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PartII cloze (10%) Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1. [A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like `K7UWtp
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Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Text 1 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the yMz dM&a!*
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experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 1. To make your humor work, you should______ [A] take advantage of different kinds of audience. [B] make fun of the disorganized people. [C] address different problems to different people. [D] show sympathy for your listeners. 2. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are______ [A] impolite to new arrivals. [B] very conscious of their godlike role. [C] entitled to some privileges. [D] very busy even during lunch hours. 3. It can be inferred from the text that public services______ [A] have benefited many people. [B] are the focus of public attention. [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor. [D] have often been the laughing stock. 4. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered______ [A] in well-worded language. [B] as awkwardly as possible. [C] in exaggerated statements. [D] as casually as possible. 5. The best title for the text may be______ [A] Use Humor Effectively. [B] Various Kinds of Humor. [C] Add Humor to Speech. [D] Different Humor Strategies. HdR TdV
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Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on nb\pBl
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public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 6. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to______ [A] call on scientists to take some actions. [B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. [C] warn of the doom of biomedical research. [D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 7. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is______ [A] cruel but natural. [B] inhuman and unacceptable. [C] inevitable but vicious. [D] pointless and wasteful. 8. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s______ [A] discontent with animal research. [B] ignorance about medical science. [C] indifference to epidemics. [D] anxiety about animal rights. 9. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should______ [A] communicate more with the public. [B] employ hi-tech means in research. 2M>`
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Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting. 11. By “Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet” (Paragraph 1), the author means______ [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. 12. How do the public feel about the current economic situation? %,+&Kl
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Text 4 Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the A[`2Mnj
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loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 16. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English [A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. [B] is but all too natural in language development. [C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. [D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 17. The word “talking” (Paragraph 3) denotes [A] modesty. [B] personality. [C] liveliness. [D] informality. 18. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree? [A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English. [C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. [D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas. 19. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s [A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts. [C] admiration for their memory. [D]contempt for their old-fashionedness. 20. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as *A+ “temporary” is to “permanent”. *B+ “radical ”is to “conservative”. *C+ “functional ” is to “artistic”. *D+ “humble” is to “noble”. y" |gC!V}
