Passage One F}36
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Questions1—8 are based on the following passage: E"qFXA>
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. 7C7>y/u S
But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. /7/0x ./{
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question. xq[Yg15d%
1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation? ^:KO_{3E
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930. W2]TRO
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930. =lp1Z>
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910. /Vww?9U;
(D) The federal census of 1910.
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2.In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument? r2\c'9 uH
It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration. eGL<vX
The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced. 94/BG0
It is not likely that people with stead jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country. 7 K;!iX<d
It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector. Kct@87z
3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910? Z7a945Jd
(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition. 4_^[=
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(B) They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
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(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers. $B (kZ
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities. =&nW~<- v
4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT_________. f&KdlpxKv
(A) wage levels in northern cities -i jC_ `>
(B) labor recruiters L] %l51U
(C) competition from rural workers BuOgOYh9
(D) voting rights in northern states EGVM)ur
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 16 of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions? |nUl\WRd\
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons. }G
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(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is neZ.`"LV
financially possible for them to do so.
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(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those r 6Aneg7
with urban backgrounds. T{v>-xBRy
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers. (Z] HX@"{J
6.The primary purpose of the passage is to ________.
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Support an alternative to an accepted methodology _}xd}QW
Present evidence that resolves a contradiction i1lBto[
Introduce a recently discovered source of information +0Q,vK#j^
Challenge a widely accepted explanation yLE7>48
7. According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930? as yZe
Artisans in the North; artisans in the Sough; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the south. *cuuz
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Artisans in the North and South; unskilled workers in the North; unskilled workers in the South. 4
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Artisans in the North; unskilled workers in the North; artisans in the South. =@&cH Y
Artisans in the North and South; unskilled urban workers in the North; unskilled rural workers in the South.
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8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics? dO> VwP
The reasons for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who participated in the Great Migration. t_^X$pL
The effect of migration on the regional economies of the United States following the First World War. 8Me:Yp_Xt
The transition from a rural to an urban existence for those who migrated in the Great Migration. |1b _*G4|
The transformation of the agricultural South following the boll weevil infestation. K.<.cJE
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Passage Two !* Ti}oIo&
Question 9—17 are based on the following passage: gxz-R?.
Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period. B~]5$-
But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977,34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent. N'r3`8tS
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst — the structural change in the multioccupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues. 3$.deYa$R
9.According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were______. &, A64y
(A) professionals N{
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(B) managers 61puqiGG^
(C) clerical workers 'o|30LzYgQ
(D) service workers \$0F-=w`8
10.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 11—15) in order to account for why______. ) [0T16
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing }bY; q-
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women 1)
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(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers 7K)6^r^
(D) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization 3vcO!6Z5
11.The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 19) would be strengthened if the author______. Eskb9^A
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions 0/S_ e)U
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions lY|Jr{+L n
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers @-UL`+
(D) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance a=M\MZK>
12.According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT______. Wu4Lxv]B4
(A) the number of clerical workers in that group kOI t(e
(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group \j&^aAp r
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one work-place or scattered over several work-places 7AYd!n&S
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization :0s ]U_h
13.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years? . e=C{
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force. f B9;_z
(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions. yAoe51h?
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions. `rf _7
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women. ByCnD
14.The main concern of the passage is to ______. LX^u_Iu
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions H54 R8O$
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers r*Yi1j/
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinks of labor unions that represent public-sector workers fk_o@
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(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers _YF%V;X
15.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then______. e^.Fa59
more women would hold administrative positions in unions NH+(?TN
more women who hold political offices would have positive attitudes to ward labor unions 7b<yVP;{
there would be an equivalent rise in unionization of private-sector clerical workers wE~V]bmtW
unions would have shown more interest than they have in organizing women m 9/}~Y#k
16.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if ______. ;3' .C~
(A) many workers in the locality were not unionized 0qX3v <+[6
(B) the union contributed to political campaigns \h B5@e4i2
(C) the union included only public-sector workers hZ.Z3`v70
(D) the union included workers from several jurisdictions ;<leKcvhQ&
17.The author implies that, in comparison with working women today, women working in the years prior to the mid-1970’s showed a greater tendency to ______. !Y-98<|b
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(A) prefer smaller workplaces l5"OIq
(B) express a positive attitude toward labor unions *8LMn
(C) maximize job security and economic benefits gvL f|+m
(D) quit working prior of retirement age ]C) 4
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Passage Three zzxGAVu
Questions 18—24 are based on the following passage: |o\8
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different. &uO%_6J
In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seal’s blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood stream. X HK70: i
Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst. nJo`B4'U
18.The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations? r wI
Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies. ~-I +9F
It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory. 3? H hG
The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when its evading predators. 62Z#Y Q}x
The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild. )Q .>rX,F
19.It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” lines 31—32, biologists mean that it ______. [<6S%s
prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes - :na: Vsi
exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey %T~ig[GstX
exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild o|$AyS {1
begins to exhibit predatory behavior #E&80#Z5
20.The passage suggests that during laboratory dives. The PH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by production of lactic acid because______. P
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(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate under-water revert to an anaerobic mechanism. 8p: j&F
(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive ](s'L8 (x
(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream 3nhXZOO1
(D) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time 'JRvP!]
