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Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest inmeaning with the underlined word. ieZ$@3#&z
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1. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the country. A. clash B. clarify C. clarity D. clatter 2. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high. A. prosperous B. secretive C. slack D. shrill 3. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money. A. plight B. polarization C. plague D. pigment 4. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm. A. presidency B. prestige C. postscript D. preliminary 5. Some linguists believe that the______age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8. A. optimistic B. optional C. optimal D. oppressed 6. It all started in 1950, when people began to build their houses on the______of their cities. A. paradises B. omissions C. orchards D. outskirts 7. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city. A. presumed B. proposed C. presented D. presided 8. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside. A. outgrew B. overthrew C. overpassed D. overflew 9. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours. A. retarded B. retired C. refrained D. retreated 10. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes__________over all the other issues. A. precedence B. prosperity C. presumption D. probability 11. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________. A. torrent B. transient C. tensile D. textured 12. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip. A. weary B. twilight C. unanimous D. weird 13. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection. A. wink B. withhold C. wither D. widower 14. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance. A. segregation B. specification C. spectrum D. subscription 15. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening. A. repealed B. resented C. relayed D. reproached 16. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________event. jJ#D`iog5
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A. cholesterol B. charcoal C. catastrophic D. chronic 17. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box. A. segments B. sediments C. seizures D. secretes 18. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts. A. civilized B. chattered C. chambered D. chorded 19. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be__________. A. commenced B. compressed C. compromised D. compensated 20. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers. A. sensationally B. simultaneously C. strenuously D. simply tbS hSbj
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PartII cloze (10%) Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead，the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior. The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself. After several decades，the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretation of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down. 1. [A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored 2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off 3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof 4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous 5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments 6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as 8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion 1&bo D\ 7
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Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Text 1 Each year, millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However, International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater. People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe, dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all, it is free. The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank. A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water. Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total, the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer. International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However, International Development $s7U
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Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season. 1. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water. A. ground water B. rainwater C. drinking water D. fresh water 2. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of using rainwater? A. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments. B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform. D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes. 3. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tank? A. a barrier B. a wire screen C. a first-flush D. a storage tank 4. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________. A. mosquito insects B. a fitted cover C. a first-flush device D. sunlight 5. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottom? A. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank. B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years. C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform. D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it. ED` 1)1<
