2004年博士研究生模拟试卷题（非英语专业）
ovd^,?ib Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)
vuR5}/Ev Passage One
j:3EpD@GS When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.
iV?` i Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
I*D<J$ 9N Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.
IQ3n @ Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.
NW{y% Z S d IGU[fm 1. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means _____.
pC*BA<?Rg A. Spero can hardly maintain her business.
=op`fn% B. Spero is too much engaged in her work.
b.#^sm// C. Spero has grown out of her bad habit.
3az$:[Und} D. Spero is not in a desperate situation.
ispkj' NEA_Plt 2. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
* [tc A. Optimistic.
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}5 B. Confused.
E;6~R M: C. Carefree.
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l]8BX_ D. Panicked.
Oe/6.h? 3. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about _______.
h$70H ^r A. gold market.
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~J B. real estate.
wW-A b C. stock exchange.
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D. venture investment.
%`#G92Z_ 8O6_iGTBh 4. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?
Y
%K~ w A. They would benefit in certain ways.
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p~t B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.
gmY/STN C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
}|Uj"e D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.
RlrZxmPV>O :r&iM b:Ra 5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
|zq4* 5 A. A now boom, on the horizon.
4QE=f(u;h B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.
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J C. Caution all right, panic not.
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o n D. The more ventures, the more chances.
i^*M^P3m }X]\VSF{ O~ 27/ Passage Two
R2r sJ New York’s American Museum of Natural History – the largest nature and anthropology museum in the world – turns 125 this year, and is readying a gala birthday bash to celebrate. Yet the venerable institution is simultaneously looking into the future under the leadership of a young new president.
;1 |x A museum where the Pleistocene Epoch is considered the day before yesterday might not be expected to put its own evolution on a fast track but when its board of trustees selected Ellen Futter – a dynamic, 44-year-old executive without a scientific background – to take charge last year, the natural – history museum showed that it has no intention of being an institutional dinosaur.
6\4Z\82 In a city teeming with world-class art museums, libraries, orchestras, and opera and dance companies, the American Museum of Natural History lacks a certain cachet – at least among major donors and philanthropies that support cultural institutions. Ms. Futter, the former president of Barnard College in New York, is expected to heighten the museum’s profile and help it complete more effectively for private and public funds.
f2yq8/J8. Announcing Futter’s selection last June to succeed Dr. George Langdon, Jr. (she actually took office in December), board chairman William Golden said, “What prevailed were her leadership qualities, administrative skills, financial acumen, and demonstrated fund-raising ability.” Mr. Golden noted that Futter will be backed up by administrators with the scientific training she lacks.
3pSj kS|?> The museum is more than just a repository for rocks, bones, and primitive tools. Its staff of some 200 scientists and curators engage in ground-breaking research in new fields like molecular biology and global warming as well as in such traditional fields as paleontology. Each year the museum sponsors some 150 scientific field projects around the globe.
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$ 2d Among her primary goals, Futter says, are to increase public awareness of the museum’s relevance to contemporary issues such as protecting the environment and preserving biodiversity, and to make the museum more of a force in science education.
Vr/Bu4V" Futter is the first woman, and undoubtedly one of the youngest people, ever to lead a major cultural institution in New York City. She is accustomed to shattering stereotypes, however. She was just 31 and a lawyer with a large New York law firm in 1980 when she was tapped to be president of her undergraduate alma mater, Barnard, a prestigious all-women’s college affiliated with Columbia University. During her 13 years at the college’s helm, Futter added two dormitories, spearheaded curriculum reform, tripled Barnard’s endowment, and oversaw a surge in student applications.
KlN/\N\ Asked in an interview how, without experience as an executive, she successfully tackled the large administrative and financial responsibilities of her new job at Barnard, Futter says with a laugh, “I got a lot of no-the-job training.”
t<63 8`{kk It’s well that Futter is a quick study, for she will also require4 plenty of OJT to guide a museum that comprises 23 interconnected buildings housing 40 exhibition halls, plus research laboratories, teaching facilities, a large natural-history library, and storage areas for more than 300 million specimens and artifacts.
R)oB!$k In trying to bolster scientific literacy, Futter says she will seek further ways to capitalize on one of the natural-history museum’s singular assets: the “awe” its 50-foot-tall Barosaurus and other exhibits inspire in many visitors.
IkDiT63]I “Through awe, we can interest people in the process of education on issues important to all of us, “ Futter says.
iA' As%S1 6. New York city’s cultural atmosphere
6)}B"Qd A. lowers the museum’s prestige.
l!?yu]Yon B. is an ideal setting for the museum.
