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考博英语真题
博士生入学考试英语试题及答案 Part I. Vocabulary (20%) zs|R #?a= Directions: Choose the best answer (from A,B, C and D) to complete eachof the following sentences. Mark your choice with asingle bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. j hf %ze 1. Tomdoesn't think that the situationhere is as good as his hometown's. JJ`RF A. economics B.economic J}U); A C. economy D.economical BOC lMeA4 2. the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount ofpaperLhat we need has risen as well. ^kJ(bBY A. Along with B.Altogether j3 ,6U jlU C. Although D.All along lx _jy>$}r 3. The food was divided __ according to theage and size of the child. `>KB8SY:qK A. equally B.individually jkCa2!WQ'i C.sufficienfiy D.proportionally v zgR3r commurllC att. rt GcN[bH(@ 4. Our new firm for a credible, aggressive individualwith.great s~!Is to fill this position. : nAIV]9RAZ% A..have looked B.are looking ?# ~3%$> C. is looking D.look D=Ia$O 0. 5. Plastic bags are useful for holding manykinds of food, their c!ea-mess,toughness and low cost. s |
B A. by virtue of B.in addition to iR} 3 [ C. for the sake of D. as opposed to u~SvR~OE 6: He ___ hinzseLf bitterly for hismiserable behavior that evening. r9nH6 Md\ A.. repealed B.resented mp]}-bR) C. replayed D.reproached kS_oj 7. Many of ~e fads of the 1970s as today's latest fashions. "< [ 'W( A. are being revived B. is revised ^w]N#%k\H C. are revoked. D.is being reviled <ua` WRQr 8. All of the international delegatesattending the conference to bring asouvenirfrom their own countries [R
V_{F:' A. has asked B,! asking T%0vifoQ_$ C. were asked D.was asking .quui\I3 9. Britain hopes of a gold medal inthe Olympic Games suffered ..... yesterday, whenHunter failed to qualifyduring preliminary session. /$ a>f>EJ A. a severe set-back B. sharp set-back } U <T>0 C. s severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up :
L}Fm2^ 10. If you want to do well on the exam,you on the directions that theprofessorgives and take exact notes. EFp V
A. will have concentrated B.have to concentrate Tx+!D '> C. will beconcentrated D.will be concentrating J-iFA KN 11.What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed anattitudecool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough whenfacing that tragedy. 6<aZr\Ufg A. worked me out B. knocked meout 9Q\CJ9 C. brought me up D.putme forward ,Sz`$' ^c 12.Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he in the game. ^eF%4DUC; A, did not play B, must not play RWyDX_z#< C. not play D. not toplay BhAWIH8@C 13.According to the latest report, consumer c0nfidence a breathtaking 15 points last month, toits lowest level in ten years )y~FeKh A. soared : B.mutated d yH<D5
C~ plummeted : D. fluctuated ' !4;A"B( 14.Our car trunk with suitcases and wecould hardly make room for anything q, Oj A. went cramming B.was crammed 6yn34'yw C. is cramming D. was beencrammed _LVwjZX[ 15.The secretary didn't know who he was, or she him more politely. 1 co;U A, will be treating B. would have treated +/ "Ws '5E C. was treating D.would have been treated ~ ] o!r K< 16.The instructions on how to use the new:machine that nobody seemed to be able to understand. ; V_'
!# simpli A. were v sfic B, was very confused gu1:%raXd C. were so confusing D. was so simplistic .qd/ft2 .. i .... ig-V^P 17.John played basketball in college:and .... active ever since. 2wCSjAWWh( A. have extremely been B.has been extremely :| s C. will be extremely' D: should extremely be egXHp<bqw 18.The of the spring water attracts a lot:of visitors from all over the country, 0f_+h %%= A.clash B. c larify j\I{ pW- C. clarity D. clatter A
{Kc"s4fO 19.__ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party. kT-dQ3 2 A. Having wrapped B.To wrap h+\+9^l6| C. Wrap D.Wrapping ^uWPbW&/q 20.The advertisement for Super Suds detergent that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarter of theyear. , v[7iWBqJ A. have been so successful B. had been so successful AfAlDM' C. has been so successful D. will be so successful Yg<L pjq5X 21.Tom and Alice having a new car toreplace their old one for year's. JJQS7
,vG A. has been dreaming of B.have been dreaming of w$)NW57[| C. has &'eamed D. will have dreamed cD%_+@GaU 22.Whenthe air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the airis said to be AT:L&~O. A. commenced B.compressed
MQ#nP_i C. compromised D. compensated cko^_V&x 23. theheavy pollution, the cityofficialshave decided to cancel school for theday. . mi';96
A.:Prior B.By means of P
Nf_{4 24.Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure mynew =,Zkg(M dress for the occasion. Vr ^UEu.w? A. has been cleaned B.should have been Cleaned u\y