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Text 2 Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By wk p2A18n
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playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being. 6. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________. A. is to send them to clinics B. offers recapture of earlier experiences C. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trains D. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced 7. The child in the nursery__________. A. quickly learns to wait for food B. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervals C. always accepts the rhythm of the world around them D. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly 8. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________. A. can never be taken too far B. should be left to school teachers C. will always assist their development D. should be balanced between two extremes 9. Jigsaw puzzles are__________. A. too difficult for children B. a kind of building-block toy C. not very entertaining for adults D. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation 10. Parental controls and discipline__________. A. serve a dual purpose B. should be avoided as much as possible C. reflect the values of the community D. are designed to promote the child's happiness S`s]zdUTP
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Text 3 More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older. That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said h .Qk{v
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they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too. “I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says. Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews. 11. The best title of this passage is__________. A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in American B. Jewish Identity in America C. Judaism-a Religion? D. College Jewish Students 12. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish. A. most B. 93% of those whose parents were both Jewish C. 62% of those only whose father were Jewish D. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish 13. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________. A. marriage of people based on mutual belief B. marriage of people for the common faith C. marriage of people of different religious faiths D. marriage of people who have faith in each other 14. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research? A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish. B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen. C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion. D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study. 15. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph? (.#nl}fA
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Text 4 Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998. Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights,” he says. Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes. “No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.” Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes. Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes. 16. Which of the following is true about Olson? A. He was a fiction writer. B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity. C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland. D. He was against the ownership of private property. zmhc\M ?z
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17. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view? A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building. B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights. C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society. D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor. 18. What does Olson think about mass production? A. It's capital intensive. B. It's property intensive. C. It relies on individual labor. D. It relies on individual skills. 19. What is the basis for the banking system? A. Contract system that can be enforced. B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks. C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers. D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans. 20. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries? A. government intervention B. lack of secure individual rights C. being short of capital D. lack of a free market aU6l> G`w
