中国政法大学研究生院2001年博士研究生入学考试试题

中国政法大学研究生院2001年博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：英语考试日期：3月31日上午
TEST PAPER
Part Listening Comprehension (20minutes ,20points)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short statements. The statement will be spoken just once. They will not be written out for you. And you must listen carefully in order to understand what the speaker says.
When you hear a statement, you will have a period of 15-20seconds to read the four sentences in your test book and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then, on your Answer Sheet, find the number of the problem and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Listen to the following example:
You will hear:
He is no longer living in Beijing.
You will read:
[A] He’s been living in Beijing for a long time.
[B] He used to live in Beijing.
[C] He’s gone to Beijing for a short visit.
[D] He should stay longer in Beijing.
Sentence [B] “He used to live in Beijing” is closest in meaning to the statement “He is no longer living in Beijing”. There fore you should choose answer[B].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
1. [A] The professor didn’t come today.
[B] The professor always forgets to come.
[C] This was the first time the professor comes.
[D] The class was canceled today.
2. [A] It’s your turn to speak.
[B] I want to know your qualifications.
[C] Ann’s confident of herself.
[D] Ann’s going to have an interview.
3. (缺3和选项A)
[B] This is a straight line.
[C] Everyone can see it’s a lie.
[D] He lies out.
4．[A] He gave the patient a vacuum cleaner.
[B] He gave a hand to the program.
[C] He helped to protest against the vaccination.
[D] He is a vaccinated doctor.
5. [A] Some electives will be necessary for me.
[B] I hope to be elected chairman next term.
[C] someone is elected by me.
[D] I have taken some electives.
6. [A] What he said is worth thinking.
[B] I want to eat some food.
[C] What he had to say is a waste of time.
[D] I don’t care no matter what he said.
7. [A] It is a waste of time.
[B] I’m short of money.
[C] The concert is very long.
[D] It’s really wonderful.
8. [A] He made a commitment to the group.
[B] He selected the committee members.
[C] He became a member of the committee.
[D] He gave his name to the members.
9. [A] I have rarely seen such strange clowns.
[B] This house has seldom been so crowded.
[C] I don’t feel at home in crowds.
[D] Such a big crowd should be housed somewhere else.
10. [A] My typewriter’s in my office.
[B] The paper 1 typed is still on my desk.
[C] That ribbon must have been on the left-hand side.
[D] I don’t have the ribbon with me.

Section B
Directions:
In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once.
When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15-20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
You will hear:
Man: Hello, Mary. This is John Smith at the office. Is Bill feeling any better today?
Woman: Oh, yes, John. He’s feeling much better now. But the doctor says he’ ll have to stay in bed until Monday.
Third voice: Where is bill now？
You will read:
[A] At the office. [B] On his way to work.
[C] Home in bed. [D] Away on vacation.
From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to remain in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C], “Home in bed.” Therefore you should choose answer [C].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
11. [A] He didn’t know what hospital Bill was in.
[B] He took Bill to the hospital.
[C] He’s sorry the woman hurt herself.
[D] He forgot to call the woman.
12. [A] She hasn’t heard from the professor in a week.
[B] The class has extra time to complete the assignment.
[C] She only just found out about the economics paper.
[D] She won’t see the professor until next week.
13. [A] The doctor has stopped seeing new patients.
[B] The doctor’s office will be closed tomorrow.
[C] The doctor’s schedule is filled tomorrow.
[D] The doctor can see the man tomorrow.
14. [A] She doesn’t know the person calling.
[B] She’ll pay for the call.
[C] She’ll charge the purchase.
[D] She’ll call Mike back.
15. [A] She didn’t clean the apartment.
[B] Her roommate is messy.
[C] She needs to clean the lab.
[D] She’ll help the man clean his apartment.
16. [A] His coach didn’t help him enough.
[B] He had no chance of winning.
[C] He didn’t follow his coach’s advice.
[D] His coach didn’t listen to him.
17. [A] Wash fewer clothes at a time.
[B] Use a different washing machine.
[C] Let her use the washing machine first.
[D] Wash his clothes by hand.
18. [A] She is going to drop the class too.
[B] She doesn’t know how to swim.
[C] It took her a long time to learn to swim.
[D] She teaches swimming.
19. [A] She’ll give the man a new prescription right away.
[B] She’ll be away from the office for two days.
[C] The man doesn’t need anything for his cough.
[D] The man should continue using the medicine.
20. [A] Buy the pants the woman showed him.
[B] Wait until the pants are on sale.
[C] Look for the pants in a different color.
[D] Look at pants made of a different material.
Section C
Directions:
In this section you will hear several brief passages. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 15-20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Questions 21-23 are based on the passage you have just heard.
21. [A] All languages change over a long period of time.
[B] Language change occurs slowly and gradually.
[C] The English on TV is different from the English in daily use.
[D] Big changes occur in English every few year.
22. [A] The meaning of some words may not be the same as in English today.
[B] Some of the words are no longer used today.
[C] Words about microcomputers are not heard.
[D] The sounds of speech are completely different from those used today.
23. [A] It looks like the English our grandparents used.
[B] It looks like a foreign language.
[C] It looks like the English in old films.
[D] It looks like a dead language.