$< C. is being cleaned D. has been cleaning mEZHrr J 25. erry s mother kept telling him that in the street is dangerous, but he would {i^F4A@=Z not listen. tH)fu%:p A. played ' B. will play PY@BgL=/ C. playing D.been playing 2JhE`EVH 26. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range ofproblems confronting j[RY
the contemporary world. zl3GWj|?\7 A.equips B. provides b|D i U} C. offers ' D. satisfies (&KBYiwr 27. He wouldn't even think of wearing 'clothes; they nake him look so old! 1\X_B `xwD K%g_e*"$ A. same B.despite OQJ #>*? C. such D.that. }Pm; xHnf& 28. Mary finalty decided all the junk she had kept in the garage. u- }@^Y$M A. get rid B.gotten rid of O>
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C. getting rid of D.to get rid of re
x M S 29.The team leader of mountain climbers marked out GboZ T68 A.that seemed to be the best route B.what seemed to be the best route C. which seemed to be tile best route D. something that to be the best route 30. Tom Jones, who around the world, will come to Asia next month. b:Tv
Ta A. will be touring B. have toured >H,5MM! v[\Z^pccgj C. had been touring D. has been touring )agrx76]3w 31. The paint on the clown's face that it scared the children he was tryingtoentertain. ` $ Y%c1; A. was so exaggeration B.were an exaggeration FM"[:&> C. was such an exaggeration D. was exaggerating jpkKdQX) 32. Men often wait longer to get help formedical problems than women, andwomen live about six years longer than men onan average. JY R^k= A. instead of B.constantly
tRbZX{ C. consequently D.because 8I7JsCj 33. The . emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competition in schools. %F87"v~ A. negligent B. edible (7C$'T-ZK C. fabulous D.disproportionate l:O XxHxRi 34. There is conflicting information on how much ironwomen need in their diet. )Vo%}g?6! A. so much. B. so many TMD*-wYr C, too few D: a few ' L-h2 35. It must guarantee freedom ofexpression, to the end that all tothe flow of w1 9OOD ideas shall be removed. i(4.7{* A. prophecies B.transactions J4Ca 0Ag C. arguments D.hindrances `o0ISJeKp 36. Not until the 1980s in Beijingstart to find ways to preserve historic buildings bsc#Oq] from destruction. G_} oI|B A. some concerned citizens B. some concerning citizens Mehp]5* C. did some concenfmg citizens D. did some concerned citizens i r5eR}H 37. After failing his mid-term exams,Jeremy was face his parents. tm.&k6% A. too ashamed to B.too embarrassing to Gh}* <X;N C.very ashamed of ..... : : D. very embarrassing to ( !a\2
3 38. My grandmother has been going to abetter dentist, so this problems sheis m4^VlE,`Dh having with her dentures. 93
/`e}P"o A. won't eliminate B. will be elimination ?lm<)y?I7+ C. should have been eliminated D. should help eliminate Z
ZT2c0AK 39. He told a story about his sister whowas in a sad when she was ill andhad no Pr,C
)uch money. knzQ)iv&& 0 ke1KKy/d A. plight B. polarization eGUe#(I / C. plague D. pigment '.e 5Ku 40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabethnever a chrome to practiceherChinese. F#
o{/u?T A. passed by B. passed on { "0n^! ~C. passed out D.passed up _he~ Y2zFz Part II. Reading Comprehension (30%) "WqM<kLa Directions: Read the following pa~sages andthen choose the best answer y*8;T v| (from A, B, C and D) to complete each ofthe following sentences. Mark your oTA'=<W?D choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring nZ`=Up p ) Answer Sheet. Y3xEFqMU Passage 1 XX *f British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one.Iris difficultto explain the re'on for this.Unformnately, however; superb rawingredients are oftenmined h the kitchen s0 that:they come to the table withoutany of theh' natural flavorand goodness. FYK}AR<= This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in anEnglish restaurant.If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudiceagainst the food. Ks is a pity,because :there are:: excellent cookS'in England,exCellentrestaurants, and excellenthome-cooking. How, then;has the bad reputauon beenbuilt up. hG3RZN#ejq Perhaps one reason iS that Bfitain's InduStrial Revolution occurred veryearly, in therrdddle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the quality of foodchanged too. This(wasbecause Britainstopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of thetownsincreased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and_people could no longergrow. theirown food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food hadto be taken to thetowns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way. mHc2v==X\- This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" thefood. The rich middleclasses ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked forthem by French chefs. Frenchbecame, and has remained, the official language ofthe dining room. Out-of-seasondelicacies were served in spite of theirexpense,' for there, were a large number 'ofextremely wealthy people who wantedto establish themselves socially. The "look" ofthe food was moreimportant than its taste. :$QwOz^N* In the 1930s, the supply of servafftS began to decrease. People stilltried to producecomplicated dishes, however, but they economized on thepreparation time. The Second |h:3BV_ orld War made things even worse by makingraw ingredients extremely scarce. As a +@PZ3