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Text 5 Hurricanes are violent storms that cause millions of dollars in property damage and take many lives. They can be extremely dangerous, and too often people underestimate their fury. Hurricanes normally originate as a small area of thunderstorms over the Atlantic Ocean west of the Cape Verde Islands during August or September. For several days, the area of the storm increases and the air pressure falls slowly. A center of low pressure forms, and winds begin to whirl around it. It is blown westward, increasing in size and strength. Hurricane hunters then fly out to the storm in order to determine its size and intensity and to track its direction. They drop instruments for recording temperature, air pressure, and humidity (湿度), into the storm. They also look at the size of waves on the ocean, the clouds, and the eye of the storm. The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane. People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed. Once the forecasters have determined that it is likely the hurrican will reach shore, they issue a hurricane watch for a large, general area that may be in the path of the storm. Later, when the probable point of landfall is clearer, they will issue a hurricane warning for a somewhat more limited area. People in these areas are wise to stock up on nonperishable foods, flash light and radio batteries, candles, and other items they may need if electricity and water are not available after the storm. They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows. People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm. Hurricanes generally lose power f\R_a/Us
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slowly while traveling over land, but many move out to sea, gather up force again, and return to land. As they move toward the north, they generally lose their identity as hurricanes. 21. The eye of the hurricane is__________. A. the powerful center of the storm B. the part that determines its direction C. the relatively calm center of the storm D. the center of low pressure 22. Which of the following statements is true? A. A storm surge is a dramatic increase in wind velocity. B. A hurricane watch is more serious than a hurricane warning. C. Falling air pressure is an indicator that the storm is increasing in intensity. D. It is safe to go outside once the eye has arrived. 23. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. How to Avoid Hurricane damage B. Forecasting Hurricanes C. The dangerous Hurricane D. Atlantic Storms 24. The low-lying areas refer to those regions that__________. A. close to the ground level B. one-storey flat C. flat houses D. near to the lowest level of hurricane 25. Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting one's house from a hurricane? A. taking out heavy things B. moving in light-weight furniture C. equipping the house with stones D. covering windows zQ+Mu^|u+
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Text 6 Attacking an increasingly popular Internet business practice, a consumer watchdog group Monday filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users. Commercial Alert, a 3-year-old group founded by consumer activist Ralph Nader, asked the FTC to investigate whether eight of the Web' s largest search engines are violating federal laws against deceptive advertising. The group said that the search engines are abandoning objective formulas to determine the order of their listed results and selling the top spots to the highest bidders without making adequate disclosures to Web surfers. The complaint touches a hot-button issue affecting tens of millions of people who submit search queries each day. With more than 2 billion pages and more than 14 billion hyperlinks on the Web, search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail. The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert's complaint are: MSN, owned by Microsoft; Netscape, owned by AOL Time Warner; Directhit, owned by Ask Jeeves; HotBot and Lycos, both owned by Terra Lycos; Altavista, owned by CMGI; LookSmart, owned by LookSmart; and iWon, owned by a privately held company operating under the same name. Portland, Ore.-based Commercial Alert could have named more search engines in its complaint, but focused on the biggest sites that are auctioning off spots in their results, said Gary Ruskin, the group's executive director. “Search engines have become central in the quest for learning and knowledge in our society. The ability to skew (扭曲） the results in favor of hucksters (小贩）without telling D&FDPa JM
