浙江大学考博英语真题

2014年浙江大学考博英语试题（含听力、文章翻译）

听力
Part A 原文
In my opinion,technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remembera time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it wasuncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families） to have computers. In our society today,almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and thesecomputers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your homea short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I haveknown my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, Ishould really say smaller, and better （out on the market） in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out withnew technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become soadvanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you wantfrom a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire lifejammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everythingthey need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowingup all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, andthis phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the） internet on my PHONE! I can't believe howthe cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever hadwas five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would beconsidered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't evenimagine myself walking around with that phone （without beingembarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things havechanged in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time Ihave bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a newone because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even ayear a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advancedenough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people canbuy them.

Part B 原文
It is an honor tospeak with you today on the issue of（ public healthdisparities）. I would first like to thank theorganizations that made this event possible. This has truly been acollaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets apositive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many ofyou may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue thatis close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful countryin the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen theimpact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race,gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectifythe injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networkingopportunities----today’s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action） among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected topoverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for thewell off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We aremorally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care） because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build ourschools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not aprivilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel in achievingequality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I amhopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up tothis reality）.

Part C1 原文
There were veryfew places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He wentround the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheardof in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea,toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted withnatives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was morelikely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visitsto Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State.But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years reallytraveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. His books arecrowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting onlyonce. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He never held a testtube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory.Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for itwas phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothersflew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of thetwentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. Inhis stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners,sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, andair-planes,and so on.

Part C2 原文
Very old people doraise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Theirvalues-this can’t be repeated too often-are not necessarily our values.Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most importantthings. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flatwith decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone inbed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedomto insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they mightbe taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms,think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to thepoint where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of theold.Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, itneeds more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry thiscomparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget thatsuch operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. Andat what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is it morally right to tryto push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetfulold mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? Youcan’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see thetechnical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on theprinciple that while there’s life, there’s hope.
Part C3 原文

单选
The two friendssat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．
a．talked b．chatted   c．muttered   d．whispered

He is going to__D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．
a．speak   b．talk   c．remark   d．address

Although not aneconomist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's___A___ policies.
a. economic         b. economical          c. economy        d. economics

There are not manyteachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.
a. sponsors     b. contributors      c. advocates    d. performers

A friendship maybe ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.
a. identical         b. superficial       c. critical        d. original

Nobody yet knowshow long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ downthe economy.
a. put      b. settle     c. drag      d. knock

We are _D_ to theidea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.
a. equal     b. adequate    c. considerate    d. sympathetic

People weresurprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he wasinvolved in.
a. Prevail       b. dominate      c. preside     d. instruct

You can do it ifyou want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it involves.
a. force   b. trial  c. attempt   d. effort

The manager gaveone of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.
a.straightforward        b. partial     c. favorable     d. hostile

完形
Throughout historyman has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people nowlive longer than they(1). Yet, all living things still show the(2)of aging,which will eventually(3)death. Aging is not a disease, （but）as a person passes maturity, the cells ofthe body and the(4) they form do not function as well as they(5) in childhoodand teenage years. The body provides less(6)against disease and is more(7)tohave accident. A number of related causes may(8)aging. Some cells of the body havea （fairly） long life, but theyare not(9)when they die. As a person ages,(10)of brain cells and muscle cellsdecreases.(11)body cells die and are （replaced） by new cells. In an aging person the(12)cells may not be as workableor as capable(13)growth as those of a young person. Another(14)in aging may bechanges within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells areknown(16)with age and become less elastic. This is why the skin of old peoplewrinkles and(17). This is also the reason why old people(18)in height. Theremay be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cellchemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and(19)information that the cellsneed.Aging may affect this(20)and change the informationcarrying molecules so thatthey do not transmit the information as well.
1. A．would B．be used to C．used to D． used
2. A．function      B．effect           C．affect       D． sign
3. A．lead in      B．give in C．run into D． result in
4. A．hands       B．feet C．heart   D． organs
5. A．do          B．has done   C．did    D． had done
6. A．energy       B．protection    C．vigor       D． power
7. A．likely       B．probable    C．possible D． alike
8. A．attend to    B．contribute to   C．add to    D． devote to
9. A．replaced     B．reborn    C．recovered     D． surrendered
10.A．a number    B．the amount    C．the number    D． most
12.A．old        B．left       C．new        D． other
13.A．to        B．for       C．of         D． in
14.A．factor      B．effect     C．reason    D． element
15.A．for themselves B．of themselves    C．themselves    D． on their own
16.A．change    B．to have changed C．to change     D． to being changed
18.A．increase    B．shrink    C．lengthen    D． decrease
19.A．pass away    B．pass by    C．pass off    D． pass on
20.A．improvement   B．procession    C．approach     D． process