[s result, there were many women who never hadthe opportunity to choose a piece of meat N mN:x&/ from a well-stocked butcher's shop, butwere content and grateful to acceptanything Fh)YNW@ that was offered to them. i{PX= Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. Itwas only after this had s '@@ q stopped, and butter, eggs and cream becamemore plentiful, and it was possible to travel U9AtC.IG! ' P' e .gI9jRdKw abroad again and taste other ways ofpreparing food, that the English md~fferenc to y)Lyo'` eating became replaced by a new enthusiasmfor it. hpticW | 41 According to the author, it is difficultto explain . 8\E q(o}7 ~ A.why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cooking " 2@Ys* e -B. why people do not like English cooking !Jo.Un7 C. why British food often has a natural flavor J15$P8J D. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food fGLOXb sA 42. The negative effect of Britain'sIndustrial Revolution on English cooking is that II_MY#0X A. the population in the countrysidedecreased dramatically Mq,_ DQ B. people no longer grew their own food ontheir own farms P^*gk P C. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the cities z
9KsSlS ^ D. Britainwas no longer an agnSculmral country gClD
VO 43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution, HjN )~<j A. more attention was given to the look of the food .... +<I1@C B. French became the official language .in English restaurants >:P3j<xTv C. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurants }(XvI^K[^ D. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive FJ&zU<E 44. The Second World'Wm' worsened the problem because `24:Eg6r A. there was an increasing demand f6r serv-ants <`m.Vbvm" B. there was a lack of raw ingredient supply J XnPKAN C. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shops }fs;yPl, D. French chefs dominated English restaurants 2 jx+q
45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in Britain O " 9f^y* A. when many women fmaUy had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat froma ;7<a0HZ5! i 7 3(T+6` well-stocked butcher's shop. M !OI :v B. when butter, eggs and cream became available I_ .;nU1xA C. when people started traveling to other cities .... 5t l}rmI` D. after the early 1950s - x{
*!"a> Passage 2 Bv@m)$9\+3 In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confrontedIsabetaabout not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomerfromMexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect toauthorityfigures teachers, employers,parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informedher that most Americansinterpret tack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness.Ultimately, heconvinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did. [I4FU7mpH People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbeancultures also avoid eyecontact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans,especially from the South,observe this custom, too:A master's thesis by SamuelAvoian, a graduate student atCentral Missouri State University, tells howmisinterpreting eye-contact customs canhave a negative impact when whitefootball coaches recruit African American playersfor the~ teams. {Q(6
.0R He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look awayfrom thelistener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite whenlistening theyare expected to look at the speaker all the time ?3z+|;t6C ManyAfdcan Americans communicate inan opposite way. When speaking,theytend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; theYmostly lo0kaway.' Therefore,if v&ite sports recruiters are not informed about thesesignificant difference, they can bemisled about interest and attentiveness wheninterviewing prospective African Americanballplayers. . Um%6a- In mulficulmral America, issues of. eye'contact'have brought about social conflictsof two. different kdnds: in ,many urbancenters,.non-Korean customers .became angz-ywhen Korean shopkeepers did notlook at: them' directly. The customers translated thelack of eye contact as asign of disrespect,a habit blamed for contributing tothe openconfrontationraking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York,Texas, and California. Many teachers too have providedstories about classroomconflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian andLatin American children,s lack of 6eK^T= eye contact as being disrespectful. 16G v?