Questions24-26 are based on the passage you have just heard.
24. [A] The salinity of the ocean.
[B] Pollutants found at sea.
[C] The composition of coral reefs.
[D] The weather patterns of coastal areas.
25. [A] They are more nutritious than freshwater shellfish.
[B] They contribute to the salinity of the ocean.
[C] They use salt to build their shells.
[D] They inhabit coral reefs.
26. [A] The ocean saturates the atmosphere with water.
[B] More salt particles are suspended in the air over the coast.
[C] The dust from blowing sand causes moisture to condense.
[D] Lower coastal elevations attract predictable weather patterns.

Questions 27-30 are based on the passage you have just heard.
27. [A] Reasons for increased productivity.
[B] How wristwatches are manufactured.
[C] The industrialization of the United States.
[D] The development of individual timepieces.
28. [A] They were common in the United States, but not in Europe.
[B] Only a few people had them.
[C] People considered them essential.
[D] They were not very accurate.
29. [A] They were a sign of wealth.
[B] It was important to be on time.
[C] It was fashionable to wear them.
[D] They were inexpensive.
30. [A] Watches were of higher quality than ever before.
[B] More clocks were manufactured than watches.
[C] The availability of watches increased.
[D] Watches became less important because factories had clocks.
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (50minutes, 20 points)
Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the corresponding letter and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
The liberating effects of divorce have become a popular theme in the United States. Survey after survey shows Americans less inclined than they were a generation ago to value lifelong marriage. This trend is evident in almost all advanced nations, but nowhere else has family breakup been greeted by a greater public acceptance. A self-help book, Divorce and New Beginnings, notes the advantages of divorce: single parents can “develop their own interests, fulfill their own need. Money, even if limited, can be spent as they see fit.” According to one study, 80 percent of divorced women and 50 percent of divorced men say they are better off out of their marriages.
But an uncomfortable and generally unacknowledged fact is that family disruption can create a deep division between parents’ interests and the interests of children. All too often the adult search for freedom conflicts with a child’s developmental needs for stability and harmony. Divorce is transforming the lives of American children. In the post-word WarⅡ generation, more than 80 percent of children grew up with both biological parents. Today only half will do so. Each year more than a million children experience family breakup about as many are born out of marriage.
At the same time, the problems associated with family disruption have grown. Overall child well-being has declined, despite historically high public spending. The teen suicide rate has almost tripled. Youth crime has increased and become more violent. School performance has been poor.
Given such a dramatic impact on children’s lives, one might expect today’s divorce rate to be viewed more widely as a national crisis. Yet, those who argue that if poses a serious threat are dismissed as being pessimistic, unwilling to accept the new facts of life. The dominant view in the popular culture is that the changes in family structure are, on balance, positive. And until recently there was little hard evidence to confirm or dispute this assumption.
Over the past two and half decades Americans have been conducting a vast natural experiment in family life. The results are becoming clear. Adults have benefited from the changes, but not children. Indeed, they may be the first generation to do worse psychologically and socially than its parents.