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consumers is a serious problem.” Ruskin said. By late Monday afternoon, three of the search engines had responded to The Associated Press' inquiries about the complaint. Two, LookSmart and AltaVista, denied the charges. Microsoft spokesman Matt Pilla said MSN is delivering “compelling search results that people want.” The FTC had no comment about the complaint Monday. The complaint takes aim at the new business plans embraced by more search engines as they try to cash in on their pivotal (关 键）role as Web guides and reverse a steady stream of losses. To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently. 26. The consumer group complained about__________. A. special fees that Internet users were charged B. Federal Trade Commission C. Commercial Alert D. online search engines 27. __________is the most popular activity online. A. Sending pages of information B. Sending E-mail C. Surfing the net D. Selling the top spot 28. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? A. There are too many pages or hyperlinks on the Internet, so people usually use search engine to find a certain site. B. More than 8 search engines are accused of selling their search engine spots by Commercial Alert. C. The headquarters of Commercial Alert is in Portland Oregon. D. The search engines are Web guides. 29. All the following share one similarity EXCEPT__________. A. LookSmart B. CMGI C. Altavista D. Microsoft 30. The primary aim of some companies’ sponsoring the search engines is to__________. A. cash in on their important role as Web guides B. boost their avenue C. reverse a series of losses D. have their sites visited by the internet users more ?>;b,^4
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Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (1) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (2) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. M0$MK>
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The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (3) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (4) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? (5) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. @a Q:
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Part V Writing (30%) Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D. Candidates” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. 博士研究生入学面试是否必要？ 2. 在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面？ 3. 你将如何展示这个方面？ +q
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Part I Vocabulary 1. C clarity 清澈，clash（金属等的）刺耳的撞击声，clarify 澄清，阐明，clatter（硬物等落 下或相撞时发出的）连续而清脆的撞击声。 2. C slack（经济）不景气、不活跃的，prosperous 繁荣的，secretive 秘密的、偷偷摸摸的， shrill 尖声的。 3. A plight 困境，polarization 分化，plague 瘟疫、天灾，pigment 色素，颜料。 4. C postscript 附言、后记，presidency 任期，prestige 声望、威望，preliminary 预备的、初步 的。 5. C optimal 最佳的，optimistic 乐观的，optional 可选择的、随意的，oppressed 受压抑的。 6. D outskirts 边界、（尤指）市郊，paradise 天堂，omission 省略、遗漏的东西，orchard 果 园。 7. D preside over 主持，presume 假定，认为；propose 计划、提议，present 介绍、提出。 8. B overfly 飞越空中；overpass 超越、超出；outgrow 长大，长出；overthrow 冲进。前三个 词后面不能接 into, overthrow 能接 into/onto。 9. A retard 延迟，retire 退休、退却，refrain 节制、避免，retreat 撤退，退却。 10. A precedence 优先、居先，take precedence over 居于…之前，prosperity 繁荣，presumption 假定，probability 可能性。 11. B transient 短暂的，torrent 奔流的，tensile 可拉长的，textured 粗糙的，有织纹的。 12. D weird 怪异的，weary 疲倦的，twilight 模糊的，unanimous 意见一致的。 13. C wither 枯萎，wink 终止、熄灭，withhold 忍住，widower 鳏夫。 14. A segregation 分开、分离，specification 详述，规范，spectrum 光谱，频谱，subscription 捐献，订阅，同意。 15. D reproach 责备，reproach oneself for somethin 为某事而自责，repeal 废止、否定，resent 愤恨、怨恨，relay 使接替、传播。 16. C catastrophic adj.悲惨的、灾难的，cholesterol n.胆固醇，charcoal n.木炭，chronic adj. 慢性的。 17. A segment 段、节，sediment 沉淀物，seizure 抓住，夺取，secrete 隐藏。 18. D chord 调（乐器的）弦，civilize 使开化，chatter 喋喋不休地谈，chamber 把……关在 房间里。 19. B compress 压缩，commence 开始，compromise 妥协、折衷，compensate 补偿。 20. B simultaneously 同时地，sensationally 轰动性地，strenuously 费力地，simply 简单地。 :| 9vMM^$
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Part II cloze 试题精解： 1.【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]affected 影响 [B]achieved 获得，达到 [C]extracted 提取，选取 [D]restored 恢复，归还 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】文章首句交代了“美国国家研究委员会派出的两名工程师在霍桑工厂进行 ^.:&ZsqV