I
h On the other hand, direct eye contact hasnow taken'on a newmeaning amongtheyounger generation and across ethnic borders: Particularly in urban centers,when oneteenager looks directly at another, this. is considered a provocation,Sometimes calledmad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict. X0Oq lAw "' Mad-d0gging has become the source of many campus conf'ficts.: Inone high school,it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers andAfrican-American students.The Cambodians had been staring at the other studentsmerely to learn how Amerienas behave, yet the others misinterpreted theCambodians' intentions and the fight began. n"K7@[d Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as asign ofrespect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looksdirectly at another,this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Muchlike the archaic phrase "I demandsatisfaction," which became theoverture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a preludeto a physical encounter. M9OFK\) At the entrances to Universal'Studio's "City Walk" attractionin Los Angeles,theyhave posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against"physically orverbally threatening any person, fighting, annoying othersthrough noisy or boisterousactivities or by unnecessary staring .... " >;3c; nf 46. Many African Americans from the South__ . |b3/63Ri-0 A. adopt a typically American open style of communication ^:)&KV8D | B. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contact P/PS(` C. avoid eye contact as a sign of respect T&2
3Pf 1 D. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever talldng to the others >aWJ + 47. When listening to the others, whitecommunicators tend to. TQ2Tt " A. look at the speaker all the time KnFbRhu[ B. glance at the speaker periodically w9PY^U.Y3e C. look away from the speaker Hf-F-~ E D. stare at the s per:drer.:': zn~m;0Xi 48. Many customersin American cities areangry with Korean shopkeepers because kv4J @ ~A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directly >PJ-Z~O'
B. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepers 0 Yj y C-. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centers |mmG
s D. they are not informied about difference between cultures )<F\IM 49. Mad-dogging refers to __ `Qf
:PX3 A. a provocation from one teenager toanother of a different ethnic background 5ba[6\Af B. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centers }%ThnFFBw C. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respect Td1ba ^J D. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urbancenters +~ Ay h[V 50. The archaic phrase ,'I demandsatisfaction" J*!:ar A. was connected with the avoidance of. eye contact 5I1J)K; B. often led to a fight bV*zMoD# C. was. asign of disrespect: l6c%_<P| D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretation \%Rta$ O?S Passage 3 q)ql]i
H When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, or 7&1~ O# newspapers- nothing is better. But whentelevision is bad, nothing is worse. I invite you hO.G'q$V to sit down in front of your television setwhen your station goes on the air and stay F
ssEs!# there without a book, magazine, newspaper,or an2~hing else to distxact you and keep @1?]$?u& tf <-:@} |br your eyes glued to that set until thestation signs off. I can assure you that you willobserve a vast wasteland. Youwill see a procession of game shows, violence, audienceparticipation shows,formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood andthunder, mayhem,more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen, Western goodmen,private eyes,gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercialsthatscream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a fewthings you willenjoy. But they will be yery, very few. And ifyou think Iexaggerate, try it. 7E3SvC|M Is there no room on television to teach,to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge hecapacities of our children? Isthere no room for programs to deepen the children'sunderstanding of children inother lands? Is there no room for a children's news showexplaining something~about the world for them at their level of understanding? Is thereno room for.reading g.the great literature .....ofthe past,teaching them the great-traditions offreedom?There are some f'mechildren's shows, but they are drowned out in the massivedoses of cartoons,violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Searchyourconscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young childrenwhosefuture you guard so many hours each and every day. There:: are many people inthis: great country,and you must serve all of us. You willget no argument from me if you Say that,given a choice between a Western and asymphony, more people will watch the Western. I like :Westerns andprivate eyes,too .-but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not inthe public interest. Weall know that people .would more often prefer to beentertained than stimulated orinformed. But your obligations are not satisfiedif you lookonly to popularity as a test ofwhat to broadcast. You are not onlyin show business; you are free to communicate ideasas welt as to giverelaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity,morealternatives. It is not enough to caret to the nation's whims you must also servethe nation's needs. Thepeople own the air. They own it as |;9 A{#zM much in prime evening timeas they do at sixo'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you~youowe themsomething. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service. C'cz
XZtn 51. What the author advises us to do is to! Z#6~N/b A.read a book while watching television programs YB
B$uGA B. observe a vast wasteland on telev/sion ),Ho( %T\ C. watch all the programs of our television station ~]W[ {3 ; D. find out why television is good 72
ViPWW 52. What seems to have offended the authormost on television is 2 \63&C^ A. violence v k)0