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Text 5 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more .;)V;!
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saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 21. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that______ [A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment. [B] small species survived as large animals disappeared. [C] large sea animals may face the same threat today. [D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones. 22. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that______ [A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. [B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. [C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount. [D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old. 23. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that______ [A] fishing technology has improved rapidly. [B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. [C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. [D] the data collected so far are out of date.. 24. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that______ [A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time. [B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass. [C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level. [D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation. 25. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ______ [A] management efficiency. [B] biomass level. [C] catch-size limits. [D] technological application. )|GYxG;8C
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Text 6 It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, x->+wJm@s
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low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says. The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty ( in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. 26. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce______ [A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations. [C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage. 27. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out______ [A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen. [C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located. 28. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that______ *A+ shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to. [B] information protection should be given due attention. [C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security. [D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. 29. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to______ [A] see the link between trust and data protection. [B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. [C] realize the high cost of data restoration. [D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 30. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that______ [A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. fVJWW):
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Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (1)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (2)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (3)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (4)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(5)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals oPVt
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Part I Vocabulary 1.D 句意:这个建筑物倒塌是因为它的地基不够牢固,不能支撑建筑物的重量。 sustain 支撑,支持。subside 平息;减退。idealize 理想化。initiate 开始;发动;传授。 2.C 句意:当这个女演员的对手在大会上问她这个带着侮辱的问题时,她非常愤怒。 indignant 愤怒的;愤慨的。extraterrestrial 地球外的;宇宙的。explicit 外在的;清楚的。 innovative 创新的,革新的。 3.A 句意:众所周知,因为天气炎热,这个地区的所有孩子都有夏天游泳的爱好。 inclination 倾向;爱好。exposure 暴露;揭发。flux 涨潮;熔化。correlation 相互关系;相 关性。 4.D 句意:在运动会的开幕式上,一位著名的运动员点燃了火炬。 ignite 点燃,点火。implement 贯彻;执行。deceive 欺骗,行骗。exemplify 例证,作为例 子。 5.A 句意:为保护这些样本,它们必须浸泡在特定化学剂中。 immerse 沉浸,使陷入。crisped 皱波状的。armored 披甲的;装甲的。array 部署;排列。 6.D 句意:她在研讨会上的发言明显地与主管人期待在社会学领域的主题有分歧。 diverge 分叉;分歧;脱离。amplified 放大;增强。designate 指明;任命。 7.C 句意:当他从美国返回家的时候,三年的时光已经流逝了。 elapse(时间)过去,消逝。denote 指示;表示。destine 注定;预定。envelop 遮盖;包围。 8.A 句意:为了降低这些城市的物价,应该考虑和接受一份深思熟虑的计划。deliberate 深思熟 虑的;预有准备的。disincentive 妨碍活动的。functional 功能的。fantastic 幻想的;奇异的。 9.C 句意:有时在绘画和设计上,X 符号代表未知数。 denote 指示;表示。facilitate 使容易;推动。fascinate 使着迷,使神魂颠倒。jot 略记;摘 要记录下来 10.B 句意:演讲者被大厅观众粗鲁的言行所激怒。 incense 激怒。jerk 急推猛拉。lace,扎带子,束以花边。limp,跛行。 11.D 句意:两国发展了诚挚的关系并大幅增加对外贸易额。 cordial 热忱的,诚恳的。managerial 管理的。lethal 致命的。metric 米制的,公制的。 12.B 句意:医生的忠告是她应该去看这方面领域的专家。 counsel 劝告,忠告。constraint 约束;强制。coherence 一致。consciousness 意识,知觉。 13.B 8'NT_NPNb
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句意:《探索频道》播放的《干尽苦差事》,本不被看好,却取得了惊人的成功,拥有了一群 忠实的观众。 contributed 贡献的,造成的;devoted 忠实的,投入的;revered 崇敬的,尊重的;scared 害怕的。句子的意思是: 14.D 句意:他们需要搬到大而新的公寓中。你知道这地区有空出的吗? vacate 腾出;空出。evacuated 撤退者的。empty 空的。vacant 空白的;空闲的。 15.A 句意:炎热地区的湿热天气使植物很快腐烂。 decomposed 已分解的,已腐烂的。denounced 公开指责,公然抨击。detached 分开的,分 离的。deduced 推论的;演绎的。 16.D 句意:为了加强市场管理,政府决定进行大刀阔斧的改革。 drastic 激烈的,大刀阔斧式的。diverse 多样的;变化多的。durable 持久的,耐用的。epidemic 流行的;传染的。 17.C 句意:当地居民对当地的晚钟声感到不满并决定反抗。 defy 不服从,公然反抗。disgrace 玷污。disguise 假装,伪装。distress 使悲痛;使穷困。 18.D 句意:他们同意在这件事上出相同的订金。 subscription 订金;捐献。potentiality 潜能;潜力。sentiment 情操;情感。postscript 附言; 后记。 19.B 句意:由于他昨天在会上的不礼貌,我们不能与他和解。 reconcile 使和解,使和谐。peck 啄食。perturb 感到不安。presume 假定,推定。 20.C 句意:那个地区坏的交通条件严重阻碍了他们到达目的地的进程。 hamper 妨碍,牵制。tug 用力拖;拖拉。demolish 毁坏,破坏。destroy 毁灭,消灭。 &|#,Bsk"@
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Part II cloze 语篇概述 本文节选自 VF b
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Makes You Friendlier, Sexier (幽默如何使你更加友好和性感)的文章,主要介绍发笑对身体 有何益处。全文共四段,可分为三部分: 第一段以亚里士多德的观点引出主题,并阐述了相反的论点,指出笑对身体的益处不能 与其他运动相比。 第二段反驳上述观点并提出论点,说明笑与其他运动不同,不是通过拉紧肌肉来锻炼肌 肉,而是通过放松肌肉来影响情绪。 第三、四段具体论述这一论点。第三段是理论论证,以科学家提出的理论说明了这一观 点;第四段是举例论证,以对一个具体的科学实验的描述阐述了发笑这一动作如何影响情绪。 X?;iSekI4
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[A]among 在……之中 [B]except 除了…… [C]despite 尽管 [D]like 像……一样 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】文章首句的意思是‚古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为笑是一种‘对健康有益 的肢体运动。’‛本句句首的 but 暗示了本句与上句之间是转折的关系,而所填词语表示 的是本句中前半句与后半句之间的逻辑关系。四个选项中,among 表示后者是前者整个 范畴中的一个个例,而 laughing 不是 claims 的个例,因此选项 A 排除;同理可排除选项 B;like 表示前后两项属于同一范畴,显然也不符合句意,因此选项 D 也排除,despite 表示两个分句之间的让步关系,代入句中意义为‚尽管有人会反驳,但事实是,发笑对 身体的影响可能微乎其微。‛despite 表示了‚有人会反驳‛与‚发笑对身体的影响可能 微乎其微‛之间的关系,but 表示了整句与首句之间的关系。因此正确答案为选项 C。 2. 【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]reflect 反映;思考 [B]demand 要求 [C]indicate 表明,暗示 [D]produce 引起,产生 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】句中的 does 为强调句标志,所填词语为谓语动词,其主语是 laughter,宾 语是 changes。根据句意,发笑不能‚反映‛和‚要求‛心血管功能,故选项 A、B 可 排除;笑不是心血管功能的外在反映,因此也不能‚表明‛这种变化,而是对外界能引 人发笑的事情所作出的反应,故选项 C 也排除; 因此,只有发笑能‚引起‛这种变化 符合句意,正确答案为选项 D。 3. 【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]stabilizing使稳定 [B]boosting 提高,加强 [C]impairing 削弱,减少 [D]determining 决定 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】所填词语的现在分词形式做伴随状语,其主语是前面的 laughter,而宾语是 heart rate and oxygen consumption。四个选项中,stabilizing 的宾语只能跟 heart rate(稳定 心率),而不能跟 oxygen consumption(稳定氧气消耗量),故排除选项 A;etermining 用 在此处语意不符,故排除选项 D;选项 B 和 C 互为反义词,而根据前半句,本句主要 讲 laughter 的益处,前半句与后半句之间没有转折连词,因此此处也应该表达 laughter 的益处,排除选项 C;dboosting 代入句中可以同时跟两个宾语,意为‚提高心率,增加 氧气消耗量‛,符合句意,因此正确答案为选项 B。 4. 【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]transmit 传递 [B]sustain 维持 [C]evaluate 评价 .}uri1k"@k