21.Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? [xGf,;Z
(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild. oomT)gO 6*
(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes. ,.7*Hpa
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild. ;t|Ii8Ne
(D) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives. P3=W|81e
22.According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studis mentioned in line 1? =,UWX3`f
(A) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
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(B) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its in the wild. 8]U{;|';
(C) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild. 1fZ(l"
(D) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes. Y9&,t\ q
23.The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory? o}* hY"&
I. A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats. s;6 CExH
II. A constriction of the seal’s arteries. l p(8E6
III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood. |\7
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IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs. L2[f]J%
(A) I and III only }n4V|f-
(B) I and IV only (aH'h1,G
(C) II and III only z}MP)|aH:
(D) I, II, and IV only "-+\R}q$
24.The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following? ;{ U@qQD7
Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild. 5nKj
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Cope whit oxygen deprivation less effectively than do on typical dives in the wild. "-vW
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Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild. *U
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Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild. }<9cL'
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Passage Four 4X+ifZO
Questions 25—30 are based on the following passage: '.81zpff
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors. 1$p2}Bf {n
Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researcher’s hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers. F!]lU`z)=
25.According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors? 4UW_Do
(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli. \
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(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters. jhb6T ?}
(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species. id2j7|$,
(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors. =9fajRFTt
26.Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph? ".<DAs j
(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths. t3&LO~Ye
(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased. 5a hVeY
(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus. & I (#Wy3
(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile receptors were more easily excited by a strong electrical stimulus than were the electroreceptors. rjp-Fw~ 1w
27.The author of the passage most probably discusses the function of tatile receptors (lines6—9) in order to ______. 98uV6b~g
(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’ response to electrical stimuli VrxQc qPr`
(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors y&? 6FY
(C) point out a serious complication it the research on electroreceptors in anteaters WYEKf9}
(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals }Du}c3
28.Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the second paragraph? tm#nU w
They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli detected by their tactile receptors. {O7X`'[
They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from ant nests. Cif>7]M
They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus. }l],.J\BGX
They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli. +KvU$9Ad>
29.The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements? [g:$K5\6 4
(A) The event they observed was a typical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters. @M5#S7q";
(B) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors. p4-o/8rO
(C) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for us in locating prey. O]1y0BOQ
(D) The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone. /iJ4{p
30.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in lines 15—16? %|oJ>+
(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electricalsignal. 17G'jiY H
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony. .tz
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(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants. or';A'k
(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants. F=a<~EpZ
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Passage Five l33Pm/V2?
Questions 31—35 are based on the following passage: Q^e}?v%=%3
Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically complex, and diverse marine ecosystem on Earth. This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor waters support such prolific and productive communities? Part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zoozanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, hosts, and even for other members of the reef community. This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resource efficiently. qIIv6''5@
Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the water. Agriculture, slash—and —burn land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and an in creasing abundance of algae and filetr-feeding animals. Declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations, thereby threatening reef communities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters. X .5aMm
31.The passage is primarily concerned with______. "v y NxZE
(A) describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefs 0QOBL'{7)
(B) explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef communities 'zGo?