E T:T7 C. heightens the museum’s importance.
r\2vl8X~ D. gives the museum special advantages.
N
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8#X_# A. proves her ability to manage people and to learn quickly.
"R[l ZJ@ B. demonstrates she is knowledgeable about the museum’s speciality.
7Xg?U'X C. verifies that women are capable leaders.
c2 A ps D. shows that a scientific education leads to a good career.
VUtXx vH 8. An objective of the American Museum of Natural History is
UKtSm%\ A. to trace the history of humankind.
BT,b-=
;J- B. to deplete it s collections.
@gY\;[#. C. to build new exhibition halls.
bgF^(T35 D. to promote interest in science.
8Pmdk1 ~ 9. The fact that “Futter is the first woman …ever to lead a major cultural institution in New York City” suggests that
bsS:"/?> A. she is well connected to influential people.
,LhCFw{8?~ B. U.S. women have not had equal access to such positions.
AjkW0FB:1 C. U.S. women have not been interested in such positions.
' cBBt D. women play no part in managing the city’s cultural life.
DM{ 4@*] 10. The writer of the passage wants his readers to believe that the American Museum of Natural History is
4!.(|h@ A. in desperate need of money.
Vh|\ _ ~9 B. the most popular museum in the city.
!H@0MQ 7 C. out of step with the times.
a5jL7a?6] D. old but vital and growing.
fv!?Ga( Passage 3
9'[ N1Un.= While there is little systematic work relating foreign language learning strategies to success, there are a number of observations which can be made about individuals who are good language learners.
:A 1: I have been able to isolate some of the individuals by observing students in classrooms in California and Hawaii, by observing myself and talking to other good language learners and by eliciting observations from some second language teachers. As I have begun to observe classes, what fascinates me is how often the teacher plows ahead with the lesson seemingly with little awareness of what is going on in each student, and often without directing the attention of the poorer students to how the successful student arrived at his answer. That is, many foreign language teachers are concerned with finding the best method or with getting the correct answer, yet the teachers fail to attend to the learning process. If they attended to it more, they might be able to tailor their input to their students' needs and might be able to provide their students with techniques that would enable them to learn on their own. Indeed, no course could ever teach all we need to know about a language, and the students must find the means to help themselves, when the teacher is not around.
k*mt4~KLT8 The task of observing these strategies is a complicated one because the strategies necessarily involve cognitive processes which neither the learner nor the teacher may be able to specify. However, when our attention is focused on observing these strategies, I think we may find it easier to isolate some of them. Just recently, I discovered that by using video tapes we hope to help learners and teachers see what is going on in the classroom. We hope to be able, as well, to abstract the learner strategies by interviewing the learner about his behavior during a particular classroom while showing them a tape of their own behavior.
aUU7{o_Z In spite of the fact that we are only beginning to isolate these strategies, I think that it is useful to list some of the ones found thus far. They remain general but give an idea of the kind of strategies I think we ought to be looking for. (374 words)
Lel|,mc`k2 11. Which of the following could be the best title for this passage?
#V,R >0" A. The Successful Language Learner
Oz:
*LZ B. Relationship Between Teaching and Learning
O%8 EZyu C. Language Learning Strategies
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5 D. Observations of Language Classes
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{b~$ 12. The author formed some ideas about the features of good foreign language learning by getting information from _______.
=O).Lx2J A. language classrooms
<{5EdX B. talks with students
O m;&_!i C. lectures on this topic
6!'3oN{ D. foreign teachers
K%v1x Z 13. The author believes that the most important task of a good language teacher is _____.
4)|8Eu[p7 A. to teach students about learning strategies
Y_woKc* B. to use the textbook skillfully and flexibly
q@t0NvNSu C. to look for a suitable teaching method for the class
Qv,"($n\ D. to help students develop their own learning methods
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k3lm0 14. "They might be able to tailor their input to their students' needs" means "_______."
0j"8@< A. They could provide techniques to find out the students' needs
J &pO%Q=b B. They could adjust their teaching to the needs of individual students
VXIP0p@ C. They could cut out redundant materials to meet their students' needs
AV9m_hZ t D. They could revise the textbook to suit the needs of their students
aT>'.*\ ] 15. Observing language learning strategies is very complicated because _____.
