾语从句,故首先排除C。空格后已有谓语动词,空格不应再出现谓语动词,因此D正确。 FxX nX
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例2:Studies of the gravity field of the Earth 0te[i*G
indicate--yield when unusual weight is fqm6Pd{:(
placed on them. <
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(A) although its crust and mantle Dd,]Y}P
(B) its crust and mantle to e5sQ
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(C) that its crust and mantle QJH~YV\%
(D) for its crust and mantle to 4L2TsuLw
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词indicate的宾语。(A)和(D)不能作宾语,可首先排除。(B)使句子结构混乱、语义不清,因此选择(D),构成宾语从句。 `9VRT`e
五、介词+ which结构 T!H }^v
许多同学在选择which还是介词+which上总是不太明白,这里有一个技巧可以告诉大家。 Nu%MXu+
“which”后面一定加一个缺主语或者宾语的句子, 4p(\2?B%f
因为“which”在这个句子中作了宾语或者主语成分。 0a's[>-'A
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“介词+ which”后面则跟一个完整的句子, h!]=)7x;
因为”介词+which”整个结构在定语从句中作状语。 <SNu`,/I
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例1:In the United States, a primary election is E$E#c8I:
a method ---- voters select the nominees .|3&lb6
for public office. A]s|"Pav,
(A) that sxU
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(B)by which (wZ/I(4
(C)is that |Skhx9};
(D)by those QetyuhS~
分析:空格前后都是句子,因此缺从句引导词或连接词,首先排除C和D。 6n$g73u<=3
A能够引导从句,但是根据题意,修饰method是不通的。 xE
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B是介词+which, 引导定语从句,(大选是一种方法,根据这个方法,选民怎么….);正确 c`_[q{(^m
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例2: Croquet is a popular lawn game ------ players >du|DZq
hit wooden balls through wire arches called <Is~DjIav
wickers. xr1,D5
(A) when o)
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(B) which
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(C) is when C7T}:V](q
(D) in which #hF(`oX}4K
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处缺定语从句引导词,由此首先排除(A)和(C)。但是到底是选择B还是D,则看从句,从句是完整的句子,那么一定选择D, 关系代词which 前应该有介词。 J'Y;j^
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六、in that结构 bGe@yXId5
在表示“原因”概念的引导词中, R>n=_C
because of +名词, QNm8`1
consequently是副词 Iju9#b6
而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。 I7e.pm
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例1:Mercury differs from other industrial metals bE>"DPq
---- it is a liquid. YzVhNJWpw
(A) whereas GX;~K
(B) in that B'8/`0^n5
(C) because of ![9umsx
(D) consequently K:(E"d;
分析:空格前后都是完整的句子,空格处显然缺从句引导词。C、D不能引导从句,可以首先排除。 F;sZc,Y,^
根据题意,两个句子之间是因果关系而不是对比关系,故选(B)。in that为复合连词,用来引导原因状语从句。 6w)a.^yx7
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例2:Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual YML]pNB
-- travel over land and water on a layer of air. N|\Q:<!2_w
(A)they H?_>wQj&
(B)in they h1 pEC
(C)that they =bJ7!&
(D)in that they B"?ivxM:U
分析:空格处缺从句引导词和从句主语。A和B缺从句引导词,首先被排除。C一般作宾语从句或定语从句,而句中需要的是状语从句,故也排除。D中in that为连词,引导表原因的状语从句,符合题意(气垫船之所以不同,是因为……),故选D。 9wbj}tN\z
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这里我们再重申一下,如果选项中出现“介词+which”或者“in that”,那么首先考虑这个选项,如果后面使用的是完整的句子结构,那么这个选项就一定是答案。这种题目平时出现的不多,但是要考的话一定就是重点。 Oe
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例3:Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ------ WT63ve
great inspiration for her poems. )k.}>0K |
(A) that she drew h?'~/@
(B) by drawing her gy>B
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(C) from which she drew $Da?)Hz'F
(D) drawn from which 76cLf~|d~
分析:首先看选项C, “介词+which”, 而后面是she drew great inspiration for her poems.是一个完整句子,那么选项C就是答案。 JIPBJ
七、what结构 5Mz:$5Tm
what结构在95.8以后的新题中考的非常多,记住一点: +}R#mco5K
what=the thing that bEm9hFvd
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例1:The chief foods eaten in any country depend L
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largely on ----- best in its climate and soil. Z C<+BKS
(A) it grows Q_>W!)p Gz
(B) what grows EpH_v`
(C) does it grow R$X~d8o>%
(D) what does it grow
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分析:空格前有depend on这个短语,四个选项都是句子,故可判断出空格处为宾语从句。A和C没有从句引导词,故排除,(D)的语序有问题,从句不能用特殊疑问句的倒装形式,故(B)正确。 H*e +
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例2:During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle _n1[(I
was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory b~qH/A}h
became----is now Indiana and Ohio. J$5Vjh'aM
(A) there YjH~8= =
(B) where eR0$CTSw
(C) that #_{Q&QUk
(D) what *YSRZvD<\
分析:空格处缺的词既要引导从句又要作从句主语。四个选项中只有D符合条件。
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八、同位语结构 -n8d#Qm)
同位语考试形式一:名词作主语,主语同位语 Uo71C 4ev
___, __ _, ___ (注意是两个逗号) ,J8n}7aI
例1:The tongue , -----, is an important aid in chewing YZ`SF"Bd(
and swallowing . }Ba_epM
(A) is the chief organ of taste \5 rJ
(B) tasting the organ chiefly U(#JC(E-#
(C) the chief organ of taste %IZd-N7i^
(D) the organ chiefly tastes R3;%eyu
分析:空格处显然缺定语或同位语。句中已有谓语动词is, 故先排除A和D。(B)不合题意,故也可排除。(C)是名词短语,适合作主语的同位语,使句子完整,句意正确,故选(C)。 /-,\$@J5)
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同位语考试形式二:名词作主语,后面的名词是主语同位语,解释说明后面的名词 9 @xl{S-
___, ___ (注意是一个逗号) Mx$&{.LFJ
例2:A prolific writer of prose and verse, ----of U3N9O.VC
Native Americans in her novel, Century of oFf9KHorW
Dishonor. RFyMRE!?
