~ Passage 5 uFH ]w] X
According to a recent publicationof the Equal Employment Opportunity Corrunission, at the present rate of,'progress" it will take forty-three years tO end jobdiscrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable. fH6mv0
If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is thenwe need affirmative action.to catch upi We are behihd as a result ofdiscrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every680 wtfites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one whitephysician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one blackdentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less th,mi 1 percent of all.engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black.Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need cre'ativejustice and compassion to help us close them. fAHf}j
Actually, in the U.S.context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a conradicfion interms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged inprograms and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thingwhites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the firstplace. !T3b ]0z
Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as newsaccounts make it seem..There are 49 percent more whites in medical school todayand 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmativeaction programs began somein fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medicalschools. In 1968, the year LRa^x 44
before affirmative action programs began toget under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S.medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus,under affirmative action, the number of "whiteplaces" actually roseby 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished,butsubstantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In1969,the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933minority-group memberswere enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. Butduring the same period, lawschool enrollment for whites rosefrom 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. Inshort, it is amyth that blacks are making progress at white expense. {iRXK
Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general,for he madeno challenge:to the preferential treatment accorded to the childrenof the rich, the alumniand the facultv,or to athletes or the very talented onlytominorities. +`D,7"{Eu
61. The author is for affirmative action vD@ =V#T
A. because there is discrimination anddenial of opportunity in the U.S. gdKn!; ,w#
B. if we aim at educational and economicequity and parity J
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C. because it wAll take 43 years to end job discrimination <{xU.zp'
D. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.
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62. It requires to close the gap's between the whites andthe blacks in the U.S. 8kA2.pIk
A. one black attorney for ever)' 4000 blacks {@tqeu%IM
B. a lot more black engineers and chemists |'?. /
C, education and economic development Yfotq9.=+
D. creative justice and compassion g(`m#&P>G
63.Blacks are not ma Lng progress at the expense of whites, according to theauthor,because _ _RI!Z
A. what whims give up is only unfair advantage g$P <`.
B. there are 49 percent more w!fites in medical school today already zUNWcv!& "
C. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminateagainst themselves d=J$H <
D. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today y8k*{1MuO
64. william Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggests _/(7:
A. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacks S>y(3E]I
B. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacks
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C. to follow what has happened in law and medical schools %DqPRl.Gu
D. to interfere with what whites already have dYP-QUM$7
65. What Allan Bakke challenged was __. :
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A. the myth that blacks are making progress at white expense /xseI)y.B
B. unfair treatment accorded to blacks 6%nKrK
C. preferential treatment in general Uw:gJ 9
D. preferential treatment to minority-group members Z6Kw'3
Passage 6 b{WEux{)
Globalizafion is a phenomenon and a revolution. It is sweeping the worldwithincreasing speed and changing the global landscape into something new anddifferent.Yet, like all such trends, its meaning me,mmv,, development, and impact puzzie many. We talkaboutglobalization and experience its effects, but few of us really understand theforcesthat are at work in the global political economy. h9 J%NH
When people use their cell phones, logonto the Internet, view events from aroundthe world on live television, andexperience varying cultures in their own backyards,they begin to believe thatthis process of globalization is a good thing that will bring avariety of newand sophisticated changes to people's lives. Many aspects of thistechnologicalrevolution bring fun, ease, and sophistication to people's daily lives. Yettheanti'World Trade Organization (WTO) protests in Seattle, Washington, in 1999andWashington, D.C., in 2000 are g-raphic illustrations of the fact that noteveryone believesthat globalization is a good thing, Many Americans who havefelt left out of the globalecomic,omic boom, as well as Latin Americans,Africans, and Asians who feel that theh'jobskitls and abilities are beingexploited by multinational corporations (MNCs) in a globaldivision of labor,believe that this system does not meet their needs. Local cultures that believe VUD ?iv7
that Wal-Mart and McDonald's bring culturalchange and harm rather thaninexpensive products and convenience criticize theprocess. In this way, globalization,like all revolutionary forces, polarizespeople, alters the fabric of their lives, and createsrifts within and betweenpeople. 4IEF{"c_8
Many in the West, along with the prominent and elke arnong MNCs,educators, and policymakers-,seem to have embraced glob alization. They arguethat it helps to streamline economic systems, disciplines labor and management,brings forth new technologies and ideas, and fuels economic growth. They pointto the relative prosperity of many Western counndes and argue that this isproof:of globalization's posifiv effects They see Little of the problems the critics identify. In fact, those whorecognize somect structural problems in the system argue tfiat despite these issues,globalizafion is like aacross the developing world, view globalization as aneconomic and cultural wave thattears at the fabric of centuries-old societies.They see jobs emer=m= ~d disappem:ing ina matter of months, people moving across thelandscape in record numbers, elitesamassmg, huge fortunes while local culturesand traditions are swept away, ,'md localyouth being seduced by promises ofAmerican material wealth and distanced from theirown cultural roots. Thesecritics look past the allure of globalization and focus on thedisquietingimpact of rapid and system-wide change. E,fG<X{
The irony of such a far-ranging and rapid historical process such asglobalization isthat both proponents and critics may be fight. The realities ofglobalization are bothintriguingand alanrdng. :'!As technology and the globalinfrastructure expand, ideas,methods, and:services are developedand'disseminated to greater and greater numbers ofpeople. As a result,societies and values are altered, some for the better and others for the66. Theauthorcomplains 'that `_*NFv1_
A: fewof uS have a clear ar idea about the forces behifid globalpolitical economy _t+.I9kQ
B.' globaiization is now Sweeping the World With increasing speed XX@@tzN
C. we are puzzled by the true meaning of g!0balization IW1+^F9NEw
D. too many people use cell phones log into the Internet t(,_
anti wto protests - TGe)%jZ
A. many people feel that they have been leftout 5qx,b&^w
B. the process of globa!izafion brings more than 15an, ease mudentertainment x9&{@
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C. not everyone is convh~ced that globalization is a good thing @}Y,A~
D. the ~end of globalization has become more graphic
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68. Like all revolutionary forces,theprocess of globalization __ Uz
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A. brings inexpensive products .S{Q }S
B- creates disagreements between people @&7|Laa
C.' leads to cultural change mad harm ^9 g+\ W
D. ertfiches the lives of people HRPNZ!B
69. Proponents of globalization sing itspraises on the basis of k~<b~V cU
A. new techno!ogies and' ideas Z6Owxqfht
B. changing economic systems and management ;is *[r\|1
C. relative prosperity of Western countries HalkNR-eEm
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D. this inevitable fide of history 0A7 qO1%xw
70. To critics, the worst thing thatglobalizadon has brought to us is xq.HR_\