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[D]observe 观察 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】 本句的含义为‚但是,由于笑很难 ‛,此处不定式是主动表被动的用 法,所填词语真正的宾语是句子的主语 hard laughter,上文中一直讲的是 laughter 与健康 之间的关系,没有提到对 laughter 的‚评价‛或‚观察‛,因此选择 C、D 与主题无关, 故排除;transmit 指的是声音、光等的传播,而 laughter 虽然有笑声之意,但从上文中 可以看出,此处的 laughter 不是指笑声,而是发笑的动作,因此不能与 transmit 搭配, 故选项 A 也排除;sustain 有‚维持‛之意,放在句中 sustain hard laughter 表示一直持续 不断的大笑,符合句意,因此正确答案为选项 B。 5. 【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]measurable 可测量的 [B]manageable 易管理的 [C]affordable 可承担的 [D]renewable 可更新的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为‚狂笑可能不能像散步或慢跑之类的运动那样可以对心血管 产生 的益处‛,由此可知,所填形容词用来说明 benefits 的特征,而且这种特征 是散步、慢跑这类的运动所具有而笑所不具有的。且前面说明了笑不具备这种特征的原 因是 hard laughter is difficult to sustain,因此,四个选项中只有 measurable 符合句意,其 他三个选项都不符合文意。因此正确答案为选项 A。 6. 【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]In turn 转而,反过来 [B]In fact 事实上 [C]In addition 另外 [D]In brief简而言之 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】所填词组用来表示本句与上段之间的关系。本句的含义为‚发笑不像运动 那样可以使肌肉紧绷以练出肌肉,而是实现 ‛,上段中讲的是发笑虽然有益健康, 但这种益处是无法衡量的。四个选项中,In turn 意为‚反过来、转而‛,用法应该是前 面说 A 对 B 的作用,后面讲 B 对 A 的反作用,不符合句意,因此排除选项 A;In addition 表示后者是对前者的补充, In brief 都表示后者是对前者的总结概括,显然也不符合句 意,因此选项 C、D 也排除;In fact 表示对前面观点的反驳,指出事实,符合句意,因 此正确答案为选项 B。 7. 【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]opposite 相反的 [B]impossible 不可能的 [C]average 平均的 [D]expected 预料中的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】前一句中的 instead of 意为‚并非……,而不是……‛,表示否定的意味, 是对本题的提示,表示否定了前面的事实,则应该是与之‚相反的‛,因此正确答案为 M*C1QQf\N
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选项 A。 8. 【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]hardens 硬化 [B]weakens 弱化 [C]tightens 紧化 [D]relaxes 放松 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句是对上句中 the opposite 的具体解释,而填入动词为本句的谓语,其宾 语是 muscles,因此应该和上句中 muscles 前的谓语动词 (即 strain) 互为反义词,只有 relaxes 符合句意,正确答案为选项 D。 9. 【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]aggravate 加剧 [B]generate 产生 [C]moderate 减轻,减缓 [D]enhance 增强,提高 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的意思是‚这种放松可以帮助 心里压力‛, 由上下文可以看出, 本段主要叙述的是 laughter 对于健康产生的益处,因此只有‚减轻‛压力才符合句意, 选项 A、D 都有表示‚增强‛之意,选项 C 表示减弱,而选项 B 是从无到有,因此正 确答案为选项 C。 10. 【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]physical 生理的,身体上的 [B]mental 精神上的 [C]subconscious 潜意识的 [D]internal 内部的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】internal 表示内部的,上文中没有提到‚内部‛或‚外部‛的问题,因此选 项 D 脱离主题,可首先排除。选项 B、C 表示精神上的,而选项 A 表示身体上的,二 者属反义选项。句中的 other 暗示了上文中需要出现‚一些‛,此处才会有‚另一些‛, 前一句的含义为‚这种身体上的放松可能会帮助减轻心理压力‛,本句的意思是‚发笑 的动作可能产生其他的 反应来提高人的情绪‛,这两句都是说发笑对于情绪产生的 益处,前句中的the effects of psychological stress与本句中的an individual’s emotional state 相对应,表示带来的益处,因此本句中的 feedback 应该与前一句中的 physical relaxation 相对应,都表示发笑这一动作产生的物质,而这种物质对精神和心理产生了 影响,显然可与之对应的是 physical,因此正确答案为选项 A。 11. 【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]Except for 除了…… [B]According to 根据…… [C]Due to 归因于…… [D]As for 至于…… `%EcQ}Nr
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【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为‚ 一个经典的情感理论,人的情感一部分来源于身体的 反应。‛所填词语表示前后两个分句之间的关系,根据句意,显然第二个分句是对前面 理论内容的阐述,因此只有 According to 填入符合句意,正确答案为选项 B。 12. 【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 【考点透析】词组搭配题 【答案解析】四个选项中,可以与 root 搭配构成词组的只有 in,表示‚来源于‛,放入 句中表示‚我们的情感一部分来源于身体上的反应‛,符合句意,因此正确答案为选项 C。 13. 【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]unless 除非(表条件) [B]until 直到(表时间) [C]if 如果(表条件) [D]because 因为(表因果) 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】本句是 not A but B 的句型,因此 A、B 应为反义并列关系,but 后的句意为 ‚当眼泪流下来时他们就变得伤心‛,四个选项中,unless 代入句中,前半句意为‚人除 非伤心,否则不会哭‛,无法与后半句构成反义关系,因此排除选项 A;until 代入句中, 意思为‚人直到伤心才会哭‛,与 unless 表达意思相同,故选项 B 也排除。