厦门大学 2002年博士生入学考试 }j=UO*|
I. Reading Comprehension (30%) O@*7O~
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Part A #_]/Mr1
Directions: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center a?Q\nu1
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passages 0ws1S(pq
It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should have grown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speedy assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree —- not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. 3khsGD @
What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek 'can-dos' rather than 'might-dos', and who feel that academia has not been sufficiently appreciative of the needs of industry or of the employers' possible contribution. pq8XCOllXx
It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unanimity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Surely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place. a7?z{ssEi
Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and, above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction. r\#_b4-v3h
One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are now lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective. !O;su~7
We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in the relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientists and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future- It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and industry. Above all, we have to make sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required —— and we should strive to achieve it. pib i#
1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage? ;#'YO1`gf3
A) He believes that there are too many MBAs. .3xpDVW^e
B) He believes that the degree is over-valued. :bBLP7eyV
C) He believes that standards are inconsistent. r~mZ?dI
D) He believes that the degree has dubious value. N.\?"n
2. According to the passage, employers _________. T@K=
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A) fee] that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needs @zu IR0Gr)
B) consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualification X#;n Gq)5
C) are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselves z L8Z8eh">
D) feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinking management structures i}&&
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3. According to the passage, _______. !H)$_d \uj
A) managers need a degree and the ability to communicate &xhwx>C`K
B) training need to be done in groups to be successful U-F\3a;&
C) managers today must have good communication and leadership skills { XI 0KiE
D) industrial managers do not need to write letters. F~bDA~
4. In the writer's opinion, _________. |uUGvIsXn
A) science increases competition =g.R?H8cj5
B) scientists are undervalued C ~e&J&zh
C) the management of science needs reassessment fyt ODsb>
D) management feels smug about its status 7Sha u%2C
5. Which of the information is true according to the passage? { ^J/S}L
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A) Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more training. }Z="}Dg|T
B) Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential ability. PL/g@a^tY
C) The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAs. _ h6j, )
D) Companies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in their own staff". V8w7U:K
Questions 6--10 are based on the following passages rCK
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcohoiism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. !n the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce The tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. RGu`Jk
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged. h 8%(,$*
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repealed bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. <USK6! -G
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the cue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout. Ie<H4G5Vh
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking. -/V,<@@T
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms. D%`O.2T Y|
6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to _________. c;X%Ar
A) support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholism 0dTHF})m
B) present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes their dependence upon alcohol .B+Bl/
C) explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholism %nS( >X<B
D) help researchers to formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism 3u 'VPF2
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7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer? Aaw]=8 OI
A) Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of their drinking are very unpleasant? {xD\ w^
B) How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terms of shock therapy?
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C) Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks? sSL V R^
D) To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse? dEhFuN
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8. Which of the 'following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage? n #l~B@
A) The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory. /n2qW.qJ>
B) People may be taught by experience to become alcoholics. D03QisH=
C) Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking. ? NVX# t'
D) The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories. Zv0'OX~8i
9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute(s) to alcoholism? pJ3-f k"i
I. the need to reduce tensions and anxieties Q\nIU7:bZ
II. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking bouts Ak dx1h,
III. punishment for alcoholic behavior j 5gL 67B
A) I only _ea|E 8
B) land II only S"cim\9xP
C) I, II, and III hz+O .k],?