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了一系列实验”这一背景，本句承接上句指出了实验的目的是要研究“车间的灯光是如 何 工人的生产效率的”。下文主要围绕“什么因素影响改变工人的生产效率“展 开论述，因此只有 affect 符合句意；车间的灯光是无法“获得”、“提取”或“恢复”工 作效率的，选项 B、C、D 虽然可以与宾语 productivity 搭配构成动宾关系，但是不能与 主语 lighting 搭配构成主谓关系，因此可排除。正确答案为选项 A。 2.【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A](end) at… 在„„（某时间或时刻）结束 [B]( end) up （出乎意料的）结束 [C]( end )with 以„„结束 [D]( end )off 结束，终止 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本题考查的是关于 end 的四个词组的意义和用法的区别。四个词组中，end off 后面不能加动名词，因此先从语法上可排除选项 D；end at 后面多接表示时间的词， 因此可排除选项 A；end with 和 end up 后面都可接动名词，但 end up 侧重表示以出乎 意料的结果结束，由上下文可知，实验者并未得到预期的效果，而是得到了一个意想不 到的结果，因此填入 end up 更恰当。正确答案为选项 B。 3.【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]truth 事实，真相；真理 [B]sight 情景，景象 [C]act 行为 [D]proof 证据 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的意思为“正是被用来做实验这一 改变了受试者的行为”。本题 的解题关键在of一词，因为of前后所指的是同一事物， of后面的being experimented upon 显然是动词 experiment 所构成词组的被动形式，表示的是一种动作行为，故只有 act 符 合。因此正确答案为选项 C。 4.【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]controversial 具有争议的 [B]perplexing 令人费解的 [C]mischievous 调皮的，恶作剧的 [D]ambiguous 模棱两可的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句位于第二段的第一句，从第一段中无法找出解题的线索，因此只能在 下文中找。本句需要填入一个形容词来形容女工的行为，下文中提到，不管灯光变亮还 是变暗，女工们的工作效率都会提高，文中并没有提到有人对此提出异议，因此这种行 为不是“有争议的”，排除选项 A；女工们不是在搞恶作剧，因此也不是“调皮的”，排 除选项 C；ambiguous 通常指话语等“具有歧义的、模棱两可的、可以有多种理解的”， 此处的结果已经很明确，因此不是具有歧义的。通过分析上下文可知，科学家进行实验 想要得到的结果是灯光越亮效率越高，或者灯光越暗效率越高，而实验的真实结果却如 此出乎意料，因此可以用 perplexing（令人费解的）来形容。这也印证了第二题需要选 择的是表示“出乎意料”意味的 end up。因此正确答案为选项 B。 ?#GTD? 3d
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5.【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]requirements 要求，需求 [B]explanations 解释 [C]accounts 描述，叙述 [D]assessments 评估，评价 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“根据实验的 ，当灯光变亮时，工人每小时的产出有所 增加，但当灯光变暗是，结果亦是如此。”本句叙述的是实验产生的结论，横线处填入 结论产生的依据。从实验的“要求”和“评估”中，是无法总结出实验结论的，因此可 排除选项 A、D。选项 B、C 相比，accounts 侧重于表示对事实、数据等的客观描述； explanation 侧重于对原因的解释，此处不需要解释原因，从对实验结果的“描述”中可 以得出结论，因此排除选项 B，正确答案为选项 C。 6.【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]conclude 总结 [B]matter 要紧，关系重大 [C]indicate 表明，暗示 [D]work 奏效 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】it did not work（它不起作用）后面不能接 what 从句，因此从语法上可排除 选项 D。再看本句的意思，“实验中做了什么并不 ， 有所变化，效率就会提 高”。选项 A、B、C 都可接宾语从句，其中 A 代入句中意为“没有总结出实验中做了 什么”； C 代入句中意为“没有暗示出试验中做了什么”，显然实验的目的不是要“总结” 或者“暗示”出实验中做了什么，而是要看做的这些改变有没有对工人的工作效率构成 影响，因此选项 A、C 放入句中也不符合句意，可排除。只有 matter 放入是合适的，意 为“实验中做了什么并不重要”，因此正确答案为 B。 7.【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]as far as 至于，根据 [B]for fear that 以免，唯恐 [C]in case that 以防，以免 [D]so long as 只要 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】本句的意思是，“实验中做了什么并不重要， 有所改变，效率就会提 高”，as far as 强调范围或根据；for fear that 和 in case that 引导表示目的的从句，as long as 强调条件。只有 as long as 填入是符合句意的，表示“只要有所改变，效率就会提高”。 因此正确答案为选项 D。 8.【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]awareness 意识，知道 [B]expectation 期望，指望 [C]sentiment 情绪，观点 [D]illusion 幻觉 `^#4okg]
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【考点透析】词汇辨析题 【答案解析】本句承接前一句，其中 that 引导同位语从句用来做所填名词的同位语，从 句意为“他们被用来做实验”，这是一个客观存在的既定事实，因此 expectation“期望” 和 illusion“幻觉”不符合句意，可排除选项 B 和 D。选项 A 的 awareness 表示（知道 自己正在被做实验）这种意识；而选项 C 的 emotion 侧重表示某种具体的感情或情绪， 文中没有提到工人对被做实验这件事有什么情绪，因此 awareness 更加符合句意，正确 答案为选项 A。 9.【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]suitable 合适的 [B]excessive 过度的 [C]enough 足够的 [D]abundant 丰富的，充分的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“意识到自己被用来做实验 改变工人的行为”，所填形 容词用来修饰 awareness，说明这种意识对于改变工人的行为来说是怎样的。suitable 代 入后句意为“这种意识适合改变工人的行为”，不符合句意，因此选项 A 可排除；excessive 后面一般不接动词不定式，因此选项 B 可排除；abundant 意思是“丰富的”，也不符合 句意，因此选项 D 也可排除。enough 填入句中，表示“这种意识就足够改变工人的行 为”，在语义上最合适，因此正确答案为选项 C。 10.【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“意识到自己被用来做实验这件事就足以改变工人的行为”， by itself 可以构成词组，意为“本身，自身”，代入句中用来强调“仅仅是这种意识本身”， 其他的三个选项“关于自身”、“为了自身”和“涉及自身”都不符合句意。因此正确答 案为 D。 11.【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]compared 比较 [B]shown 展示 [C]subjected 经历，遭受 [D]conveyed 表达，传递 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本题考查四个选项与 be…to 搭配构成词组的含义，其意义分别为 be compared to…被比作„„；be shown to…被展示给„„；be subjected to…经历，遭受； be conveyed to…被运到„„。所填动词词组的宾语为 econometric analysis（计量经济学 分析），选项 A 从意义上不符合，可首先排除；选项 B、C、D 所要表达的意思是一样 的，即（霍桑实验的数据）接受了/被用于计量经济学的分析，但是选项 B、D 后面通 常接具体名词，而不是像 analysis 这样的抽象名词，因此也可以排除。be subjected to 表示“经历„„，遭受„„”与本句意义相符，因此正确答案为选项 C。 12.【答案】A 【选项释义】 Dl. UbH
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[A]Contrary to 与„„相反 [B]Consistent with 与„„一致 [C]Parallel with 与„„平行 [D]Peculiar to 为„„所特有 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“ 实验记录的描述，没有发现‘工作效率水平与灯光的 改变有关’这种系统的 ”。根据上文可知，“灯光照明的变化可以改变工作效率 ” 是霍桑实验得出的结论，本句的后半句给予了否定，因此这应与实验记录的描述不同， 则选项 B、C 可排除。选项 D 虽然也可表示二者不同之意，但是“ 实验记录的描 述”在句中做状语，而 peculiar to 不能做状语，只能做表语或定语，因此从语法上可排 除选项 D。contrary to 在语法和意义上都适合，因此正确答案为选项 A。 13.【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]evidence 证据 [B]guidance 指导，引导 [C]implication 含意，暗示 [D]source 来源 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句中所填词语为句子的主语，谓语是 was found，that 引导同位语从句做 主语的同位语，句子的含义为“没有发现‘工作效率水平与灯光的改变有关’这种系统 的 ”。根据上文可知，单引号中的内容是霍桑实验得出的结论，它不是一种“指导”， 也不是一种“来源”，guidance 与 source 两词一般不做同位语从句的先行词，此处无法 用来作为 that 从句的同位语，因此可排除选项 B、C。implication 可以做同位语从句的 先行词，但是本句所表达的不是“没有找到这种暗示”，而霍桑实验的目的也不是要得 到一种“暗示”，因此选项 C 可排除。选项 A 代入句中，从语法和意义上都符合，因此 正确答案为选项 A。 14.【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]disputable 可争论的 [B]enlightening 有启发性的 [C]reliable 可靠的 [D]misleading 误导的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本题所选的形容词用来形容 interpretations（解释），由上下文可知，此处指 的是对 experiments 即霍桑实验的描述。四个选项中选项 A、D 为贬义，选项 B、C 为 褒义。由于本句紧紧承接第三段的内容，而第三段主要是对霍桑实验的结论提出质疑， 说明该结论没有有效的证据，因此此处用来修饰 interpretations 的词语应为贬义，选项 B、C 可先排除。disputable 意为具有争议的，上文中并未提到实验结果的争议性，因此 选项 A 也可排除；misleading 符合句意，说明对实验的解释具有误导性，所以才误导科 学家得出了错误的结论，因此正确答案为选项 D。 15.【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]In contrast 相比之下 [B]For example 例如 c$,1j %[)