{M-YHX>*;g A. either the learner or the teacher will find it difficult to specify what exactly they are
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k.`h B. neither the learner nor the teacher may be able to describe them precisely
$YN6<5R) C. they are related to the processes of learning which even the teacher cannot state precisely
QUU;g 2k D. they involve the learning process which neither the learner nor the teacher may be able to isolate.
?7<JQh)"e Passage 4
79`AM
X[b Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.
A C>`'Gx “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Razitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
[0"'T[ok But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”
\jOA+FU [ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.
q#< ^ ^4U Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness.
QUu}Xg: Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.
{&jb5-*f School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”
Q09[[ e,t(q(L 16. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
su*'d:L A. The habit of thinking independently.
tmQH|'>> C. Profound knowledge of the world.
?OkWe<:4 C. Practical abilities for future career.
9 FB19 D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
^J$2?!~ {phNd
s% 17. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of
"rx-_uK* A. undervaluing intellect.
z^'gx@YD*v C. favoring intellectualism.
xai*CY@cQ C. supporting school reform.
a!=D [Gz*5 D. suppressing native intelligence.
9I}-[|`u Wk)OkIFR 18. The views of Razitch and Emerson on schooling are
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cpd A. identical.
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C. similar.
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9;~P} C. complementary.
- *1J f& D. opposite.
@7IIM{ KrQ1GepJ 19. Emerson, according to the text, is probably
s.$3j$vT 8 A. a pioneer of education reform.
#d6)#:uss C. an opponent of intellectualism.
ynthDE o C. a scholar in favor of intellect.
Z&1\{PG3* D. an advocate of regular schooling.
4y|BOVl PvPOU" 20. What does the author think of intellect\?
8Vr%n2M A. It is second to intelligence.
JRB9rSN^ C. It evolves from common sense.
}\B><E{G C. It is to be pursued.
{*G9|#[/@ D. It underlies power.
I tNz}4o|d !2%HhiB' Part II Vocabulary (15%)
`dq,>HdW 21. In most countries, men are employed in _________ to women.
-|
$@-fY; A. preference B. substitute C. selection D. alternative
! >FYK}c7 22. This policy is _________ to the building up of China's national defense.
'jWr<]3 A. preliminary B. fundamental C. primary D. elementary
J')o|5S1N 23. In the park there is a miniature castle where children can fight _______ battles.
]cHgleHQ A. imaginative B. imaginable C. imaginary D. imagining
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24. The little boy ________ over the edge of the carpet and fell.
p`olCp' A. tumbled B. stumbled C. scrambled D. trembled
(7wc *#} 25. These natural calamities have ________ to India's rising inflation.
f%][}NN)Xr A. attributed B. distributed C. paid a tribute D. contributed
glO ^yZ s 26. She gave me a smile that was in open admission of her _______ for our immediate superior.
p|U?86 t A. prompt B. attempt C. contempt D. exempt
W=N+VqK 27. We asked for the proposal to be ________ on paper, so that we might study them at leisure.
V5+=e^pa2 A. put up B. put out C. put away D. put down
3c-GY:VkLM 28. The reader may find it easier to _________ the meaning of a sentence in a given context.
L>jY.d2w=K A. pick at B. pick on C. pick out D. pick up
kMIcK4.MH 29. Part of the cost of many articles is taken as tax by the government ______ the community.
V(H1q`ao9 A. in place of B. in terms of C. on account of D. on behalf of
03$mYS_? 30. It is for most people quite difficult to _____ money now because the rate of inflation is so high.
t% d Z-Ym A. lay about B. put away C. put aside D. lay out
| mZxfI 31. He was _______ admittance to the theatre for not being properly dressed.
KI"#f$2& A. denied B. rejected C. repelled D. deprived
~[t[y~Hup 32. The professor has promptly published a book which ______ to the readers general ideas of modern stock-marketing skills.
h79}qU A. conveys B. converts C. delivers D. transfers
Vr3Zu{&2 33. Corruption in the running of the city's largest bank was ______ in People's Daily yesterday.
pC#E_*49 A. excluded B. executed C. exploded D. exposed
{: /#Nc$5 34. We've had dinner at their house so often that we really must return the ________.
q`Go`v A. supplement B. complement C. implement D. compliment
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$D`Z-6 35. He misled management by giving it the idea that the older and more experienced men were not an _____ but a liability.
/:cd\
A} A. asset B. award C. assistance D. advantage
1 KU!
tL 36. As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ____ it.
l0|5t)jF- A. integrate B. inherit C. innovate D. inhabit
)*$lp'~7 N 37. We can't collect the rent _______ by suing the tenant.
