Whatdoes a scientist do when he or she "explains something? Scientificexplanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Mostpsychologists deal with generalization. They explain parlicular instances ofbehavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists wouldexplain a pathologically (病态)strong fear of dogs as example of classical conditioning. Presumably, theperson was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus waspaired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by avigorous dog and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response offear. O`e0r%SJ
Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms ofsimpler phenomena. For examjle, the movement of a muscle is explained in termsof changes in the membrane (生物膜)ofmuscle cells, entry of particular chemicals and interactions between proteinmolecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain"these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and causevarious parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. $rf4h]&<
The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior inphysiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believethat all natural phenomena-- including human behavior--are subject to the lawsof physics. Thus, the law of behavior can be reduced to description ofphysiological processes. y4`<$gL
How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologistscannot simply be reductionists. It is not to observe behaviors and correlatethem with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identicalbehaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, andthus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that wemust understand " psychologically" why a particular behavior occursbefore we can understand what physiological events made it occur. 'tK5s>gv<
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1. The passage mainly discusses . gBRhO^Sz
A) The difference between “scientific” and “ unscientific” explanations B\&;eZY'G
B) The difference between human and animal behavior hvu>P {
C) How fear would be explained by the psychologist, the physiologist, andmolecular biologist .fxI)
D) How scientists differ in their approaches explaining natural phenomena }fw;{&s{z
2. In the first paragraph the word"deal" could best be replaced by . b?h9G3J_a
A) barter B) bargain 4%O*2JAw
C) are playing D) are concerned jh.W$.Oq
3 Which of the following is mostsimiliar to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs? }~dXz?{p8
A) A child chokes on a fishbone and as an adult, he is reluctant to eatfish. ug!DL=ZW
B) A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship. '01H
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C) A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher. Sv.z9@S
D) A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid todrive home. XtfO;`
4. According to the passage, which ofthe following is important in movement explaining? fA Wjk&9
A) The flow of blood to the muscles ) F 6#n&2
B) Classical conditioning. +v%V1lf^~
C) Protein interactions. V%&t'H{
D) The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane. .['@:}$1
5. The author implies which of thefollowing is the type of scientific explanation most likely y|b|_eE?{
used by a molecular biologist'? H n+1 I
A) Experimentation B) Reduction fXMVl\ <
C) Interaction. D) Generalization. CtVY;eG
参考答案 0~RsdQGqC
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1．D主旨题。本题要求考生在理解全文的基础上，归纳文章的大意。其实文章头两句话就为我们推断文章主题提供了依据。另外，我们还可以依据第一段第三句Mostpsychologists deal with generalization, 第二段第一句Mostphysiologists deal with reduction, 以及第三段第一句作出正确的归纳。 m `
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2．D 词汇题。deal一词是跟with搭配使用的，意为“与...有关”，而concerned一词与with连用时，与dealwith同义。 5gW`;Cdbyc
3．A 细节题，答案可在第一段最后两句找到：Presumably,the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus waspaired with the sight of the animal ...。意思是说，这个人早年可能受过狗的惊吓，这样，一看见狗便会产生不愉快的刺激。也就是说，讲的是过去的经历会对以后产生影响，与A项所讲情况吻合。B、D两项并未提及过去的影响，只是表明现在状态所产生的影响。C项则只讲到现在的经历对今后的影响。 %a+X\\v2
4．C 细节题。答案依据为第二段第三句。C项Proteininteraction与原文意思吻合, 是正确答案. mnL
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5．C 推理题，答案参见第二段末尾一句。该句讲，分子生物学家会根据聚合各种分子并使各个部分相互吸引的力来解释这些现象。从而暗示，分子生物学家所用的方法，既不是Reduction法，也不是Generalization法，而是Interaction法. `(1em%}
