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In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion. Qr6[h!
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists’ predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected. '2vZ%C $
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are <Td4 o&JR
formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses. K9\`Wu_qL
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories. 8%S5Fc #am
11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______. aF7" 4^ P
A) a good example B) an imaginary model f7c%Z:C#Y
C) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event
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12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____. S c_#BD.
A) mathematicians approach science 6nV]Ec~3[
B) building a house is like performing experiments n d gG1v%
C) science is more than a collection of facts \R
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D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology ^
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13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______. n@<+D`[ .V
A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous results 0"]N9N;/
C) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate 4 , "%
14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7 RoCX*3 d
A) Sifting through known facts. owHhlS {
B) Communicating a scientist’s thoughts to others. P ~/Gla k
C) Providing direction for scientific research. :_E=&4&g
D) Linking together different theories. s 4uZ;
15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? MwMv[];I
A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events. = s^KZV
B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it. f mu `o-
C) A scientist’s most difficult task is testing hypotheses. .G8+D%%.
D) A good scientist needs to be creative. !8S $ tk
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Passage 3 *\ZK(/V
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文章大意： =g)|g+[H
这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。科学理论是对观察 d( !W
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到的相关事物的解释。经常包括一个想象的模式来帮助科学家想象事物的产生过 !;EG<ji,gj
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程。而一个实用的理论，不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测等待观察的事 Qxb5Y)/jn
物。观察又可以验证一个理论是否正确。科学除了包括收集信息和做实验，还需要 eaSf[!24"
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创造性的思考，然后形成可能的问题解决方法，即假设。假设总是朝着未知领域前进 hS(}<B{x!
一步，它拓宽了科学家的视野，经过验证后的假设就变成了理论。 :2^j/
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答案解析： mc37Y.
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[11]B第三句话中的代词“this'’指代前一句提到的“an imaginary model"。因为这个 ~@g7b`t=la
例子就是要说明在动力分子理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不停运动的小分子所 }AdA?
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组成，即前句中“理论常包含一个想象模式来帮助科学家描绘事件的产生过 # {97<sU\
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程。” R Ptc \
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[12]C第三段最后一句中“科学是由事实构成的，就象房屋是由砖建成的。但是事实 -n.ltgW@
堆积起来并不能成为科学，这比用砖块搭房子复杂得多”。因此说科学并不是 +"8AmN4
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简单的堆砌事实。 @0js=3!2
[13]C最后一段第二句话，“假设”使科学家的思想可以超越已知事实。 ^eu={0k
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[14]C最后一段第四句话，若没有假设，更深入的调查就会缺少目标和方向。所假设 k.UQ T ^.
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的一个主要作用就是给科研提供方向。 GJ 1ap^k
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[15]D第二段第一句说明理论不仅可以解释以往的观察，还可以帮助预测还未观察 7;]n+QRfm
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到的。 (A@~]N ,U/
因此排除A。第二段最后两句，如果观察不能证实预测，那么说明实验有 w0`aW6t#
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错或理论可能应被修改或推翻，因此排除B。而C在文章中没有涉及。根据第 1^F
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三段最后一句话，科学需要想象力和创造性思考，可以得出D为正确答案。