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[C]In consequence 结果 [D]As usual 像往常一样，照例 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】本题考查本句与前一句之间的逻辑关系。前一句阐述了霍桑实验得出错误 结论的原因，即做实验的特殊方法可能导致了对实验现象的误导性解释；本句的意义为 “灯光总是在周日改变”。显然两句不是对比的关系，排除选项 A；也不是因果关系，排 除选项 C。as usual 表示像通常情况一样的某一次具体情况，而此处表示的正是通常情 况，因此排除选项 D。for example 说明后一句举例说明了前一句的情况，恰好是在陈述 了原因之后的具体说明，符合句意，因此正确答案为选项 B。 16.【答案】A 【选项释义】 [A]duly 适时的，如期的 [B]accidentally 偶然的 [C]unpredictably 不可预测的 [D]suddenly 突然的，意外的 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“当周一又开始工作时，产出与上周六相比 提高了”。前 一句中提到，灯光在每个周日都会改变，说明是一种规律，而选项 B、C、D 都是表示 偶然发生的事，因此可直接排除。只有 duly 可以表示规律性发生的事，因此正确答案 为选项 A。 17.【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]failed 失败 [B]ceased 停止 [C]started 开始 [D]continued 继续 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】 选项中的四个词语后接不定式to的意义分别为failed to do sth.没能做某事； ceased to do sth.停止做某事；started to do sth.开始做某事；continued to do sth.继续做某 事。本句的意义为“„„并且在接下来的几天 提高”，前一句中提到了产出在周 一已经提高，因此在接下来的几天不可能是“开始”提高，故排除选项 C。由句中的连 接词 and 可知，本句与前一句之间是承接的关系，如果“没能”或“停止”提高，应用 表示转折的连接词因此选项 A、B 也可排除。 continue“继续提高”，放入句中符合句意， 因此正确答案为选项 D。 18.【答案】C 【选项释义】 [A]Therefore 因此（表因果） [B]Furthermore 而且（表递进） [C]However 但是（表转折） [D]Meanwhile 同时（表并列 【考点透析】逻辑衔接题 【答案解析】本句的含义为“ 与没有进行实验的几周的数据相比，周一的产出也上 升了”，本题考查的是本句与前一句之间的逻辑关系，前一句中提到灯光改变的时候产 出提高，而本句中说灯光没有改变的时候产出也提高了，显然这与实验想得到的结论是 QuEX|h,F
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相违背的，因为霍桑实验研究灯光对效率的影响，得到的结论是灯光改变效率就提高， 言外之意是灯光不改变效率就不会提高，因此本句与前句之前为转折关系，正确答案为 选项 C。 19.【答案】B 【选项释义】 [A]attempted 尝试，试图 [B]tended 易于 [C]chose 选择 [D]intended 打算，意欲 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】四个选项与不定式 to 搭配的含义分别：attempted to do sth.尝试做某事； tended to do sth.往往会做某事；chose to do sth.选择做某事；intended to do sth.打算做某 事。本句的含义为“工人在一周的前的几天 比较勤奋„„”，由前两句的解释可 知，这是关于工人的一种客观规律，而不是工人的主观感觉。选项 A、C、D 表示的都 是工人的主观动作，可直接排除。因此正确答案为选项 B。 20.【答案】D 【选项释义】 [A]breaking 打破，突破 [B]climbing 攀登 [C]surpassing 超过，超越 [D]hitting 达到 【考点透析】语义衔接题 【答案解析】本句的的含义为“工人在一周的前几天里往往比较勤奋，然后 停滞 期，最后懒散下来”，这是一个可以用抛物线函数表示的规律，先上升，达到顶端后下 降。本题需要选择动词，其宾语为 plateau（停滞期）。climb 为不及物动词，后面不能 直接接宾语，因此可从语法上排除选项 B；break 与 surpass 与宾语搭配时，意思分别为 “突破停滞期”和“超越停滞期”，表示接下来应该是上升的过程，与句意不符，故选项 A、C 也可排除；hitting the plateau（达到顶点）符合句意，因此正确答案为选项 D。 i7- i!`<
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参考译文 1924 年，美国国家研究委员会派出了两名工程师到芝加哥附近一家叫做霍桑工厂的电 话零件工厂监督指导一系列的实验。委员会希望两名工程师弄清楚车间照明是如何(1)影响 工人的工作效率的。然而，实验(2)最终却以因工厂的名字而命名的“霍桑效应”而告终。 WZ>nA
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这个极具影响力的结论指出，正是被用做实验这一(3)举动改变了受试者的行为。 这个观点的提出是由于工厂女工的(4)令人费解的行为。根据实验的(5)描述，车间照明 增强时，工人每小时的产出有所增加，但是当照明减弱时，情况亦是如此。实验中做了什么 (6)无关紧要，(7)只要有所变化，效率就会提高。仅仅是(8)意识到自己被用来做实验这件事 (10)本身似乎就(9)足以改变工人的工作效率。 几十年之后，霍桑实验数据被(11)用于计量经济学分析。得到的却是实验中一个令人吃 惊的结果。与实验记录的描述(12)相反，没有发现系统的(13)证据证明效率水平与照明的改 变有关。 结果发现可能是做实验的特殊方式导致了对实验事实的(14)误导性的解释。(15)例如， 照明在每周日总会发生改变。当周一重新开始工作时，工人的产出与上周六相比(16)如期上 升了，并在接下来的几天内(17)持续增长。(18)然而，与没有进行实验的几周的数据进行比 较显示，产出在周一总是会增加。无论如何，工人在一周的前几天(19)往往会比较勤奋，然 后(20)达到一个停滞期，最后懒散下来。这表明，所谓的霍桑效应是无法解释清楚的。 7w2$?k',-
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Text 1 1. B 文章第二段第二句 It (rainwater) is a safe, dependable source of drinking water。雨水 是饮用水一个安全可靠的来源，应选 B。 2. A 第二段第三句 Unlike ground water, rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments.和地下水不同，雨水不含矿物质或盐类，因此无需化学处理。据此推 理，使用雨水可省去化学处理费用，成本自然较低。 3. B 第三段最后两句 At the top of the tank is a so-called “first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank。水箱上 面有一个所谓的 first-flush 的装置，是用铁丝网做的。这一屏障能防止雨水中灰尘和树叶掉 落到水箱中。题干中 actually“到底”一词很关键，据此可排除 C 选项，而选出 B。 4. D 第五段最后一句 However, if the bags are not damaged by sunlight, they could last even longer。然而如果袋子没有受到阳光破坏的话，使用寿命可以更长。据此可知，袋子有 可能被太阳光破坏，所以选 D。 5. C 最后一段第一句 International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom。 国际开发企业称雨水贮存系统应该建在一个高起的平台上以防止昆虫咬穿底部进入系统，选 C。 l!X CYg@67
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Text 2 6. B 依据文章第一段的第一句和最后一句可知解决少儿发展过程中出现的问题的原 则是让孩子重新感受、体验他们在早期发展中应该但却未能充分体验的东西，所以选 B。 7. B 第二段开头 The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on。在托儿 所里，婴儿们开始学习遵守纪律。哪怕是最小的孩子也得一步步教他学会等待食物，学会有 规律地作息等等。据此可知，托儿所里的孩子并不是一开始就作息有规律，而是慢慢学会的。 8. D 第三段讲了在孩子学习新技能时，家长若急于求成往往会适得其反，导致揠苗助 长，但如果反过来，家长对孩子不管不问也会让孩子失去学习的热情。词组 on the other hand 很关键，暗示了两个极端，选 D。 9. D 第四段最后两句说家长和孩子可以通过一起玩玩具玩游戏如搭积木、拼图和猜字 @@^iN~uf
