一. 不一致(disagreements)
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所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等. tDw(k[aK@
例1. when one have money ,he can do what he want to . w]<V~X
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.) b)ytm=7ha
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致. 2tPW1"M.n
改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) n}0n!Pr^
二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers) ) 0NKL:u
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus. 0F48T<i
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. q\DN8IJ
三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments) UY5wef2sF
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生. nu(;yIRP
例1. there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on . fk*I}pDx
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句. y
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改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper. 7y?aw`Sw:
四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers) !l(D0 C
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了. APgjT';P^
改为: !V^wq]D2
when i was ten, my grandfather died. r5,V-5b
例1. to do well in college, good grades are essential. ?<;9=l\Q
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚. #}p@+rkg2
改为:来源:考试大网 tFEY8ut{
to do well in college, a student needs good grades. }/bxe0px
五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech) =?3b3PZn
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等. MD):g@
例1. none can negative the importance of money. 9 _oAs"w
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 @fQvAok
改为: {Mpx33
none can deny the importance of money. wi/qI(O!
六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns) y9Q#%a8V
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: 1j*E/L
mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. 5La' I7q
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。) S[;d\Z]~
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为: F~$ay@g
mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. Et! 6i7`]
例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself. |}o6N5)
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为: ~@\sN+VS
we can also know society by serving it ourselves. )Drif\FF)
七. 不间断句子(run-on sentences) I=pFGU
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。 %M*2 j%6
例1. there are many ways we get to know the outside world. :V0sKg|sS
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 P,rD{ 0~
改为: Js<DVe,
there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或: h e[2,
there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside _+9o'<#u(
world FL{$9o\@
八. 措词毛病(troubles in diction) | Rj"}SC
diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 gtnu/Q
例1. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. LP'wL6#
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) g3
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剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 CB0p2WS_
改为: aHdQi,=z
the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. #}Hdyl I\}
九. 累赘(redundancy) d2?#&d'aq
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:
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in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him. e^}@X[*'#
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:in spite of his laziness, i like him. "&/lF[q
例1. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. \hWac%#
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。 B- D&1gO
改为: }]Nt:_UCX
diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. J$U_/b.mk
十. 不连贯(incoherence) `pjB^--w
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 0YC|;`J
例1. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. ME66BWg{
剖析:the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。 (((|vI3 <
改为:来源:考试大 e{H(
fresh water is the most important thing in the world. m8V}E&6
十一. 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage) xE{slDl
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。 l.P;85/+
例1.today, money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.