(A) Helen Hunt Jackson took up the cause 31@Lr[!
(B) the cause taken up by Helen Hunt Jackson )+hV+rM jp
(C) was Helen Hunt Jackson's cause C!a1.&HHZ7
(D) the cause that Helen Hunt Jackson took up. kJp~'\b
分析:空格前为名词短语,空格后为介词短语,空格处明显缺主语和谓语动词。根据空格前名词短语的意思判断,主语应该是人名而不是指物的名词,故选(A)。 zD79 M
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例3:Often very annoying weeds ,-----and act as 4]uj+J
hosts to many insect pests. 6oNcj_?7?q
(A) that crowd out less hardy plants than y
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goldenrods 7P7OTN
(B) crowding out less hardy plants by goldenrods `X}:(O^GO
(C) the goldenrod's crowding out of less hardy M[gL7-%w\
plants *L$2M?xkY
(D) goldenrods crowd out less hardy plants uI)twry]@
分析:空格后面是and, 句中缺少与and并列的谓语动词。A只有从句没有主句; B,C分别是分词和名词短语, 无法与动词act并列; D 包含主语的同位语goldenrods和谓语动词crowd。 12KC4,C&1i
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同位语考试形式三:主谓宾后面出现一个名词,那么名词可以作宾语或者表语的同位语 lGl'A}]#$
例4:An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 |4Q*4s
yards, approximately ---- from Marathon to La;G S
Athens. FM >ae-L-
(A) the distance is b}3"v(
(B) that the distance is 3}0\W.jH
(C) is that the distance L^3&
(D) the distance X#lNS+&='
分析:逗号前为完整的句子,后面如果再接句子一定要有连接词或者从句引导词。A、B、C均为主谓结构,但都没有从句引导词,故排除。D是名词短语作表语同位语,故选(D)。 En?V\|,
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九、比较结构 kI^*
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比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性 ?pTX4a&>
例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less L>1hiD
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snow than --eastern Nebraska. 9CY{}g
(A) does Ae+)RBpc
(B) in qTd[DaG#
(C) it does in h:YD$XE
(D) in it does (^d7K:-'
分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。 hmO2s/~
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例2: Hot objects emit----- do cold objects. &O&HczO
(A) rays more than infrared 2bp@m;g$
(B) rays are more infrared than OSgJj MQ
(C) more than infrared rays M"~jNe|
(D) more infrared rays than >l
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分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。 +$dJA
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比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物 v= 55{
例3:The activities of the international marketing Kc MzY
researcher are frequently much broader than ----. %tCv-aX4
(A) the domestic marketer has 8Bf>
(B) the domestic marketer does `ONjEl
(C) those of the domestic marketer 3o<d=@`r
(D) that which has the domestic marketer ^X=Q{nB
分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。 "TV'}HH
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例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing +\/Q
is greater than --. DBT4 W/
(A) that of its mining and farming combined BQ@7^E[
(B) mining and farming combination Ot=jwvw
(C) that mining and farming combined ~wvt:E,fC
(D) of its combination mining and farming sZ.<:mu[
分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。 ~P4C`Q1PT#
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十、定语从句省略结构 ?bTfQH
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关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略 vwCQvt
例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture `+7F H
and overpower. 4ot<Uw5
(A) can !ifU}qFzK
(B) they can ZlT }cA/n
(C) which can YW}$e W*
(D) and R+ * ; [
分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。 -^_m(@A<~
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例2:A majority of people in the United States can OgQdyU
get all the calcium their bodies----from the mypV
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food they eat. MK&,2>m,A
(A) require ^Hd[+vAvR
(B) requires VtBC~?2U)B
(C) requiring "J VIkC
(D)to require ~#_~DqbMZ5
分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。 Y
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their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food 0w?da~
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“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。 A*JOp8\)
例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of ; pnF%co9
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bees must fly a distance equals to twice around :F(4&e