Z%gh3 A. more than B. other than C. rather than D. better than
&h}#HS>l 38. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources.
mVj9 , q0 A. pension B. accounts C. donations D. advertisements
z0 d.J1VW 39. For three centuries that piece of land remained Spanish, then became Mexican in 1821 when Mexican ________ its independence.
&) QX7*H A. proclaimed B. uttered C. mentioned D. pronounced
em y[k 40. In winter days, people along the Changjiang River are endeavoring to ______ the embankment from the threat of further attack of flood.
?e%ZOI A. ensure B. secure C. make sure D. insurance
p'Y^ X 41. I promise to look _______ the matter as soon as I get back to the head office.
,V7nzhA2 A. for B. after C. into D. away
B`EJb71^Xy 42. We are living in the forest of steel and concrete. Modern ________ always depresses us.
d9k0F
OR1 A. building B. architecture C. house D. skyscraper
AzPu) 43. All the representatives ________ at the congress on time.
T~-ycVc A. checked in B. checked out C. checked off D. checked over
P?%s
#I: 44. Americans are highly _______, therefore they may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.
Mc) }\{J A. moving B. mobile C. movable D. motional
;x y"\S] 45. The average ________ of beer and alcohol in the United States is very high.
QRw"H 8nW A. consumption B. resumption C. assumption D. presumption
11 NQR[ 46. No one is so ________ as the person who has no wish to learn.
!M(xG%M-V A. sensible B. ignorant C. useless D. simple
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g[Uq 47. As we can wait no longer for the delivery of your order, we have to _______ it.
Zj( AJ* r A. postpone B. refuse C. delay D. cancel
_T60;ZI+^ 48. The road lay ahead of him, a ______ gray line stretching to the horizon.
?d* z8 w A. continual B. constant C. continuous D. prolonged
"MeVE#O 49. He does not _______ his fellow-workers and there are often disagreements between them.
"69s) ~ A. get on with B. take to C. put up with D. go on with
/'SNw?& 50. A leopard has spots and a tiger has ________.
6bg
;q(*7 A. strips B. streaks C. stripes D. bands
10Q ]67 Part III Cloze Test (10%)
i$Ul(? Directions: In this part there are 20 numbered blanks in the passage. You are required to fill each one numbered with an appropriate word.
Xg6Jh `` Pollution is a problem that occurs throughout the world, particularly air pollution and water pollution. It is caused in many ways, but (51) speaking, industrial development and (52) growth are two of the major reasons.
G/E+L-N#` (53) many big cities, Beijing has an (54) pollution problem. Dust blown by the (55) and smoke from industry and traffic , together with the dry climate , are all responsible (56) it.
iqsCB%;5 Beijing has an air quality monitoring system to (57) chemical levels in the air. There are several stations throughout the city (58) collect these data. All the data (59) are then processed and stored at a computer control center. The information shows clearly that the city’s air pollution has something to (60) with industrialization, heavy (61) and a large population.
v&\Q8!r_
Shanghai has also a (62) pollution problem, especially water pollution. This is Suzhou Creek. It is black. It smells. It (63) oxygen, which means there is little or no animal and plant life. This is simply because (64) and residential buildings use Sozhou Creek to dump industrial and domestic waste in.
D\v+wp. (65) , with the help of various international companies, a very exciting new project has been planned to (66) water pollution in Shanghai. The aim of the project is to improve the (67) of the water in Suzhou Creek. The idea is to lay (68) a number of sewer pipes at the pump stations, so (69) the waste from factories and domestic use can be (70) away to a main interceptor tunnel running along the creek.
ic:zsuEm Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15%)
#\{l"- [71] Sophisticated new materials would emerge to save lives (artificial hearts, shatterproof glass, bulletproof vests), conserve energy (home insulation, lightweight cars), and expand human horizons (around the globe via aircraft, across the solar system via spacecraft, and through the World Wide Web via computer). And in the 21st century, a new generation of “super synthetics” promises to again reshape our world and ease many of the planet’s most pressing problems.
gT. sj d [72]To date, hundreds of different polymers (聚合物) have been created --- some feather light but stronger than steel, others impervious to scorching heat or arctic freeze--- and new plastics are in the works with even more impossible qualities, such as the ability to “heal” themselves and “remember” to change shape and function in varying conditions. These sophisticated polymers promise to remold life dramatically. In medicine, researchers say plastics can extend life by 20 years by acting as mini-robots to repair organ damage and clean blood vessels, and as vehicles speeding treatments like chemotherapy to their target.
