一. 不一致(disagreements) }id)~h_@
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等. .,(x7?
例1. when one have money ,he can do what he want to . y]obO|AH
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.) 2Hx*kh2
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致. -{JReplc
改为: once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) Z ]ZU
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二. 修饰语错位(misplaced modifiers)
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英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus. \8a014
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. A>F&b1
三. 句子不完整(sentence fragments) y|*4XF<b
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生. X=6L-^o)
例1. there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on . d3?gh[$
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句. }V.fY3J-
改为:there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper. gGA5xkA
四. 悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers) n31nORx50
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了. X,o ]tgg=
改为: _3f/lG?&-
when i was ten, my grandfather died. Cx(HsJ!,
例1. to do well in college, good grades are essential. $1)NYsSH/H
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚. k
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改为:来源:考试大网 >B;S;_5=
to do well in college, a student needs good grades. jl]p e7-
五. 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech) {"|GV~
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等. G8^b9xoA+.
例1. none can negative the importance of money. uSCI
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。 T%}x%9VO7
改为: Ja\B%f
none can deny the importance of money. m]=G73jzO
六. 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns) T[0CD'|E
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句: (@\0P H0
mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. }_Sgor83n
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。) ;Oqbfl#%
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为: : NH'>'
mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. "bO]AG
例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself. uA%F0oM
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为: xxdxRy9/
we can also know society by serving it ourselves. \nV oBW(
七. 不间断句子(run-on sentences) \WVY@eB
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。 d
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例1. there are many ways we get to know the outside world. L= <,+m[!
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 .7#04_aP
改为: -f(<2i
there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或: X^0jS
there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside {y:+rh&
world T=cb:PD{%
八. 措词毛病(troubles in diction) sE(mK<{pk
diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
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例1. the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. Nx(y_.I{K
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) eJ$ {`&J
剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 S#7.y~e\
改为: \V<deMb=
the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. JvLa@E)
九. 累赘(redundancy) I
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言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如: !1?Nc}T0Q&
in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.
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本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:in spite of his laziness, i like him. JE+{Vx}
例1. for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 8c'E
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。 qUp DmH
改为: $;+`sVG
diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. ,t>/_pI+=
十. 不连贯(incoherence) [kq+a]q
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 s|&2QG0'7
例1. the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. lV !@h}mG
剖析:the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。 xo_Es?
改为:来源:考试大 %S4pkFR
fresh water is the most important thing in the world. |"a%S,I'
十一. 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage) J;BG/VI1
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。 pfvNVu
例1.today, money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.