31.Many people think positively of divorce, because divorce is believed to .
[A] benefit children
[B] liberate individuals
[C] be part of modern life
[D] financially help women

32.The author implies that
[A] Americans have been too concerned about high divorce rates
[B] Americans do not need to worry about high divorce rates
[C] Americans have been too eager to accept divorce
[D] Americans are unwilling to accept the facts of life

33. Which of the following statements is true?
[A] The author states that even an unhappy home is better for children than a broken home.
[B] Teen suicide rate had stayed the same.
[C] Single parents have more money.
[D] Americans do not value lifelong marriages as much as they used to.

34. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Today’s divorce rate is viewed by everyone as a national crisis.
[B] More people believe that changes in family structure are positive.
[C] More women than men like being divorced.
[D] About two million children live with only one parent.

35.From the passage, we can infer that
[A] there is still no hard evidence to prove the harmful effects of divorce on children
[B] there is now hard evidence to prove the harmful effects of divorce on children
[C] it was proved in the past that divorce had harmful effects on children
[D] children benefit as much as adults from divorce

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
For the layman, the criminal side of the legal system is in many ways the most familiar aspect. In fact, when you mention law or the legal system, the trappings of criminal justice—police, courtrooms, juries, trials, prisons and jails—spring naturally into people’s minds. The drama of the trial has fascinated people for centuries. Crime and punishment are front page news, and are the subject of hundreds of plays, movies, and books.
So, what is a crime? Are there some acts which are crimes universally, that is, which every society defines as criminal? Yes and no. It would be hard to think of a society that did not forbid murder, the wrongful killing of another human being. But each society has its own definition of murder. Not every intentional killing is murder. A soldier can lawfully kill during wartime, citizens are allowed to kill in self-defense. Infanticide is murder, but abortion is not. In some societies, it is not murder to kill for revenge or to get rid of someone who has brought dishonor on the family. There are societies in which it is not a crime to kill baby girls or to dispose of old people who have outlived their usefulness.
Punishment, too, is variable. It depends mostly on how serious the crime is. Seriousness is not inherent in the criminal conduct, it is a social judgment. legally speaking, serious crimes are called felonies, less serious crimes are called misdemeanors. The exact line between them is a matter of legal definition. In California, a felony is a crime which can be punished by death or by a year or more in prison; all others are misdemeanors, except for some petty acts which are called offenses. Offenses carry less of a punishment than crimes and have less of a stigma. A history of parking tickets is not a criminal record.

36. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
[A] Misdemeanor and Felony
[B] Crime and Punishment
[C] Are There Universal Crimes?
[D] The Importance of Crime and Punishment

37.The word “layman” means .
[A] experts
[B] man lying somewhere
[C] ordinary people
[D] lazy people

38.The criminal side of the legal system is the most familiar aspect, because .
[A] people are afraid of punishment
[B] many people commit crimes
[C] it is one of the popular themes in the fiction
[D] there are too many policemen around

39.Which of the following statements is true?
[A] Intentional killing is murder.
[B] There exist universal crimes.
[C] People are punished according to the name of the crime.
[D] People like criminal law much better than any other laws.

40.What can you infer from the passage?
[A] Crimes are hare to define.
[B] Punishments are difficult to render.
[C] There will never be a universal agreement on definition for crimes.
[D] People try to know more about criminal law.