.^` {1% The fact that not a single plastic item was found aboard the Titanic, sunk in 1912, gives some idea of how fast the breakthroughs have happened and how massive their repercussions have been. With each new material concocted, stumbled upon, or lucked into, entire industries have been born or transformed. Since the dawn of industrialization, a serious hunt was on for natural resource substitutes: “ivory” that wouldn’t require slaughtering elephants, “wood” that wouldn’t rot, “metal” that wouldn’t corrode.
% @b0[ZC [73]By 1979, plastic production surpassed that of steel, ushering in what Stephen Fenichell, author of <<Plastic: The Making of a Synthetic Century>>, calls the Plastic Age, a title as indicative of human progress as the Iron Age or the Bronze Age. Long-lasting superplastics are fast replacing metal in buildings, machines, and vehicles. Virtually all of the data of the Information Age are stored on plastic, from computer components to DVDs.
bL` T
ySX Only a third of durable plastics now find a second life. The newest plastics hold out the promise of never needing to be thrown away, thanks to self-healing microcapsules inside the material itself. When cracked open by injury or age, the materials would release a fresh supply of the polymers to refortify, say, the bumper of a car or the nose of a 747.
u[;\y |75 Part V Chinese-English Translation (15%)
0D.Mke ) 万维网上出现了许多有关记忆力的网站。许多医院和私人医生也开始开设各种记忆力课程。甚至在保健食品商店里也出现了一些恢复记忆力方面的非处方药品。
q>_.[+6 我一直在寻找一种记忆力恢复药片，剂量一天一次，以便尽快使我的记忆力重新变得敏锐起来。有人说也许早已有了这种药剂。让40多岁的人换一个全新的大脑硬盘存储器也许有些太晚了，但是知道自己还没有老到无法进行简单升级的地步，心里仍不免感到一丝慰藉。
n` _{9R Part VI Writing (15%)
RMV/&85?y Title: Individualism or Teamwork on Scientific Research
;+R&}[9,A) Word: no less than 200 words
g/d<Zfq<{ EU 6 o Q (以下为医学类的考生做的作文题。)
1ba~ SHi Part VI Writing (15%)
QO:!p5 ^: Directions: Read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 150 to 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
d'gfQlDny 环境是指我们周围的一切：植物、动物、建筑物、土地、空气、水---实际上就是在各个方面都对我们有影响的东西。城镇的环境包括建筑物、交通、噪音和气味，还有人挤人的那种拥挤不堪的状况。它与乡村的环境有天壤之别。乡村有田野和庄稼、野生的和驯养的动物，以及一种开阔的感觉。世界上不同地区的环境也各不相同。
NN{?z! 生态学是研究动植物如何共存，如何相互依赖， 及其与当地环境的依赖关系的科学。一个地区的环境只有在不受干扰时，它才有可能保持生态平衡。但如果某种生物被灭绝，或出现了新的物种，那么该地区的生态关系就遭到了破坏，换句话说， 自然界的平衡就受到了干扰。
"S]0 人类也是环境的一部分。人类在地球上生存的短暂的期间比任何其他生物对生态环境的破坏都要大。人类之所以如此，是由于其无知、贪婪和浪费成性。
oSKXt }sh 人类已经毒化了大气、污染了陆地和水域、浪费了地球上的自然资源，而不考虑将来。人类已经想出了最灭绝人性的来屠杀自己同胞的手段、同时也消灭其他各种生物。
HyQJXw?A: 既然人类造成了如此巨大的破坏，他们就有责任改变这种状况---如果现在还不为时太晚的话。如果我们犯下的罪恶还有办法补救的话，那么补救的办法归根结底掌握在年轻人手里，而且越早动手越好。
}"H,h)T 造成地球上这些不幸的主要原因之一是世界人口过剩，而且这种过剩正在以越来越快的速度继续增长，同时我们也在以越来越快的速度消耗我们的自然资源---燃料和矿物，却毫无希望找到替代品。
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4 多年来，地球一直无法为这些剧增的人口提供足够的食物，而且形势正在不断恶化，因为我们有些最肥沃的土壤已经丧失肥力，有些过去原是土地肥沃的辽阔地区已经变成了沙漠。而沙漠的危害就在于他们往往悄悄地向外扩张，侵蚀肥沃土壤，如今的撒哈拉大沙漠北部在2500年前原是闻名世界的粮仓。
xIW3={b 3 甚至就在现在，地球上的许多自然财富还在遭到破坏，许多珍禽异兽和奇花异草面临着灭顶之灾。为了使地球上大多数人们免于饥饿，要生产出足够的粮食已越来越困难，局面就要失去控制了。时不我待。但是如果及时地采取有力的措施，我们就有可能力挽狂澜而免于这场威胁我们生存的危机。(841 字)
~vhE |f Keys to the test of 2004年博士研究生模拟试题
$)i")=Hy I. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Lg+Ac5 y}` 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10.D
qA7>vi% 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. C
2zA4vZkbcw II. Vocabulary (15 %)
;`4&Rm9n? 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. C
7nTeP(M% 31. A 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. B
{<p?2E 41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. C
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p III. Cloze (10%)
e]"W!K cD9 51. generally 56. for 61. traffic 66. fight