同理排除选 项 C,because 代入句中意为‚人不是因为伤心而哭,而是……‛符合句意,故正确答 案为选项 D。 14. 【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]exhausts 耗尽 [B]follows 跟随 [C]precedes 先于 [D]suppresses 抑制,禁止 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】句首的 Although 暗示了本句与上句之间是让步转折的关系,因此本句中 sadness also tears 应该与上句中的 they become sad when the tears begin to flow 互为 反义的关系,因此只有 precedes 填入符合句意,故正确答案为选项 C。 15. 【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]into 进入 [B]from 来自 [C]towards 朝向 [D]beyond 超越 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】所填介词与 flow 搭配表示‚流‛这一动作的方向,flow into 表示‚流入‛, flow from 表示‚流自,来源于‛,flow towards 表示‚流向‛,flow beyond 表示‚流过‛, 本句表示情绪与肌肉反应的关系,根据上下文,作者要表达的意思是眼泪产生伤感,先 @; I9e
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有眼泪,再有伤感,而此处的 emotions 对应 sadness,muscular responses 对应 tears,因 此,应该是情感‚来源于‛肌肉反应,故正确答案为选项 B。 16. 【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]fetch 去取 [B]bite 咬 [C]pick 捡 [D]hold 抓住,夹住 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句意为‚……让志愿者 一支笔,有的用牙齿——从而形成一个人 为的微笑——有的用嘴唇,以产生一个 的表情‛。 所填动词的宾语为 a pen,后 面的 either…or…做状语,用来修饰所填动词,按照句意,所填动词应该表示用牙齿对 笔做了一个什么动作可以产生微笑的表情,微笑是静态的,因此表示动态的动作的 fetch 和 pick 都不能产生这一效果,故选项 A、D 可首先排除;后半句中又提到嘴唇也对钢 笔做了这一动作,而 bite 的动作只能由 teeth 完成而不能由 lips 来实施,因此用在此处 不符合句意,选项 B 也排除;hold 用在句中表示用牙齿或者嘴唇‚夹住‛笔,即把钢 笔放在两排牙齿或者两个嘴唇之间,符合句意,因此正确答案为选项 D。 17. 【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]disappointed 失望的,失落的,难过的 [B]excited 兴奋的 [C]joyful 高兴的 [D]indifferent 冷漠的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】所填形容词用来形容 expression(表情),表示的是用嘴唇夹住笔所产生的 表情,由于此处是科学家做的一个实验,且下文中可以看出实验的结论中有两种结果进 行对比,因此此处所产生的表情应与 smile 形成对比,以产生两种不同的结果,根据句 意,只有 disappointed expression 可以 smile 形成对比,因此正确答案为选项 A。 18. 【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]adapted 使适应 [B]catered 满足,迎合 [C]turned 转向 [D]reacted 反应 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为‚比起撅嘴的人来,那些被迫练习微笑表情的人可以更加热 情洋溢的 搞笑卡通漫画‛,所填动词的宾语为 funny cartoons,且被副词 enthusiastically修饰。四个选项都可与宾语前面的to搭配构成词组,其意义分别为adapted to 适应;catered to 迎合;turn to 转向,求助于;reacted to 对……做出反应。根据句意, ‚适应‛、‚迎合‛、‚转向‛都不能用 enthusiastically 来修饰,只有 reacted to 符合句意, 且与下文中的influence呼应,表示肌肉运动与情感之间的关系,因此正确答案为选项D。 F6b;qb6n
19. 【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]suggesting 表明,暗示 ]0MuXiR
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[B]requiring 要求 [C]mentioning 提到 [D]supposing 假设 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】所填动词的现在分词形式用来充当伴随状语,其宾语为后面的 that 从句, 意思为‚表情可以影响情绪,而不是情绪影响表情‛。显然前一句是具体描述实验结果, 本句是在上述结果中总结出来的抽象结论,因此两句之间用 suggesting 连接最为恰当, 其他三个词语都不符合句意,因此正确答案为选项 A。 20. 【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]Eventually 最后,最终(表时间) [B]Consequently 结果,因此(表因果) [C]Similarly 同样地(表类比) [D]Conversely 相反(表对比) 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】所填副词用来表示本句与前一句之间的逻辑关系,本句的含义为‚发笑这 一身体动作可以使心情变好‛。与前一句中‚表情可以影响情绪‛表达的意思相近,因 此应该为类比的关系,不是‚时间‛、‚因果‛、‚对比‛等的关系,正确答案为选项 C。 ):}A Quy]
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参考译文 古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为笑是‚一种对健康有益的肢体运动‛。然而,(1)尽管有些 人会反驳,但其实发笑可能对身体健康的影响微乎其微。发笑的确能(2)引起心血管功能的 短暂变化,可以(3)提高心率,增加氧气消耗量。但是由于大笑不能够长时间地(4)持续,因 此,发笑对心血管的益处可能不像诸如散步和慢跑之类的运动那样(5)可以衡量。 (6)事实上,发笑不像其他运动那样,可以使肌肉绷紧以锻炼出肌肉,而是(7)反其道而 行之。早在 20 世纪 30 年代,研究就已经发现笑可以使肌肉(8)放松,并在笑容消退长达 45 分钟之后,还能降低肌肉的紧张度。 可想而知,这样的身体上放松可以帮助(9)缓解心理压力。毕竟,发笑的动作可以产生 其他的(10)身体上的反应,这些反应可以调节人的情绪。(11)根据一个经典情感理论,我们 的情感一部分(12)来源于身体上的反应。19 世纪末,有科学家认为,人不是(13)因为伤心才 哭,而是当眼泪流下来时,人们才变得伤心。 尽管伤心有时也(14)先于眼泪,但有证据表明,情感可以(15)源自于肌肉的反应。在一 个 1988 年发表的实验报告中,维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学教授 Fritz Strack 和他的同事让一 部分志愿者用牙齿(16)咬住一支笔——从而形成一个人为的微笑——让另一部分志愿者用双 唇(16)夹住一支笔,从而形成(17)难过的表情。那些被迫练习微笑的人比起撅嘴的人来,可 以更加热情洋溢地对搞笑卡通漫画做出(18)反应,这(19)表明了表情可以影响情绪,而不是 情绪影响表情。(20)同样地,发笑这一肢体动作可以使心情变好。 7s!rer>
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