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游戏来促进彼此之间的沟通与合作，所以选 D。 10. A 最后一段的最后一句 In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being。 总的来说，家长对孩子的监督既体现了家长的要求及社会的价值观又要反映孩子的快乐和幸 福。所以是实现双重目标。as much as 是关键词组，选 A。 I;"pPJ3G
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Text 3 11. B 整篇文章都在讲述美国有犹太血统的人是否认为自己是犹太人这一问题，所以 选 B。 12. B 根据第二段第一二句可知调查表明双亲都是犹太人的新生中有 93%认为自己也 是犹太人。 13. C interfaith marriage 意为“不同宗教信仰者间的婚姻”，因此选 C。 14. B 根据第二段第一句可知调查是针对加州大学所有新生进行的，而并非只调查犹 太新生。所以 B 是错误的。 15. D 根据最后一段第三句 Hillel 委托进行（commission)了一个调查，研究犹太人对 犹太教的态度，所以 D 正确。 9s_^?q
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Text 4 16. C 第一段最后一句 Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998. Olson 一直在马里兰大学任经济学教授直到 1998 年去世，所以选 C。 17. A 第二段第一句的后半句 Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creatin wealth. Olson 把那个论点翻了个个儿，声称这种权利（财产权） 对于创造财富至关重要，所以选 A。 18. B 第三段最后一句 This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really propertyintensive, Olson observes. 这种生产（批量生产）往往被称为资本密集型生产，但 Olson 认为其实这是财产密集型生产，所以选 B。 19. A 根据第五段第二句可知银行体系的基础就是银行与其客户之间的协议可以得到 执行，选 A。 20. B 根据最后一段可知 Olson 认为第三世界国家贫困的真正原因在于人们没有个人 权利，也就没有动力去创造财富。 rxX4Cw]\"y
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Text 5 21. C 根据第三段倒数第二句话“The eye is a region of relative calm and clear skies in the center of the hurricane.”可知 C 是恰当的选项。 22. C 根据最后一段倒数第三句话“People living in low-lying areas are wise to evacuate their houses because of the storm surge, which is a large rush of water that may come ashore with the storm.” 可知 storm surge 是指水而不是风，所以 A 不正确。根据最后一段开头的描述， 飓风可能登陆时先在一个较大的可能范围内进行 hurricane watch，然后在可能着陆点 hurricane warning，可以看出 hurricane warning 比 hurricane watch 更严重，B 不正确。根据第 三段最后一句“People often lose their lives by leaving shelter when the eye has arrived, only to be caught in tremendous winds again when the eye has passed.”，当风眼来临时人们如果走出房 间会被风眼过去后的大风吹死，所以说在风眼来临时走出房间是不安全的，D 也不正确。虽 然文章中没有直接说，但通过排除法可以知道只有 C 是正确的。 23. C 纵观全文，讲了飓风的形成、飓风的预报、面对飓风的防范措施、飓风的消亡， 5b/ ~]v
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总体来看 A、B、D 都只涉及到文章的一个方面,只有 C 全面概括了文章的内容，因为文章主 要是讲危险的飓风的。 24. A low-lying areas 主要是指“地势低平的地区”，B、C 是指一层平房，主要是强调房 子低矮，所以 A 比较恰当。 25. C 依据是原文第三段第六行“They should also try to hurricane-proof their houses by bringing in light-weight furniture and other items from outside and covering windows.”从中可以 看出预防飓风的措施包括将轻的家具、物品带入房内，盖住窗户。这两项措施分别是选项的 B和D，但其中也暗含了选项C，因为将轻的物品放入房内也就意味着将重的物品带出房间， 所以 A 也符合。只有 C 原文中根本未提及。 Jn=;gtD- *
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Text 6 26. A 依据是文章第一段第二行“asserting that many online search engines are concealing the impact special fees have on search results by Internet users.”意思是说搜索引擎隐瞒了网络 使用者得到搜索结果的特殊费用，可以看出是这个机构是抱怨用户被收取了特殊费用费，所 以答案是 A。 27. B 文章第二段最后一句说“search requests rank as the second most popular online activity after E-mail.”这句话的意思是“搜索的需求是网上仅次于 E-mail 的第二大受欢迎的活 动”，所以网上最受欢迎的活动是收发 E-mail。 28. B 文章第三段开头是这么说的：“The eight search engines named in Commercial Alert's complaint are...”，下面接着具体列举了这八种搜索引擎，可见 Commercial Alert 主要 是投诉了这八种搜索引擎，所以 B 说不只八个是不正确的。 29. C 认真阅读文章的第三段，看看文章中含的选项的这几个词，就不难发现，A、B、 D 都是拥有搜索引擎的公司的名字，只有 C 是 CMGI 公司所拥有的搜索引擎的名字，所以 说 A、B、D 都是公司，而 C 是搜索引擎，故 C 与其他不同。 30. D 文章的最后一句是“To boost revenue, search engines in the past year have been accepting payments from businesses interested in receiving a higher ranking in certain categories or ensuring that their sites are reviewed more frequently.”这句话的意思就是：“为了增加收入， 搜索引擎在过去几年里接受了一些公司的资助，这些都是想在同类中提高地位或者愿意使网 站被人们经常浏览的公司”。所以说资助搜索引擎的公司的目的就是让自己的网站被上网者 多多浏览。所以答案是 D。 Ws|`E `6O
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Part IV Translation 试题精解 1. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. (29 words) 【考点透析】 本句主要考查表语从句和宾语从句的翻译。 【结构分析】 ① 主句：One difficulty is that… 主语 系动词 表语 ② 表语从句： (is that) almost all continues to trace behavior to states of mind,…and so on. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾补 ③ 介词 of 引导的宾语从句修饰主语 all: WtZI1 `\qe
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(almost all) of what is called behavioral science 介词+关系代词 谓语 宾语 【单词释义】 What is called… 固定翻译为“所谓的„„” trace A (back) to B 把 A 追溯到 B，根据 B 寻找 A 的根源 state of mind 心理状态，心态 trait n. 特征 【全句翻译】 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻 找行为的根源。 2. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. (31 words) 【考点透析】 本句主要考查原因状语从句的翻译。 【结构分析】 ① 主句：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change 主语 谓语 ② 并列的原因状语从句： 原因状语从句 1： Partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed 引导词 主语 谓语 原因状语从句 2： and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 并列连词 引导词 主语 谓语 【单词释义】 have been slow to change 一直变化或发展得很缓慢 the explanatory items 解释（行为的）依据，解释（行为的）项目 have been hard to find 一直难以找到，一直难以发现 【全句翻译】 行为科学之所以一直发展得很缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直 接观察到的，部分原因是其它的解释方式一直难以找到。 3. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. (42 words) 【考点透析】 本句主要考查被动语态的翻译。 【结构分析】 两个并列的简单句： ① 简单句 1： The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only…a hundred years ago 主语 谓语 时间状语 ② 简单句 2： and the selective role of the environment in shaping…the behavior of the individual ou-UR5