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(C) discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters pt?q#EfFJ
(D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves 7|[mz> "d
32.The passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities? B9H@
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Coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients. @qn D=mE
The nutrients on which coral communities thrive are only found in shallow waters. U}PiY"S<
Human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures, which threatens coral reef communities. 30.@g[~
The growth of coral reef communities tends to destabilize underwater herbivore populations. J1:1B ,^y
33.The author refers to “filter-feeding animals”(line 17) in order to ______. /S (zff[at
(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deterioration YGPy
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(B) explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survival I{*< 4a7q
(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore populations thrive tGl;@V@Qj
(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in waters that reefs inhabit ykX/9y+-s
34.According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communities? fI~Xmw+}}
(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources. '_/Bp4
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(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. f1 _<G
(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis. d~`x )B(
(D) Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities. Gmq/3tw
35.It can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons? 9=V:&.L
They are thriving even though human activities have depleted the nutrients in their environment. g47-db"5
They are able to survive in spite of an over-abundance of algae inhabiting their waters. }c}|
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They are able to survive in an environment with limited food resources. d~:!#uWyFk
They are declining even when the water surrounding them remains clear. d)R:9M}v
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Passage Six zOqn<Y@
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. R@6zG
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For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Y))u&*RuT0
Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before. lq> +~z X{
Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space? -sjd&)~S[
With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe. 'iGzkf}j
36.According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown place in the past was ______. hDcEGU_
(A) to display their country’s military might 'C
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(B) to accomplish some significant science K!'A
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(C) to find new areas for colonization f 3H ed
(D) to pursue commercial and state interests j|/]#@Yr
37.At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _______. }2uI?i8
(A) international cooperation %9M ~f*
(B) nationalistic reasons 0em# -*|2"
(C) scientific research -t2+|J*
(D) long-term profits @:U+9[
38.What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars? qd#sY.|1
(A) To find out if life ever existed there. }*ZHgf]~#
(B) To see if humans could survive there. rfgI$eu
(C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures. :L1dyVA{
(D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration. q&Gz ]
39.By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been” (line1, Para.4), the author means that ______. &p}$J )q
(A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures Gu'rUo3 Do
(B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can by very high =9z[[dQ|L
(C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before m^H21P"z
(D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are issue qnoNT%xazo
40.The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would ______. Q" t<3-"
(A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life K,w"_T
(B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite wQiX <)O
(C) reveal the kind of conditions under which life originates Ci<ATho
(D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe *_KFW@bC:
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Part II Translation (60%) {qmdm`V[
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Section One: Translate the following passage into Chinese (40%) /-qxS <?o
Directions: There are six passages in this section. You are required to select four of them and translate them into Chinese. Write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. CXO 2N1~(J
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Passage One Z-U- N
The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “transfer machines”, as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. When “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. j8n4fv-)f
Passage Two KrXd nY8
The Internet, once the domain of education and government, has suddenly exploded into the commercial sector. From this we will witness dramatic changes in the way we work and the systems we will use. Java will have a very important role to play in this digital revolution allowing executable content that are safe to traverse and ride the Internet onto our desktops. rS?pWTg"8
A rich, interactive, three-dimensional “Second Web” is expected to evolve which will help to attract a larger audience than today’s two-dimensional text-pictures model. Cxcr/9
New technologies are already beginning to transform the World Wide Web from its page-centric system to one more like the real world-interactive, three-dimensional and animated. c1_5, 1U'
“The First Web is primarily a medium for document access. It is fundamentally a reading experience with benefits often expressed in the savings achieved by eliminating paper-based processes. As a result, the Web applies to a limited part of our lives. It has not become a mass medium for the home like telephones and television sets. n f.wCtf].
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Passage Three 2 {Chu85
In order to meet the global challenges in today’s highly competitive environment, a firm’s strategic cost management programs should not restrict their attention to the cost structure of the firm or the firm’s cost performance relative to that of other firms and, in particular, competitors. z)xSN;x
There are two benefits that can be derived from such extra-organizational cost analysis. The first benefit is a steady stream of ideas that can be used to make a firm more efficient and its products more competitive. These benefits are derived from all aspects of extra-organizational cost analysis, but especially from product teardown and participation in roundtables. The second benefit is a comparison of a firm’s own progress at becoming efficient with the progress of other firms. aj"M>zd*}
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Passage Four XgxX.` H7
To our view, the future belongs to those who will know how to perceive the mysterious borderline which separates the ugly from the beautiful. This philosophy has dominated most of the great civilizations of the past and is fundamentally our own western way of looking at the world. x+h~gckLb
I am confident that with a better understanding of each other, there will be also a corresponding modification of our attitudes toward the achievements of the Japanese people. tU^kQR!