阅读
In the same waythat a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn towalk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencingparticular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologistshave found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place.one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurswhen one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, areward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learnsto associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learnsthat this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in asimilar fashion.
The second kind oflearning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when anindividual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment andlearns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a motheralways attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, shemay teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, thebaby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
Every day, we growand have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television,interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions.why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person isnice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positivefeelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if aperson is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does thingsto harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such asunhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

1. the author'smain purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.
a) teach children how to learn to produceand experience certain emotion
b) give the general reader an account oftwo basic kinds of learning
c) give parents some advice on how tomodify their children's emotions through learning
d) discuss with psychologist how positiveand negative feelings are produced
2.if your jokes often find already echo ina person, you will learn though _B_ that telling jokes to this person is fun,and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) neither of them
d) some other sorts of conditioning
3. if a child is bitten or startled severaltimes by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startleand thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learningthrough _A_.
a) classical conditioning
b) operant conditioning
c) both of them
d) neither of them
4. in the third paragraph, the author is_D_.
a) discussing how we grow and have newexperiences every day
b) talking about learning to modifyemotions through operant conditioning
c) concentrating on learning by reading,watching television, interacting with people, and so on
d) using examples to further illustratelearning through classical conditioning
5. in the following paragraphs the authorwill most probably go on to discuss __C_.
a) definitions of positive feelings andnegative feelings
b) the third kind of learning
c) further examples of learning throughoperant conditioning
d) none of the above

Any country hasgood reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of itsgreatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people tosuffer unnecessarily from ill health.
This was the kindof thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in manycountries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which allcitizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The moneyfor this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.
As three decadeshave shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there arearguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treatedevery year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. Thismeans that the people who work for the Health Service-doctors, nurses and otherhospital staff-have much more routine work to do and as a result they havelittle time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff-aneed that can only be met if more money is made available to it.
However, apowerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able toreceive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimesthis free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’treally need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend aslong with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay forprivate treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, somewealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatmentto others.
46. In theauthor’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.
A. all citizensare entitled to a free medical treatment in some sense
B. poor, unlikethe rich, could enjoy free medical treatment
C. health serviceis highly developed in Britain
D. Britain doesn’tallow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health
47. We can inferfrom the passage that __B__.
A. the HealthService is introduced to many other countries by Britain
B. the HealthService has been introduced and developed for 30 years in Britain
C. an active populationis the greatest resource in Britain
D. all citizens inBritain have a good opinion of the Health Service
48. The best titlefor the passage would be __D__.
A. A Welfare State
B. Importance ofthe Health Service
C. Disadvantagesof the Health Service
D. The HealthService
49. The authormentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because__C__.
A. their doctorscan give them more time leave from work
B. those doctorshave better medical instruments
C. they might savesome money for the poor
D. their doctorshave a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients
50. The word“abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.
A. destroyed
B. used in wrongway
C. ignored
D. wasted

Do we need lawsthat prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws areneeded prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both productshave been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are asbad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then,let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let'sput an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.
    But wait. We've already tried that. For 13years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in theUnited States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to theConstitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there wassupposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of"intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could notdrink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There wouldbe no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. Itwas all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did notwork. Why?
   Because, law or no law, millions of peoplestill liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it.They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a changein the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawedbeverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to knowof an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkennesswere both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people dranknore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.