n= B. commerci,'ds :{b6M / C. Westerns PIEW \i D. private eyes 9;]wF8h 53. As far as children are concerned, theauthor's chief complaint is that __ noh |/sPMD A. cartoons and violence have become trademarks $FQcDo|[ B. there is no children's-news show on television 1Y"35)CR) C. there is no reading of great literature for children ,t%CK!8 D. there are not enough good television programs for children qTTn51 54. According to the author, it is in thepublic interest to PG6 L]o^ A. broadcast only popular television programs `xX4!^0Hm B. cater for the needs-of all the people &*aer5?` C. broadcast both Westerns and symphonies 0ck&kpL:9 D. entertain people only ByhOK}u;P4 55. It is the obligation of televisionbusiness to __ p fL2v,]g A. caterto the nation's whims Kunle~Ro B. provide best programs in prime evening free P(pd0,%i;a C. broadcast news. programs, at six in the morning i $[,-4 v D. serve the nation's needs all the time c>S"
`r Passage 4 K5!";V Some Of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group onthe Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their ownlaptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group inthe same room. Their dorm was silent the whole'night. the only sound came fromtapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighedand said, that's ridiculous." Mu '^OX82 Information Technology brings about revolufionary changes tohuman communication. The Internet makes the world aglobal village; thatis tosay, we can get in touch with each other :swiftly regardless'of one's location.However, does the convenience in commumication mean that we are actuallygetting closer? i don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access tobroadband made my fellow classmatesfall in silence. The Cambridge InternationalDictionary defines "comrn unication" as "various farther fromeach other to some extent. }
%!FMXe Mutual understanding is based onexpression. However, expression doesnt necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. Whenwe $ afrO,. with a mere acquaintance, wenormally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because wedo not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form andcontent. B:O+*3j The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and expressourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recentstatistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers expressthemselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and givecomments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon thebloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are notalways that perfect. l5=u3r9WYC Marly netJzens :are: abusing their right of free expression. Once youopen the Explorer:and browse a website, trash information about sex andviolence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and BulletinBoard System (BBS).' When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer suchvulgarity into their personal spaces, and show it to the public. 5; F P.{+ In the era of the Informafion Technology, boom, the farthest distance Onearth is no longer die polar distance the. negative impacts brought about bycyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we -carmotcommunicate to each other likebefore, the distance between people's hearts hasbecome the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of theanecdote is that 5ys #L&q'Z A. there was a dead silence in the dorm roomthe whole night C~ZE95 g B. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboard 'bB>$E C. those living in the same room communicated by. sending messages viathe Net /B,B4JI)/ D. they all faced their own laptops 0 W~.WkD 57 A....ordmo tO the author, Information Technology z}> 4,d A; brings people closer to each other yy1>r }L B. results/n silence, among her fellow classmates 3TU'*w
& C. enables us to reach anyone swiftly $zC6(C(l D. helps to make the world a global village Lzh 9DYU6 58. The author believes that the booming ofri' in modern society ?_VRfeztw A. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding betweenpeople _&W0e} 4 B. leads to soul touching communication and understanding Az
U|p C. helps to establish a satisfactory relationship 4id3P{aU D. results in further separation between people x 8 f6, 59.The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other because #mgA/q?A A. many people abuse their right of free expression on the Net y
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B. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spaces gWFL C. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will U:qF/%w D. anyone is able to read blog and give comments GS }0;x 60.The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom thedistance 7 }<Sg 'between people's hearts has become thefarthest distance on earth because __. dav vI$TA A. there is always a silence azvDvEWCQZ B. people are not able to communicate to each other like before iH[E=
6* C. the Intemet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselves pAEN XC\, D. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at will LPq2+:JpS ~ Passage 5 [FB&4>V/ According to a recent publicationof the Equal Employment Opportunity Corrunission, at the present rate of,'progress" it will take forty-three years tO end jobdiscrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable. > P(eW7RL If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is thenwe need affirmative action.to catch upi We are behihd as a result ofdiscrimination and denial of opportunity. There is one white attorney for every680 wtfites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one whitephysician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one blackdentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less th,mi 1 percent of all.engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black.Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need cre'ativejustice and compassion to help us close them.
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