D) II and III only R b_%vOM
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? Hmx
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A) If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred. [w*]\x'S
B) Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior. *=}\cw\A
C) If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink. JA$RY
D) The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking. lt("yqBu
Part B Summary and TRUE or FALSE questions. (10 points) =D`:2k~
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Malnutrition during weaning age — when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods — is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology (病因学) is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhoea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. r h c& #JS
Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. =3Ohy,5L
Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. &u4;A[- R
A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety — documented since the early 1900's — have been indicated in a number of studies. O'{g{
In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yoghurt has been known to many households living in hot climate. Ck:+F+7_v
What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhoea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. 3C t:AJeg
Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast 4$y P_3
(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. 9DmF a5E
Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted. P& h]uNu
Directions: The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. ,FwJ0V
11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability. -br): }f
12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity. fizL_`uMqb
13. Fermented foods are free of contamination. 25;(`Td 5
14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children. P7epBWqDP
15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods. T7^?j :kJ/
16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand. +*IRI/KUD
17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations. XM)
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Directions: Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. -6x h
A porridge H storage life (W.G&VSn)
B malnutrition 1 sprouted grains /@1pm/>ZaN
C fermentation J inadequate food intake q<K/q"0-l
D new technology K acidity ? U* `!-
E contaminated food L unfermented food "TVmxE%(
F diarrhoeal germs M weaning !8Y A1 o
G Traditional food N dough _K B%g_{
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Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)________ but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)__________. Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. }nptmc
Fermented foods have higher (20)__________, and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)________ is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)__________ is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this (23)___________ to commercial products. }^
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II. Vocabulary and Structure (10 points) (o^?i2)g
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center. @}s EP&$
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1. Susan prefers to have her left_____ photographed as she believes that's her better side. [{:
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A. veil B. view C. fringe D. profile 6ld /E
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2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician ____ her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible. xUTTRJ(\
A. proscribed B. inscribed C. prescribed D. described )iJv?Y\]
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3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_ the question. A. evade B. delude C. seclude D. invade _T_} k:&X
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4. The policeman tried to____ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly. dkeMiL m
A. induce B. abduct C. indulge D. lure r`pf%9k
5. You must _____ yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace. '2UQN7@d
A. promote B. strengthen C. assert D. assess p=\Q7<Z6d,
6. This teaching method is a ____ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country. A. symposium B. symphony C. spectrogram D. synthesis k9;t3 -P
7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too _____ . A. preoccupied B. onerous C. trifling D. omnipresent W0}FOfL9
8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ____ this field is climbing. A. shamming B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing C;%dZ
9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be ____ from a straight line. x[u6_6=q9
A. distracted B. deviated C. intrigued D. permeated D]5j?X'
10.The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston ____ a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War. A. intent on B. provoked C. elated D pruned `2]TPaWGh
11.People of all countries are expected to ____ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world. h6}rOchj
A. inspect B. expedited C. uphold D. reinstall xSDTO$U8%
12. She never ___ to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page. 2H`> Kj
A. indulged B. troubled C. exerted D. frustrated # hk5z;J5
13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _____ disputes among his employees. A. rectify B. rebuke C. negotiate D. reconcile p 16+(m
14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's ____. \#IKirf?
A. assurance B. warrant C. guarantee D. insurance 3E0C $v KM
15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who ____ his post in time of rU(-R@["
war is to be shot. m77 !i>V)
A. deserts B. deflects C. detains D. threw KT7R0 v
16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _____ to Christmas as candles and holly. bnPhhsR
A. integral B. suitable C. inevitable D. compatible 18p4]:L
17. Because a circle, has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of____ love. _xy[\X;9
A. extravagant B. prominent C. prescient D. eternal <
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18. The magician 'packed out several persons ____ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. -s1.v$ g
A. by accident B. on average C. on occasion D. at random fwlicbs '
19. We need one hundred more signatures before we take the ____ to the governor. $=`d[04
A. plea B. petition C patent D. claim o,S(;6pDJ
20. Strict Sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to __out-breaks of diseases. /8Z&Y`G
A. preview B. forestall c. ignite D. fluctuate ;lS sy
III. Translation (15 points) U3{4GmrT
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. E25w ^x2
(l) The Single, long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success. Xbrc_ V\_
As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. (2)This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers. real-estate developers and ad executives alike. (3)The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles. observes French sociologist Jean-Claude Kaufmann. is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century, (4)The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans' private lives. More and more of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later— if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. 1NSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990. %|1s9?h7\
Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. (5)The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francais d'Opinion Publique, the French affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of French respondents viewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. "I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures," says Iris Eppendorf, who lives by herself in Berlin. k+J63+obd
IV. Writing (15%) j ,lI\vw<
Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.