2]jn '4 52. population 57. check 62. serious 67. quality
A`$%SVgFV^ 53. Like 58. which 63. lacks 68. down
gfd"v 54. air 59. received 64. factories 69. that
LmrfN?5 55. wind 60. do 65. Recently 70. taken
5lmHotj# IV. Translation (E-C) (15%)
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71. 今后,可能会出现具有救生(人造心脏、防碎玻璃、防弹背心)、储存能量（家用绝缘材料、轻型汽车）和扩展人类生存空间（通过飞机围绕地球飞行、通过航天器穿越太阳系，通过计算机畅游万维网）等功能的高级新型材料。
(`>+zT5aH 72．迄今为止，科学家已经制造出数百种聚合物---有些轻如羽毛却比钢还坚硬、有些可以抵抗灼热和严寒---而研制中的新型塑料甚至具备更多意想不到的能力，比如，自我“修复”或“记忆”以适应不同环境的形状和功能。
l/ GGC nO/ 73． 到1979年， 塑料产量超过了钢产量。按《塑料、合成世纪的形成》一书的作者斯蒂芬•费尼切尔所说的，人类进入了“塑料时代”。这种说法同铁器时代和青铜时代一样，标志着人类的进步。
jD]~ AwRJ V. Translation (C-E) (15%)
] @c+]{ The Web is awash in memory sites, and numerous hospitals and private therapists teach memory courses. There are even over-the-counter memory nostrums available in health-food stores. I was looking for some kind of memory pill, a once-a-day dose that would do my mind sharpening for me. Some people say those potions may already be out there. Forty-something might be too late for a whole new cerebral hard drive, but it’s nice to know I’m never too old for a simple upgrade.
GW@;}m( zkrM/ @p# VI. Writing
85$m[+md With the advent of the phase of information economy, the terms “teamwork”, “intellectual property rights” and “competition” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. No one can deny the fact that nowadays information and knowledge are growing to the extent that no individual can hope to master everything. Only by combining the knowledge of many individuals can power be attained. In other words, the trend of the information era is toward teamwork rather than individualism.
6r0kr bN However, many of Chinese scientists are used to learning and doing research individually. One of the reasons is that our education systems are often based on competition: each student is a rival to the others in pursuit of the exam results or a place on the next rung of the ladder. Collaborative learning and working are not given a strong enough role in the system, and therefore a teamwork approach is not developed.
{SPq$B_VR At the turn of the new century, it is high time that we needed to develop skills of collaboration and teamwork in our future lives and careers. Any individual should be encouraged and guided to grasp these skills to share each individual’s knowledge and skills to achieve our dream--- to build a well-off society in an all round way in China in the near future. (216 words)
Tbih+# ? / }X1W (以下是英文摘要供参考)
'Cfl*iNb The environment varies with different places, but it includes everything in our surroundings, and all the conditions that affect our lives. The scientific study of the environment is called ecology, which sometimes may only refer to the relationship of living things to their surroundings. When the ecology is out of balance, some of the species have been extinguished or perhaps new ones have been introduced.
X1|njJGO1 Among all the living things, man has done the most to upset the ecology out of greed, wastefulness and ignorance. It is man who has polluted the earth and air, wasted the natural resources, and made the world so over-populated. The increasing overpopulation brings a series of trouble, such as lack of food and draining of natural resources. As a result, vast areas that were once fertile lands have turned into deserts. The Sahara Desert is a good example.
O2E/jj Now the situation is getting out of hand. Man is responsible for his wrongdoing. To remedy his ills and rescue the earth, effective measures have to be taken immediately. (173 words)
