What does a scientist do when he or she"explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms:generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. Theyexplain parlicular instances of behavior as example of general laws. Forinstance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically (病态) strong fear of dogs as example of classicalconditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog.An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps theperson was knocked down by a vigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogsevokes the earlier response of fear. ^5-SL?E
#jw%0H;l]
Most physiologists deal with reduction.Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For examjle, themovement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane (生物膜)of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicalsand interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecularbiologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bindvarious molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to beattracted to one another. A .<M*[{q
%O>_$
4q
The task of physiological psychology is to"explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists,physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena-- includinghuman behavior--are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the law of behaviorcan be reduced to description of physiological processes. "}< baz
Lvn+EM
How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologicalpsychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviorsand correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time.Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for differentreasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. Thismeans that we must understand " psychologically" why a particularbehavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made itoccur. #?bOAWAwLh
59(} D'lw>
1. The passage mainly discusses . :n oZ
p: a
_147d5
A) The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations ;GZ' R
b
g<i>252>
B) The difference between human and animalbehavior qnw8#!%I
4o( Q
+6m
C) How fear would be explained by thepsychologist, the physiologist, and molecular biologist vz)zl2F5sY
tSaD =# v
D) How scientists differ in their approachesexplaining natural phenomena H(Ad"1~.#
{)- 3g~
2. In the first paragraph the word"deal" could best be replaced by . V c
"+|^
z HvW@A'F
A) barter B) bargain 4HyD=6V#
0y/P
C) are playing D) are concerned ,uS}wJAX
F=$U.K~1?
3 Which of the following is most similiar to theexample in the passage of the person who fears dogs? Q_|L v&
.WW|v
A) A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adult,he is reluctant to eat fish. !A"-9OS2
\-:4TuU
B) A person feels lonely and after a while buysa dog for companionship. rF
. Oo 0
f`p"uLNo<
C) A child studies science in school and latergrows up to become a teacher. $eh>.c'&]
c nV2}U/\
D) A person hears that a snowstorm is predictedand that evening is afraid to drive home. < #7j
~ <
<7J\8JR&=
4. According to the passage, which of thefollowing is important in movement explaining? A,%NdM;t=5
?,*KA Gg%
A) The flow of blood to the muscles qjLFg sd
_U%2J4T2
B) Classical conditioning. ,a}
vx"~
rNX]t p{j
C) Protein interactions. 5x'
^.$K >
hdxq@%Vs
D) The entry of unpleasant stimuli through thecell membrane. }&IOBYHVDo
SR { KL#NC
5. The author implies which of the following isthe type of scientific explanation most likely -<aN$O
R8fB
8 )
used by a molecular biologist'? ]08
~"p
|ea
}+N
A) Experimentation B) Reduction P:v|JER
bJ9K!6s??`
C) Interaction. D) Generalization. O4Hc"v
0o-KjX?kP
参考答案 !Ytr4DtM
2< Q3-|/i
1．D 主旨题。本题要求考生在理解全文的基础上，归纳文章的大意。其实文章头两句话就为我们推断文章主题提供了依据。另外，我们还可以依据第一段第三句Most psychologists deal with generalization, 第二段第一句Most physiologists deal withreduction, 以及第三段第一句作出正确的归纳。 x)^t5"F
<>^otb,e$
2．D 词汇题。deal一词是跟with搭配使用的，意为“与... 有关”，而concerned一词与with连用时，与deal with同义。 G,h=5y9_J
Ra^GbT|Z
3．A 细节题，答案可在第一段最后两句找到：Presumably,the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus waspaired with the sight of the animal ...。意思是说，这个人早年可能受过狗的惊吓，这样，一看见狗便会产生不愉快的刺激。也就是说，讲的是过去的经历会对以后产生影响，与A项所讲情况吻合。B、D两项并未提及过去的影响，只是表明现在状态所产生的影响。C项则只讲到现在的经历对今后的影响。 zsha/:b
*9xv0hRQ%?
4．C 细节题。答案依据为第二段第三句。C项Protein interaction与原文意思吻合, 是正确答案. UqsX@jL!
\v[?4 [
5．C 推理题，答案参见第二段末尾一句。该句讲，分子生物学家会根据聚合各种分子并使各个部分相互吸引的力来解释这些现象。从而暗示，分子生物学家所用的方法，既不是Reduction法，也不是Generalization法，而是Interaction法. tu0agSpU