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并列连词 主语 介词短语作后置定语 is only beginning to be recognized and studied 谓语 【单词释义】 evolution n.. 进化，演化 formulate v. 阐述，解释 shape v. 塑造，形成 maintain v. 维持，保持 recognize v. 承认，认可，意识到 【全句翻译】 自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个人行 为时的选择作用则刚刚才开始得到认识和研究。 4. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. (34 words) 【考点透析】 本句主要考查定语从句的翻译。 【结构分析】 ① 主句 1： They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory 主语 系动词 表语 ② 主句 2： and they are essential to practices 并列连词 主语 系动词 表语 ③ 定语从句： （practices） in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and 先行词 介词+关系代词 主语 谓语 1 并列连词 given credit for his achievements 谓语 2 【单词释义】 possession n. 所有物，拥有的财富 autonomous (self-governing) adj. 自我约束的，自我控制的 be essential to 必不可少的，非常重要的 practices n. 实践，实践活动 be held responsible for 被认为应该对„„负责，必须对„„负责 give credit for 因„„而受到表扬或称赞 【全句翻译】 自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人（自我管理者）所拥有的财富，是实践活动所 必不可少的。在这些实践活动中，一个人必须对他的行为负责，也会因为所取得的成绩 而受到奖赏。 5. Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (25 words) 【考点透析】 本句主要考查条件状语从句、省略句的翻译。 Jf?6y~X>Y
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【结构分析】 ① 主句 1：a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 主语 谓语 ② 条件状语从句：Until these issues are resolved 引导词 主语 谓语 ③ 省略句： and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems 并列连词 介词短语作伴随状语 主语 不定式短语作后置定语 (will continue to be rejected). 省略的谓语 注意：and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 这一分句只有 with 引导 的伴随状语和一个名词，构不成一个完整的句子，其实与上文相同的谓语部分已省略。 其中 it 的指代内容是难点，一般情况下 it 指代的内容是上文的可数名词（词组）或 不可数名词（词组），或者指上文论述的某种情况或某件事情。本文中 it 指代上文 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected。with 在此作伴随状语。补充完整后 即：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 在这里 with it 翻译成“随之”。 【单词释义】 until conj. 如果„„不„„,除非„„否则„„ reject v. 抛弃，拒绝，否定，反对 a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术，行为科学 【全句翻译】 除非这些问题得到解决，否则行为科学将继续遭到拒绝，解决问题的唯一方法可能 也随之继续遭到拒绝。 xA(z / %
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参考译文 我们遇到的几乎所有重要问题都涉及到人的行为，而且仅靠物理技术和生物技术是无法 解决这些问题的。我们所需要的是一种行为技术，但是可能产生这种技术的科学一直发展缓 慢。(1)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻 找行为的根源。物理学和生物学一度模仿类似的做法并且只有当它们抛弃这些作法后才得到 发展。(2)行为科学之所以一直发展得很缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是 直接观察到的，部分原因是其它的解释方式一直难以找到。环境因素显然是重要的，但是 它的作用仍然是模糊不清的。它既不推动也不阻碍行为科学的发展，它具有选择作用，因而 这种作用是很难发现和分析。(3)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而 环境在塑造和保持个人行为时的选择作用则刚刚才开始得到认识和研究。然而，由于生物 体和环境之间的相互作用已经逐渐被人们所认识，所以现在正开始从已知的环境去寻找一度 认为是心态、情感和性格特征所造成的影响其根源所在，因此就可以建立一门行为技术。但 是，如果行为技术代替不了传统的科学发展以前的观点，那它将无法解决我们的难题，而这 些传统的观点是根深蒂固的。自由和尊严能够说明为什么会有困难。(4)自由和尊严是传统 理论定义的自主人（自我管理者）所拥有的财富，是实践活动所必不可少的。在这些实践 活动中，一个人必须对他的行为负责，也会因为所取得的成绩而受到奖赏。科学的分析把 责任和成绩归因于环境，也提出有关“价值观念”的种种问题。谁会使用一门技术?其目的 何在?(5)除非这些问题得到解决，否则行为科学将继续遭到拒绝，解决问题的唯一方法可 能也随之继续遭到拒绝。 8lpAe0p(Z
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Part V Writing 参考范文： *p
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I think it is necessary for Ph. D candidates to take an admission interview. It is essential because university professors will be able to meet their candidates in person, and ask some academic questions and inquire research work the candidates are doing or have finished more thoroughly. For example, professors will have the time and chance to listen to candidates talking about their research achievements and academic interests directly and discuss questions more deeply. Sometimes the written form of examination cannot reveal candidates’ real talents. It cannot show how well candidates could express themselves verbally and how deeply they could think about certain research problems. Through interviews, however, professors are easy to find out the answers they care for. Besides, it is also beneficial for Ph. D candidates to take an admission interview. They will have a chance to make professors understand them better. During the interview, I think Ph. D candidates should pay attention to the following points. First they should be well prepared academically. That means they should be ready to answer all the important questions concerning their research. Second they should express themselves clearly and orderly. Third they should pay enough attention to their behaviors and attitudes, that is, they should neither too arrogant nor too humble. As far as I am concerned, I will get academically ready first, and then be relaxed to answer all the questions. I will also dress up and behave properly. I do believe that so long as I make good preparations, I will perform well in the interview. =D$ ED^W