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:
Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in the visions of law that prevail in the two countries. In England the law has traditionally been viewed as a system of rules; the United States favors a vision of law as an outward expression of the community’s sense of right and justice.
Substantive reasons, as applied to law, are based on moral, economic, political, and other considerations. There reasons are found both “in the law” and “outside the law,” so to speak. Substantive reasons inform the content of a large part of the law: constitutions, statutes, contracts, verdicts, and the like. Consider, for example, a statute providing that “no vehicles shall be taken into public parks.” Suppose that no specific rationales or purposes were explicitly written into this statute, but that it was clear (from its legislative history) that the substantive purpose of the statute was to ensure quiet and safety in the park. Now suppose that a veterans’ group mounts a World War Ⅱ jeep (in running order but without a battery) as a war memorial on a concrete slab in the park, and charges are brought against its members. Most judges in the United States would find the defendants not guilty because what they did had no adverse effect on park quiet and safety.
Formal reasons are different in that they frequently prevent substantive reasons from coming into play, even when substantive reasons are explicitly incorporated into the law at hand. For example, when a document fails to comply with stipulated requirements, the court may render the document legally ineffective. A will requiring written witness may be declared null and void and, therefore, unenforceable for the formal reason that the requirement was not observed. Once the legal rule-that a will is invalid for lack of proper witnessing-has been clearly established, and the legality of the rule is not in question, application of that rule precludes from consideration substantive arguments is favor of the will’s validity or enforcement.
Legal scholars in England and the United States have long bemused themselves with extreme examples of formal and substantive reasoning. On the one hand, formal reasoning in England has led to wooden interpretations of statutes and an unwillingness to develop the common law through judicial activism. On the other hand, freewheeling substantive reasoning in the United States has resulted in statutory interpretations so liberal that the texts of some statutes have been ignored altogether.

41.Which one of the following best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
[A] an analysis of similarities and differences between the legal systems of England and the United States
[B] a contrast between the types of reasons embodied in the United States and English legal systems
[C] an explanation of how two distinct visions of the law shaped the development of legal reasoning
[D] a presentation of two types of legal reasons that shows the characteristics they have in common

42.It can be inferred from the passage that English judges would be likely to fin the veterans’ group discussed in the second paragraph guilty of violating the statute because .
[A] not to do so would encourage others to act as the group did
[B] the veterans failed to demonstrate that their activities had no adverse effect on the public
[C] the veterans failed to comply with the stipulated requirements of the statute
[D] the veterans failed to comply with the substantive purpose of the statute

43.Which one of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?
[A] It presents the consequences of extreme interpretations of the two types of legal reasons discussed by the author.
[B] It shows how legal scholars can incorrectly use extreme examples to support their views.
[C] It presents scholars’ characterizations of both legal systems that are only partially correct.
[D] It suggests how characterizations of the two types of legal reasons can become convoluted and inaccurate.

44.The author of the passage suggests that in English law a substantive interpretation of a legal rule might be warranted under which one of the following circumstances?
[A] Social conditions have changed to the extent that to continue to enforce the rule would be to decide contrary to present-day social norms.
[B] 缺选项B
[C] not act unilaterally because the cost to that country would not be justified by the limited effect that such action would have on industrial pollution worldwide
[D] act unilaterally because other countries might well be inspired to follow that country’s example

50.Which one of the following is most parallel to the “free rider” effect mentioned in line4, paragraph 3?
[A] In an area where overgrazing is a severe problem, a shepherd allows his sheep to continue grazing common fields even though his neighbors have agreed to buy feed for their animals until regrowth occurs.
[B] An apartment dweller begins to recycle newspapers even though no one else in the building does so and recycling is not required by law.
[C] Because fares for public transportation are rising, a commuter decides to bicycle to work rather than to use public transportation in a city where auto emissions are a problem.
[D] In an area where groundwater has become polluted, a homeowner continues to buy bottled water rather than contribute to a neighborhood fund to combat pollution.

