独立主格特征
n(0O'nS^ 1. 充当句子的状语。
& Dgho 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
xzbyar< 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
,0[b zk 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
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JUF 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
"9>~O` l, b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
1}}.e^Tsfr c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
@q} .BcSg 真题剖析
7AX<>^ (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
4t|ril``] 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
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Vsm> 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
kS%FV;9>( 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
={o>g ' 虚拟语气
}3!83~Qbx 虚拟语气（2）
&HNJ ' 1. （should）+动词原形
_>9|"seR It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
,2qJXMg"=$ It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
J }Bg<[n It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
Xw(e@ : 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
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pMZ)e 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
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a = would rather +动词过去式
H [w J; l 真题剖析
cpF\^[D (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
m"t\@f 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
N6S0(% (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
ClCb.Ozj4 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
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rs?I,NV 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
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d pd-s 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
s^TF+d?B (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
I\&..e0l (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
UO47XAO 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
UTGR{>=> 非谓语动词
#O6SEK|Z 动名词、分词、不定式。
{a.{x+!5I- 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
\$}xt`6p 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
kSv?p1\@&P To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
y44FejH(v 真题剖析
$v#Q'?jE (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
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60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
)tl=tH/$ (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
_v{,vLH 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
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X+)68 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
5 gARGA How you got there doesn’t concern me.
$6}siU7s4 Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
O6LZ<}oUR 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
[7q~rcf,Z Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
N3g[,B E 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
eUPG) { " 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
1f M= >Z Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
`~vqu69MF9 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
Idop!b5! Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
.",E}3zn If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
1v!Xx+} 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
I1^0 RB{~ He no less than John is interested in literature.
/s.sW l 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
#x$. Either my father or my brothers are coming.
&1YAPxX 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
wr,X@y%(! Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
^$f} s,09 真题剖析
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#}@? (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
VFz (U)._ 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
3ddH @Y| 倒装
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/02ZJ 全部倒装
pqFgi_2m 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
x9 XQ There stand big buildings in this district.
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-t wV?~f 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
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1Z/ In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
8X!^ 2B}J 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
]f#ZU{A'mt In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
#]<j.Fc` 4. 表语位于句首
uoR_/vol8 Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
s9svu Fb Not far from here is a famous university.
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IFO< 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
^55 #!/9 She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
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p9rnhqH6 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
'bVDm m) . Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
PrqN 5ND 部分倒装
XoEiW R 1. 疑问句
3tY \0y9 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
>utm\!Gac Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
D_ er( 3. “only+状语”位于句首
Tl"GOpH\] Only when he comes back can be leave.
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A{R 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
I t>8XKS No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
_tDSG] 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
N9 @@n:JT By no means should you break the rules.
W@U<GF1 At no time should we give in to difficulties.
}tue` ">h 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
h^o>9s/|/H 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
YLs%u=e($ Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
N T+%u- Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
a oj6/ 真题剖析
' jh9n7mH (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
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46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
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限定词的用法
C3 >X1nU 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
I- oY@ l` 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
HUUN*yikj 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
D >ax<t1K 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
2_i/ F)W eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
5WJof`M eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
anLSD/'4W 从句为考察重点
peW4J<, (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
@hC ,J 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
^f][;> c (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
J3/2>N]/} 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
@~WSWlQW (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
9?M>Y?4 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
}EFM J,NQ l6o?(!:!% omitting the subject
_ 19x `J3 Rather formal use
;&="aD 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
"h.- qQGU% Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
!l2=J/LJj Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
+%Y`>1I^# Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
z +NxO !y Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
t4HDt\}&k~ WHILE
E<=h 6Ha 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
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CBqZ 2. I often knit while watching TV.
r7dvj#^ 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
,UOAGu<_gb AND
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^ 1. often used to link clauses
w?u4-GT I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
h5@v:4Jjo~ 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
XLG6f(B= F Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
J2tD).G Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
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&RSUB;y mL 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
RDFOUqS 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
Z{' .fq2A 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
<W$Ig@4[.d 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
Z: TW{:lrI 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
oh>X/uj 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
\a\J 0 &Z WHICH
K@0gBgN (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
\W^+aNbv=8 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
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Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
K9-?7 X 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
fe,A\W&8 He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
!21#NCw She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
gy%/zbZx THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
]7#@lL;'0 WHAT
iJIDx9 )Z (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
vocXk_ 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
fJj trvNy) 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
;p$KM-?2D 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
Y~R['u, 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
&s] wf 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
Ru1I,QvCj" AS
kO1.27D 1.比较
Wa/&H$d\u@ His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
81(.{Y839_ 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
d|nJp-%V David, as you know, has not been well lately.
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vVQ 3.看作，看待
<Z8I#IPl The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
Q%x | 4.当…时候= while or when
Z(' iZ'55F I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
01 UEd8 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
~Sr`Tlp 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
3L;GfYr0 The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
6NvdFss'A{ I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
sz5&P )X When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
3EM=6\#q I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
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f# The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
(A6 -9g> The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
{5ujKQOcR The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
QasUg Z 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
ac/=%om8u 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
S\qYw(G
the destructive power of modern weapons
UR/l M,N; Damaged: being in a bad state
#$<7 emotionally damaged children
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~ "<AYJlO He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
~S\Ee 2e> Respectful: feeling or showing respect
gC}r$ZB( They listened in respectful silence.
%&c+} m 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
r A/jNX@S Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
H a U6`IP Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
7?@s.Sz|fV 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
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^bI9 / 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
V b=Oz Lovable: a sweet lovable child
0;*1g 47\ Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
1:3 I G= 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
`iX~cUQ Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