It is only through stronger ties among all of us, through the realization of a truly triangular world of cooperative effort in which the United States, Europe, and Japan will be able to reinforce their respective ties, that one will be capable of planning the general scenario of the 21 st century, and this within a broader picture of international cooperation among all civilized people of this planet. Kv rX{F=
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Section Two: Translate the following into English (20%) NziZTU}
Directions: There are two paragraphs in this section. You are required to translate both of them into English. Write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. {\z({Wlb ]
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Paragraph One O 0:)X)b
计算机病毒系一小撮存心不良的黑客所为，这些人纯属为了搞恶作剧而编造有毒软件。病毒是短行的软件代码，具有以下三个特征：第一，病毒把自己隐藏在合法的文件或程序之中；第二，病毒象细菌那样进行复制以在计算机之间传播；第三，病毒对计算机的所作所为可令你气得发疯。 C'!;J
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科学的最终目的是提供一种描绘整个宇宙的简单理论。然而，大多科学家实际采用的方法是将这个问题分成两个部分。第一部分是一些告知我们宇宙随着时间的推移而变化的方式的规律。第二部分是对宇宙初始状态的疑问。有些人认为科学只应该关注第一部分。他们把宇宙初始状态的问题看成是玄学或宗教要回答的问题。 ?hR7<0 2
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1. Computer viruses are created by a small group of evil hackers who write harmful softwares in the spirit/for the sake of fun/hoax. The viruses are short-line software codes, with the following three features: first, they hide themselves among legal documents or programs; second, they can copy themselves like bacteria to be transferred between computers; third, their effect on your computers will drive you crazy/ make you mad. Ka| eFprS
2. The ultimate aim of science is to obtain a simple theory which describes the whole universe. However, most scientists in effect separate the issue into two parts. The first part consists of laws which tell us how the universe changes with time. The second part consists of the questions over the original state of the universe. Some people believe that science should only focus on the first part whereas the questions over the original state of the universe should be solved by metaphysics or religions. e2+BW KaU
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1． 降雪开始后若要持续，就必须有持续不断的湿气流充当凝结核。气流经过水面再上升到较高大气层而形成湿气。太平洋是落基山西部大部分降雪形成的湿气来源，而墨西哥湾和大西洋则为美国中部、东部地区气流形成提供水汽。一些地貌也是大雪湿气形成的原因。例如：五大湖区附近地区有着独特的湖效应风雪，这是由当地地形决定的。另外，山体截面及上升地势也会导致湿气气流上升而引起降雪。 ya
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2． 乔伊斯•卡罗•奥茨1963年出版了第一本短篇故事集《北门》。两年前，她已在威斯康星大学获得硕士学位，成为了底特律大学的一名英语教师。自此，她著作颇丰，不到二十年的时间写了近三十本书，其中包括小说、短篇故事集及诗集、戏剧及文艺评论。同时，她仍旧从事教学工作，于1967年自底特律大学转到安大略湖区的温得森大学任教，又于1978年到了普林斯顿大学。评论家羡慕她巨大的创作能力，同时认为要对如此数量巨大的作品进行评价真的是很困难。 e /8z+H^H
3． 在广大的宇宙中，一些恒星在一刻不停的悸动着，而另一些恒星已耗尽了自己的能量，正在膨胀、变红直到吞没周围的行星（如果它们有行星的话）。（亿万年后，我们的太阳也将膨胀，地球将变得易碎、干枯并且蒸发成铁蒸气及石头，所有生命迹象都将消失）。一些恒星发生爆炸，发出强烈的宇宙射线，以近光速向外冲出，经过数千光年到达地球，提供物种突变的一些驱动力，从而促进了生物的进化。 W><dYy=z5
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4． 即使身处电子时代中，当计算机以量化的方法来分析历史的时候，我仍将勇敢地说，我认为，量化应用于历史研究有其局限性。量化依靠的方法是“资料处理”，即将过去的历史事实、资料（即人类行为）经处理分成特定的范畴，如此它们就可以被编程输入计算机中了。人们希望由此可获得一种结果——一种规律。而我只能告诉你，对历史而言，“资料处理”必然会导致无效的结论，因为在处理资料时，某种程度上，你需修改资料迎合外来的要求，在这里就是机器的需求。这样你的处理结果将会受到人们的怀疑，并有失真的可能。 W0zbxJKjd
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In the 21 century, office work can be done anywhere: on holiday, we will bring wireless mobile phones or portable computers with us, and some even take mobile phones to the concert or meeting room because to them, it is a mistake that can not be compensable to miss an important commercial information. The 24 hours of super Internet Time makes it impossible to rest and think calmly. More and more executives take pride in having time for sleep, because in their view, the biggest symbol of status is represented by the ability to work and rest according to the natural biological clock rather than the network clock. o\ `>c:.
Of course, it is impossible to retreat from information age to agricultural age. To me, the correct attitude is to be the master rather than the slave of the time by conforming to the time. We have to learn to arrange our life according to our biological clock in the internet time, instead of chasing the ever-rising network sun. To chase the network sun without stop for 24 hours is a demonstration of your inaptitude, burning a candle at two ends. y\F=ui
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(2) ]feyJLF
However the clone of panda arouses great interest from people because of the ruthless fact that panda is in the edge of extinction due to its weak ability of multiplication. The clone of panda should not replace the natural multiplication of pandas; on the contrary, it serves as a reinforcement for natural and artificial multiplications. As long as the clone is beneficial to the protection of the panda, it is worth trying. ue 8qIZH
Even when we successfully complete a clone of panda, more efforts shall be made to improve the clone technology which is still in the stage of research rather than production. What the scientists shall do is to learn from experiments to improve the research. The research on cloning panda will contribute to the development of clone technology. Once it succeeds, it can be employed to save other endangered animals.