Part Ⅲ Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure (30 minutes, 15 points)
Section A
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark you answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

Example:
The initial step is often the most difficult.
[A] quickest [B] longest [C] last [D] first
The best answer is [D] because “first” has the same meaning as “initial” in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C][D]

51.The pupil of the human eye dilates when the level of light is low.
[A] reacts
[B] focuses
[C] expands
[D] numbs

52.Not until his play “Beyond the Horizon” was produced was Eugene O’Neill lauded as the foremost creative American playwright.
[A] compensated
[B] secretly named
[C] given preference
[D] praised

53.In some libraries young people can check out ten juvenile books at one time.
[A] adventure
[B] large-print
[C] hardcover
[D]children’s

54.Among all societies legal marriage is usually accompanied by some king of ceremony that expresses group sanction of the union.
[A] opinion
[B] coercion
[C] approval
[D] insistence

55. Only sovereign states are able to make treaties.
[A] constitutional
[B] powerful
[C] legitimate
[D] independent

56.The population of Seattle is a conglomerate of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
[A] a company
[B] a fluctuation
[C] an assortment
[D] a matching

57.A number of loopholes still remain in the campaign contribution law.
[A] unprofitable sections
[B] illogical contradictions
[C] descriptions for cheating
[D] ways of evading rules

58.Several alternatives to the governor’s proposal were suggested.
[A] solutions to
[B] drawbacks to
[C] substitutes for
[D] ramifications of

59.At first glance, a forest appears to be a haphazard collection of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers.
[A] random
[B] total
[C] graded
[D] natural
60.The doctrine of unconscionability, the scope of which encompasses both commercial and non-commercial settings, defies concrete definition and precise.
[A] contract negotiations usually made when a person is drunk or unconscious
[B] doctrine that allows courts to protect the weaker party in a contract
[C] unjust enrichment
[D] confession of judgment, such as the admission of debt by a debtor

Simple namecalling or insults are usually not enough to sustain a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress, although they may be considered along with other acts of the defendant.
[A] a cause of action that allows for recovery after a person is insulted
[B] the grief a client will bring upon his or her lawyer
[C] a cause of action that may allow for recovery when a defendant’s behavior toward a plaintiff is so outrageous and extreme that it causes serious emotional distress
[D] intentionally hitting a person

62.Federal law is the system of law in the United States, including laws enacted by the U.S Congress, judicial decisions issued by the U.S. Supreme Court or lower federal courts, and federal administrative agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service or the Federal Communications Commission.
[A] proposed rules issued by the Federal Trade Commission
[B] the judicial decisions from U.S. District Courts that are reported in West’s Federal supplement or the Federal Rules Decisions
[C] nationally applicable laws
[D] published laws that the Federal Bureau of Investigation can enforce against private citizens

63.Conspiracy to commit a crime is itself a crime.
[A] An agreement between two or more persons to accomplish some criminal purpose, to accomplish a lawful purpose by unlawful means
[B] Term which describes only illegal business agreements to restrain trade
[C] Agreement made by English constables or American police officers
[D] A failed attempt to commit a crime

64.She was sentenced to probation for one year.
[A] procedure that allows offenders to return to prison
[B] procedure that allows offenders to return to the community
[C] Constitutional Amendment that made it a crime to drink alcohol
[D] mandatory procedure under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

65.The Fifth Amendment to the U.S Constitution prohibits placing defendants in double jeopardy
[A] prohibition against being sued in civil court after being charged with a criminal offense
[B] being placed on trial twice for the same offense by the same sovereign
[C] being unable to serve a summons
[D] insufficient evidence to bring before a grand jury

Section B
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked [A], [B], [D], and [D]. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.

Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.
[A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since
The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979”. Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A][B][C][D]
66.The use of small airplanes enables Maine’s forestry department to survey the forests, their crops, and tourists to reach remote areas of the state.
[A] potato farmers dusting
[B] and potato farmers dust
[C] potato farmers to dust
[D] and dusting potato farmers
67. all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation
[A] Nowhere
[B] Not
[C] No
[D] None
68. , all machines are combinations of simpler machines such as the lever, the pulley, and the inclined plane.
[A] How complex is not a matter of
[B] The matter is complex if no
[C] It does not matter if the complexity
[D] No matter how complex
69.The more precise , the more effective the communication.
[A] a writer’s words
[B] there are a writer’s words
[C] that a writer’s words
[D] they are a writer’s words
70.Congres chartered the first Band of the United States in 1791 to engage in general commercial banking and as a fiscal agent of the federal government.
[A] to act
[B] acting
[C] that has acted
[D] having acted
71.In an area fist explored by Samuel de Champlain, .
[A] establishment of the city of Halifax in 1749
[B] in 1749, the city of Halifax established
[C] in 1749, establishing the city of Halifax
[D] the city of Halifax was established in 1749
72. in the dense shade of a hemlock forest except shade-tolerant young hemlocks and cedars.
[A] Impossible to grow new trees
[B] The impossibility of growing new trees
[C] No new trees can possibly grow
[D] No possibility of growing new trees
73.Functioning as a filter in the stratosphere, from much ultraviolet radiation.
[A] the ozone layer shields the Earth’s surface
[B] to shield the Earth’s surface the ozone layer
[C] shielding the Earth’s surface is the ozone layer
[D] the Earth’s surface and the ozone layer shield
74.The science of horticulture, the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences.
[A] and which
[B] in which
[C] which is
[D] which
75.Madge Macklin promoted the expansion of medical training to include genetics
supported the founding of genetics departments in North American medical schools.
[A] nor
[B] and
[C] while
[D] if
76. a Chinook salmon enters a freshwater stream to breed, its appetite decreases, its throat begins to narrow, and its stomach shrinks.
[A] How
[B] when does
[C] As soon as
[D] In which
77.the practice of making excellent films based on rather obscure novels has been going on so long in the United States constitute tradition.
[A] being
[B] as to
[C] so that
[D] could
78.Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.
[A] and thus
[B] so
[C] however
[D] because
79. irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
[A] Its
[B] Where its
[C] Since its
[D] Because of its
80.The Savannah River is a waterway forms a part of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina.
[A] to
[B] the
[C] that
[D] where

Part Ⅳ Translation (50 minutes,30 point)
Section A
Directions: put the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.
Remember to write it clearly.

The classical features of the executive branch of government in Britain are that it is a collective entity—the Cabinet—drawn usually from the majority party in the House of Commons. Within the cabinet the Prime Minister’s position has traditionally been that of first among equals. In recent years, however, some people think that developments are leading away from a collective executive towards a Prime Ministerial autocracy.
The Prime Minister undoubtedly enjoys a per-eminent position in the British governmental hierarchy. He dispenses great patronage in the appointment of over 100 Ministers, the recommendation to peerages and other honours and awards, and in the selection of the most important of the British ambassadors to other countries, senior civil servants and judges. He has great influence on, even where he does not actually decide, other appointments like the chairmanships of public co-operations. He receives a great deal of publicity in the mass media, and in a general election campaign he has become the focal point of his party’s electoral appeal. As party leader he evokes the loyalty and deference of his supporters and, in the Conservative Patty exercises considerable power over the party organization. He alone has the right to determine the dissolution of Parliament.

Section B
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly.
联邦法院体系共分三段——地区法院、上诉法院与最高法院。位居该结构最低层的为美国94个地区法院，它们是联邦系统中的基础初审法院。每个州至少设立一个地方法院，而个别稍大的州则分设两个或更多的地方法院。位居中间一层的是美国11个上诉法院，它们分别在全国10个地方法庭巡回区及哥伦比亚特区内行使职权，并在各自巡回管辖区内听取地区法院已判决的上诉案件。它们同时也受理一些行政机构提交的上诉，这些机构本身就具有准司法性质。

Part Ⅴ Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: In this part, you will need to analyze the issue presented below and explain your views on it. The question has no “correct” answer. Instead, you should consider various perspectives as you develop you own position on the issue in no less than 200 words on the separate Answer Sheet.
2
“Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”

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