1. Which of thefollowing was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendmentto the Constitution and the Volstead Act? A
a) There would beno further danger to the public from alcoholism.
b) There would bea rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.
c) Without liquor,people would not drink.
d) People wouldnot become drunk of create a public nuisance.

2. DuringProhibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.
a) sold openly
b) no longer atemptation
c) a major factorin the passage of the Volstead Act
d) brought acrossthe Mexican and Canadian borders

3. DuringProhibition, people__B__.
a) lived in fearof the law
b) were willing torisk arrest for the pleasure of liquor
c) recklesslyendangered their comunities
d) were respectfulof the legal sanctions placed on them

4. When enactingthe prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.
a) every Americanwould buy alcohol illegally
b) all criminalactivities would cease
c) patrols of theCanadian border would halt the sale of alcohol
d) the socialthreat from drunkerness would decline

5. It can beinferred from the passage that__A__.
a) the Congresswas wise to repeal Prohibition
b) the ProhibitionEra was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness
c) duringProhibition, most Americans stopped drinking
d) laws should bepassed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages

As people continueto grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point inyour life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. Itmay become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of agingcauses our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease andinjury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop thisprocess that leads us toward the end of our lives.
Many factorscontribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. Theamount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environmentand the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studyingsenescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining theaging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend thelength of life.
There is nothingto be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of lifeto be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often yougain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.
What we considerold age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so manyadvances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day bemeasured in centuries, rather than in years!
1. When peoplebecome aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from diseaseand injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.
A. to improve inhealth after one‟s disease and injury  B. to run fast
C. to recover fromdisease and injury   D. to jump afterrecovering
2. In order tolive longer, ___A___.
A. we shouldpostpone the process of aging   B. weshould try to do some exercise
C. we have to tryto be on a diet   D. we should keep inhigh spirits
3. Why are somescientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___
A. They may beable to find better ways to our life
B. If they pindown the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope forextending the length of life
C. They want findout if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself andhow long a creature lives
D. They want toincrease the general ability of our bodies
4. Many considerthe later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.
A. they have avery good understanding of themselves and the outside world
B. they havenothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up aroundthem
C. they have comethrough the battle of life safely
D. they considertheir life has been a successful one
5. According tothe passage, “spans” means ____B_____.
A. a long periodof time   B. a length of time
C. a long distancefrom one place to another   D. longevity
翻译
2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。北京、上海、南京等相继沦陷为雾霾重灾区，湖北、浙江、湖南、江苏、安徽等地雾霾天创下历史纪录。国家气象局数据显示，今年以来中国平均雾霾天数已经创出52年来之最。
虽然政府部门采取了工业企业关停减产的措施应对雾霾肆虐，但收效甚微，雾霾正在对人们的生活产生越来越多的负面效应：学校停课、汽车限行、高速封闭。而更让有关部门尴尬的是，制造出雾霾的空气污染物来源，目前仍然是一个迷。
自京津冀频繁发生雾霾起，几年过去了，对于其形成的具体原因暂无定论。大多数的专家给出答案，重污染天气形成的主要原因有二：污染物排放总量过大和不利气象条件。具体看来，长三角周边更多为化工、水泥等企业，其工业废气组成更为复杂。
当然，问题的复杂性从来不是延缓解决方案的借口。在历经了京津冀地区的雾霾恐慌后，今年9月国务院出台了《大气污染防止行动计划》，涉及包括京津冀、长三角和珠三角在内的重点控制区的水泥、化工等六大重污染行业以及燃煤工业锅炉的新建项目。
从目前学界的研究来看，PM2.5的治理绝非易事。这样的长期计划要先布局，再行动，最后是对企业发力。
类比国外相关案例，上个世纪四五十年，无论是代洛杉矶雾霾爆还是伦敦雾霾事件，最后都是在政府和企业合力后，达成协议，最后以《清洁空气法》等法案的形式完成监督。

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浙江 大学考博英语真题

浙江大学考博英语真题